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Yun HS, Kramp TR, Palanichamy K, Tofilon PJ, Camphausen K. MGMT inhibition regulates radioresponse in GBM, GSC, and melanoma. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12363. [PMID: 38811596 PMCID: PMC11136993 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61240-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is the standard treatment for glioblastoma (GBM), but the overall survival rate for radiotherapy treated GBM patients is poor. The use of adjuvant and concomitant temozolomide (TMZ) improves the outcome; however, the effectiveness of this treatment varies according to MGMT levels. Herein, we evaluated whether MGMT expression affected the radioresponse of human GBM, GBM stem-like cells (GSCs), and melanoma. Our results indicated a correlation between MGMT promoter methylation status and MGMT expression. MGMT-producing cell lines ACPK1, GBMJ1, A375, and MM415 displayed enhanced radiosensitivity when MGMT was silenced using siRNA or when inhibited by lomeguatrib, whereas the OSU61, NSC11, WM852, and WM266-4 cell lines, which do not normally produce MGMT, displayed reduced radiosensitivity when MGMT was overexpressed. Mechanistically lomeguatrib prolonged radiation-induced γH2AX retention in MGMT-producing cells without specific cell cycle changes, suggesting that lomeguatrib-induced radiosensitization in these cells is due to radiation-induced DNA double-stranded break (DSB) repair inhibition. The DNA-DSB repair inhibition resulted in cell death via mitotic catastrophe in MGMT-producing cells. Overall, our results demonstrate that MGMT expression regulates radioresponse in GBM, GSC, and melanoma, implying a role for MGMT as a target for radiosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shik Yun
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Drive, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tamalee R Kramp
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Drive, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kamalakannan Palanichamy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Philip J Tofilon
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Drive, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kevin Camphausen
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Drive, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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2
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Fang Q. The Versatile Attributes of MGMT: Its Repair Mechanism, Crosstalk with Other DNA Repair Pathways, and Its Role in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:331. [PMID: 38254819 PMCID: PMC10814553 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT or AGT) is a DNA repair protein with the capability to remove alkyl groups from O6-AlkylG adducts. Moreover, MGMT plays a crucial role in repairing DNA damage induced by methylating agents like temozolomide and chloroethylating agents such as carmustine, and thereby contributes to chemotherapeutic resistance when these agents are used. This review delves into the structural roles and repair mechanisms of MGMT, with emphasis on the potential structural and functional roles of the N-terminal domain of MGMT. It also explores the development of cancer therapeutic strategies that target MGMT. Finally, it discusses the intriguing crosstalk between MGMT and other DNA repair pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingming Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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3
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Ducray F, Ramirez C, Robert M, Fontanilles M, Bronnimann C, Chinot O, Estrade F, Durando X, Cartalat S, Bastid J, Bienayme H, Lemarchand C. A Multicenter Randomized Bioequivalence Study of a Novel Ready-to-Use Temozolomide Oral Suspension vs. Temozolomide Capsules. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2664. [PMID: 38140005 PMCID: PMC10747054 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temozolomide (TMZ) oral suspension (Ped-TMZ, KIZFIZO®) is being developed for the treatment of relapsed or refractory neuroblastoma, a rare cancer affecting infants and young children. The study assessed the safety and the bioequivalence of this novel pediatric formulation with existing TMZ oral capsules. METHODS In vitro dissolution profiles and the bioequivalence were evaluated following the European Medicines Agency "Guidelines on the investigation of Bioequivalence". The phase I, multicenter, randomized, open-label, crossover, single-dose bioequivalence study enrolled 36 adult patients with glioblastoma multiforme or lower-grade glioma. Each patient received 200 mg/m2 Ped-TMZ suspension and TMZ capsules (Temodal®) on 2 consecutive days, with the order being randomly assigned. Fourteen blood samples were collected up to 10 h post-dosing. Bioequivalence was assessed by comparing the 90% confidence interval for the ratio of the geometric means of maximum TMZ plasma concentration (Cmax) and the area under the curve (AUCt). Other endpoints included further pharmacokinetic parameters and safety. RESULTS Both formulations exhibited a fast in vitro dissolution profile with more than 85% of TMZ dissolved within 15 min. For the bioequivalence study, thirty patients completed the trial as per the protocol. The ratio of Ped-TMZ/TMZ capsule geometric means (90% CI) for AUCt and Cmax were 97.18% (95.05-99.35%) and 107.62% (98.07-118.09%), respectively, i.e., within the 80-125% bioequivalence limits. No buccal toxicity was associated with Ped-TMZ liquid formulation. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that Ped-TMZ oral suspension and TMZ oral capsule treatment are immediate release and bioequivalent medicines. There were also no unexpected safety signals or local toxicity (funded by ORPHELIA Pharma; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04467346).
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Affiliation(s)
- François Ducray
- Service de Neuro-Oncologie, Hôpital Neurologique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie UMR INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France;
| | - Carole Ramirez
- Services de Neurologie et D’oncologie Médicale, CHU et ICHUSE de Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France;
| | - Marie Robert
- Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest, Medical Oncology, 44800 Saint Herblain, France;
| | - Maxime Fontanilles
- INSERM U1245 Unit, Cancer Centre Henri Becquerel, Université Rouen Normandie, 76038 Rouen, France;
- Le Havre Hospital Group, 76083 Le Havre, France
| | - Charlotte Bronnimann
- CHU de Bordeaux, Service D’oncologie Médicale, Hôpital Saint André, 33075 Bordeaux, France;
| | - Olivier Chinot
- Aix-Marseille Université, Neuro-Oncology Department, APHM, CNRS, Institut de Neurophysiopathologie, CHU Timone, Service de Neuro-Oncologie, 13385 Marseille, France;
| | | | - Xavier Durando
- INSERM U1240 IMoST, University of Clermont Auvergne, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
- UMR 501, Clinical Investigation Centre, 63011 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clinical Research and Innovation Department, Centre Jean Perrin, 63011 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Oncology Department, Centre Jean Perrin, 63011 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stéphanie Cartalat
- Service de Neuro-Oncologie, Hôpital Neurologique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie UMR INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France;
| | - Jeremy Bastid
- ORPHELIA Pharma, 75005 Paris, France; (J.B.); (H.B.)
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4
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Ambady P, Wu YJ, Kersch CN, Walker JM, Holland S, Muldoon LL, Neuwelt EA. Radiation enhances the delivery of antisense oligonucleotides and improves chemo-radiation efficacy in brain tumor xenografts. Cancer Gene Ther 2022; 29:533-542. [PMID: 33850305 PMCID: PMC9113935 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-021-00324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) contributes to resistance to chemo-radiation therapy (CRT) in brain tumors. We previously demonstrated that non-ablative radiation improved delivery of anti-MGMT morpholino oligonucleotides (AMONs) to reduce MGMT levels in subcutaneous tumor xenografts. We evaluate this approach to enhance CRT efficacy in rat brain tumor xenograft models. The impact of radiation on targeted delivery was evaluated using fluorescent oligonucleotides (f-ON). In vitro, f-ON was localized to clathrin-coated vesicles, endosomes, and lysosomes using confocal microscopy in T98G glioma cells. In vivo, fluorescence was detected in pre-radiated, but not non-radiated Long Evans (non-tumor bearing) rat brains. Cranial radiation (2 Gy) followed by AMONs (intravenous, 10.5 mg/kg) reduced MGMT expression by 50% in both orthotopic cerebellar D283 medulloblastoma and intracerebral H460 non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) xenograft models. To evaluate the efficacy, AMONs concurrent with CRT (2 Gy radiation plus oral 20 mg/kg temozolomide ×4 days) reduced tumor volumes in the medulloblastoma model (p = 0.012), and a similar trend was found in the NSCLC brain metastasis model. We provide proof of concept for the use of non-ablative radiation to guide and enhance the delivery of morpholino oligonucleotides into brain tumor xenograft models to reduce MGMT levels and improve CRT efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Ambady
- grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR USA
| | - Yingjen Jeffrey Wu
- grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR USA
| | - Cymon N. Kersch
- grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR USA
| | - Joshua M. Walker
- grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR USA ,grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR USA
| | - Samantha Holland
- grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR USA
| | - Leslie L. Muldoon
- grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR USA ,grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR USA
| | - Edward A. Neuwelt
- grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR USA ,grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Department of Neurosurgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR USA ,grid.410404.50000 0001 0165 2383Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Office of Research and Development, Portland, OR USA
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5
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Zampieri LX, Sboarina M, Cacace A, Grasso D, Thabault L, Hamelin L, Vazeille T, Dumon E, Rossignol R, Frédérick R, Sonveaux E, Lefranc F, Sonveaux P. Olaparib Is a Mitochondrial Complex I Inhibitor That Kills Temozolomide-Resistant Human Glioblastoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111938. [PMID: 34769368 PMCID: PMC8584761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma represents the highest grade of brain tumors. Despite maximal resection surgery associated with radiotherapy and concomitant followed by adjuvant chemotherapy with temozolomide (TMZ), patients have a very poor prognosis due to the rapid recurrence and the acquisition of resistance to TMZ. Here, initially considering that TMZ is a prodrug whose activation is pH-dependent, we explored the contribution of glioblastoma cell metabolism to TMZ resistance. Using isogenic TMZ-sensitive and TMZ-resistant human glioblastoma cells, we report that the expression of O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), which is known to repair TMZ-induced DNA methylation, does not primarily account for TMZ resistance. Rather, fitter mitochondria in TMZ-resistant glioblastoma cells are a direct cause of chemoresistance that can be targeted by inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation and/or autophagy/mitophagy. Unexpectedly, we found that PARP inhibitor olaparib, but not talazoparib, is also a mitochondrial Complex I inhibitor. Hence, we propose that the anticancer activities of olaparib in glioblastoma and other cancer types combine DNA repair inhibition and impairment of cancer cell respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca X. Zampieri
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (L.X.Z.); (M.S.); (A.C.); (D.G.); (L.T.); (L.H.); (T.V.)
| | - Martina Sboarina
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (L.X.Z.); (M.S.); (A.C.); (D.G.); (L.T.); (L.H.); (T.V.)
| | - Andrea Cacace
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (L.X.Z.); (M.S.); (A.C.); (D.G.); (L.T.); (L.H.); (T.V.)
| | - Debora Grasso
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (L.X.Z.); (M.S.); (A.C.); (D.G.); (L.T.); (L.H.); (T.V.)
| | - Léopold Thabault
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (L.X.Z.); (M.S.); (A.C.); (D.G.); (L.T.); (L.H.); (T.V.)
- Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (R.F.); (E.S.)
| | - Loïc Hamelin
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (L.X.Z.); (M.S.); (A.C.); (D.G.); (L.T.); (L.H.); (T.V.)
| | - Thibaut Vazeille
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (L.X.Z.); (M.S.); (A.C.); (D.G.); (L.T.); (L.H.); (T.V.)
| | - Elodie Dumon
- INSERM U1211, Laboratory of Rare Diseases, Metabolism and Genetics (MRGM), Ecole des Sages Femmes, Bordeaux University, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (E.D.); (R.R.)
| | - Rodrigue Rossignol
- INSERM U1211, Laboratory of Rare Diseases, Metabolism and Genetics (MRGM), Ecole des Sages Femmes, Bordeaux University, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (E.D.); (R.R.)
| | - Raphaël Frédérick
- Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (R.F.); (E.S.)
| | - Etienne Sonveaux
- Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (R.F.); (E.S.)
| | - Florence Lefranc
- Service de Neurochirurgie, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Pierre Sonveaux
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (L.X.Z.); (M.S.); (A.C.); (D.G.); (L.T.); (L.H.); (T.V.)
- Correspondence:
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Delello Di Filippo L, Hofstätter Azambuja J, Paes Dutra JA, Tavares Luiz M, Lobato Duarte J, Nicoleti LR, Olalla Saad ST, Chorilli M. Improving temozolomide biopharmaceutical properties in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) treatment using GBM-targeting nanocarriers. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 168:76-89. [PMID: 34461214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain cancer. GBM has aggressive development, and the pharmacological treatment remains a challenge due to GBM anatomical characteristics' (the blood-brain barrier and tumor microenvironment) and the increasing resistance to marketed drugs, such as temozolomide (TMZ), the first-line drug for GBM treatment. Due to physical-chemical properties such as short half-life time and the increasing resistance shown by GBM cells, high doses and repeated administrations are necessary, leading to significant adverse events. This review will discuss the main molecular mechanisms of TMZ resistance and the use of functionalized nanocarriers as an efficient and safe strategy for TMZ delivery. GBM-targeting nanocarriers are an important tool for the treatment of GBM, demonstrating to improve the biopharmaceutical properties of TMZ and repurpose its use in anti-GBM therapy. Technical aspects of nanocarriers will be discussed, and biological models highlighting the advantages and effects of functionalization strategies in TMZ anti-GBM activity. Finally, conclusions regarding the main findings will be made in the context of new perspectives for the treatment of GBM using TMZ as a chemotherapy agent, improving the sensibility and biological anti-tumor effect of TMZ through functionalization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marcela Tavares Luiz
- School of Pharmaceutical Science of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jonatas Lobato Duarte
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiza Ribeiro Nicoleti
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sara Teresinha Olalla Saad
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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7
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Chen SH, Huang WT, Kao WC, Hsiao SY, Pan HY, Fang CW, Shiue YL, Chou CL, Li CF. O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase modulates cisplatin-induced DNA double-strand breaks by targeting the homologous recombination pathway in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:2. [PMID: 33397362 PMCID: PMC7780675 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00699-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The homologous recombination (HR) pathway is involved in DNA damage response (DDR), which is crucial to cancer cell survival after treatment with DNA damage agents. O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) is associated with cisplatin (CDDP) resistance in cancer cells; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we explored the interactions between MGMT and the HR pathway in CDDP-activated DDR and their clinical implications in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods Human NPC cells were assessed using loss-of-function approaches in vitro. The expression correlations between MGMT and major proteins of the HR pathway were analyzed through Western blotting, quantitative real-time PCR, and bioinformatic analysis by using a public database. The physical interactions between MGMT and HR proteins were studied using co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence analyses. Cell comet tails and γ-H2AX expression levels were examined to evaluate double-strand break (DSB) formation. Established immunofluorescence and reporter analyses were conducted to measure HR activity. Xenograft and cell viability studies were used to assess the therapeutic potential of MGMT inhibition in combination with CDDP and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, respectively. Results Among major proteins of the HR pathway, MGMT suppression inhibited CDDP-induced RAD51 expression. Bioinformatic analyses showed a positive correlation between MGMT and RAD51 expression in patients with NPC. Moreover, MGMT physically interacted with BRCA1 and regulated CDDP-induced BRCA1 phosphorylation (ser 988). In functional assays, MGMT inhibition increased CDDP-induced DSB formation through attenuation of HR activity. NPC xenograft studies demonstrated that MGMT inhibition combined with CDDP treatment reduced tumor size and downregulated RAD51 expression and BRCA1 phosphorylation. Furthermore, MGMT suppression increased PARP inhibitor–induced cell death and DSB formation in NPC cells. Conclusion MGMT is crucial in the activation of the HR pathway and regulates DDR in NPC cells treated with CDDP and PARP inhibitor. Thus, MGMT is a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatments involving HR-associated DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Hung Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Tsung Huang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chen Kao
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yen Hsiao
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Pan
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Wen Fang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yow-Ling Shiue
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Chou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, No. 901, Zhonghua Rd., Yongkang Dist., Tainan, 71004, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Feng Li
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Institute of Precision Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, No.70, Lien-hai Rd., Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan.
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8
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Yu W, Zhang L, Wei Q, Shao A. O 6-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase (MGMT): Challenges and New Opportunities in Glioma Chemotherapy. Front Oncol 2020; 9:1547. [PMID: 32010632 PMCID: PMC6979006 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance has been a significant problem affecting the efficacy of drugs targeting tumors for decades. MGMT, known as O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase, is a DNA repair enzyme that plays an important role in chemoresistance to alkylating agents. Hence, MGMT is considered a promising target for tumor treatment. Several methods are employed to detect MGMT, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Some of the detection methods are; immunohistochemistry, methylation-specific PCR (MSP), pyrophosphate sequencing, MGMT activity test, and real-time quantitative PCR. Methylation of MGMT promoter is a key predictor of whether alkylating agents can effectively control glioma cells. The prognostic value of MGMT in glioma is currently being explored. The expression of MGMT gene mainly depends on epigenetic modification–methylation of CpG island of MGMT promoter. CpG island covers a length of 762 bp, with 98 CpG sites located at the 5' end of the gene, ranging from 480 to 1,480 nucleotides. The methylation sites and frequencies of CpG islands vary in MGMT-deficient tumor cell lines, xenografts of glioblastoma and in situ glioblastoma. Methylation in some regions of promoter CpG islands is particularly associated with gene expression. The change in the methylation status of the MGMT promoter after chemotherapy, radiotherapy or both is not completely understood, and results from previous studies have been controversial. Several studies have revealed that chemotherapy may enhance MGMT expression in gliomas. This could be through gene induction or selection of high MGMT-expressing cells during chemotherapy. Selective survival of glioma cells with high MGMT expression during alkylating agent therapy may change MGMT status in case of recurrence. Several strategies have been pursued to improve the anti-tumor effects of temozolomide. These include the synthesis of analogs of O6-meG such as O6-benzylguanine (O6-BG) and O6-(4-bromothenyl) guanine (O6-BTG), RNAi, and viral proteins. This review describes the regulation of MGMT expression and its role in chemotherapy, especially in glioma. Targeting MGMT seems to be a promising approach to overcome chemoresistance. Further studies exploring new agents targeting MGMT with better curative effect and less toxicity are advocated. We anticipate that these developments will improve the current poor prognosis of glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cancer Institute (Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention), Zhejiang University Cancer Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cancer Institute (Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention), Zhejiang University Cancer Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qichun Wei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cancer Institute (Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention), Zhejiang University Cancer Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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9
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Kramer B, Singh R, Wischusen J, Dent R, Rush A, Middlemiss S, Ching YW, Alexander IE, McCowage G. Clinical Trial of MGMT(P140K) Gene Therapy in the Treatment of Pediatric Patients with Brain Tumors. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 29:874-885. [PMID: 29385852 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene transfer targeting hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) in children has shown sustained therapeutic benefit in the treatment of genetic diseases affecting the immune system, most notably in severe combined immunodeficiencies affecting T-cell function. The HSC compartment has also been successfully targeted using gene transfer in children with genetic diseases affecting the central nervous system, such as metachromatic leukodystrophy and adrenoleukodystrophy. HSCs are also a target for genetic modification in strategies aiming to confer drug resistance to chemotherapy agents so as to reduce off-target toxicity, and to allow for chemotherapy dose escalation with the possibility of enhanced therapeutic benefit. In a trial of this strategy in adult glioma patients, significant engraftment of gene-modified HSCs expressing a mutant of the DNA repair protein O6-methyl-guanine-methyl-transferase (MGMT(P140K)) showed potential in conferring drug resistance against the combined effect of O6-benzylguanine (O6BG)/temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy. The aim was to test the safety and feasibility of this approach in children with poor prognosis brain tumors. In this Phase I trial, seven patients received gene-modified HSC following myelo-suppressive conditioning, but with only transient low-level engraftment of MGMT(P140K) gene-modified cells detectable in four patients. All patients received O6BG/TMZ chemotherapy following infusion of gene-modified cells, with five patients eligible for chemotherapy dose escalation, though in the absence of demonstrable transgene-mediated chemoprotection. Since all gene-modified cell products met the criteria for release and assays for engraftment potential met expected outcome measures, inadequate cell dose, conditioning chemotherapy, and/or underlying bone-marrow function may have contributed to the lack of sustained engraftment of gene-modified cells. We were able to demonstrate safe conduct of a technically complex Phase I study encompassing manufacture of the gene therapy vector, genetically modified cells, and a drug product specifically for the trial in compliance with both local and national regulatory requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Kramer
- 1 Children's Cancer Research Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
| | - Radhika Singh
- 1 Children's Cancer Research Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
| | - Jessica Wischusen
- 1 Children's Cancer Research Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
| | - Rebecca Dent
- 1 Children's Cancer Research Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
| | - Amanda Rush
- 1 Children's Cancer Research Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
| | - Shiloh Middlemiss
- 1 Children's Cancer Research Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
| | - Yu Wooi Ching
- 1 Children's Cancer Research Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
| | - Ian E Alexander
- 2 Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, Australia and the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia.,3 The University of Sydney , Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Westmead, Australia
| | - Geoffrey McCowage
- 4 Children's Cancer Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
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10
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Lam S, Lin Y, Zinn P, Su J, Pan IW. Patient and treatment factors associated with survival among pediatric glioblastoma patients: A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results study. J Clin Neurosci 2017; 47:285-293. [PMID: 29102237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2017.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a rare malignancy in children. The United States Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database allows large-scale analyses of clinical characteristics and prognostic features. We used it to study patients aged <20 years with histologically confirmed GBM (2000-2010) and examined the relationship between patient demographics, tumor characteristics, patterns of treatment, and outcomes. The primary outcome was disease-specific survival. 302 subjects were identified, with median age 11 years. Median follow-up was 32 months (95% CI 27-39). 34.4% had gross total resection (GTR). 61% underwent radiation after surgery (17% of subjects <3 years, 67% of those aged 4-19 years). Median survival and 2-year survival rates were 20 months and 46.9%, respectively. In multivariate analyses, age, tumor location, extent of resection, and year of diagnosis were significantly associated with the primary outcome. Compared to those aged 0-4 years, subjects aged 5-9 years and 10-14 years had higher risk of mortality. Infratentorial tumor location (HR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2-3.3, p = 0.007) and subtotal resection (HR 2.04, 95% CI 1.4-3.0, p < 0.001) were associated with increased mortality. Later year of diagnosis was significantly associated with decreased risk of death (HR 0.93, 95% CI 0.9-0.99, p = 0.031). There was no association between sex, race, region, or tumor size and the primary outcome. Repeat analyses examining all-cause mortality identified the same risk factors as for CNS cancer-specific mortality. Younger age, supratentorial location, GTR, and later year of diagnosis were associated with improved survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandi Lam
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Yimo Lin
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pascal Zinn
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jack Su
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Houston, TX, USA
| | - I-Wen Pan
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Houston, TX, USA
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11
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Bautista F, Fioravantti V, de Rojas T, Carceller F, Madero L, Lassaletta A, Moreno L. Medulloblastoma in children and adolescents: a systematic review of contemporary phase I and II clinical trials and biology update. Cancer Med 2017; 6:2606-2624. [PMID: 28980418 PMCID: PMC5673921 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival rates for patients with medulloblastoma have improved in the last decades but for those who relapse outcome is dismal and new approaches are needed. Emerging drugs have been tested in the last two decades within the context of phase I/II trials. In parallel, advances in genetic profiling have permitted to identify key molecular alterations for which new strategies are being developed. We performed a systematic review focused on the design and outcome of early-phase trials evaluating new agents in patients with relapsed medulloblastoma. PubMed, clinicaltrials.gov, and references from selected studies were screened to identify phase I/II studies with reported results between 2000 and 2015 including patients with medulloblastoma aged <18 years. A total of 718 studies were reviewed and 78 satisfied eligibility criteria. Of those, 69% were phase I; 31% phase II. Half evaluated conventional chemotherapeutics and 35% targeted agents. Overall, 662 patients with medulloblastoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumors were included. The study designs and the response assessments were heterogeneous, limiting the comparisons among trials and the correct identification of active drugs. Median (range) objective response rate (ORR) for patients with medulloblastoma in phase I/II studies was 0% (0-100) and 6.5% (0-50), respectively. Temozolomide containing regimens had a median ORR of 16.5% (0-100). Smoothened inhibitors trials had a median ORR of 8% (3-8). Novel drugs have shown limited activity against relapsed medulloblastoma. Temozolomide might serve as backbone for new combinations. Novel and more homogenous trial designs might facilitate the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Bautista
- CNIO‐HNJ Clinical Research UnitPediatric Oncology, Hematology and Stem Cell Transplant DepartmentHospital Infantil Universitario Niño JesúsAvenida Menéndez Pelayo, 6528009MadridSpain
| | - Victoria Fioravantti
- CNIO‐HNJ Clinical Research UnitPediatric Oncology, Hematology and Stem Cell Transplant DepartmentHospital Infantil Universitario Niño JesúsAvenida Menéndez Pelayo, 6528009MadridSpain
| | - Teresa de Rojas
- CNIO‐HNJ Clinical Research UnitPediatric Oncology, Hematology and Stem Cell Transplant DepartmentHospital Infantil Universitario Niño JesúsAvenida Menéndez Pelayo, 6528009MadridSpain
| | - Fernando Carceller
- Pediatric and Adolescent Drug Development, Children and Young People's UnitThe Royal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
- Division of Clinical Studies and Cancer TherapeuticsThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Luis Madero
- CNIO‐HNJ Clinical Research UnitPediatric Oncology, Hematology and Stem Cell Transplant DepartmentHospital Infantil Universitario Niño JesúsAvenida Menéndez Pelayo, 6528009MadridSpain
| | - Alvaro Lassaletta
- CNIO‐HNJ Clinical Research UnitPediatric Oncology, Hematology and Stem Cell Transplant DepartmentHospital Infantil Universitario Niño JesúsAvenida Menéndez Pelayo, 6528009MadridSpain
| | - Lucas Moreno
- CNIO‐HNJ Clinical Research UnitPediatric Oncology, Hematology and Stem Cell Transplant DepartmentHospital Infantil Universitario Niño JesúsAvenida Menéndez Pelayo, 6528009MadridSpain
- Instituto de Investigación La PrincesaMadridSpain
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12
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Dorris K, Liu C, Li D, Hummel TR, Wang X, Perentesis J, Kim MO, Fouladi M. A comparison of safety and efficacy of cytotoxic versus molecularly targeted drugs in pediatric phase I solid tumor oncology trials. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2017; 64. [PMID: 27654490 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior reviews of phase I pediatric oncology trials involving primarily cytotoxic agents have reported objective response rates (ORRs) and toxic death rates of 7.9-9.6% and 0.5%, respectively. These data may not reflect safety and efficacy in phase I trials of molecularly targeted (targeted) drugs. METHODS A systematic review of pediatric phase I solid tumor trials published in 1990-2013 was performed. The published reports were evaluated for patient characteristics, toxicity information, and response numbers. RESULTS A total of 143 phase I pediatric clinical trials enrolling 3,896 children involving 53 targeted and 48 cytotoxic drugs were identified. A meta-analysis demonstrated that the ORR is 2.1-fold higher with cytotoxic drugs (0.066 vs. 0.031 per subject; P = 0.007). By contrast, the pooled estimate of the stable disease rate (SDR) is similar for cytotoxic and targeted drugs (0.2 vs. 0.23 per subject; P = 0.27). The pooled estimate of the dose-limiting toxicity rate is 1.8-fold larger with cytotoxic drugs (0.24 vs. 0.13 per subject; P = 0.0003). The hematologic grade 3-4 (G3/4) toxicity rate is 3.6-fold larger with cytotoxic drugs (0.43 vs. 0.12 per treatment course; P = 0.0001); however, the nonhematologic G3/4 toxicities and toxic deaths occur at similar rates for cytotoxic and targeted drugs. CONCLUSIONS In phase I pediatric solid tumor trials, ORRs were significantly higher for cytotoxic versus targeted agents. SDRs were similar in targeted and cytotoxic drug trials. Patients treated with cytotoxic agents were more likely to experience hematologic G3/4 toxicities than those patients receiving targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Dorris
- Section of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Bone Marrow Transplantation, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Dandan Li
- Consumer Credit Risk Management, Fifth Third Bank, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Trent R Hummel
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - John Perentesis
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Mi-Ok Kim
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco
| | - Maryam Fouladi
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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13
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14
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Singh AR, Joshi S, Zulcic M, Alcaraz M, Garlich JR, Morales GA, Cho YJ, Bao L, Levy ML, Newbury R, Malicki D, Messer K, Crawford J, Durden DL. PI-3K Inhibitors Preferentially Target CD15+ Cancer Stem Cell Population in SHH Driven Medulloblastoma. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150836. [PMID: 26938241 PMCID: PMC4777592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (SHH) medulloblastoma (MB) subtype is driven by a proliferative CD15+ tumor propagating cell (TPC), also considered in the literature as a putative cancer stem cell (CSC). Despite considerable research, much of the biology of this TPC remains unknown. We report evidence that phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K) play a crucial role in the propagation, survival and potential response to therapy in this CD15+ CSC/TPC-driven malignant disease. Using the ND2-SmoA1 transgenic mouse model for MB, mouse genetics and patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), we demonstrate that the CD15+TPCs are 1) obligately required for SmoA1Tg-driven tumorigenicity 2) regulated by PTEN and PI-3K signaling 3) selectively sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of pan PI-3K inhibitors in vitro and in vivo but resistant to chemotherapy 4) in the SmoA1Tg mouse model are genomically similar to the SHH human MB subgroup. The results provide the first evidence that PTEN plays a role in MB TPC signaling and biology and that PI-3K inhibitors target and suppress the survival and proliferation of cells within the mouse and human CD15+ cancer stem cell compartment. In contrast, CD15+ TPCs are resistant to cisplatinum, temozolomide and the SHH inhibitor, NVP-LDE-225, agents currently used in treatment of medulloblastoma. These studies validate the therapeutic efficacy of pan PI-3K inhibitors in the treatment of CD15+ TPC dependent medulloblastoma and suggest a sequential combination of PI-3K inhibitors and chemotherapy will have augmented efficacy in the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok R. Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health System, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Shweta Joshi
- Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health System, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Muamera Zulcic
- Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health System, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Michael Alcaraz
- Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health System, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | | | | | - Yoon J. Cho
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Lei Bao
- Biostatistics Department, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health System, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Levy
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSD Rady Children’s Hospital, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Robert Newbury
- Department of Pathology, UCSD Rady Children’s Hospital, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Denise Malicki
- Department of Pathology, UCSD Rady Children’s Hospital, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Karen Messer
- Biostatistics Department, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health System, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - John Crawford
- Department of Neurosciences Division of Child Neurology, UCSD Rady Children’s Hospital, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Donald L. Durden
- Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health System, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, UCSD Rady Children’s Hospital, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Mitchell D, Bergendahl G, Ferguson W, Roberts W, Higgins T, Ashikaga T, DeSarno M, Kaplan J, Kraveka J, Eslin D, Werff AV, Hanna GK, Sholler GLS. A Phase 1 Trial of TPI 287 as a Single Agent and in Combination With Temozolomide in Patients with Refractory or Recurrent Neuroblastoma or Medulloblastoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2016; 63:39-46. [PMID: 26235333 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary aim of this Phase I study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of TPI 287 and the safety and tolerability of TPI 287 alone and in combination with temozolomide (TMZ) in pediatric patients with refractory or recurrent neuroblastoma or medulloblastoma. The secondary aims were to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of TPI 287 and the treatment responses. PROCEDURE Eighteen patients were enrolled to a phase I dose escalation trial of weekly intravenous infusion of TPI 287 for two 28-day cycles with toxicity monitoring to determine the MTD, followed by two cycles of TPI 287 in combination with TMZ. Samples were collected to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters C(max), AUC(0-24), t(1/2), CL, and Vd on day 1 of cycles 1 (TPI 287 alone) and 3 (TPI 287 + TMZ) following TPI 287 infusion. Treatment response was evaluated by radiographic (CT or MRI) and radionuclide (MIBG) imaging for neuroblastoma. RESULTS We determined the MTD of TPI 287 alone and in combination with temozolomide to be 125 mg/m(2). The non-dose-limiting toxicities at this dose were mainly anorexia and pain. The dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) of two patients at 135 mg/m(2) were grade 3 hemorrhagic cystitis and grade 3 sensory neuropathy. CONCLUSIONS Overall, TPI 287 was well tolerated by pediatric patients with refractory and relapsed neuroblastoma and medulloblastoma at a dose of 125 mg/m(2) IV on days 1, 8, and 15 of a 28 day cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna Mitchell
- Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, Grand Rapids, Michigan.,Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | | | - William Ferguson
- Cardinal Glennon Children's Medical Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - William Roberts
- Rady Children's Hospital, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California
| | - Timothy Higgins
- Department of Radiology, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Takamaru Ashikaga
- Medical Biostatistics and Biometry Facility, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Mike DeSarno
- Medical Biostatistics and Biometry Facility, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Joel Kaplan
- Levine Children's Hospital, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | | | - Don Eslin
- Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, Florida
| | | | - Gina K Hanna
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Giselle L Saulnier Sholler
- Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, Grand Rapids, Michigan.,Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan
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16
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Vanan MI, Eisenstat DD. Management of high-grade gliomas in the pediatric patient: Past, present, and future. Neurooncol Pract 2014; 1:145-157. [PMID: 26034626 DOI: 10.1093/nop/npu022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade gliomas (HGGs) constitute ∼15% of all primary brain tumors in children and adolescents. Routine histopathological diagnosis is based on tissue obtained from biopsy or, preferably, from the resected tumor itself. The majority of pediatric HGGs are clinically and biologically distinct from histologically similar adult malignant gliomas; these differences may explain the disparate responses to therapy and clinical outcomes when comparing children and adults with HGG. The recently proposed integrated genomic classification identifies 6 distinct biological subgroups of glioblastoma (GBM) throughout the age spectrum. Driver mutations in genes affecting histone H3.3 (K27M and G34R/V) coupled with mutations involving specific proteins (TP53, ATRX, DAXX, SETD2, ACVR1, FGFR1, NTRK) induce defects in chromatin remodeling and may play a central role in the genesis of many pediatric HGGs. Current clinical practice in pediatric HGGs includes surgical resection followed by radiation therapy (in children aged > 3 years) with concurrent and adjuvant chemotherapy with temozolomide. However, these multimodality treatment strategies have had a minimal impact on improving survival. Ongoing clinical trials are investigating new molecular targets, chemoradiation sensitization strategies, and immunotherapy. Future clinical trials of pediatric HGG will incorporate the distinction between GBM molecular subgroups and stratify patients using group-specific biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magimairajan Issai Vanan
- Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, CancerCare Manitoba, Departments of Pediatrics & Child Health and Biochemistry & Medical Genetics , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba , Canada (M.I.V.); Division of Hematology/Oncology and Palliative Care, Stollery Children's Hospital, Departments of Pediatrics, Medical Genetics and Oncology , University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada (D.D.E.)
| | - David D Eisenstat
- Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, CancerCare Manitoba, Departments of Pediatrics & Child Health and Biochemistry & Medical Genetics , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba , Canada (M.I.V.); Division of Hematology/Oncology and Palliative Care, Stollery Children's Hospital, Departments of Pediatrics, Medical Genetics and Oncology , University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada (D.D.E.)
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17
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Iasonos A, O'Quigley J. Adaptive dose-finding studies: a review of model-guided phase I clinical trials. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32:2505-11. [PMID: 24982451 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.54.6051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We provide a comprehensive review of adaptive phase I clinical trials in oncology that used a statistical model to guide dose escalation to identify the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD). We describe the clinical setting, practical implications, and safety of such applications, with the aim of understanding how these designs work in practice. METHODS We identified 53 phase I trials published between January 2003 and September 2013 that used the continual reassessment method (CRM), CRM using escalation with overdose control, or time-to-event CRM for late-onset toxicities. Study characteristics, design parameters, dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) definition, DLT rate, patient-dose allocation, overdose, underdose, sample size, and trial duration were abstracted from each study. In addition, we examined all studies in terms of safety, and we outlined the reasons why escalations occur and under what circumstances. RESULTS On average, trials accrued 25 to 35 patients over a 2-year period and tested five dose levels. The average DLT rate was 18%, which is lower than in previous reports, whereas all levels above the MTD had an average DLT rate of 36%. On average, 39% of patients were treated at the MTD, and 74% were treated at either the MTD or an adjacent level (one level above or below). CONCLUSION This review of completed phase I studies confirms the safety and generalizability of model-guided, adaptive dose-escalation designs, and it provides an approach for using, interpreting, and understanding such designs to guide dose escalation in phase I trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Iasonos
- Alexia Iasonos, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; and John O'Quigley, Université Paris VI, Paris, France.
| | - John O'Quigley
- Alexia Iasonos, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; and John O'Quigley, Université Paris VI, Paris, France
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18
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Saletta F, Wadham C, Ziegler DS, Marshall GM, Haber M, McCowage G, Norris MD, Byrne JA. Molecular profiling of childhood cancer: Biomarkers and novel therapies. BBA CLINICAL 2014; 1:59-77. [PMID: 26675306 PMCID: PMC4633945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Technological advances including high-throughput sequencing have identified numerous tumor-specific genetic changes in pediatric and adolescent cancers that can be exploited as targets for novel therapies. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review provides a detailed overview of recent advances in the application of target-specific therapies for childhood cancers, either as single agents or in combination with other therapies. The review summarizes preclinical evidence on which clinical trials are based, early phase clinical trial results, and the incorporation of predictive biomarkers into clinical practice, according to cancer type. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS There is growing evidence that molecularly targeted therapies can valuably add to the arsenal available for treating childhood cancers, particularly when used in combination with other therapies. Nonetheless the introduction of molecularly targeted agents into practice remains challenging, due to the use of unselected populations in some clinical trials, inadequate methods to evaluate efficacy, and the need for improved preclinical models to both evaluate dosing and safety of combination therapies. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The increasing recognition of the heterogeneity of molecular causes of cancer favors the continued development of molecularly targeted agents, and their transfer to pediatric and adolescent populations.
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Key Words
- ALK, anaplastic lymphoma kinase
- ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia
- AML, acute myeloid leukemia
- ARMS, alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma
- AT/RT, atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor
- AURKA, aurora kinase A
- AURKB, aurora kinase B
- BET, bromodomain and extra terminal
- Biomarkers
- CAR, chimeric antigen receptor
- CML, chronic myeloid leukemia
- Childhood cancer
- DFMO, difluoromethylornithine
- DIPG, diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ERMS, embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma
- HDAC, histone deacetylases
- Hsp90, heat shock protein 90
- IGF-1R, insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor
- IGF/IGFR, insulin-like growth factor/receptor
- Molecular diagnostics
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer
- ODC1, ornithine decarboxylase 1
- PARP, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase
- PDGFRA/B, platelet derived growth factor alpha/beta
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase
- PLK1, polo-like kinase 1
- Ph +, Philadelphia chromosome-positive
- RMS, rhabdomyosarcoma
- SHH, sonic hedgehog
- SMO, smoothened
- SYK, spleen tyrosine kinase
- TOP1/TOP2, DNA topoisomerase 1/2
- TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
- Targeted therapy
- VEGF/VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor/receptor
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- mAbs, monoclonal antibodies
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Saletta
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kids Research Institute, Westmead 2145, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carol Wadham
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Randwick 2031, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David S. Ziegler
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Randwick 2031, New South Wales, Australia
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick 2031, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Glenn M. Marshall
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Randwick 2031, New South Wales, Australia
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick 2031, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michelle Haber
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Randwick 2031, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geoffrey McCowage
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead 2145, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Murray D. Norris
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Randwick 2031, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jennifer A. Byrne
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kids Research Institute, Westmead 2145, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead 2145, New South Wales, Australia
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Epelman S. The adolescent and young adult with cancer: state of the art--brain tumor. Curr Oncol Rep 2013; 15:308-16. [PMID: 23737251 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-013-0329-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The management of adolescents and young adults with brain tumors, which consist of many different histologic subtypes, continues to be a challenge. Better outcome with a decrease of the side effects of the disease and therapy and improvement of quality of life has been demonstrated in recent decades for some tumors. Significant differences in survival and cure are also observed between adult and pediatric tumors of the same histologic grade. Genetic, developmental, and environmental factors likely influence the type of tumor and response observed, even though no clear pathologic features differentiate these lesions among children, adolescents, and adults. Similarly, treatment strategies are not identical among these populations; most patients receive surgery, followed by radiation therapy and multiagent chemotherapy. Advances in understanding the biology underlying the distribution of tumors in adolescents and young adults may influence the development of prospective trials. A more individualized view of these tumors will likely influence stratification of patients in future studies as well as selection for targeted agents. Accordingly, outcomes may improve and long-term morbidities may decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidnei Epelman
- Pediatric Oncology Department, Santa Marcelina Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil.
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20
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Grill J, Geoerger B, Gesner L, Perek D, Leblond P, Cañete A, Aerts I, Madero L, de Toledo Codina JS, Verlooy J, Estlin E, Cisar L, Breazna A, Dorman A, Bailey S, Nicolin G, Grundy RG, Hargrave D. Phase II study of irinotecan in combination with temozolomide (TEMIRI) in children with recurrent or refractory medulloblastoma: a joint ITCC and SIOPE brain tumor study. Neuro Oncol 2013; 15:1236-43. [PMID: 23857707 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This multicenter phase II study investigated temozolomide + irinotecan (TEMIRI) treatment in children with relapsed or refractory medulloblastoma. METHODS Patients received temozolomide 100-125 mg/m(2)/day (days 1-5) and irinotecan 10 mg/m(2)/day (days 1-5 and 8-12) every 3 weeks. The primary endpoint was tumor response within the first 4 cycles confirmed ≥4 weeks and assessed by an external response review committee (ERRC). In a 2-stage Optimum Simon design, ≥6 responses in the first 15 evaluable patients were required within the first 4 cycles for continued enrollment; a total of 19 responses from the first 46 evaluable patients was considered successful. RESULTS Sixty-six patients were treated. Seven responses were recorded during stage 1 and 15 in the first 46 ERRC evaluated patients (2 complete responses and 13 partial responses). The objective response rate during the first 4 cycles was 32.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 19.5%-48.0%). Median duration of response was 27.0 weeks (7.7-44.1 wk). In 63 patients evaluated by local investigators, the objective response rate was 33.3% (95% CI, 22.0%-46.3%), and 68.3% (95% CI, 55.3%-79.4%) experienced clinical benefit. Median survival was 16.7 months (95% CI, 13.3-19.8). The most common grade 3 treatment-related nonhematologic adverse event was diarrhea (7.6%). Grade 3/4 treatment-related hematologic adverse events included neutropenia (16.7%), thrombocytopenia (12.1%), anemia (9.1%), and lymphopenia (9%). CONCLUSIONS The planned study primary endpoint was not met. However, its tolerability makes TEMIRI a suitable candidate chemotherapy backbone for molecularly targeted agents in future trials in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Grill
- Institut Gustave Roussy, University Paris-Sud XI, Villejuif, France.
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21
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Wang H, Cai S, Ernstberger A, Bailey BJ, Wang MZ, Cai W, Goebel WS, Czader MB, Crean C, Suvannasankha A, Shokolenkoc I, Wilson GL, Baluyut AR, Mayo LD, Pollok KE. Temozolomide-mediated DNA methylation in human myeloid precursor cells: differential involvement of intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:2699-709. [PMID: 23536437 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE An understanding of how hematopoietic cells respond to therapy that causes myelosuppression will help develop approaches to prevent this potentially life-threatening toxicity. The goal of this study was to determine how human myeloid precursor cells respond to temozolomide (TMZ)-induced DNA damage. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We developed an ex vivo primary human myeloid precursor cells model system to investigate the involvement of cell-death pathways using a known myelosuppressive regimen of O(6)-benzylguanine (6BG) and TMZ. RESULTS Exposure to 6BG/TMZ led to increases in p53, p21, γ-H2AX, and mitochondrial DNA damage. Increases in mitochondrial membrane depolarization correlated with increased caspase-9 and -3 activities following 6BG/TMZ treatment. These events correlated with decreases in activated AKT, downregulation of the DNA repair protein O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), and increased cell death. During myeloid precursor cell expansion, FAS/CD95/APO1(FAS) expression increased over time and was present on approximately 100% of the cells following exposure to 6BG/TMZ. Although c-flipshort, an endogenous inhibitor of FAS-mediated signaling, was decreased in 6BG/TMZ-treated versus control, 6BG-, or TMZ alone-treated cells, there were no changes in caspase-8 activity. In addition, there were no changes in the extent of cell death in myeloid precursor cells exposed to 6BG/TMZ in the presence of neutralizing or agonistic anti-FAS antibodies, indicating that FAS-mediated signaling was not operative. CONCLUSIONS In human myeloid precursor cells, 6BG/TMZ-initiated apoptosis occurred by intrinsic, mitochondrial-mediated and not extrinsic, FAS-mediated apoptosis. Human myeloid precursor cells represent a clinically relevant model system for gaining insight into how hematopoietic cells respond to chemotherapeutics and offer an approach for selecting effective chemotherapeutic regimens with limited hematopoietic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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22
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Mismatch repair deficiency: a temozolomide resistance factor in medulloblastoma cell lines that is uncommon in primary medulloblastoma tumours. Br J Cancer 2012; 107:1399-408. [PMID: 22976800 PMCID: PMC3494444 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumours are responsive to temozolomide (TMZ) if they are deficient in O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), and mismatch repair (MMR) proficient. METHODS The effect of TMZ on medulloblastoma (MB) cell killing was analysed with clonogenic survival assays. Expression of DNA repair genes and enzymes was investigated using microarrays, western blot, and immunohistochemistry. DNA sequencing and promoter methylation analysis were employed to investigate the cause of loss of the expression of MMR gene MLH1. RESULTS Temozolomide exhibited potent cytotoxic activity in D425Med (MGMT deficient, MLH1 proficient; IC(50)=1.7 μM), moderate activity against D341Med (MGMT proficient, MLH1 deficient), and DAOY MB cells (MGMT proficient, MLH1 proficient). MGMT inhibitor O(6)-benzylguanine sensitised DAOY, but not D341Med cells to TMZ. Of 12 MB cell lines, D341Med, D283Med, and 1580WÜ cells exhibited MMR deficiency due to MLH1 promoter hypermethylation. DNA sequencing of these cells provided no evidence for somatic genetic alterations in MLH1. Expression analyses of MMR and MGMT in MB revealed that all patient specimens (n=74; expression array, n=61; immunostaining, n=13) are most likely MMR proficient, whereas some tumours had low MGMT expression levels (according to expression array) or were totally MGMT deficient (3 out of 13 according to immunohistochemistry). CONCLUSION A subset of MB may respond to TMZ as some patient specimens are MGMT deficient, and tumours appear to be MMR proficient.
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23
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Adair JE, Beard BC, Trobridge GD, Neff T, Rockhill JK, Silbergeld DL, Mrugala MM, Kiem HP. Extended survival of glioblastoma patients after chemoprotective HSC gene therapy. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4:133ra57. [PMID: 22572881 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy with alkylating agents for treating malignant disease results in myelosuppression that can significantly limit dose escalation and potential clinical efficacy. Gene therapy using mutant methylguanine methyltransferase (P140K) gene-modified hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells may circumvent this problem by abrogating the toxic effects of chemotherapy on hematopoietic cells. However, this approach has not been evaluated clinically. Here, we show efficient polyclonal engraftment of autologous P140K-modified hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in three patients with glioblastoma. Increases in P140K-modified cells after transplant indicate selection of gene-modified hematopoietic repopulating cells. Longitudinal retroviral integration site (RIS) analysis identified more than 12,000 unique RISs in the three glioblastoma patients, with multiple clones present in the peripheral blood of each patient throughout multiple chemotherapy cycles. To assess safety, we monitored RIS distribution over the course of chemotherapy treatments. Two patients exhibited emergence of prominent clones harboring RISs associated with the intronic coding region of PRDM16 (PR domain-containing 16) or the 3' untranslated region of HMGA2 (high-mobility group A2) genes with no adverse clinical outcomes. All three patients surpassed the median survival for glioblastoma patients with poor prognosis, with one patient alive and progression-free more than 2 years after diagnosis. Thus, transplanted P140K-expressing hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells are chemoprotective, potentially maximizing the drug dose that can be administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Adair
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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24
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Warren KE, Gururangan S, Geyer JR, McLendon RE, Poussaint TY, Wallace D, Balis FM, Berg SL, Packer RJ, Goldman S, Minturn JE, Pollack IF, Boyett JM, Kun LE. A phase II study of O6-benzylguanine and temozolomide in pediatric patients with recurrent or progressive high-grade gliomas and brainstem gliomas: a Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium study. J Neurooncol 2011; 106:643-9. [PMID: 21968943 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-011-0709-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To estimate the sustained (≥8 weeks) objective response rate in pediatric patients with recurrent or progressive high-grade gliomas (HGG, Stratum A) or brainstem gliomas (BSG, Stratum B) treated with the combination of O6-benzylguanine (O6BG) and temozolomide(®) (TMZ). Patients received O6BG 120 mg/m(2)/d IV followed by TMZ 75 mg/m(2)/d orally daily for 5 consecutive days of each 28-day course. The target objective response rate to consider the combination active was 17%. A two-stage design was employed. Forty-three patients were enrolled; 41 were evaluable for response, including 25 patients with HGG and 16 patients with BSG. The combination of O6BG and TMZ was tolerable, and the primary toxicities were myelosuppression and gastrointestinal symptoms. One sustained (≥8 weeks) partial response was observed in the HGG cohort; no sustained objective responses were observed in the BSG cohort. Long-term (≥6 courses) stable disease (SD) was observed in 4 patients in Stratum A and 1 patient in Stratum B. Of the 5 patients with objective response or long-term SD, 3 underwent central review with 2 reclassified as low-grade gliomas. The combination of O6BG and TMZ did not achieve the target response rate for activity in pediatric patients with recurrent or progressive HGG and BSG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Warren
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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25
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MacDonald TJ, Aguilera D, Kramm CM. Treatment of high-grade glioma in children and adolescents. Neuro Oncol 2011; 13:1049-58. [PMID: 21784756 PMCID: PMC3177659 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nor092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric high-grade gliomas (HGGs)--including glioblastoma multiforme, anaplastic astrocytoma, and diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma--are difficult to treat and are associated with an extremely poor prognosis. There are no effective chemotherapeutic regimens for the treatment of pediatric HGG, but many new treatment options are in active investigation. There are crucial molecular differences between adult and pediatric HGG such that results from adult clinical trials cannot simply be extrapolated to children. Molecular markers overexpressed in pediatric HGG include PDGFRα and P53. Amplification of EGFR is observed, but to a lesser degree than in adult HGG. Potential molecular targets and new therapies in development for pediatric HGG are described in this review. Research into bevacizumab in pediatric HGG indicates that its activity is less than that observed in adult HGG. Similarly, tipifarnib was found to have minimal activity in pediatric HGG, whereas gefitinib has shown greater effects. After promising phase I findings in children with primary CNS tumors, the integrin inhibitor cilengitide is being investigated in a phase II trial in pediatric HGG. Studies are also ongoing in pediatric HGG with 2 EGFR inhibitors: cetuximab and nimotuzumab. Other novel treatment modalities under investigation include dendritic cell-based vaccinations, boron neutron capture therapy, and telomerase inhibition. While the results of these trials are keenly awaited, the current belief is that multimodal therapy holds the greatest promise. Research efforts should be directed toward building multitherapeutic regimens that are well tolerated and that offer the greatest antitumor activity in the setting of pediatric HGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J MacDonald
- Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory Children's Center, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Suite 442, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
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26
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Christmann M, Verbeek B, Roos WP, Kaina B. O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) in normal tissues and tumors: enzyme activity, promoter methylation and immunohistochemistry. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2011; 1816:179-90. [PMID: 21745538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) is a suicide enzyme that repairs the pre-mutagenic, pre-carcinogenic and pre-toxic DNA damage O(6)-methylguanine. It also repairs larger adducts on the O(6)-position of guanine, such as O(6)-[4-oxo-4-(3-pyridyl)butyl]guanine and O(6)-chloroethylguanine. These adducts are formed in response to alkylating environmental pollutants, tobacco-specific carcinogens and methylating (procarbazine, dacarbazine, streptozotocine, and temozolomide) as well as chloroethylating (lomustine, nimustine, carmustine, and fotemustine) anticancer drugs. MGMT is therefore a key node in the defense against commonly found carcinogens, and a marker of resistance of normal and cancer cells exposed to alkylating therapeutics. MGMT also likely protects against therapy-related tumor formation caused by these highly mutagenic drugs. Since the amount of MGMT determines the level of repair of toxic DNA alkylation adducts, the MGMT expression level provides important information as to cancer susceptibility and the success of therapy. In this article, we describe the methods employed for detecting MGMT and review the literature with special focus on MGMT activity in normal and neoplastic tissues. The available data show that the expression of MGMT varies greatly in normal tissues and in some cases this has been related to cancer predisposition. MGMT silencing in tumors is mainly regulated epigenetically and in brain tumors this correlates with a better therapeutic response. Conversely, up-regulation of MGMT during cancer treatment limits the therapeutic response. In malignant melanoma, MGMT is not related to the therapeutic response, which is due to other mechanisms of inherent drug resistance. For most cancers, studies that relate MGMT activity to therapeutic outcome following O(6)-alkylating drugs are still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Christmann
- Insitute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
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27
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Cai S, Wang H, Bailey B, Ernstberger A, Juliar BE, Sinn AL, Chan RJ, Jones DR, Mayo LD, Baluyut AR, Goebel WS, Pollok KE. Humanized bone marrow mouse model as a preclinical tool to assess therapy-mediated hematotoxicity. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:2195-206. [PMID: 21487065 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-1959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Preclinical in vivo studies can help guide the selection of agents and regimens for clinical testing. However, one of the challenges in screening anticancer therapies is the assessment of off-target human toxicity. There is a need for in vivo models that can simulate efficacy and toxicities of promising therapeutic regimens. For example, hematopoietic cells of human origin are particularly sensitive to a variety of chemotherapeutic regimens, but in vivo models to assess potential toxicities have not been developed. In this study, a xenograft model containing humanized bone marrow is utilized as an in vivo assay to monitor hematotoxicity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A proof-of-concept, temozolomide-based regimen was developed that inhibits tumor xenograft growth. This regimen was selected for testing because it has been previously shown to cause myelosuppression in mice and humans. The dose-intensive regimen was administered to NOD.Cg-Prkdc(scid)IL2rg(tm1Wjl)/Sz (NOD/SCID/γchain(null)), reconstituted with human hematopoietic cells, and the impact of treatment on human hematopoiesis was evaluated. RESULTS The dose-intensive regimen resulted in significant decreases in growth of human glioblastoma xenografts. When this regimen was administered to mice containing humanized bone marrow, flow cytometric analyses indicated that the human bone marrow cells were significantly more sensitive to treatment than the murine bone marrow cells and that the regimen was highly toxic to human-derived hematopoietic cells of all lineages (progenitor, lymphoid, and myeloid). CONCLUSIONS The humanized bone marrow xenograft model described has the potential to be used as a platform for monitoring the impact of anticancer therapies on human hematopoiesis and could lead to subsequent refinement of therapies prior to clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanbao Cai
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, The Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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28
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Cohen KJ, Heideman RL, Zhou T, Holmes EJ, Lavey RS, Bouffet E, Pollack IF. Temozolomide in the treatment of children with newly diagnosed diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Neuro Oncol 2011; 13:410-6. [PMID: 21345842 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noq205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An open-label phase II study (ACNS0126) testing the efficacy of chemoradiotherapy with temozolomide (TMZ) followed by adjuvant TMZ was conducted by the Children's Oncology Group. During the period from July 6, 2004 through September 6, 2005, 63 children with newly diagnosed diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) were enrolled in the study. All patients received TMZ at a dosage of 90 mg/m(2)/day for 42 days to a dose of 59.4 Gy. Four weeks following irradiation, TMZ was given at a dosage of 200 mg/m(2)/day for 5 days every 28 days, for a total of 10 cycles. The primary objective of the statistical analysis was to determine whether the current treatment produced a 1-year event-free survival (EFS) rate higher than the historical baseline of 21.9% observed in CCG-9941. The mean 1-year EFS (± standard deviation) was 14% ± 4.5%, compared with 21.9% ± 5% for CCG-9941. The P value of the test of comparison of 1-year EFS, based on a 1-sided, 1-sample test of proportions, was .96. There was no evidence that temozolomide produced a 1-year EFS rate higher than 21.9%. The mean 1-year OS (± standard deviation) was 40% ± 6.5%, compared with 32% ± 6% for CCG-9941. The median time to death was 9.6 months. Chemoradiotherapy with TMZ followed by adjuvant TMZ is not more effective than previously reported regimens for the treatment of children with DIPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J Cohen
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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29
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Bartels U, Baruchel S, Carret A, Crooks B, Hukin J, Johnston D, Silva M, Strother D, Wilson B, Zelcer S, Eisenstat D, Sung L, Bouffet E. The use and effectiveness of temozolomide in children with central nervous system tumours: a survey from the Canadian Paediatric Brain Tumour Consortium. Curr Oncol 2011; 18:e19-24. [PMID: 21331268 PMCID: PMC3031361 DOI: 10.3747/co.v18i1.675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the use of temozolomide (tmz) in Canadian children treated for brain tumours and to evaluate survival and predictors of survival for children treated with this agent. METHODS A survey was conducted within the Canadian Paediatric Brain Tumour Consortium (cpbtc), a group of tertiary care centres in pediatric neuro-oncology (n = 16) in Canada that are involved in the treatment of children with central nervous system tumours. RESULTS In 10 of the 16 participating pediatric oncology centres of the cpbtc, 137 children with brain tumours were treated with tmz between January 2000 and March 2006. Although 33% of the children were enrolled into a clinical trial, 67% were treated outside open studies. Most patients (72%) received tmz treatment on recurrence of their brain tumour (first or subsequent). The most commonly administered regimen was single-agent tmz 150-200 mg/m(2) administered on 5 consecutive days every 28 days. The median duration of tmz treatment was 141 days (range: 4-1102 days). Response data were provided for 127 of the 137 patients, of whom 6 showed a complete response. Sixteen patients experienced a minor or partial response, 53 had stable disease, and 52 had progressive disease. Of 32 patients alive at last follow-up, 19 had a diagnosis of low-grade glioma. CONCLUSIONS Temozolomide is used in a variety of pediatric brain tumours, often at the time of recurrence. The lack of insight into clear indications for this agent in pediatric brain tumours-used either alone or in combination therapy-may be a result of suboptimal design of phase i and ii studies and a lack of phase iii trials in the pediatric brain tumour population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - J. Hukin
- British Columbia’s Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC
| | - D. Johnston
- Children’s Hospital of Easter n Ontario, Ottawa, ON
| | - M. Silva
- Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON
| | - D. Strother
- University of Calgary, Alberta Hospital, Calgary, AB
| | - B. Wilson
- Stollery Children’s Hospital, Edmonton, AB
| | - S. Zelcer
- Children’s Hospital of Western Ontario, London, ON
| | | | - L. Sung
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON
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30
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Kaina B, Margison GP, Christmann M. Targeting O⁶-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase with specific inhibitors as a strategy in cancer therapy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:3663-81. [PMID: 20717836 PMCID: PMC11115711 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0491-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
O (6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) repairs the cancer chemotherapy-relevant DNA adducts, O (6)-methylguanine and O (6)-chloroethylguanine, induced by methylating and chloroethylating anticancer drugs, respectively. These adducts are cytotoxic, and given the overwhelming evidence that MGMT is a key factor in resistance, strategies for inactivating MGMT have been pursued. A number of drugs have been shown to inactivate MGMT in cells, human tumour models and cancer patients, and O (6)-benzylguanine and O (6)-[4-bromothenyl]guanine have been used in clinical trials. While these agents show no side effects per se, they also inactivate MGMT in normal tissues and hence exacerbate the toxic side effects of the alkylating drugs, requiring dose reduction. This might explain why, in any of the reported trials, the outcome has not been improved by their inclusion. It is, however, anticipated that, with the availability of tumour targeting strategies and hematopoetic stem cell protection, MGMT inactivators hold promise for enhancing the effectiveness of alkylating agent chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Kaina
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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31
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Central nervous system penetration and enhancement of temozolomide activity in childhood medulloblastoma models by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor AG-014699. Br J Cancer 2010; 103:1588-96. [PMID: 20978505 PMCID: PMC2990587 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Temozolomide shows activity against medulloblastoma, the most common malignant paediatric brain tumour. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors enhance temozolomide activity in extracranial adult and paediatric human malignancies. Methods: We assessed the effect of AG-014699, a clinically active PARP inhibitor, on temozolomide-induced growth inhibition in human medulloblastoma models. Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and toxicity assays were performed in tumour-bearing mice. Results: Sensitivity to temozolomide in vitro was consistent with methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT) and DNA mismatch repair (MMR) status; MGMT+ MMR+ D384Med cells (temozolomide GI50=220 μM), representative of most primary medulloblastomas, were sensitised fourfold by AG-014699; MGMT− MMR+ D425Med cells were hypersensitive (GI50=9 μM) and not sensitised by AG-014699, whereas MGMT+ MMR− temozolomide-resistant D283Med cells (GI50=807 μM) were sensitised 20-fold. In xenograft models, co-administration of AG-014699 produced an increase in temozolomide-induced tumour growth delay in D384Med xenografts. Consistent with the in vitro data, temozolomide caused complete tumour regressions of D425Med xenografts, whereas D283Med xenografts were relatively resistant. AG-014699 was not toxic, accumulated and reduced PARP activity ⩾75% in xenograft and brain tissues. Conclusion: We show for the first time central nervous system penetration and inhibition of brain PARP activity by AG-014699. Taken together with our in vitro chemosensitisation and toxicity data, these findings support further evaluation of the clinical potential of AG-014699–temozolomide combinations in intra-cranial malignancies.
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Onar A, Ramamurthy U, Wallace D, Boyett JM. An operational perspective of challenging statistical dogma while establishing a modern, secure distributed data management and imaging transport system: the Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium phase I experience. Clin Transl Sci 2010; 2:143-9. [PMID: 20443880 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-8062.2009.00105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium (PBTC) is a multidisciplinary cooperative research organization devoted to the study of correlative tumor biology and new therapies for primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors of childhood. The PBTC was created in 1999 to conduct early-phase studies in a rapid fashion in order to provide sound scientific foundation for the Children's Oncology Group to conduct definitive trials. The Operations and Biostatistics Center (OBC) of the PBTC is responsible for centrally administering study design and trial development, study conduct and monitoring, data collection and management as well as various regulatory and compliance processes. The phase I designs utilized for the consortium trials have accommodated challenges unique to pediatric trials such as body surface area (BSA)-based dosing in the absence of pediatric formulations of oral agents. Further during the past decade, the OBC has developed and implemented a state-of-the-art secure and efficient internet-based paperless distributed data management system. Additional web-based systems are also in place for tracking and distributing correlative study data as well as neuroimaging files. These systems enable effective communications among the members of the consortium and facilitate the conduct and timely reporting of multi-institutional early-phase clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Onar
- Department of Biostatistics, The Operations and Biostatistics Center, Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
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Beard BC, Trobridge GD, Ironside C, McCune JS, Adair JE, Kiem HP. Efficient and stable MGMT-mediated selection of long-term repopulating stem cells in nonhuman primates. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:2345-54. [PMID: 20551514 PMCID: PMC2898586 DOI: 10.1172/jci40767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
HSC transplantation using genetically modified autologous cells is a promising therapeutic strategy for various genetic diseases, cancer, and HIV. However, for many of these conditions, the current efficiency of gene transfer to HSCs is not sufficient for clinical use. The ability to increase the percentage of gene-modified cells following transplantation is critical to overcoming this obstacle. In vivo selection with mutant methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMTP140K) has been proposed to overcome low gene transfer efficiency to HSCs. Previous studies have shown efficient in vivo selection in mice and dogs but only transient selection in primates. Here, we report efficient and stable MGMTP140K-mediated multilineage selection in both macaque and baboon nonhuman primate models. Treatment consisting of both O6-benzylguanine (O6BG) and N,N'-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitroso-urea (BCNU) stably increased the percentage of transgene-expressing cells from a range of initial levels of engrafted genetically modified cells, with the longest follow-up after drug treatment occurring over 2.2 years. Drug treatment was well tolerated, and selection occurred in myeloid, lymphoid, and erythroid cells as well as platelets. Retrovirus integration site analysis before and after drug treatments confirmed the presence of multiple clones. These nonhuman primate studies closely model a clinical setting and should have broad applications for HSC gene therapy targeting human diseases of malignant, genetic, and infectious nature, including HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C. Beard
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, and
Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, USA
| | - Grant D. Trobridge
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, and
Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, USA
| | - Christina Ironside
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, and
Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, USA
| | - Jeannine S. McCune
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, and
Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Adair
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, and
Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, USA
| | - Hans-Peter Kiem
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, and
Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, USA
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Van Meir EG, Hadjipanayis CG, Norden AD, Shu HK, Wen PY, Olson JJ. Exciting new advances in neuro-oncology: the avenue to a cure for malignant glioma. CA Cancer J Clin 2010; 60:166-93. [PMID: 20445000 PMCID: PMC2888474 DOI: 10.3322/caac.20069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 974] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are the most common and deadly brain tumors. Nevertheless, survival for patients with glioblastoma, the most aggressive glioma, although individually variable, has improved from an average of 10 months to 14 months after diagnosis in the last 5 years due to improvements in the standard of care. Radiotherapy has been of key importance to the treatment of these lesions for decades, and the ability to focus the beam and tailor it to the irregular contours of brain tumors and minimize the dose to nearby critical structures with intensity-modulated or image-guided techniques has improved greatly. Temozolomide, an alkylating agent with simple oral administration and a favorable toxicity profile, is used in conjunction with and after radiotherapy. Newer surgical techniques, such as fluorescence-guided resection and neuroendoscopic approaches, have become important in the management of malignant gliomas. Furthermore, new discoveries are being made in basic and translational research, which are likely to improve this situation further in the next 10 years. These include agents that block 1 or more of the disordered tumor proliferation signaling pathways, and that overcome resistance to already existing treatments. Targeted therapies such as antiangiogenic therapy with antivascular endothelial growth factor antibodies (bevacizumab) are finding their way into clinical practice. Large-scale research efforts are ongoing to provide a comprehensive understanding of all the genetic alterations and gene expression changes underlying glioma formation. These have already refined the classification of glioblastoma into 4 distinct molecular entities that may lead to different treatment regimens. The role of cancer stem-like cells is another area of active investigation. There is definite hope that by 2020, new cocktails of drugs will be available to target the key molecular pathways involved in gliomas and reduce their mortality and morbidity, a positive development for patients, their families, and medical professionals alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin G Van Meir
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Onar-Thomas A, Xiong Z. A simulation-based comparison of the traditional method, Rolling-6 design and a frequentist version of the continual reassessment method with special attention to trial duration in pediatric Phase I oncology trials. Contemp Clin Trials 2010; 31:259-70. [PMID: 20298812 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The traditional method (TM), also known as the 3+3 up-and-down design, and the continual reassessment method (CRM) are commonly used in Phase I oncology trials to identify the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). The rolling-6 is a relative newcomer which was developed to shorten trial duration by minimizing the period of time during which the trial is closed to accrual for toxicity assessment. In this manuscript we have compared the performance of these three approaches via simulations not only with respect to the usual parameters such as overall toxicity, sample size and percentage of patients treated at doses above the MTD but also in terms of trial duration and the dose chosen as the MTD. Our results indicate that the toxicity rates are comparable across the three designs, but the TM and the rolling-6 tend to treat a higher percentage of patients at doses below the MTD. With respect to trial duration, rolling-6 leads to shorter trials compared to the TM but not compared to the CRM. Additionally, the doses identified as the MTD by the TM and the rolling-6 differ in a large percentage of trials. Our results also indicate that the body surface area-based dosing used in pediatric trials can make a difference in dose escalation/de-escalation patterns in the CRM compared to the cases where such variations are not taken into account in the calculations, even leading to different MTDs in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Onar-Thomas
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 Danny Thomas Place, MS 768, Memphis, TN 38105, United States.
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Wolff JEA, Driever PH, Erdlenbruch B, Kortmann RD, Rutkowski S, Pietsch T, Parker C, Metz MW, Gnekow A, Kramm CM. Intensive chemotherapy improves survival in pediatric high-grade glioma after gross total resection: results of the HIT-GBM-C protocol. Cancer 2010; 116:705-12. [PMID: 19957326 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.24730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The authors hypothesized that intensified chemotherapy in protocol HIT-GBM-C would increase survival of pediatric patients with high-grade glioma (HGG) and diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG). METHODS Pediatric patients with newly diagnosed HGG and DIPG were treated with standard fractionated radiation and simultaneous chemotherapy (cisplatin 20 mg/m2 x 5 days, etoposide 100 mg/m2 x 3 days, and vincristine, and 1 cycle of cisplatin + etoposide + ifosfamide 1.5 g/m x 5 days [PEI] during the last week of radiation). Subsequent maintenance chemotherapy included further cycles of PEI in Weeks 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, and 30, followed by oral valproic acid. RESULTS Ninety-seven (pons, 37; nonpons, 60) patients (median age, 10 years; grade IV histology, 35) were treated. Resection was complete in 21 patients, partial in 29, biopsy only in 26, and not performed in 21. Overall survival rates were 91% (standard error of the mean [SE] +/- 3%), 56%, and 19% at 6, 12, and 60 months after diagnosis, respectively. When compared with previous protocols, there was no significant benefit for patients with residual tumor, but the 5-year overall survival rate for patients with complete resection treated on HIT-GBM-C was 63% +/- 12% SE, compared with 17% +/- 10% SE for the historical control group (P = .003, log-rank test). CONCLUSIONS HIT-GBM-C chemotherapy after complete tumor resection was superior to previous protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes E A Wolff
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Mascarin M, Dall'Oglio S, Palazzi M, Sartor G, Marradi PL, Romano M, Maluta S. A Case of Relapsed Medulloblastoma Treated with Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy and Temozolomide. TUMORI JOURNAL 2010; 96:327-31. [PMID: 20572594 DOI: 10.1177/030089161009600223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of relapsed high-risk non-metastatic medulloblastoma in a 14-year-old boy, which was treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and temozolomide (TMZ). At the age of 11, the patient underwent an MRI-confirmed incomplete resection of a fourth-ventricle medulloblastoma, followed by conventional chemotherapy, craniospinal irradiation (55.8 Gy, 1.8 Gy/fraction) and then myeloablative chemotherapy followed by peripheral blood progenitor cell rescue. After 18 months of complete remission following the completion of chemotherapy, MRI showed a 2.5-cm mass in the olfactory notch. The patient underwent IMRT (45 Gy, 1.8 Gy/fraction) with concomitant administration of TMZ (180 mg/m2, 5 days every 21 days), which was well tolerated. After 5 cycles of TMZ, MRI showed complete remission with no evidence of the mass. TMZ was continued for another 5 cycles and then stopped. At 14 months from the completion of IMRT, a new MRI scan showed multiple nodular relapses around the fourth ventricle and the patient is currently treated with oral etoposide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Mascarin
- Department of Radiotherapy Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano, Pordenone
| | | | - Mario Palazzi
- Department of Radiotherapy Azienda Ospedaliera, Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanna Sartor
- Department of Medical Physics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano, Pordenone
| | | | - Mario Romano
- Department of Radiotherapy Azienda Ospedaliera, Verona, Italy
| | - Sergio Maluta
- Department of Radiotherapy Azienda Ospedaliera, Verona, Italy
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Raphaël M, le Deley MC, Vassal G, Paoletti X. Operating characteristics of two independent sample design in phase I trials in paediatric oncology. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46:1392-8. [PMID: 20176476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The European medicines agency (EMEA) has stated that the degree of pre-treatment could modify the patient's tolerance to new treatments in paediatric oncology. It is current practice to divide a phase I trial into two groups to identify the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) in each group separately. The aim of this study was to investigate the relevance of this approach. METHODS We reanalysed a large phase I trial of Irinotecan that included 80 children (32 heavily pretreated patients and 48 less heavily pretreated). An extended simulation study was performed to investigate the robustness of the conclusions in the context of small sample sizes. Dose recommendations were studied according to scenarios with group differences, as measured by odds ratio (OR), ranging from 1 (no difference) to 10 (large difference) and sample sizes increasing from 20 x 2 to 60 x 2 patients. RESULTS This study shows a high risk of misidentification of the MTD in each of the two groups, regardless of the group difference. With a group difference corresponding to OR=8 and balanced sample sizes (20 x 2 patients), the same MTD was identified in 11% of the simulations. Even with larger sample sizes (40 x 2 patients), this figure reached 24% for OR=3. There is also a very high risk of identifying two different MTD (52% for 40 x 2 patients) although the risk is similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Two independent sample designs in paediatric phase I trials should be avoided or reserved to limited situations when there is a strong rationale possibly based on adult data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Raphaël
- Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif, France.
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Kato Y, Holm DA, Okollie B, Artemov D. Noninvasive detection of temozolomide in brain tumor xenografts by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neuro Oncol 2010; 12:71-9. [PMID: 20150369 PMCID: PMC2940553 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nop006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor drug delivery to brain tumors caused by aberrant tumor vasculature and a partly intact blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-brain tumor barrier (BTB) can significantly impair the efficacy of chemotherapy. Determining drug delivery to brain tumors is a challenging problem, and the noninvasive detection of drug directly in the tumor can be critically important for accessing, predicting, and eventually improving effectiveness of therapy. In this study, in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was used to detect an anticancer agent, temozolomide (TMZ), in vivo in murine xenotransplants of U87MG human brain cancer. Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with the low-molecular-weight contrast agent, gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (GdDTPA), was used to evaluate tumor vascular parameters. Carbon-13-labeled TMZ ([(13)C]TMZ, 99%) was intraperitoneally administered at a dose of approximately 140 mg/kg (450 mg/m(2), well within the maximal clinical dose of 1000 mg/m(2) used in humans) during the course of in vivo MRS experiments. Heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence (HMQC) MRS of brain tumors was performed before and after i.p. administration of [(13)C]TMZ. Dynamic MRI experiments demonstrated slower recovery of MRI signal following an intravenous bolus injection of GdDTPA, higher vascular flow and volume obtained by T*(2)-weighted MRI, as well as enhanced uptake of the contrast agent in the brain tumor compared with normal brain detected by T(1)-weighted MRI. These data demonstrate partial breakdown of the BBB/BTB and good vascularization in U87MG xenografts. A [(13)C]TMZ peak was detected at 3.9 ppm by HMQC from a selected volume of about 0.15 cm(3) within the brain tumor with HMQC pulse sequences. This study clearly demonstrates the noninvasive detection of [(13)C]TMZ in xenografted U87MG brain tumors with MRS. Noninvasive tracking of antineoplastic agents using MRS can have a significant impact on brain tumor chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Kato
- Corresponding Author: Yoshinori Kato, PhD, JHU ICMIC Program, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 ()
| | | | | | - Dmitri Artemov
- Corresponding Author: Yoshinori Kato, PhD, JHU ICMIC Program, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 ()
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García M, Clopés A, Bruna J, Martínez M, Fort E, Gil M. Critical appraisal of temozolomide formulations in the treatment of primary brain tumors: patient considerations. Cancer Manag Res 2009; 1:137-50. [PMID: 21188132 PMCID: PMC3004664 DOI: 10.2147/cmr.s5598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is assuming an increasingly important role in the treatment of malignant gliomas, of which temozolomide (TMZ) is a key part. TMZ belongs to a class of second-generation imidazotetrazinone prodrugs that exhibit linear pharmacokinetics and do not require hepatic metabolism for activation to the active metabolite. New intravenous (iv) TMZ formulations have recently been approved based on studies of bioequivalence between iv and oral TMZ. The efficacy of TMZ was initially evaluated in patients with recurrent disease but phase II and III trials in newly diagnosed gliomas are available. The results of a large phase III trial that compared RT alone vs RT concomitant with oral TMZ created a new standard of adjuvant treatment. Efficacy data for iv TMZ on which its approval was based are those extrapolated from clinical trials with oral TMZ. No comparative data are available on the differences in tolerability and patient satisfaction between oral and iv formulations of TMZ, or for quality of life. New oral formulations could encourage the adherence of patients to treatment. Although patients presumably would prefer oral treatment, iv formulations may be an alternative in noncompliant patients or patients for whom good adherence could not be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita García
- Clinical Research Unit, Institut Català d'Oncologia-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
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Bouffet E, Capra M, Bartels U. Salvage chemotherapy for metastatic and recurrent ependymoma of childhood. Childs Nerv Syst 2009; 25:1293-301. [PMID: 19360417 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-009-0883-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chemotherapy has limited role in the up-front management of ependymoma. At the time of recurrence, the role of chemotherapy is also ill defined and the choice of chemotherapeutic agents is often arbitrary, based on anecdotal data and personal experience. METHODS The purpose of this review is to describe and critically analyze the published literature on chemotherapy in patients with recurrent and metastatic ependymoma. DISCUSSION The disappointing response rate with single agents (12.9%) and combinations (17.4%) emphasizes the need to re-evaluate the current chemotherapeutic approach of intracranial ependymoma, and biological studies are needed to identify targets that may be considered for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bouffet
- Paediatric Neuro-Oncology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, M5G1X8, Canada.
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Villano JL, Seery TE, Bressler LR. Temozolomide in malignant gliomas: current use and future targets. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2009; 64:647-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-009-1050-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to determine if recent advances in diagnostic and treatment modalities result in improvement in the pattern of care of brainstem gliomas. RECENT FINDINGS New MRI techniques may contribute to differential diagnosis and aid neurosurgeons in removing resectable brainstem tumors. A better radiological analysis of these heterogeneous tumors improves their classification and helps to better distinguish prognosis subgroups. However, biopsy remains indicated in many contrast enhancing brainstem masses in adults because of the great variety of differential diagnosis. SUMMARY Diffuse brainstem glioma is the most common subtype of brainstem tumor and remains a devastating malignancy in children. Conventional radiotherapy is the standard of care and chemotherapy has been disappointing to date. Given the lack of efficacy of conventional drugs, a better understanding of the biology of this tumor is the key to more targeted therapy.
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Pauly GT, Loktionova NA, Fang Q, Vankayala SL, Guida WC, Pegg AE. Substitution of aminomethyl at the meta-position enhances the inactivation of O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase by O6-benzylguanine. J Med Chem 2009; 51:7144-53. [PMID: 18973327 DOI: 10.1021/jm800675p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
O(6)-Benzylguanine is an irreversible inactivator of O(6)-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase currently in clinical trials to overcome alkyltransferase-mediated resistance to certain cancer chemotherapeutic alkylating agents. In order to produce more soluble alkyltransferase inhibitors, we have synthesized three aminomethyl-substituted O(6)-benzylguanines and the three methyl analogs and found that the substitution of aminomethyl at the meta-position greatly enhances inactivation of alkyltransferase, whereas para-substitution has little effect and ortho-substitution virtually eliminates activity. Molecular modeling of their interactions with alkyltransferase provided a molecular explanation for these results. The square of the correlation coefficient (R(2)) obtained between E-model scores (obtained from GLIDE XP/QPLD docking calculations) vs log(ED(50)) values via a linear regression analysis was 0.96. The models indicate that the ortho-substitution causes a steric clash interfering with binding, whereas the meta-aminomethyl substitution allows an interaction of the amino group to generate an additional hydrogen bond with the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary T Pauly
- Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, P.O. Box B, Building 538, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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Quinn JA, Jiang SX, Reardon DA, Desjardins A, Vredenburgh JJ, Rich JN, Gururangan S, Friedman AH, Bigner DD, Sampson JH, McLendon RE, Herndon JE, Walker A, Friedman HS. Phase I trial of temozolomide plus O6-benzylguanine 5-day regimen with recurrent malignant glioma. Neuro Oncol 2009; 11:556-61. [PMID: 19289491 DOI: 10.1215/15228517-2009-007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This phase I clinical trial conducted with patients who had recurrent or progressive malignant glioma (MG) was designed to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and toxicity of three different 5-day dosing regimens of temozolomide (TMZ) in combination with O(6)-benzylguanine (O(6)-BG). Both TMZ and O(6)-BG were administered on days 1-5 of a 28-day treatment cycle. A bolus infusion of O(6)-BG was administered at 120 mg/m(2) over 1 h on days 1, 3, and 5, along with a continuous infusion of O(6)-BG at 30 mg/m(2)/day. TMZ was administered at the end of the first bolus infusion of O(6)-BG and then every 24 h for 5 days during the continuous infusion of O(6)-BG. Patients were accrued to one of three 5-day dosing regimens of TMZ. Twenty-nine patients were enrolled into this study. The dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were grade 4 neutropenia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. The MTD for TMZ for the three different 5-day dosing schedules was determined as follows: schedule 1, 200 mg/m(2) on day 1 and 50 mg/m(2)/day on days 2-5; schedule 2, 50 mg/m(2)/day on days 1-5; and schedule 3, 50 mg/m(2)/day on days 1-5 while receiving pegfilgrastim. Thus, the 5-day TMZ dosing schedule that maximized the total dose of TMZ when combined with O(6)-BG was schedule 1. This study provides the foundation for a phase II trial of O(6)-BG in combination with a 5-day dosing schedule of TMZ in TMZ-resistant MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Quinn
- Dept. of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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Leach PA, Estlin EJ, Coope DJ, Thorne JA, Kamaly-Asl ID. Diffuse brainstem gliomas in children: should we or shouldn't we biopsy? Br J Neurosurg 2009; 22:619-24. [PMID: 19016112 DOI: 10.1080/02688690802366198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The decision to biopsy diffuse pontine gliomas in children remains controversial. There have been many publications over the last 30 years aiming to address this issue. The prognosis for these patients remains extremely poor regardless of treatment and many authors advocate that biopsy carries significant risk for little or no clinical benefit. However, with an increasing knowledge of tumour biology and genetics there is the potential for specific treatments tailored for individual tumours based on their biological or genetic characteristics. The progress of such science in the first instance requires histological diagnosis as part of well conducted clinical trials, then, when treatments have been developed, biopsy samples will be needed to identify the tumours that may respond to such treatments. The authors believe that there is an increasing need for performing a biopsy of these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Leach
- Department of Paediatric Neurosurgery, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK.
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Bone marrow transplantation for severe aplastic anemia secondary to temozolomide. J Neurooncol 2008; 91:237-9. [PMID: 18818880 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-008-9704-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) and concomitant/adjuvant therapy with temozolomide (Temodar) is a common treatment regimen for children and adults with glioma. Although temozolomide is generally well tolerated with temporary myelosuppression as the primary dose-limiting toxicity, irreversible bone-marrow aplasia after treatment with temozolomide has been reported. We report the case of an adolescent patient with a high-grade glioma who, after >2 years of event-free survival, underwent successful bone marrow transplantation for treatment of temozolomide-induced severe aplastic anemia (SAA).
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Aberrant MGMT (O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase) promoter methylation in choroid plexus tumors. J Neurooncol 2008; 91:151-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-008-9694-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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