Maspin: the new frontier

Evaluation of the diagnostic utility of NCOA3, Maspin and VHL protein expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: An immunohistochemical study

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal tumor with a high mortality rate. The distinction between PDAC and chronic pancreatitis is sometimes challenging on routine histopathological examination, highlighting the need to identify biomarkers that can facilitate this distinction. This retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic utility of nuclear receptor co-activator 3 (NCOA3), Maspin and Von Hippel-Lindau protein (VHL) immunostaining in PDAC. Eighty cases of PDAC, 46 cases of chronic pancreatitis and 53 normal pancreatic tissue were immunohistochemically assessed using NCOA3, Maspin and VHL antibodies on sections from a tissue microarray. NCOA3, Maspin and VHL were positive in 90 %, 100 % and 35 %, of PDAC cases respectively, whereas NCOA3, Maspin and VHL expressions were positive in 3.8 %, 0 and 100 % of normal pancreatic tissue and in 15.2 %, 21.7 % and 97.8 % of chronic pancreatitis cases respectively. Significant differences were observed between PDAC and other groups regarding NCOA3, Maspin and VHL expression (p < 0.001). The H scores of NCOA3, Maspin and VHL could significantly distinguish between PDAC and normal cases with high sensitivity (90 %, 100 % and 98.75 % respectively) and specificity (100 %, 100 % and 96.23 % respectively). Similar findings were found in the distinction between PDAC and chronic pancreatitis (Sensitivity: 90 %, 95.25 % and 98.75 %; specificity: 100 %, 100 % and 93.48 % for NCOA3, Maspin and VHL respectively). In conclusion, NCOA3 and Maspin were found to be significantly expressed in PDAC compared to non-tumorous tissue while VHL was significantly expressed in non-tumorous tissue. A panel of NCOA3, Maspin and VHL could potentially distinguish PDAC from non-tumorous pancreatic tissue.

Prognostic value of Maspin protein level in patients with triple negative breast cancer

The search for prognostic markers in breast cancer has bumped into a typical feature of these tumors, intra and intertumoral heterogeneity. Changes in the expression profile, localization of these proteins or shedding to the surrounding stroma can be useful in the search for new markers. In this context, classification by molecular subtypes can bring perspectives for both diagnosis and screening for appropriate treatments. However, the Triple Negative (TN) subtype, which is already the one with the worst prognosis, lacks appropriate and consistent molecular markers. In this work, we analyzed 346 human breast cancer samples in tissue microarrays (TMA) from cases diagnosed with invasive breast carcinoma to assess the expression and localization pattern of Maspin and their correlation with clinical parameters. To complement our findings, we also used TCGA data to analyze the mRNA levels of these respective genes. Our data suggests that the TN subtype demonstrates a higher level of cytoplasmic Maspin compared to the other subtypes. Maspin transcript levels follow the same trend. However, TN patients with lower Maspin expression tend to have worse overall survival and free-survival metastasis rates. Finally, we used Maspin expression data to verify possible relationships with the clinicopathological information of our cohort. Our univariate analyses indicate that Maspin is related to the expression of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR). Furthermore, Maspin expression levels also showed correlation with Scarff-Bloom-Richardson (SBR) parameter, and stromal Maspin showed a relationship with lymph node involvement. Our data is not consistently robust enough to categorize Maspin as a prognostic marker. However, it does indicate a change in the expression profile within the TN subtype.

miR-1204 Positioning in 8q24.21 Involved in the Tumorigenesis of Colorectal Cancer by Targeting MASPIN

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer remains to be the third leading cause of cancer mortality rates. Despite the diverse effects of the miRNA cluster located in PVT1 of 8q24.21 across various tumors, the specific biological function in colorectal cancer has not been clarified.

METHODS

The amplification of the miR-1204 cluster was analyzed with the cBioPortal database, while the expression and survival analysis of the miRNAs in the cluster were obtained from several GEO databases of colorectal cancer. To investigate the functional role of miR-1204 in colorectal cancer, overexpression and silencing experiments were performed by miR-1204 mimic and inhibitor transfection in colorectal cancer cell lines, respectively. Then, the effects of miR-1204 on cell proliferation were assessed through CCK-8, colony formation, and Edu assay. In addition, cell migration was evaluated using wound healing and Transwell assay. Moreover, candidate genes identified through RNA sequencing and predicted databases were identified and validated using PCR and western blot. A Dual-luciferase reporter experiment was conducted to identify MASPIN as the target gene of miR-1204.

RESULTS

In colorectal cancer, the miR-1204 cluster exhibited high amplification, and the expression levels of several cluster miRNAs were also significantly increased. Furthermore, miR-1204 was found to be significantly associated with disease-specific survival according to the analysis of GSE17536. Functional experiments demonstrated that transfection of miR-1204 mimic or inhibitor could enhance or decrease cancer cell proliferation and migration. MASPIN was identified as a target of miR-1204. Additionally, the overexpression of MASPIN partially rescued the effect of miR-1204 mimics on tumorigenic abilities in LOVO cells.

CONCLUSION

miR-1204 positioning in 8q24.21 promotes the proliferation and migration of colorectal cancer cells by targeting MASPIN.

P176S Mutation Rewires Electrostatic Interactions That Alter Maspin Functionality

Maspin is known to regress tumors by inhibiting angiogenesis; however, its roles have been reported to be context- and sequence-dependent. Various proteins and cofactors bind to maspin, possibly explaining its conflicting roles. Moreover, polymorphic forms of maspin have also been linked to tumor regression and survival; for instance, maspin with Ser at 176 (maspin-S176) promotes tumors, while maspin with Pro at 176 (maspin-P176) has opposing roles in cancer pathogenesis. With the help of long molecular dynamics simulations, a possible link between polymorphic forms and tumor progression has been established. First, maspin is dynamically stable with either amino acid at the 176 position. Second, differential contacts have been observed among various regions; third, these contacts have significantly altered the electrostatic energetics of various residues; finally, these altered electrostatics of maspin-S176 and maspin-P176 rewire the polar contacts that abolished the allosteric control of the protein. By combining these factors, the altered electrostatics substantially affect the localization and preference of maspin-binding partners, thus culminating in a different maspin-protein(cofactor)-interaction landscape that may have been manifested in previous conflicting reports. Here, the underlying reason has been highlighted and discussed, which may be helpful for better therapeutic manipulation.

Minimally Invasive and Fast Diagnosis of Gastric Cancer Based on Maspin Levels in Different Biological Samples

(1) Background: Human SERPINB5, commonly known as maspin, has diverse functions as a tumor suppressor. Maspin has a novel role in cell cycle control, and common variants were discovered to be associated with gastric cancer (GC). Maspin was proven to also affect the EMT and angiogenesis of gastric cancer cells via the ITGB1/FAK pathway. Information about the maspin concentrations correlated with different pathological features of the patients may facilitate the fast diagnosis and personalized treatment of patients. The novelty of this study is given by the correlations established for the maspin levels in different biological features and clinicopathological features. These correlations can be extremely useful for surgeons and oncologists. (2) Patients and methods: Patients with clinical and pathological features, given the small number of samples available for this study, were selected from the database of the project GRAPHSENSGASTROINTES, and used in accordance with the Ethics Committee approval nr. 32,647/2018 awarded by the County Emergency Hospital from Targu-Mures. Stochastic microsensors were used as new screening tools for the determination of the concentration of maspin in four types of samples: tumoral tissues, blood, saliva and urine. (3) Results: The results obtained using the stochastic sensors were correlated with those tabulated in the clinical and pathological database. A series of assumptions regarding the values and practice important features for surgeons and pathologists were made. (4) Conclusions: This study provided a few assumptions regarding the correlations between the values of maspin levels in the analyzed samples and the clinical and pathological features. These results may be useful as preoperative investigations in order to help surgeons localize, approximate and choose the best treatment. These correlations may facilitate minim invasive and fast diagnosis of gastric cancer based on reliable detection of maspin concentration in biological samples (tumoral tissues, blood, saliva and urine).

Correlation between Maspin Levels in Different Biological Samples and Pathologic Features in Colorectal Adenocarcinomas

Maspin is an important biomarker which was proven to be correlated to many pathological features that can help the oncologists, the surgeons and also the pathologists for choosing the personalized treatment of the patients. Maspin expression correlates with the budding of colorectal adenocarcinomas that is usually used mostly in immunohistochemistry. In this preliminary study, a small number of patients with clinical and pathological features were selected. Four kinds of samples (tumoral tissues, blood, saliva and urine) were analyzed using a stochastic method using stochastic microsensors. Whole blood maspin concentration values were related to budding, molecular subtype and location. Tissular maspin concentrations were related to location, maxi-mum diameter and pN value from TNM staging system. Salivary maspin concentrations were related to budding, mucinous compound and macroscopic features. Urinary maspin concentrations were related to pT value from TNM staging system, budding and molecular subtype. The correlations made in this paper may be used for fast diagnostic of colorectal adenocarcinomas, after which, it will be tested on a significant number of patients confirmed with colon cancer, in different stages of evolution.

Epigenetic Abnormalities in Chondrosarcoma

In recent years, our understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms involved in tumor pathology has improved greatly. DNA and histone modifications, such as methylation, demethylation, acetylation, and deacetylation, can lead to the up-regulation of oncogenic genes, as well as the suppression of tumor suppressor genes. Gene expression can also be modified on a post-transcriptional level by microRNAs that contribute to carcinogenesis. The role of these modifications has been already described in many tumors, e.g., colorectal, breast, and prostate cancers. These mechanisms have also begun to be investigated in less common tumors, such as sarcomas. Chondrosarcoma (CS) is a rare type of tumor that belongs to sarcomas and is the second most common malignant bone tumor after osteosarcoma. Due to unknown pathogenesis and resistance to chemo- and radiotherapies of these tumors, there is a need to develop new potential therapies against CS. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the influence of epigenetic alterations in the pathogenesis of CS by discussing potential candidates for future therapies. We also emphasize ongoing clinical trials that use drugs targeting epigenetic modifications in CS treatment.

The Role of Selected Serpins in Gastrointestinal (GI) Malignancies

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, which are a diverse group of malignant diseases, represent a major healthcare problem around the world. Due to the lack of specific symptoms in the early stages as well as insufficient diagnostic possibilities, these malignancies occupy the leading position in the causes of death worldwide. The currently available tests have too many limitations to be part of routine diagnostics. Therefore, new potential biomarkers that could be used as diagnostic and prognostic factors for these cancers are still being sought. Among the proteins that might fit this role are serpins, which are serine protease inhibitors. Although the serpins themselves have been known for many years, they have recently become the centre of attention for many authors, especially due to the fact that a number of proteins in this family are involved in many stages of neoplasia formation, from angiogenesis through tumour growth to progression. Therefore, the aim of this review is to present the current knowledge about the significance of serpins in GI malignancies, especially their involvement in the development and progression of oesophageal, gastric, pancreatic and colorectal cancers. This review summarises and confirms the important roles of selected serpins in the pathogenesis of various GI cancers and also points to their promising roles as therapeutic targets. However, due to the relatively nonspecific nature of serpins, future research should be carried out to elucidate the mechanisms involved in tumour pathogenesis in more detail.

Landscape condition influences energetics, reproduction, and stress biomarkers in grizzly bears

Environmental change has been shown to influence mammalian distribution, habitat use, and behavior; however, few studies have investigated the impact on physiological function. This study aimed to determine the influence of landscape condition on the expression of target proteins related to energetics, reproduction, and stress in grizzly bears. We hypothesized that changes in landscape condition explains protein expression. Skin biopsies were collected from free-ranging grizzly bears in Alberta, Canada from 2013-2019 (n = 86 individuals). We used an information theoretic approach to develop 11 a priori candidate generalized linear mixed models to explain protein expression. We compared models using Akaike Information Criteria (AICc) weights and averaged models with ΔAICc < 2 for each protein. Food resources, represented by increased distance to coal mines and decreased crown closure, positively influenced energetic proteins (adiponectin and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein). Proteins related to reproduction (ceruloplasmin and serpin B5) were positively associated with increased wetland and upland food resources in addition to movement, but negatively associated with increased distance to roads. One stress related protein, complement C3, was positively influenced by increased percent conifer. Given the need to detect emerging threats to wildlife, we suggest the assessment of physiological function will lead to improved monitoring of species in rapidly changing landscapes.

How Dysregulated Ion Channels and Transporters Take a Hand in Esophageal, Liver, and Colorectal Cancer

Over the last two decades, the understanding of how dysregulated ion channels and transporters are involved in carcinogenesis and tumor growth and progression, including invasiveness and metastasis, has been increasing exponentially. The present review specifies virtually all ion channels and transporters whose faulty expression or regulation contributes to esophageal, hepatocellular, and colorectal cancer. The variety reaches from Ca²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, and Cl^- channels over divalent metal transporters, Na⁺ or Cl^- coupled Ca²⁺, HCO₃^- and H⁺ exchangers to monocarboxylate carriers and organic anion and cation transporters. In several cases, the underlying mechanisms by which these ion channels/transporters are interwoven with malignancies have been fully or at least partially unveiled. Ca²⁺, Akt/NF-κB, and Ca²⁺- or pH-dependent Wnt/β-catenin signaling emerge as cross points through which ion channels/transporters interfere with gene expression, modulate cell proliferation, trigger epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and promote cell motility and metastasis. Also miRs, lncRNAs, and DNA methylation represent potential links between the misexpression of genes encoding for ion channels/transporters, their malfunctioning, and cancer. The knowledge of all these molecular interactions has provided the basis for therapeutic strategies and approaches, some of which will be broached in this review.

Maspin, Syndecan-1, and Ki-67 in the Odontogenic Keratocyst: An Immunohistochemical Analysis

The odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is a controversial lesion that was reclassified as a tumor with the name “keratocystic odontogenic tumor” in 2005. The reclassification was revoked recently in 2017, with a conclusion on the need for further studies on the subject. In this study, the expressions of an important regulatory protein (maspin), an important integral membrane proteoglycan (syndecan-1), and a universal proliferation marker (Ki-67) in the epithelium of the OKC were investigated in comparison with the dentigerous cyst (DC) and ameloblastoma (AB). Twenty-six OKCs, eleven DCs, and ten conventional ABs were immunohistochemically stained for maspin, syndecan-1, and Ki-67. ImageJ was used to analyze the positivity of maspin and syndecan-1. The Ki-67 score was calculated as the percentage of positive nuclei in 5 high power fields. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and Student t-test were used as appropriate. Lower expressions of maspin were noted in OKC and DC compared to those in AB, and lower expressions of syndecan-1 were noted in OKC and AB compared to those in DC. The differences, however, did not reach statistical significance (ANOVA and t-test: P > 0.05). The Ki-67 score was significantly higher in OKC than in DC (t-test: P < 0.05), and not significantly different from AB (t-test: P > 0.05). In conclusion, expressions of maspin and syndecan-1 are not strongly representative of differences in behavior between OKC, AB, and DC. However, the expression of Ki-67 indicates comparable proliferative activities of OKC and AB, which are higher than that of DC. Further investigation on the biologic behavior of OKC is still recommended to arrive at more specific conclusions regarding its classification.

Development and validation of protein biomarkers of health in grizzly bears

Large carnivores play critical roles in the maintenance and function of natural ecosystems; however, the populations of many of these species are in decline across the globe. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel techniques that can be used as sensitive conservation tools to detect new threats to the health of individual animals well in advance of population-level effects. Our study aimed to determine the expression of proteins related to energetics, reproduction and stress in the skin of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) using a liquid chromatography and multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry assay. We hypothesized that a suite of target proteins could be measured using this technique and that the expression of these proteins would be associated with biological (sex, age, sample location on body) and environmental (geographic area, season, sample year) variables. Small skin biopsies were collected from free-ranging grizzly bears in Alberta, Canada, from 2013 to 2019 (n = 136 samples from 111 individuals). Over 700 proteins were detected in the skin of grizzly bears, 19 of which were chosen as targets because of their established roles in physiological function. Generalized linear mixed model analysis was used for each target protein. Results indicate that sample year influenced the majority of proteins, suggesting that physiological changes may be driven in part by responses to changes in the environment. Season influenced the expression of proteins related to energetics, reproduction and stress, all of which were lower during fall compared to early spring. The expression of proteins related to energetics and stress varied by geographic area, while the majority of proteins that were affected by biological attributes (age class, sex and age class by sex interaction) were related to reproduction and stress. This study provides a novel method by which scientists and managers can further assess and monitor physiological function in wildlife.

Identification of Aberrantly Expressed lncRNAs Involved in Orthodontic Force Using a Subpathway Strategy

Background

The aim of the study was to identify key long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) and related subpathways in the periodontal ligament tissue following orthodontic force.

Methods

We adopt a novelty subpathway strategy to identify lncRNAs competitively regulated functions and the key competitive lncRNAs in periodontal ligament disorders after undergoing orthodontic force. To begin with, patients with orthodontics in our hospital were enrolled in our research. The relationship of lncRNA-mRNA was established through shared predicted miRNA by using the hypergeometric test, Jaccard coefficient standardization, and the Pearson coefficient to determine the valid interaction relationship. After embedding screened lncRNA interactions to pathways, the significant subpathways were recognized by lenient distance and Wallenius approximation methods to calculate the false discovery rate value of each subpathway.

Results

The lncRNA-mRNA intersections including 263 lncRNAs, 1,599 mRNAs, and 3,762 interacting pairs were obtained. The enriched mRNAs were further enriched into various candidate pathways such as the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Several subpathways were screened, including the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, 04510_1 focal adhesion, and p53 signaling pathway, respectively. The network of pathway-lncRNA-mRNA was constructed. Several key lncRNAs including DNAJC3-AS1, WDFY3-AS2, LINC00482, and DLEU2 were screened.

Conclusions

DNAJC3-AS1, WDFY3-AS2, LINC00482, and DLEU2 as aberrantly expressed lncRNAs involved in orthodontic force might play crucial roles in periodontal ligament disease pathogenesis.

Potential of Protein-based Anti-metastatic Therapy with Serpins and Inter α-Trypsin Inhibitors

In this review we summarize the principles of anti-metastatic therapy with selected serpin family proteins, such as pigment epithelial-derived factor (PEDF) and maspin, as well as inter α-trypsin inhibitor (IαIs) light chains (bikunin) and heavy chains (ITIHs). Case-by-case, antimetastatic activity may be dependent or independent of the protease-inhibitory activity of the corresponding proteins. We discuss the incidence of target deregulation in different tumor entities, mechanisms of deregulation, context-dependent functional issues as well as in vitro and in vivo target validation studies with transfected tumor cells or recombinant protein as anti-metastatic agents. Finally, we comment on possible clinical evaluation of these proteins in adjuvant therapy.

The pivotal role of DNA methylation in the radio-sensitivity of tumor radiotherapy

Radiotherapy is an important modality for treatment of carcinomas; however, radio‐resistance is still a difficult problem. Aberrant epigenetic alterations play an important role in cancer development. Among epigenetic parameters, DNA methylation has arguably attracted the most attention in the radio‐resistance process. To determine the role of DNA methylation in radiation resistance, several studies were conducted. We summarized previous studies on the role of DNA methylation in radiotherapy. We observed this significant role of DNA methylation in genes related to DNA repair, cell proliferation, cell cycle process, and re‐oxygenation. Furtherly, we also conclude the predictive effect of DNA methylation on tumor radio‐sensitivity and the using of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors in clinical practice. DNA methylation plays a pivotal role in the radio‐sensitivity of tumor radio‐therapy. While hyper‐methylation or hypo‐methylation of genes is related to gene functions.

Expression patterns of maspin and mutant p53 are associated with the development of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia

Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a group of conditions that originate from the abnormal proliferation of trophoblastic cells. GTDs encompass hydatidiform moles (HMs) and gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN). GTNs are a group of malignant diseases that require chemotherapy, or more aggressive treatment. There is a requirement for more tumor markers to predict the development of GTN from HMs. The current study evaluated the expression of maspin and tumor protein p53 (p53) in GTD, and their role in predicting the development of GTN. Expression of maspin and mutant p53 (m-p53) was detected by immunohistochemistry in 48 normal first trimester placentas, matched for gestational age to 49 HMs that regressed, 39 malignant HMs and 11 invasive moles or choriocarcinomas. Spearman's rank correlation analysis and logistic regression were performed on the expression patterns of maspin and m-p53, and on the clinical prognostic factors in GTD. Compared with normal placenta levels, the expression levels of maspin were decreased, whereas the expression levels of m-p53 were increased in GTDs (P<0.05). The expression levels of maspin and m-p53 in complete and partial HMs were not significantly different (P>0.05). In HMs, maspin expression was inversely correlated with serum β human chorionic gonadotropin, uterine size and diameter of theca-lutein cysts; however, m-p53 expression demonstrated a positive correlation with these factors (all P<0.05). Compared with the high-risk metastatic group (FIGO score ≥7), the low-risk group (FIGO score <7) exhibited a higher rate of positive maspin expression (P=0.041), and the frequency of positive m-p53 expression was significantly higher in patients with an advanced FIGO stages (FIGO stage ≥III) compared with patients in early stages (FIGO stage ≤II; 87.9 vs. 58.8%; P=0.019). The combination of maspin negative expression with m-p53 positive expression had an 84% specificity value, 76% positive predictive value and 70% negative predictive value for the development of GTN. In conclusion, maspin-negative and m-p53-positive expression is associated with the development of GTN in HMs.

Aberrant Maspin mRNA Expression is Associated with Clinical Outcome in Patients with Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to investigate the expression level of maspin mRNA in pulmonary adenocarcinoma and to clarify its clinical significance in prediction of prognosis.

MATERIAL/METHODS

RNA was extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor tissue blocks of 30 pairs of pulmonary adenocarcinoma (AC) tissues and adjacent noncancerous tissues (ANT) and in another 81 AC tissues. Expression of maspin mRNA was tested by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and the potential relationship between maspin mRNA expression and clinic pathological features of AC patients was analyzed.

RESULTS

The expression of maspin mRNA was upregulated in AC samples compared with the ANT (p<0.001). Patients at advanced clinical stage (III) and patients with lymphatic metastasis showed higher maspin mRNA expression level than those in early-stage patients (I and II) (p=0.038) or with non-lymphatic metastasis (p=0.034). The Kaplan-Meier survival curves indicated that disease-free survival (DFS) was significantly worse in high maspin mRNA expression AC patients (p=0.007). Furthermore, multivariate analysis revealed that the expression of maspin mRNA was an independent prognostic marker for AC (p=0.040).

CONCLUSIONS

Our study reveals that maspin mRNA was significantly up-regulated in tissues of AC patients. Maspin mRNA may be useful as a new marker of prognosis in AC.

Maspin Gene Expression in Invasive Ductal Carcinoma of Breast

BACKGROUND

The breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women, on the other hand absence of myoepithelial cells play a pivotal role in pathogenesis of this cancer. Thus we aimed to investigate the possible abilities of the molecular assay technique to find a relationship between mammary serine protease inhibitor (Maspin) gene expression possibly secreted by myoepithelial cells, grade of breast cancer and other prognostics factors (ER, PR, and c-erb-B2).

METHODS

Paraffin embedded blocks of 31 breast cancer patients together with two normal breast tissues were used for IHC staining and Maspin gene RNA detection uses the real-time PCR method. Applying QIAGEN kit, we were able to measure Maspin RNA and Extract the cDNA of different samples for evaluating the Maspin RNA level.

RESULTS

We found that the RNA level was considerably lowerin these cancer samples compared with normal samples. In addition, different grades of breast cancer in the obtained results adopt some distinguishable values. The Maspin expression in samples with grades II and III is much lower than the ones in normal group (P<0.05) which could be considered as a promising way in diagnosing of this disease. The results showed no considerable differences in Maspin gene expression of the c-erb-B2 scores in the tumor group except the samples having score 0. The other observation of this research study confirmed that Maspin gene expression couldn't show any differences between the values of both ER and PR in different scores of the tumor group. On the other hand, the cDNA of these patients showed lower values compared with normal samples.

CONCLUSION

Maspin expression was reduced in samples with grade II& III of invasive ductal carcinoma. Based on expression of Maspin Inc-erb-B2, it seems that more expression happened in normal group comparing with different scores of it. We could suggest that there was a reverse relationship between tumor formation and Maspin gene expression. These results showed possible role of Maspin as prognostic factor.

Epigenetic profiling of gallbladder cancer and gall stone diseases: Evaluation of role of tumour associated genes

BACKGROUND

As on today, the global mortality rate of gallbladder cancer is still very high. Both genetic and epigenetic alterations play pivotal roles in the development of cancer. We selected seven tumour associated genes, implicated in other cancers, to assess their methylation status in gallbladder cancer and gallstone diseases.

AIM OF STUDY

To study the promoter methylation of certain tumour associated genes in the molecular pathogenesis of gallbladder cancer and gall stone diseases.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Methylation specific PCR for seven tumour associated genes, viz., MASPIN, 14-3-3 sigma gene, THBS1, FLNC, HLTF, COX-2 and SOCS1, was performed in 50 gallbladder cancer (GBC), 30 gall stone diseases (GSD) and their respective adjacent control tissues. Semi-quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry was carried out to check the expression level. Student's t-test was carried out to compare the differences in the methylation and expression patterns between cases and control tissues.

RESULTS

We observed methylation of CpG islands in seven of the studied markers, but, the frequency of methylation was found varying among different samples. Of them, 14-33 sigma showed methylation in 45 GBC (90%; p=0.0001) and 25 GSD (86.66%; p=0.001), MASPIN in 35 GBC (70%; p=0.0008) and 18 GSD (51.43%; p=0.040), FLNC in 16 GBC (32%; p=0.0044) and 9 GSD (25.71%; p=ns), THBS1 in 26 GBC (52%; p=0.0009) and 10 GSD (28.57%; p=0.0505), HLTF in 8 GBC (16%; p=ns) and 2 GSD (5.71%; p=ns), COX2 in 10 GBC (20%; p=ns) and 6 GSD (17.14%; p=ns) and SOCS-1 in 3 GBC samples only (6%; p=ns), but not in GSD. Semi-quantitative PCR revealed down regulation in MASPIN, 14-3-3 sigma, THBS1, HLTF, COX2 and SOCS1 in advanced gallbladder cases. Immunohistochemistry further confirmed the down-regulation of SOCS1 in GBC.

CONCLUSION

The present study infers that accumulation of epigenetic alterations increases poor prognosis of GBC patients. Out of seven genes, MASPIN and THBS1 play key epigenetic role in GBC, but not in GSD. The reason for downregulation of SOCS1 only in GBC, and unaltered expression of 14-3-3 sigma protein in all the GBC and GSD tissue samples is not clear. Further investigation on the expression pattern of these genes in GBC cell lines may elucidate their likely functional role in in association with gallbladder cancer.

The placenta: phenotypic and epigenetic modifications induced by Assisted Reproductive Technologies throughout pregnancy

Today, there is growing interest in the potential epigenetic risk related to assisted reproductive technologies (ART). Much evidence in the literature supports the hypothesis that adverse pregnancy outcomes linked to ART are associated with abnormal trophoblastic invasion. The aim of this review is to investigate the relationship between epigenetic dysregulation caused by ART and subsequent placental response. The dialogue between the endometrium and the embryo is a crucial step to achieve successful trophoblastic invasion, thus ensuring a non-complicated pregnancy and healthy offspring. However, as described in this review, ART could impair both actors involved in this dialogue. First, ART may induce epigenetic defects in the conceptus by modifying the embryo environment. Second, as a result of hormone treatments, ART may impair endometrial receptivity. In some cases, it results in embryonic growth arrest but, when the development of the embryo continues, the placenta could bring adaptive responses throughout pregnancy. Amongst the different mechanisms, epigenetics, especially thanks to a finely tuned network of imprinted genes stimulated by foetal signals, may modify nutrient transfer, placental growth and vascularization. If these coping mechanisms are overwhelmed, improper maternal-foetal exchanges occur, potentially leading to adverse pregnancy outcomes such as abortion, preeclampsia or intra-uterine growth restriction. But in most cases, successful placental adaptation enables normal progress of the pregnancy. Nevertheless, the risks induced by these modifications during pregnancy are not fully understood. Metabolic diseases later in life could be exacerbated through the memory of epigenetic adaptation mechanisms established during pregnancy. Thus, more research is still needed to better understand abnormal interactions between the embryo and the milieu in artificial conditions. As trophectoderm cells are in direct contact with the environment, they deserve to be studied in more detail. The ultimate goal of these studies will be to render ART protocols safer. Optimization of the environment will be the key to improving the dialogue between the endometrium and embryo, so as to ensure that placentation after ART is similar to that following natural conception.

Promoter Hypomethylation of Maspin Inhibits Migration and Invasion of Extravillous Trophoblast Cells during Placentation

Objective

Extravillous trophoblast (EVT) cells invade the endometrium and the maternal spiral arterioles during the first trimester. Mammary Serine Protease Inhibitor (Maspin, SERPINB5) plays a putative role in regulating the invasive activity of cytotrophoblasts. The maspin gene is silenced in various cancers by an epigenetic mechanism that involves aberrant cytosine methylation. We investigated the effect of the methylation status of the maspin promoter on the maspin expression and the aggressiveness of EVT cells.

Methods

Western blotting was used to detect the maspin protein expression in EVT cells upon hypoxia. The proliferative ability, the apoptosis rate and the migration and invasiveness were measured with Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, Flow Cytometry technology and Transwell methods. Subsequently, we treated cells with recombinant maspin protein. The methylation degree of maspin promoter region upon hypoxia/ decitabine was detected by bisulfite sequencing PCR and methylation-specific PCR. Finally, we explored the effects of decitabine on maspin protein expression and the aggressiveness of EVT cells.

Results

Hypoxia effectively increased maspin protein expression in EVT cells and significantly inhibited their aggressiveness. The addition of recombinant maspin protein inhibited this aggressiveness. Decitabine reduced the methylation in the maspin promoter region and effectively increased the maspin protein expression, which significantly weakened the migration and invasiveness of EVT cells.

Discussion

The methylation status of the maspin promoter is an important factor that affects the migration and invasion of EVT cells during early pregnancy. A decrease in the methylation status can inhibit the migration and invasion of EVT cells to affect placentation and can result in the ischemia and hypoxia of placenta.

Unmethylated-maspin DNA in maternal plasma is associated with severe preeclampsia

INTRODUCTION

Cell-free fetal DNA in maternal plasma is associated with complications of pregnancy, including preeclampsia. Determination of levels is affected by fetal gender and genetic polymorphisms. Unmethylated maspin (u-maspin) is present in the placenta, and is placental-specific. The purpose of this study was to determine whether u-maspin DNA in maternal blood could serve as a marker of preeclampsia by measuring levels in different trimesters of normal pregnancies and in those complicated by preeclampsia.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

This case-control study was set in a tertiary care hospital. The population consisted of 45 women with normal pregnancies (15 in the 1st trimester, 15 in the 2nd trimester, 15 in the 3rd trimester), 20 women with mild preeclampsia, 25 women with severe preeclampsia, and six women with gestational trophoblastic disease. Peripheral blood was collected and methylation-specific PCR and fluorescence quantitative PCR were performed to measure the content of u-maspin DNA in maternal blood.

RESULTS

U-maspin DNA was 5.5-fold higher in women with severe preeclampsia than in those with a normal 3rd trimester pregnancy (p < 0.05). During normal pregnancy, u-maspin DNA in maternal plasma tended to increase with advancing gestational age (p = 0.06). U-maspin DNA was not detected in healthy non-pregnant women or those with gestational trophoblastic disease.

CONCLUSION

U-maspin DNA in maternal blood is associated with severe preeclampsia.

Postoperative radiotherapy for laryngeal carcinoma: the prognostic role of subcellular Maspin expression

PURPOSE

Reported outcomes of postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) have varied and sometimes been disappointing. The aim of the present preliminary study was to investigate whether a given immunohistochemical pattern of Maspin expression in laryngeal carcinoma cells could be prognostically associated with response to PORT.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Thirty-two consecutive patients treated for LSCC with primary surgery and PORT. The subcellular (nuclear vs non-nuclear) pattern of Maspin expression was assessed immunohistochemically on LSCC surgical specimens and analyzed in relation to recurrence rate (RR) and disease-free survival (DFS).

RESULTS

A non-nuclear Maspin expression was found in 23 of 32 cases (72%), and all recurrences (17 cases) occurred in this subgroup of patients. A non-nuclear Maspin expression was strongly associated with recurrence [p = 0.0002, hazard ratio (HR) 5.58] and a shorter DFS (p = 0.0004) after PORT for LSCC. Even in N0 patients, a non-nuclear Maspin expression was associated with a significantly higher RR (p = 0.04, HR 1.42) and a shorter DFS (p = 0.02). Among the common clinic-pathological parameters considered, only N stage showed a trend toward an association with prognosis in terms of DFS (p = 0.08).

CONCLUSION

Assessing subcellular patterns of Maspin expression in LSCC specimens could identify patients less likely to respond to PORT, who might benefit from combined chemo-radiotherapy to improve the efficacy of adjuvant protocols.

An immunohistochemical marker panel including claudin-18, maspin, and p53 improves diagnostic accuracy of bile duct neoplasms in surgical and presurgical biopsy specimens

Biliary tract cancers have an extremely poor outcome, and specific diagnostic markers and effective treatments are needed urgently. In this study, we assessed the capacity of panel of immunohistochemical markers including claudin-18, maspin, and p53 to distinguish biliary tract carcinoma and biliary intraepithelial neoplasia (BilIN) from non-neoplastic epithelium. We performed a retrospective study of 66 biliary tract cancer specimens and 63 specimens with non-neoplastic lesions. Of the surgical specimens, 96.7 % with adenocarcinoma/BilIN were detected as neoplastic, and all 63 specimens histologically diagnosed as non-neoplastic lesion were detected as non-neoplastic with high sensitivity (91.1 %) and specificity (100 %). Of presurgical endobiliary forceps biopsy specimens, all with adenocarcinoma/BilIN and only 1 of the 19 with a non-neoplastic lesion were distinguished as neoplastic with high sensitivity (100 %) and specificity (94.7 %). Moreover, this panel provided good separation of neoplasm from malignancy-undetermined atypical epithelium (18/21, 85.7 %). This panel achieves a more reliable distinction of biliary tract cancers and BilINs from non-neoplastic epithelia in both surgical and biopsy specimens than immunohistochemical analysis with single antibodies and is useful in supporting a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma and BilIN.

Cytoplasmic maspin expression predicts poor prognosis of patients with soft tissue sarcomas

BACKGROUND

Maspin is a 42 kDa protein known to act as a tumor suppressor. Although its function has not been fully elucidated, numerous reports have investigated the prognostic impact of maspin in patients with several types of cancer. However, there have been no reports on the association between maspin expression and the prognosis of patients with soft tissue sarcomas (STS). The aim of this study was thus to explore the association of maspin expression with the prognosis of patients with STS.

METHODS

One-hundred and eight paraffin-embedded STS tissue samples were immunohistochemically analyzed using antibodies for maspin and Ki-67 antigen. The patients were followed up for 1 to 300 months (median: 33 months) and the prognostic value was evaluated by log-rank test and Cox's regression hazard model.

RESULTS

Cytoplasmic maspin expression was observed in 48.1% of specimens, and was significantly correlated with a higher FNCLCC grade (P = 0.002) and the presence of distant metastases (P = 0.001), and those with cytoplasmic maspin expression had both shorter disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) by log-rank test (P <0.001, P = 0.001, respectively). By Cox's multivariate analysis, the presence of distant metastases was the only prognostic factor for DFS and OS.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first report to reveal an association between maspin expression and the prognosis of patients with STS. Although further studies with a larger series of patients and a longer follow-up period will be needed, cytoplasmic maspin expression could be an indicator of unfavorable prognosis in patients with STS.

VIRTUAL SLIDES

The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/13000_2014_205.

Discovery of prognostic factors for diagnosis and treatment of epithelial-derived ovarian cancer from laying hens

Ovarian cancer is a lethal gynecological cancer causing cancer-related deaths in women worldwide. It is difficult to diagnosis at an early stage when more than 90% patients can be cured because of lack of specific symptoms and early detection markers. Most of malignant ovarian tumors are originated from the germinal epithelium of the ovary. For investigation with animal models of epithelial-derived ovarian cancer (EOC), laying hens are the most relevant animal models because they spontaneously develop EOC as occurs in women through ovulating almost every day. As in women, EOC in the hen is age-related and grossly and histologically similar to that in women. However, domesticated animals are inappropriate for research human EOC due to multiple pregnancies and lactating or seasonally anestrous. In addition, the non-spontaneous nature of rodents EOC limits clinical relevance with human EOC. Recent studies have shown that ovarian cancer could arise from epithelium from the oviduct as oviduct-related genes are up-regulated in EOC of hens. Therefore, we showed in the review: 1) characterization and classification of EOC; 2) chicken models for EOC; 3) relationship estrogen with EOC; 4) candidate prognostic factors for EOC including serpin peptidase inhibior, clade B (ovalbumin), member 3 (SERPINB3), SERPINB11, gallicin 11 (GAL11), secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) and alpha 2 macroglobulin (A2M) in normal and cancerous ovaries of laying hens; 5) biological roles of microRNAs in development of EOC. Collectively, the present reviews indicate that expression of SERPINB3, SERPINB11, GAL11, SPP1 and A2M is clearly associated with the development of ovarian carcinogenesis. These results provide new insights into the prognostic biomarkers for EOC to diagnose and to evaluate responses to therapies for treating EOC of humans.

Promoter hypomethylation and increased maspin expression in preeclamptic placentas in a Chinese population

OBJECTIVE

Preeclampsia is thought to begin with shallow trophoblast invasion and inadequate spiral artery remodeling. Maspin, a tumor-suppressor gene, plays a regulatory role in trophoblast invasion and motility. The tissue-specific methylation of the maspin promoter can regulate maspin gene expression in various cancers. We sought to detect maspin gene expression and assess the degrees of methylation of maspin promoter regions in preeclamptic placentas in the Han Chinese population and to investigate the potential role of maspin in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia.

METHODS

We conducted RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and western blotting to characterize maspin gene expression and protein levels in the placentas from normal and preeclamptic pregnancies. Finally, using methylation-specific PCR and bisulfite sequencing PCR, we detected the degrees of methylation of the promoter regions of maspin in each of the two studied groups.

RESULTS

Maspin expression was increased at the mRNA and protein levels in the preeclamptic placentas compared to the control group. Maspin immunohistochemical staining revealed positive staining in the syncytio-cytotrophoblast layers and more diffuse staining in the preeclamptic group. The mean methylation level of the analyzed promoter region was significantly hypomethylated in the preeclamptic placentas compared to the control placentas, pointing to a negative relationship between maspin promoter methylation and gene expression.

DISCUSSION

Hypomethylation of the maspin promoter results in increased expression of maspin in preeclamptic placentas, which suggests a negative relationship between maspin methylation and maspin expression in this Han Chinese population. Thus, maspin is likely involved in the etiology of preeclampsia.

Long non-coding RNA HNF1A-AS1 regulates proliferation and migration in oesophageal adenocarcinoma cells

OBJECTIVES

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) have been shown to play important roles in the development and progression of cancer. However, functional lncRNAs and their downstream mechanisms are largely unknown in the molecular pathogenesis of oesophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and its progression.

DESIGN

lncRNAs that are abnormally upregulated in EACs were identified by RNA-sequencing analysis, followed by quantitative RT-PCR (qRTPCR) validation using tissues from 25 EAC patients. Cell biological assays in combination with small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown were performed in order to probe the functional relevance of these lncRNAs.

RESULTS

We discovered that a lncRNA, HNF1A-AS1, is markedly upregulated in human primary EACs relative to their corresponding normal oesophageal tissues (mean fold change 10.6, p<0.01). We further discovered that HNF1A-AS1 knockdown significantly inhibited cell proliferation and anchorage-independent growth, suppressed S-phase entry, and inhibited cell migration and invasion in multiple in vitro EAC models (p<0.05). A gene ontological analysis revealed that HNF1A-AS1 knockdown preferentially affected genes that are linked to assembly of chromatin and the nucleosome, a mechanism essential to cell cycle progression. The well known cancer-related lncRNA, H19, was the gene most markedly inhibited by HNF1A-AS1 knockdown. Consistent to this finding, there was a significant positive correlation between HNF1A-AS1 and H19 expression in primary EACs (p<0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

We have discovered abnormal upregulation of a lncRNA, HNF1A-AS1, in human EAC. Our findings suggest that dysregulation of HNF1A-AS1 participates in oesophageal tumorigenesis, and that this participation may be mediated, at least in part, by modulation of chromatin and nucleosome assembly as well as by H19 induction.

Maspin influences response to doxorubicin by changing the tumor microenvironment organization

Altered degradation and deposition of extracellular matrix are hallmarks of tumor progression and response to therapy. From a microarray supervised analysis on a dataset of chemotherapy-treated breast carcinoma patients, maspin, a member of the serpin protease inhibitor family, has been the foremost variable identified in non-responsive versus responsive tumors. Accordingly, in a series of 52 human breast carcinomas, we detected high maspin expression in tumors that progressed under doxorubicin (DXR)-based chemotherapy. Our analysis of the role of maspin in response to chemotherapy in human MCF7 and MDAMB231 breast and SKOV3 ovarian carcinoma cells transfected to overexpress maspin and injected into mice showed that maspin overexpression led to DXR resistance through the maspin-induced collagen-enriched microenvironment and that an anti-maspin neutralizing monoclonal antibody reversed the collagen-dependent DXR resistance. Impaired diffusion and decreased DXR activity were also found in tumors derived from Matrigel-embedded cells, where abundant collagen fibers characterize the tumor matrix. Conversely, liposome-based DXR reached maspin-overexpressing tumor cells despite the abundant extracellular matrix and was more efficient in reducing tumor growth. Our results identify maspin-induced accumulation of collagen fibers as a cause of disease progression under DXR chemotherapy for breast cancer. Use of a more hydrophilic DXR formulation or of a maspin inhibitor in combination with chemotherapy holds the promise of more consistent responses to maspin-overexpressing tumors and dense-matrix tumors in general.

Serpin B5 is a CEA-interacting biomarker for colorectal cancer

Serpin B5 is a candidate tumour suppressor, but its oncogenic activity has also been reported. Its function may be affected by protein interactions. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between serpin B5 and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) expression in colorectal cancer (CRC). We also analysed the clinicopathological significance of serpin B5 expression in patients with CRC. Downregulation of serpin B5 was identified in a CEA-suppressed LoVo cell line using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and matrix-associated laser desorption ionisation-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). The specific interaction and co-localisation of serpin B5 with CEA were confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation and confocal microscopy. Western blot analysis and ELISAs revealed significant positive correlations between levels of serpin B5 and CEA in human colon cancer cell lines and in the blood of patients with CRC. Tissue expression of serpin B5 in 377 patients with CRC was significantly associated with serum CEA, histological grade, stage, lymph node metastasis, lymphatic and perineural invasion, and infiltrative border. Strong expression of serpin B5 was also associated with a reduced DFS (p = 0.001) and OS (p = 0.017). Together, these findings describe a relationship between serpin B5 and CEA expression in CRC. Strong expression of serpin B5 was associated with a worse prognosis in patients with CRC and its expression may correlate with CEA levels in CRC.

Maspin expression in the invasive margin of primary melanomas may reflect an aggressive tumor phenotype

BACKGROUND

The role of maspin has been discussed controversially in different tumors. In the majority of malignant tumors, maspin seems to act as a tumor suppressor. However, data about maspin expression as well as its function in melanoma are very inconsistent.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the expression of maspin in melanomas and to correlate the intensity of maspin staining with prognostic parameters of the tumor and with progression-free and overall survival.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Primary melanomas from 47 patients were investigated for maspin expression using immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

Maspin was heterogeneously expressed predominantly in the cytoplasm of melanoma cells. Maspin staining intensity in the invasive part of the tumor correlated with parameters of prognosis such as Clark level (p  =  0.05), tumor thickness (p  =  0.002) and stage of disease (p  =  0.023). Maspin staining intensity in the invasive front of the tumor significantly correlated with death from disease (p  =  0.007) and shortened overall survival (p  =  0.007).

CONCLUSIONS

In accordance with data concerning maspin expression in colorectal cancers, the expression of this protein in the invasive front of primary melanomas seems to correlate with local infiltration and tumor aggressiveness. Strong maspin expression in the invasive margin of primary melanomas therefore might reflect an aggressive tumor phenotype.

Functional inactivation of CYLD promotes the metastatic potential of tumor epidermal cells

CYLD is a tumor-suppressor gene mutated in the skin appendage tumors cylindromas, trichoepitheliomas, and spiradenomas. We have performed in vivo metastasis assays in nude mice and found that the loss of the deubiquitinase function of CYLD in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells greatly enhances the lung metastatic capability of these cells. These metastases showed several characteristics that make them distinguishable from those carrying a functional CYLD, such as robust angiogenesis, increased expression of tumor malignancy markers of SCCs, and a decrease in the expression of the suppressor of metastasis Maspin. Restoration of Maspin expression in the epidermal SCC cells defective in CYLD deubiquitination function significantly reduces their ability to form metastases, thereby suggesting that the decrease in the levels of Maspin expression plays an important role in the acquisition of metastatic potential of these cells. In addition, we have characterized Maspin downregulation in cylindromas, trichoepitheliomas, and spiradenomas carrying functional inactivating mutations of CYLD, also providing an evidence of the correlation between impaired CYLD function and Maspin decreased expression in vivo in human tumors.

Maspin: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications

Maspin, a non-inhibitory member of the serine protease inhibitor superfamily, has been characterized as a tumor suppressor gene in multiple cancer types. Among the established anti-tumor effects of Maspin are the inhibition of cancer cell invasion, attachment to extracellular matrices, increased sensitivity to apoptosis, and inhibition of angiogenesis. However, while significant experimental data support the role of Maspin as a tumor suppressor, clinical data regarding the prognostic implications of Maspin expression have led to conflicting results. This highlights the need for a better understanding of the context dependencies of Maspin in normal biology and how these are perturbed in the context of cancer. In this review, we outline the regulation and roles of Maspin in normal and developmental biology while discussing novel evidence and emerging theories related to its functions in cancer. We provide insight into the immense therapeutic potential of Maspin and the challenges related to its successful clinical translation.

Expression of the tumour-suppressor maspin in temporal bone carcinoma

AIMS

Although it accounts for fewer than 0.2% of all head and neck tumours, temporal bone squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is an aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis in advanced cases. Novel therapeutic strategies should be developed focusing on specific targeted therapies. Maspin is a serpin showing tumour-suppressing activity which has therapeutic potential. The present study is the first to investigate maspin expression in temporal bone SCCs, using a series of 29 cases.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Cytoplasmic maspin expression was significantly higher in the group of patients whose SCC did not recur than in the group experiencing recurrences (P = 0.029), and in G1-G2 SCCs than in G3 cases (P = 0.001). cT correlated with recurrence rate (P = 0.05), disease-free survival (DFS) (P = 0.008) and disease-specific survival (DSS) (P = 0.0043), and pT and pathological regional lymph node status correlated with recurrence rate (P = 0.008 and P = 0.03, respectively), DFS (P = 0.017 and P = 0.0049, respectively) and DSS (P = 0.008 and P = 0.0009, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

Although further studies using larger series are required, our preliminary findings suggest that cytoplasmic maspin expression has promise as a prognostic indicator of disease recurrence in temporal bone SCC, and that reactivating maspin functions in association with apoptosis-inducing or anti-angiogenic chemotherapeutic agents might be an important goal in the treatment of temporal bone SCC.

Role of maspin in cancer

Maspin (mammary serine protease inhibitor), is a member of the serine protease inhibitor/non-inhibitor superfamily. Its expression is down-regulated in breast, prostate, gastric and melanoma cancers but over-expressed in pancreatic, gallbladder, colorectal, and thyroid cancers suggesting that maspin may play different activities in different cell types. However, maspin expression seems to be correlated with better prognosis in prostate, bladder, lung, gastric, colorectal, head and neck, thyroid and melanoma cancer. In breast and ovarian cancer maspin significance is associated with its subcellular localization: nucleus maspin expression correlates with a good prognosis, whilst in pancreatic cancer it predicts a poor prognosis. Since tumor metastasis requires the detachment and invasion of tumor cells through the basement membrane and stroma, a selectively increased adhesion by the presence of maspin may contribute to the inhibition of tumor metastasis. Furthermore the different position of maspin inside the cell or its epigenetic modifications may explain the different behavior of the expression of maspin between tumors. The expression of maspin might be useful as a prognostic and possibly predictive factor for patients with particular types of cancer and data can guide physicians in selecting therapy. Its expression in circulating tumor cells especially in breast cancer, could be also useful in clinical practice along with other factors, such as age, comorbidities, blood examinations in order to select the best therapy to be carried out. Focusing on the malignancies in which maspin showed a positive prognostic value, therapeutic approaches studied so far aimed to re-activate a dormant tumor suppressor gene by designed transcription factors, to hit the system that inhibits the expression of maspin, to identify natural substances that can determine the activation and the expression of maspin or possible “molecules binds” to introduce maspin in cancer cell and gene therapy capable of up-regulating the maspin in an attempt to reduce primarily the risk of metastasis.

Further studies in these directions are necessary to better define the therapeutic implication of maspin.

Chorionic plate expression patterns of the maspin tumor suppressor protein in preeclamptic and egg donor placentas

Maspin is a serine protease inhibitor involved in regulating human placental trophoblast cell migration. Maspin has not been studied in preeclampsia (PE) or relative to the maternal-fetal immunological relationship, both of which may involve altered trophoblast migration. We examined maspin expression in placentas from in vitro fertilization (IVF) and egg donor (ED) pregnancies with and without PE. Exclusive to the chorionic plate, the number of maspin-positive extravillous trophoblasts was significantly decreased in IVF-PE vs. IVF (p = 0.005) and ED vs. IVF (p = 0.013). These data suggest maspin expression may be influenced by PE and/or the immunological dynamics of pregnancy.

The pro-metastatic role of bone marrow-derived cells: a focus on MSCs and regulatory T cells

Several bone marrow-derived cells have been shown to promote tumour growth and progression. These cells can home to the primary tumour and become active components of the tumour microenvironment. Recent studies have also identified bone marrow-derived cells—such as mesenchymal stem cells and regulatory T cells—as contributors to cancer metastasis. The innate versatility of these cells provides diverse functional aid to promote malignancy, ranging from structural support to signal-mediated suppression of the host immune response. Here, we review the role of mesenchymal stem cells and regulatory T cells in cancer metastasis. A better understanding of the bipolar nature of these bone marrow-derived cells in physiological and malignant contexts could pave the way for new therapeutics against metastatic disease.

Snail transcription factor negatively regulates maspin tumor suppressor in human prostate cancer cells

BACKGROUND

Maspin, a putative tumor suppressor that is down-regulated in breast and prostate cancer, has been associated with decreased cell motility. Snail transcription factor is a zinc finger protein that is increased in breast cancer and is associated with increased tumor motility and invasion by induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We investigated the molecular mechanisms by which Snail increases tumor motility and invasion utilizing prostate cancer cells.

METHODS

Expression levels were analyzed by RT-PCR and western blot analyses. Cell motility and invasion assays were performed, while Snail regulation and binding to maspin promoter was analyzed by luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays.

RESULTS

Snail protein expression was higher in different prostate cancer cells lines as compared to normal prostate epithelial cells, which correlated inversely with maspin expression. Snail overexpression in 22Rv1 prostate cancer cells inhibited maspin expression and led to increased migration and invasion. Knockdown of Snail in DU145 and C4-2 cancer cells resulted in up-regulation of maspin expression, concomitant with decreased migration. Transfection of Snail into 22Rv1 or LNCaP cells inhibited maspin promoter activity, while stable knockdown of Snail in C4-2 cells increased promoter activity. ChIP analysis showed that Snail is recruited to the maspin promoter in 22Rv1 cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, this is the first report showing that Snail can negatively regulate maspin expression by directly repressing maspin promoter activity, leading to increased cell migration and invasion. Therefore, therapeutic targeting of Snail may be useful to re-induce expression of maspin tumor suppressor and prevent prostate cancer tumor progression.

Expression of maspin in non-small cell lung cancer and its relationship to vasculogenic mimicry

Maspin belongs to the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) family and has been proven to be a suppressor of tumor growth and metastasis in many types of tumors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of maspin in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and its relationship to vasculogenic mimicry (VM). A total of 160 specimens of NSCLC were involved in this study and 20 specimens of normal lung tissue served as controls. VM, microvessel density (MVD) and the expression of maspin were detected by using immunohistochemical staining. The results showed that the positive rates of maspin and VM in the NSCLC group were 48.1% (77/160) and 36.9% (59/160), respectively, which were significantly different from those in the control group with the positive rates of maspin and VM being 100% and 0% respectively (P<0.05). VM, MVD and the expression level of maspin were significantly related to tumor differentiation, lymph node metastasis, clinical stages and postoperative survival time (all P<0.05). The maspin expression in patients with squamous cell carcinoma was significantly higher than that in those with adenocarcinoma (P<0.05). The maspin expression was negatively correlated with VM and MVD, and there was a positive correlation between VM and MVD. Maspin-negative expression, VM and high MVD score were negatively related to the 5-year-survival rate. PTNM stages, VM, MVD and maspin expression were independent prognostic factors for NSCLC (P<0.05). It was suggested that the loss of expression of maspin may participate in the invasion and metastasis of NSCLC and it has a positive relationship to VM in NSCLC. Combined detection of maspin, VM and MVD may help predict the progression and prognosis of NSCLC.

Differential gene expression profiling of primary cutaneous melanoma and sentinel lymph node metastases

Limited understanding of molecular mechanisms of metastasis in melanoma contributes to the absence of effective treatments. Increased knowledge of alterations in genes that underpin critical molecular events that lead to metastasis is essential. We have investigated the gene expression profiles of primary melanomas and melanoma metastases in sentinel lymph nodes. A total of 19 samples (10 primary melanomas and 9 sentinel lymph node metastases) were evaluated. Melanoma cells were dissected from tissue blocks. Total mRNA was isolated, amplified, and labeled using an Ambion Recover All Total Nucleic Acid Isolation kit, Nu-GEN WT-Ovation formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded RNA Amplification System, and FL-Ovation cDNA Biotin Module V2, respectively. Samples were hybridized to the Affymetrix Gene Chip Human U133 Plus 2.0 Array. Data were analyzed using Partek Genomics Suite Version 6.4. Genes selected showed ≥2-fold difference in expression and P<5.00E-2. Validation studies used standard immunohistochemical assays. Hierarchical clustering disclosed two distinct groups: 10 primary melanomas and 9 sentinel lymph node metastases. Gene expression analysis identified 576 genes that showed significant differential expression. Most differences reflected decreased gene expression in metastases relative to primaries. Reduced gene expression in primaries was less frequent and less dramatic. Genes significantly increased or decreased in sentinel lymph node metastases were active in cell adhesion/structural integrity, tumor suppression, cell cycle regulation, and apoptosis. Validation studies indicate that MAGEC1 (melanoma antigen family C1) and FCRL1 (Fc receptor-like 1) are involved in melanoma progression. There are striking differential gene expression patterns between primary and nodally metastatic melanomas. Similar findings were seen with autologous paired primary melanomas and sentinel lymph node metastases, supporting involvement of these gene alterations in evolution of metastases. With further study, it may be possible to determine the exact sequence of molecular events that underlie melanoma metastases.

DNA hypomethylation in cancer cells

DNA hypomethylation was the initial epigenetic abnormality recognized in human tumors. However, for several decades after its independent discovery by two laboratories in 1983, it was often ignored as an unwelcome complication, with almost all of the attention on the hypermethylation of promoters of genes that are silenced in cancers (e.g., tumor-suppressor genes). Because it was subsequently shown that global hypomethylation of DNA in cancer was most closely associated with repeated DNA elements, cancer linked-DNA hypomethylation continued to receive rather little attention. DNA hypomethylation in cancer can no longer be considered an oddity, because recent high-resolution genome-wide studies confirm that DNA hypomethylation is the almost constant companion to hypermethylation of the genome in cancer, just usually (but not always) in different sequences. Methylation changes at individual CpG dyads in cancer can have a high degree of dependence not only on the regional context, but also on neighboring sites. DNA demethylation during carcinogenesis may involve hemimethylated dyads as intermediates, followed by spreading of the loss of methylation on both strands. In this review, active demethylation of DNA and the relationship of cancer-associated DNA hypomethylation to cancer stem cells are discussed. Evidence is accumulating for the biological significance and clinical relevance of DNA hypomethylation in cancer, and for cancer-linked demethylation and de novo methylation being highly dynamic processes.

Chicken pleiotrophin: regulation of tissue specific expression by estrogen in the oviduct and distinct expression pattern in the ovarian carcinomas

Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a developmentally-regulated growth factor which is widely distributed in various tissues and also detected in many kinds of carcinomas. However, little is known about the PTN gene in chickens. In the present study, we found chicken PTN to be highly conserved with respect to mammalian PTN genes (91–92.6%) and its mRNA was most abundant in brain, heart and oviduct. This study focused on the PTN gene in the oviduct where it was detected in the glandular (GE) and luminal (LE) epithelial cells. Treatment of young chicks with diethylstilbesterol induced PTN mRNA and protein in GE and LE, but not in other cell types of the oviduct. Further, several microRNAs, specifically miR-499 and miR-1709 were discovered to influence PTN expression via its 3′-UTR which suggests that post-transcriptional regulation influences PTN expression in chickens. We also compared expression patterns and CpG methylation status of the PTN gene in normal and cancerous ovaries from chickens. Our results indicated that PTN is most abundant in the GE of adenocarcinoma of cancerous, but not normal ovaries of hens. Bisulfite sequencing revealed that 30- and 40% of −1311 and −1339 CpG sites are demethylated in ovarian cancer cells, respectively. Collectively, these results indicate that chicken PTN is a novel estrogen-induced gene expressed mainly in the oviductal epithelia implicating PTN regulation of oviduct development and egg formation, and also suggest that PTN is a biomarker for epithelial ovarian carcinoma that could be used for diagnosis and monitoring effects of therapies for the disease.

Proteomic characterization of ovarian cancers identifying annexin-A4, phosphoserine aminotransferase, cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 2, and serpin B5 as histology-specific biomarkers

Numerous studies have suggested that the different histological subtypes of ovarian carcinoma (i.e. clear cell, endometrioid, mucinous, and serous) have distinct clinical histories and characteristics; however, most studies that have aimed to determine biomarker have not performed comprehensive analyses based on subtype specificity. In the present study, we performed two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-based differential proteomic analysis of the different histological subtypes of ovarian carcinoma using tissue specimens from 39 patients. Seventy-seven protein spots (55 unique proteins) were found to be up- or downregulated in a subtype-specific manner. The most significant difference was observed for: (i) annexin-A4 (ANXA4) and phosphoserine aminotransferase (PSAT1), which are expressed strongly in clear cell carcinoma; (ii) cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 2 (CRABP2), which is expressed specifically in serous carcinoma; and (iii) serpin B5 (SPB5), which is upregulated in mucinous carcinoma. Validation of these candidates by western blotting using a 34 additional test sample set resulted in an expression pattern that was consistent with the screening and revealed that differential expression was independent of cancer stage or tumor grade within each subtype. Thus, the present study reinforces the notion that ovarian cancer subtypes can be clearly delineated on a molecular basis into four histopathological groups, and we propose that ANXA4, PSAT1, CRABP2, and SPB5 are candidate subtype-specific biomarkers that can help define the basis of tumor histology at a molecular level.

Avian SERPINB11 gene: a marker for ovarian endometrioid cancer in chickens

As serine and cysteine proteinase inhibitors, serpins, such as SERPINB5, cause ovarian, colorectal and pancreatic adenocarcinomas. We identified SERPINB11 as a novel estrogen-induced gene in chickens during oviduct development. The chicken is a unique animal model for research on human ovarian cancer, because it spontaneously develops epithelial cell-derived ovarian cancer as in women. Therefore, this study investigated the expression pattern, CpG methylation status, and miRNA regulation of the SERPINB11 gene in normal and cancerous ovaries from chickens. Our results indicate that SERPINB11 is most abundant in the glandular epithelium of endometrioid adenocarcinoma of cancerous, but not normal, ovaries of hens. In addition, bisulfite sequencing revealed that about 30% of -110 CpG sites are methylated in ovarian cancer cells, whereas -110 CpG sites are demethylated in normal ovarian cells. Next, we determined whether miR-1582 influences SERPINB11 expression via its 3'UTR and found that it does not directly target the 3'UTR of SERPINB11 mRNA. Therefore, it is unlikely that post-transcriptional regulation influences SERPINB11 expression in the chicken ovary. On the other hand, in human ovarian cancer cells such as OVCAR-3, SKOV-3 and PA-1 cells, immunoreactive SERPINB11 protein was predominant in the cytoplasm and had a similar expression pattern to that in chicken ovarian cancer cells. Collectively, these results suggest that SERPINB11 is a biomarker for chicken ovarian endometrioid carcinoma that could be used for diagnosis and monitoring effects of therapies for the disease in women.