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Fujimoto T, Teraishi F, Kanehira N, Tajima T, Sakurai Y, Kondo N, Yamagami M, Kuwada A, Morihara A, Kitamatsu M, Fujimura A, Suzuki M, Takaguchi Y, Shigeyasu K, Fujiwara T, Michiue H. BNCT pancreatic cancer treatment strategy with glucose-conjugated boron drug. Biomaterials 2024; 309:122605. [PMID: 38754291 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Multidisciplinary therapy centered on radical surgery for resectable pancreatic cancer is expected to prolong prognosis, but relies on CA19-9 biomarker levels to determine treatment strategy. Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a chemoradiotherapy using tumor hyperaccumulator boron drugs and neutron irradiation. The purpose of this study is to investigate novel boron drug agents for BNCT for pancreatic cancer. Bioinformatics was used to evaluate the uptake of current boron amino acid (BPA) drugs for BNCT into pancreatic cancer. The expression of the amino acid transporter LAT1, a BPA uptake transporter, was low in pancreatic cancer and even lower in high CA19-9 pancreatic cancer. In contrast, the glucose transporter was high in high CA19-9 pancreatic cancers and inversely correlated with LAT1 expression. Considering the low EPR effect in pancreatic cancer, we synthesized a small molecule Glucose-BSH, which is boron BSH bound to glucose, and confirmed its specific uptake in pancreatic cancer. uptake of Glucose-BSH was confirmed in an environment compatible with the tumor microenvironment. The therapeutic efficacy and safety of Glucose-BSH by therapeutic neutron irradiation were confirmed with BNCT. We report Glucose-BSH boron drug discovery study of a Precision Medicine BNCT with application to high CA19-9 pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Fujimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama City, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan; Neutron Therapy Research Center, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama City, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Fuminori Teraishi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama City, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kanehira
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama City, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan; Neutron Therapy Research Center, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama City, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Tajima
- Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Sakurai
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2, Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka, 590-0494, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kondo
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2, Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka, 590-0494, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamagami
- Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuwada
- Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Akira Morihara
- Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Mizuki Kitamatsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fujimura
- Neutron Therapy Research Center, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama City, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan; Department of Cellular Physiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Minoru Suzuki
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2, Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka, 590-0494, Japan
| | - Yutaka Takaguchi
- Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan; Department of Material Design and Engineering, Faculty of Sustainable Design, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan
| | - Kunitoshi Shigeyasu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama City, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Toshiyoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama City, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Michiue
- Neutron Therapy Research Center, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama City, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
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Kaizuka Y, Suzuki H, Watabe T, Ooe K, Toyoshima A, Takahashi K, Sawada K, Iimori T, Masuda Y, Uno T, Kannaka K, Uehara T. Neopentyl glycol-based radiohalogen-labeled amino acid derivatives for cancer radiotheranostics. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2024; 9:17. [PMID: 38407647 PMCID: PMC10897087 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-024-00244-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is overexpressed in various cancers; therefore, radiohalogen-labeled amino acid derivatives targeting LAT1 have emerged as promising candidates for cancer radiotheranostics. However, 211At-labeled amino acid derivatives exhibit instability against deastatination in vivo, making it challenging to use 211At for radiotherapy. In this study, radiohalogen-labeled amino acid derivatives with high dehalogenation stability were developed. RESULTS We designed and synthesized new radiohalogen-labeled amino acid derivatives ([211At]At-NpGT, [125I]I-NpGT, and [18F]F-NpGT) in which L-tyrosine was introduced into the neopentyl glycol (NpG) structure. The radiolabeled amino acid derivatives were recognized as substrates of LAT1 in the in vitro studies using C6 glioma cells. In a biodistribution study using C6 glioma-bearing mice, these agents exhibited high stability against in vivo dehalogenation and similar biodistributions. The similarity of [211At]At-NpGT and [18F]F-NpGT indicated that these pairs of radiolabeled compounds would be helpful in radiotheranostics. Moreover, [211At]At-NpGT exhibited a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the growth of C6 glioma-bearing mice. CONCLUSIONS [211At]At-NpGT exhibited a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the tumor growth of glioma-bearing mice, and its biodistribution was similar to that of other radiohalogen-labeled amino acid derivatives. These findings suggest that radiotheranostics using [18F]F-NpGT and [123/131I]I-NpGT for diagnostic applications and [211At]At-NpGT and [131I]I-NpGT for therapeutic applications are promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kaizuka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan.
| | - Tadashi Watabe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Tracer Kinetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Institute for Radiation Sciences, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ooe
- Institute for Radiation Sciences, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoshima
- Institute for Radiation Sciences, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Takahashi
- Advanced Clinical Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Koichi Sawada
- Department of Radiology, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Takashi Iimori
- Department of Radiology, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Yoshitada Masuda
- Department of Radiology, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Takashi Uno
- Department of Radiology, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
- Diagnostic Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kento Kannaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Tomoya Uehara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan.
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Chen S, Jin C, Ohgaki R, Xu M, Okanishi H, Kanai Y. Structure-activity characteristics of phenylalanine analogs selectively transported by L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1). Sci Rep 2024; 14:4651. [PMID: 38409393 PMCID: PMC10897196 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55252-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is a transmembrane protein responsible for transporting large neutral amino acids. While numerous LAT1-targeted compound delivery for the brain and tumors have been investigated, their LAT1 selectivity often remains ambiguous despite high LAT1 affinity. This study assessed the LAT1 selectivity of phenylalanine (Phe) analogs, focusing on their structure-activity characteristics. We discovered that 2-iodo-L-phenylalanine (2-I-Phe), with an iodine substituent at position 2 in the benzene ring, markedly improves LAT1 affinity and selectivity compared to parent amino acid Phe, albeit at the cost of reduced transport velocity. L-Phenylglycine (Phg), one carbon shorter than Phe, was found to be a substrate for LAT1 with a lower affinity, exhibiting a low level of selectivity for LAT1 equivalent to Phe. Notably, (R)-2-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-naphthoic acid (bicyclic-Phe), with an α-methylene moiety akin to the α-methyl group in α-methyl-L-phenylalanine (α-methyl-Phe), a known LAT1-selective compound, showed similar LAT1 transport maximal velocity to α-methyl-Phe, but with higher LAT1 affinity and selectivity. In vivo studies revealed tumor-specific accumulation of bicyclic-Phe, underscoring the importance of LAT1-selectivity in targeted delivery. These findings emphasize the potential of bicyclic-Phe as a promising LAT1-selective component, providing a basis for the development of LAT1-targeting compounds based on its structural framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihui Chen
- Department of Bio-System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Chunhuan Jin
- Department of Bio-System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Ohgaki
- Department of Bio-System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Minhui Xu
- Department of Bio-System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroki Okanishi
- Department of Bio-System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Kanai
- Department of Bio-System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Premium Research Institute for Human Metaverse Medicine (WPI-PRIMe), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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Roh J, Im M, Chae Y, Kang J, Kim W. The Involvement of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Glutamine-Metabolic Reprogramming and Therapeutic Resistance in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314808. [PMID: 36499136 PMCID: PMC9738059 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic alterations that support the supply of biosynthetic molecules necessary for rapid and sustained proliferation are characteristic of cancer. Some cancer cells rely on glutamine to maintain their energy requirements for growth. Glutamine is an important metabolite in cells because it not only links to the tricarboxylic acid cycle by producing α-ketoglutarate by glutaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase but also supplies other non-essential amino acids, fatty acids, and components of nucleotide synthesis. Altered glutamine metabolism is associated with cancer cell survival, proliferation, metastasis, and aggression. Furthermore, altered glutamine metabolism is known to be involved in therapeutic resistance. In recent studies, lncRNAs were shown to act on amino acid transporters and glutamine-metabolic enzymes, resulting in the regulation of glutamine metabolism. The lncRNAs involved in the expression of the transporters include the abhydrolase domain containing 11 antisense RNA 1, LINC00857, plasmacytoma variant translocation 1, Myc-induced long non-coding RNA, and opa interacting protein 5 antisense RNA 1, all of which play oncogenic roles. When it comes to the regulation of glutamine-metabolic enzymes, several lncRNAs, including nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1, XLOC_006390, urothelial cancer associated 1, and thymopoietin antisense RNA 1, show oncogenic activities, and others such as antisense lncRNA of glutaminase, lincRNA-p21, and ataxin 8 opposite strand serve as tumor suppressors. In addition, glutamine-dependent cancer cells with lncRNA dysregulation promote cell survival, proliferation, and metastasis by increasing chemo- and radio-resistance. Therefore, understanding the roles of lncRNAs in glutamine metabolism will be helpful for the establishment of therapeutic strategies for glutamine-dependent cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungwook Roh
- Department of Science Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongju-si 28173, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Mijung Im
- Department of Science Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongju-si 28173, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonsoo Chae
- Department of Science Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongju-si 28173, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - JiHoon Kang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Wanyeon Kim
- Department of Science Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongju-si 28173, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biology Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongju-si 28173, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-43-230-3750
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Noel MS, Kim S, Hartley ML, Wong S, Picozzi V, Staszewski H, Kim DW, Van Tornout JM, Philip PA, Chung V, Ocean AJ, Wang‐Gillam A. A randomized phase II study of SM-88 plus methoxsalen, phenytoin, and sirolimus in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer treated in the second line and beyond. Cancer Med 2022; 11:4169-4181. [PMID: 35499204 PMCID: PMC9678093 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This trial explores SM-88 used with methoxsalen, phenytoin, and sirolimus (MPS) in pretreated metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (mPDAC) METHODS: Forty-nine patients were randomized to daily 460 or 920 mg oral SM-88 with MPS (SM-88 Regimen). The primary endpoint was objective response rate (RECIST 1.1). RESULTS Thirty-seven patients completed ≥ one cycle of SM-88 Regimen (response evaluable population). Disease control rate (DCR), overall survival (OS), and progression-free survival (PFS) did not differ significantly between dose levels. Stable disease was achieved in 9/37 patients (DCR, 24.3%); there were no complete or partial responses. Quality-of-life (QOL) was maintained and trended in favor of 920 mg. SM-88 Regimen was well tolerated; a single patient (1/49) had related grade 3 and 4 adverse events, which later resolved. In the intention-to-treat population of 49 patients, the median overall survival (mOS) was 3.4 months (95% CI: 2.7-4.9 months). Those treated in the second line had an mOS of 8.1 months and a median PFS of 3.8 months. Survival was higher for patients with stable versus progressive disease (any line; mOS: 10.6 months vs. 3.9 months; p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS SM-88 Regimen has a favorable safety profile with encouraging QOL effects, disease control, and survival trends. This regimen should be explored in the second-line treatment of patients with mPDAC. CLINICALTRIALS gov Identifier: NCT03512756.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus S. Noel
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer CenterWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Semmie Kim
- TYME Technologies Inc.BedminsterNew JerseyUSA
| | - Marion L. Hartley
- The Ruesch Center for the Cure of Gastrointestinal CancersWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Steve Wong
- Sarcoma Oncology Research CenterSanta MonicaCaliforniaUSA
| | | | | | - Dae Won Kim
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | | | - Philip Agop Philip
- Karmanos Cancer CenterWayne State UniversityMichiganDetroitUSA
- SWOGFarmington HillsMichiganUSA
| | | | - Allyson J. Ocean
- Weill Cornell MedicineNew York‐Presbyterian HospitalNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Andrea Wang‐Gillam
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
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SLC7A5 is a lung adenocarcinoma-specific prognostic biomarker and participates in forming immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10866. [PMID: 36217463 PMCID: PMC9547238 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amino acid metabolism participates in forming immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Amino acid transporters (AATs), as a gate for admission, remains to be studied. Materials and methods We identified LUAD-specific prognostic AATs, SLC7A5 by differential expression analysis, logistic regression, machine learning, Kaplan-Meier analysis, AUC value filtrating and Cox regression. Then differential expression and distribution of SLC7A5 were depicted. Copy number variation, DNA methylation, transcriptional factors and ceRNA network were investigated to explore potential mechanism causing differential expression. The prognostic and clinical relation were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier analysis, Cox regression analysis. GSEA and GSVA were used to analyze altered pathways between SLC7A5 high- and low-groups. The expression of HLA-related genes and immune checkpoint genes, and immune cells infiltration were detected. SLC7A5 expression in immune cells was evaluated by single-cell sequencing data. IPS and an independent immunotherapy cohort assessed response rates of patients with distinct SLC7A5 expression. Proliferation assay and wound healing assay validated the effects of SLC7A5 on proliferation and migration of LUAD cells. Western blotting and cell viability assays were performed to detect mTORC1 pathway activity and sensitivity to rapamycin. Results SLC7A5 was a LUAD-specific prognostic AAT and had significant differential expression in transcription and translation level. Methylation levels of cg00728300, cg00858400, cg12408911, cg08710629 were negative correlation with SLC7A5 expression. FOXP3 and TFAP2A were possible transcription factors and miR-30a-5p, miR-184, miR-195-5p may target SLC7A5 mRNA. SLC7A5 high-expression indicated poor prognosis and was an independent prognostic factor. mTORC1, cell cycle, DNA damage repair, response to reactive oxygen, angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and various growth factors signaling pathways were activated in SLC7A5 high-expression group. Interestingly, SLC7A5 high-expression group had less immune-related genes expression and immune cells infiltration. Single-cell sequencing data also suggested SLC7A5 was downregulated in various T cells, especially effector T cells. Moreover, high SLC7A5 expression indicated poor immunotherapy efficacy and higher sensitivity to inhibitors of mTORC1 pathway, cell cycle and angiogenesis. SLC7A5 deficiency abrogated proliferation, migration and mTORC1 pathway activity. Conclusions In summary, as a LUAD-specific prognostic AAT, SLC7A5 is involved in activation of multiple oncogenic pathways and indicates poor prognosis. Moreover, SLC7A5 may participate in forming immunosuppressive TME and is associated with low response of immunotherapy. SLC7A5 is promising to be a new diagnostic and prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in LUAD.
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Monitoring of Current Cancer Therapy by Positron Emission Tomography and Possible Role of Radiomics Assessment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169394. [PMID: 36012657 PMCID: PMC9409366 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of cancer therapy with imaging is crucial as a surrogate marker of effectiveness and survival. The unique response patterns to therapy with immune-checkpoint inhibitors have facilitated the revision of response evaluation criteria using FDG-PET, because the immune response recalls reactive cells such as activated T-cells and macrophages, which show increased glucose metabolism and apparent progression on morphological imaging. Cellular metabolism and function are critical determinants of the viability of active cells in the tumor microenvironment, which would be novel targets of therapies, such as tumor immunity, metabolism, and genetic mutation. Considering tumor heterogeneity and variation in therapy response specific to the mechanisms of therapy, appropriate response evaluation is required. Radiomics approaches, which combine objective image features with a machine learning algorithm as well as pathologic and genetic data, have remarkably progressed over the past decade, and PET radiomics has increased quality and reliability based on the prosperous publications and standardization initiatives. PET and multimodal imaging will play a definitive role in personalized therapeutic strategies by the precise monitoring in future cancer therapy.
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Enhancing the accumulation level of 3-[ 18F]fluoro-L-α-methyltyrosine in tumors by preloading probenecid. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 104-105:47-52. [PMID: 34896813 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 3-[18F]fluoro-α-methyl-L-tyrosine ([18F]FAMT) is a promising amino acid tracer targeting L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1). One concern regarding the diagnosis using [18F]FAMT is the possibility of false-negative findings because of its relatively low accumulation level even in malignant tumors. Moreover, preloading probenecid, an organic anion transporter inhibitor, markedly increased the tumor accumulation level of radioiodine-labeled α-methyltyrosine. In this study, we evaluated the usefulness of preloading probenecid in improving the tumor-imaging capability of [18F]FAMT. METHODS Three biodistribution studies of [18F]FAMT were conducted in normal mice to elucidate the usefulness of probenecid preloading. Later, a biodistribution study and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of [18F]FAMT were conducted with or without probenecid injection in tumor-bearing mice. RESULTS Probenecid preloading significantly delayed blood clearance and consequently enhanced the accumulation of [18F]FAMT in the pancreas, a LAT1-positive organ. The effects of probenecid preloading were independent of the administration route. Tumor accumulation level in the biodistribution study and the maximum standardized uptake value in tumors on PET imaging of the probenecid preloading group were significantly higher than those of the control (without probenecid injection) group in tumor-bearing mice. CONCLUSIONS Preloading probenecid significantly delayed blood clearance and consequently enhanced the accumulation of [18F]FAMT in tumors. These results indicate that preloading probenecid could improve the diagnostic accuracy of [18F]FAMT.
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Kanai Y. Amino acid transporter LAT1 (SLC7A5) as a molecular target for cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 230:107964. [PMID: 34390745 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells require a massive supply of nutrients, including sugars and amino acids-the upregulation of transporters for each nutrient contributes to meet the demand. Distinct from glucose transporters, amino acid transporters include ones whose expression is specific to cancer cells. For example, LAT1 (SLC7A5) displays protein expression mostly limited to the plasma membrane of cancer cells. The exceptions are the placental barrier and the blood-brain barrier, where immunohistochemical and mass spectrometric studies have shown LAT1 expression, although their levels are supposed to be lower than those in cancers. The expression of LAT1 has been reported in cancers from various tissue origins, where high LAT1 expression is related to the poor prognosis of patients. LAT1 is essential for cancer cell growth because the pharmacologic inhibition and knockdown/knockout of LAT1 suppress the proliferation of cancer cells and the growth of xenograft tumors. The inhibition of LAT1 suppresses protein synthesis by downregulating the mTORC1 signaling pathway and mobilizing the general amino acid control (GAAC) pathway in cancer cells. LAT1 is, thus, a candidate molecular target for the diagnosis and therapeutics of cancers. 18F-labeled 3-fluoro-l-α-methyl-tyrosine (FAMT) is used as a LAT1-specific PET probe for cancer detection due to the LAT1 specificity of α-methyl aromatic amino acids. FAMT accumulation is cancer-specific and avoids non-cancer lesions, including inflammation, confirming the cancer-specific expression of LAT1 in humans. Due to the cancer-specific nature, LAT1 can also be used for cancer-specific delivery of anti-tumor agents such as l-para-boronophenylalanine used for boron neutron capture therapy and α-emitting nuclide-labeled LAT1 substrates developed for nuclear medicine treatment. Based on the importance of LAT1 in cancer progression, high-affinity LAT1-specific inhibitors have been developed for anti-tumor drugs. JPH203 (KYT0353) is such a compound designed based on the structure-activity relationship of LAT1 ligands. It is one of the highest-affinity inhibitors with less affecting other transporters. It suppresses tumor growth in vivo without significant toxicity in preclinical studies at doses enough to suppress tumor growth. In the phase-I clinical trial, JPH203 appeared to provide promising activity. Because the mechanisms of action of LAT1 inhibitors are novel, with or without combination with other anti-tumor drugs, they could contribute to the treatment of cancers that do not respond to current therapy. The LAT1-specific PET probe could also be used as companion diagnostics of the LAT1-targeting therapies to select patients to whom therapeutic benefits could be expected. Recently, the cryo-EM structure of LAT1 has been solved, which would facilitate the understanding of the mechanisms of the dynamic interaction of ligands and the binding site, and further designing new compounds with higher activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikatsu Kanai
- Department of Bio-system Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Yokawa A, Hatanaka M, Mikami K. Facile C−F Bond Activation Approach to FAMT‐Based Difluoromethyl‐BNCT Drug Candidates. Helv Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.202000211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akitaka Yokawa
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2–12-1 Ookayama, Meguro Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Miho Hatanaka
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology Institute for Research Initiatives Division for Research Strategy Graduate School of Science and Technology, Data Science Center, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Koichi Mikami
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2–12-1 Ookayama, Meguro Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
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Positron Emission Tomography for Response Evaluation in Microenvironment-Targeted Anti-Cancer Therapy. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8090371. [PMID: 32972006 PMCID: PMC7556039 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8090371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic response is evaluated using the diameter of tumors and quantitative parameters of 2-[18F] fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET). Tumor response to molecular-targeted drugs and immune checkpoint inhibitors is different from conventional chemotherapy in terms of temporal metabolic alteration and morphological change after the therapy. Cancer stem cells, immunologically competent cells, and metabolism of cancer are considered targets of novel therapy. Accumulation of FDG reflects the glucose metabolism of cancer cells as well as immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, which differs among patients according to the individual immune function; however, FDG-PET could evaluate the viability of the tumor as a whole. On the other hand, specific imaging and cell tracking of cancer cell or immunological cell subsets does not elucidate tumor response in a complexed interaction in the tumor microenvironment. Considering tumor heterogeneity and individual variation in therapeutic response, a radiomics approach with quantitative features of multimodal images and deep learning algorithm with reference to pathologic and genetic data has the potential to improve response assessment for emerging cancer therapy.
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Mogadam HY, Erfani M, Nikpassand M, Mokhtary M. Preparation and assessment of a new radiotracer technetium-99m-6-hydrazinonicotinic acid-tyrosine as a targeting agent in tumor detecting through single photon emission tomography. Bioorg Chem 2020; 104:104181. [PMID: 32920354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The goal of investigation was to bring up an impressive way to synthesize technetium-99 m-6-hydrazinonicotinic acid-tyrosine (99mTc-HYNIC-Tyr), a newfound radiotracer, and to assess the capacity of being as a tumor scintigraphy agent. The conjugate was prepared by solid phase method using tritely chloride resin. The precursor HYNIC-Tyr was labeled with 99mTc which was accomplished at 100 °C through the coligands tricine and EDDA. Furthermore, the serum albumin binding, cellular attachment, organs uptake and tumor accumulation were measured. C6 glioma cells were used for cellular and tumor uptake studies. 99mTc-HYNIC-Tyr was prepared with labeling yield of >99% (n = 3). Radiotracer showed stability in serum proteins in incubates temperature. Specific cellular attachment of radiotracer was noticeable in C6 glioma cells with dissociation constant in nano molar range (21.03 ± 1.54 nM). The amount of uptake in C6 rat glioma xenograft was 2.61 ± 0.12 percent of injection dose per gram after 30 min. In whole-body scintigraphy, C6 glioma tumor was easy to be traced and interpreted at 1 h after administration of radiotracer. Our data suggest that 99mTc-HYNIC-Tyr, a new radiotracer based on amino acid, efficiently differentiates the tumor cells and goes into them. Our results indicate that this radiotracer has excellent capacity to detect tumor cells in rat and to be included as a radiopharmaceutical for detecting cancer tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mostafa Erfani
- Radiation Applications Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Masoud Mokhtary
- Department of Chemistry, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
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Okano N, Hana K, Naruge D, Kawai K, Kobayashi T, Nagashima F, Endou H, Furuse J. Biomarker Analyses in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors Treated With the LAT1 Inhibitor JPH203. In Vivo 2020; 34:2595-2606. [PMID: 32871789 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Amino acids are among the most important nutrients for supplying energy and building protein blocks in cancers. L-type amino acid transporter (LAT) 1 is known to play a critical role in cancer growth. We have completed the first-in-human phase I study using the LAT1-specific inhibitor JPH203. PATIENTS AND METHODS We evaluated plasma free amino acids (PFAAs), body mass index (BMI), and efficacy of JPH203 in patients enrolled in the phase I study. RESULTS LAT1-substrate PFAAs and branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) were higher in patients with biliary tract cancer (BTC) than in those with other cancers. High inhibition of uptake of LAT1-substrate PFAAs was associated with survival. BMI of more than the median was associated with disease control and survival. BCAAs tended to be associated with BMI. CONCLUSION BCAAs and BMI are useful predictors of the efficacy of JPH203, which shows promising activity against BTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Okano
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Daisuke Naruge
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kirio Kawai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaaki Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumio Nagashima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Junji Furuse
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Kuriyama K, Higuchi T, Yokobori T, Saito H, Yoshida T, Hara K, Suzuki S, Sakai M, Sohda M, Higuchi T, Tsushima Y, Asao T, Kaira K, Kuwano H, Shirabe K, Saeki H. Uptake of positron emission tomography tracers reflects the tumor immune status in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:1969-1978. [PMID: 32302443 PMCID: PMC7293073 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between the local immune status and cancer metabolism regarding 18F‐FDG and 18F‐FAMT uptake in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains unknown. The present study examined the correlations between tumor immune status, clinicopathological factors, and positron emission tomography (PET) tracer uptake in ESCC. Forty‐one ESCC patients who underwent 18F‐FDG PET and 18F‐FAMT PET before surgery were enrolled in the study. Immunohistochemistry was conducted for programmed death 1 (PD‐1), CD8, Ki‐67, CD34, GLUT1 (18F‐FDG transporter) and LAT1 (18F‐FAMT transporter). ESCC specimens with high tumoral PD‐L1 and high CD8‐positive lymphocytes were considered to have “hot tumor immune status.” High PD‐L1 expression (53.7%) was significantly associated with tumor/lymphatic/venous invasion (P = 0.028, 0.032 and 0.018), stage (P = 0.041), CD8‐positive lymphocytes (P < 0.001), GLUT1 (P < 0.001), LAT1 expression (P = 0.006), Ki‐67 labelling index (P = 0.009) and CD34‐positive vessel counts (P < 0.001). SUVmax of 18F‐FDG was significantly higher in high PD‐L1 cases than in low PD‐L1 cases (P = 0.009). SUVmax of 18F‐FAMT was significantly higher in high PD‐L1 (P < 0.001), high CD8 (P = 0.012) and hot tumor groups (P = 0.028) than in other groups. High SUVmax of 18F‐FAMT (≥4.15) was identified as the only predictor of hot tumor immune status. High PET tracer uptake was significantly associated with cancer aggressiveness and hot tumor immune status in ESCC. PET imaging may be an effective tool to predict tumor immune status in ESCC with respect to immune checkpoint inhibitor sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Kuriyama
- Division of Gastroenterological Surgery, Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tamami Higuchi
- Department of Oncology Clinical Development, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokobori
- Division of Integrated Oncology Research, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saito
- Division of Gastroenterological Surgery, Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tomonori Yoshida
- Division of Gastroenterological Surgery, Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Keigo Hara
- Division of Gastroenterological Surgery, Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Shigemasa Suzuki
- Division of Gastroenterological Surgery, Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Makoto Sakai
- Division of Gastroenterological Surgery, Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Makoto Sohda
- Division of Gastroenterological Surgery, Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higuchi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yoshito Tsushima
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Takayuki Asao
- Department of Oncology Clinical Development, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Kaira
- Department of Respiration Medicine, Saitama Medical University, International Medical Center, Hidaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kuwano
- Division of Gastroenterological Surgery, Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Ken Shirabe
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Saeki
- Division of Gastroenterological Surgery, Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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15
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Puris E, Gynther M, Auriola S, Huttunen KM. L-Type amino acid transporter 1 as a target for drug delivery. Pharm Res 2020; 37:88. [PMID: 32377929 PMCID: PMC7203094 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02826-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Our growing understanding of membrane transporters and their substrate specificity has opened a new avenue in the field of targeted drug delivery. The L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) has been one of the most extensively investigated transporters for delivering drugs across biological barriers. The transporter is predominantly expressed in cerebral cortex, blood-brain barrier, blood-retina barrier, testis, placenta, bone marrow and several types of cancer. Its physiological function is to mediate Na+ and pH independent exchange of essential amino acids: leucine, phenylalanine, etc. Several drugs and prodrugs designed as LAT1 substrates have been developed to improve targeted delivery into the brain and cancer cells. Thus, the anti-parkinsonian drug, L-Dopa, the anti-cancer drug, melphalan and the anti-epileptic drug gabapentin, all used in clinical practice, utilize LAT1 to reach their target site. These examples provide supporting evidence for the utility of the LAT1-mediated targeted delivery of the (pro)drug. This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in LAT1-mediated targeted drug delivery. In addition, the use of LAT1 is critically evaluated and limitations of the approach are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Puris
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Mikko Gynther
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Auriola
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
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Extraprostatic Uptake of 18F-Fluciclovine: Differentiation of Nonprostatic Neoplasms From Metastatic Prostate Cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2020; 214:641-648. [PMID: 31939697 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.19.21894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE. Fluciclovine is a synthetic radiolabeled amino acid analog used for imaging of biochemical recurrent prostate cancer. Uptake of fluciclovine is mediated by several amino acid transporters, including alanine-serine-cysteine transporter 2 and large neutral amino acid transporters, which are known to be overexpressed in other malignancies. CONCLUSION. Knowledge of the common patterns of prostate cancer recurrence, in addition to what other neoplasms can show uptake, is critical for accurate study interpretation.
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Lu X. The Role of Large Neutral Amino Acid Transporter (LAT1) in Cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2019; 19:863-876. [DOI: 10.2174/1568009619666190802135714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The solute carrier family 7 (SLC7) can be categorically divided into two
subfamilies, the L-type amino acid transporters (LATs) including SLC7A5-13, and SLC7A15, and
the cationic amino acid transporters (CATs) including SLC7A1-4 and SLC7A14. Members of the
CAT family transport predominantly cationic amino acids by facilitating diffusion with intracellular
substrates. LAT1 (also known as SLC7A5), is defined as a heteromeric amino acid transporter
(HAT) interacting with the glycoprotein CD98 (SLC3A2) through a conserved disulfide to uptake
not only large neutral amino acids, but also several pharmaceutical drugs to cells.
Methods:
In this review, we provide an overview of the interaction of the structure-function of
LAT1 and its essential role in cancer, specifically, its role at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to facilitate
the transport of thyroid hormones, pharmaceuticals (e.g., I-DOPA, gabapentin), and metabolites
into the brain.
Results:
LAT1 expression increases as cancers progress, leading to higher expression levels in highgrade
tumors and metastases. In addition, LAT1 plays a crucial role in cancer-associated
reprogrammed metabolic networks by supplying tumor cells with essential amino acids.
Conclusion:
The increasing understanding of the role of LAT1 in cancer has led to an increase in
interest surrounding its potential as a drug target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Lu
- The Mary and Garry Weston Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Thrombosis Research Institute, London, SW3 6LR, United Kingdom
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18
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Shimizu K, Kaira K, Higuchi T, Hisada T, Yokobori T, Oyama T, Asao T, Tsushima Y, Shirabe K. Relationship Between Tumor Immune Markers and Fluorine-18-α-Methyltyrosine ([18F]FAMT) Uptake in Patients with Lung Cancer. Mol Imaging Biol 2019; 22:1078-1086. [PMID: 31792836 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-019-01456-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimihiro Shimizu
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Kaira
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.
- Department of Innovative Immune-Oncology Therapeutics, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, International Medical Center, Saitama University Hospital, 1397-1 Yamane, Hidaka-City, Saitama, 350-1298, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Higuchi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hisada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokobori
- Department of Innovative Immune-Oncology Therapeutics, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tetsunari Oyama
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takayuki Asao
- Big Data Center for Integrative Analysis, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yoshito Tsushima
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ken Shirabe
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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19
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Hanaoka H, Ohshima Y, Yamaguchi A, Suzuki H, Ishioka NS, Higuchi T, Arano Y, Tsushima Y. Novel 18F-Labeled α-Methyl-Phenylalanine Derivative with High Tumor Accumulation and Ideal Pharmacokinetics for Tumor-Specific Imaging. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:3609-3616. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Hanaoka
- Department of Bioimaging Information Analysis, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ohshima
- Project “Medical Radioisotope Application”, Department of Radiation-Applied Biology Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Quantum Beam Advanced Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Takasaki 370-1292, Japan
| | - Aiko Yamaguchi
- Department of Bioimaging Information Analysis, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Radiotherapy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Noriko S. Ishioka
- Project “Medical Radioisotope Application”, Department of Radiation-Applied Biology Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Quantum Beam Advanced Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Takasaki 370-1292, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higuchi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yasushi Arano
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Radiotherapy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yoshito Tsushima
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
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Yu L, Tao G, Zhu L, Wang G, Li Z, Ye J, Chen Q. Prediction of pathologic stage in non-small cell lung cancer using machine learning algorithm based on CT image feature analysis. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:464. [PMID: 31101024 PMCID: PMC6525347 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5646-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore imaging biomarkers that can be used for diagnosis and prediction of pathologic stage in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using multiple machine learning algorithms based on CT image feature analysis. METHODS Patients with stage IA to IV NSCLC were included, and the whole dataset was divided into training and testing sets and an external validation set. To tackle imbalanced datasets in NSCLC, we generated a new dataset and achieved equilibrium of class distribution by using SMOTE algorithm. The datasets were randomly split up into a training/testing set. We calculated the importance value of CT image features by means of mean decrease gini impurity generated by random forest algorithm and selected optimal features according to feature importance (mean decrease gini impurity > 0.005). The performance of prediction model in training and testing sets were evaluated from the perspectives of classification accuracy, average precision (AP) score and precision-recall curve. The predictive accuracy of the model was externally validated using lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) samples from TCGA database. RESULTS The prediction model that incorporated nine image features exhibited a high classification accuracy, precision and recall scores in the training and testing sets. In the external validation, the predictive accuracy of the model in LUAD outperformed that in LUSC. CONCLUSIONS The pathologic stage of patients with NSCLC can be accurately predicted based on CT image features, especially for LUAD. Our findings extend the application of machine learning algorithms in CT image feature prediction for pathologic staging and identify potential imaging biomarkers that can be used for diagnosis of pathologic stage in NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingming Yu
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, The Affiliated Chest Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University, No. 241 Huaihai West Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Guangyu Tao
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, The Affiliated Chest Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University, No. 241 Huaihai West Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, The Affiliated Chest Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Center for Statistics, Shanghai Chest Hospital, The Affiliated Chest Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Ziming Li
- Center for Lung Tumor Clinical Medical, Shanghai Chest Hospital, The Affiliated Chest Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Jianding Ye
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, The Affiliated Chest Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University, No. 241 Huaihai West Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Qunhui Chen
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, The Affiliated Chest Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University, No. 241 Huaihai West Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200030, China.
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The Diverse Functions of Non-Essential Amino Acids in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050675. [PMID: 31096630 PMCID: PMC6562791 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Far beyond simply being 11 of the 20 amino acids needed for protein synthesis, non-essential amino acids play numerous important roles in tumor metabolism. These diverse functions include providing precursors for the biosynthesis of macromolecules, controlling redox status and antioxidant systems, and serving as substrates for post-translational and epigenetic modifications. This functional diversity has sparked great interest in targeting non-essential amino acid metabolism for cancer therapy and has motivated the development of several therapies that are either already used in the clinic or are currently in clinical trials. In this review, we will discuss the important roles that each of the 11 non-essential amino acids play in cancer, how their metabolic pathways are linked, and how researchers are working to overcome the unique challenges of targeting non-essential amino acid metabolism for cancer therapy.
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18F-FDG and 18F-FAMT PET-derived metabolic parameters predict outcome of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Radiol 2019; 35:308-314. [PMID: 30778900 PMCID: PMC6685918 DOI: 10.1007/s11282-019-00377-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Objectives L-3-[18F]-Fluoro-α-methyl tyrosine (FAMT), an amino acid positron emission tomography (PET) tracer, complements [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in the diagnosis of malignancies. We compared the predictive ability of FAMT PET versus FDG PET regarding metastatic oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) outcomes for distant metastasis, including lymph node metastasis, and identified the relevant metabolic parameters for each. Methods We enrolled 160 patients with OSCC who underwent PET/computed tomography using FDG and FAMT before treatment. Outcomes were assessed using clinicopathological characteristics such as the standardized uptake value (SUVmax, SUVpeak), metabolic tumor volume (MTV), and total lesion glycolysis or total lesion retention. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to identify the independent predictors of disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) during an average follow-up time of 1401.7 and 1646.0 days, respectively. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were analyzed for the accuracy and predictive value of imaging parameters. Results Clinical parameters (excluding age) and PET metabolic parameters were significantly associated with OS. Multivariate analysis showed that an infiltrative growth pattern [p = 0.034, hazard ratio (HR) = 2.30], and the FDG-measured SUVpeak (p = 0.045, HR = 2.45) were independent risk factors for DFS and that lymph node metastasis (p = 0.03, HR = 2.57) and the FAMT-measured MTV (p = 0.004, HR = 3.65) were independent risk factors for OS. Conclusions In patients with OSCC, FDG PET predicted DFS, whereas FAMT predicted OS. The two PET tracers, combined with clinical parameters, provide complementary, outcome-related diagnostic information in OSCC.
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Kumasaka S, Nakajima T, Arisaka Y, Tokue A, Achmad A, Fukushima Y, Shimizu K, Kaira K, Higuchi T, Tsushima Y. Prognostic value of metabolic tumor volume of pretreatment 18F-FAMT PET/CT in non-small cell lung Cancer. BMC Med Imaging 2018; 18:46. [PMID: 30477476 PMCID: PMC6258278 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-018-0292-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to determine the prognostic value of positron emission tomography (PET) metabolic parameters—namely metabolic tumor volume (MTV), total lesion glycolysis (TLG), and total lesion retention (TLR)—on fluorine-18 (18F) fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and L- [3-18F]-α-methyltyrosine (18F-FAMT) PET/CT in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods The study group comprised 112 NSCLC patients who underwent 18F-FDG and 18F-FAMT PET/CT prior to any therapy. The MTV, TLG, TLR, and maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of the primary tumors were determined. Automatic MTV measurement was performed using PET volume computer assisted reading software. (GE Healthcare). Cox proportional hazards models were built to assess the prognostic value of MTV, TLG (for 18F-FDG), TLR (for 18F-FAMT), SUVmax, T stage, N stage, M stage, clinical stage, age, sex, tumor histological subtype, and treatment method (surgery or other therapy) on overall survival (OS). Results Higher TNM, higher clinical stage, inoperable status, and higher values for all PET parameters (both 18F-FAMT and 18F-FDG PET) were significantly associated (P < 0.05) with shorter OS. Multivariate analysis revealed that a higher MTV of 18F-FAMT (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.88, CI: 1.63–5.09, P < 0.01) and advanced clinical stage (HR: 5.36, CI: 1.88–15.34, P < 0.01) were significant predictors of shorter OS. Conclusions MTV of 18F-FAMT is of prognostic value for OS in NSCLC cases and can help guide decision-making during patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Kumasaka
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi 3-39-22, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Takahito Nakajima
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi 3-39-22, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yukiko Arisaka
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi 3-39-22, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Azusa Tokue
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi 3-39-22, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Arifudin Achmad
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi 3-39-22, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran Jalan Professor Eyckman No.38, Bandung, Jawa Barat, 40161, Indonesia
| | - Yasuhiro Fukushima
- Current affiliation is Division of Clinical Radiology Service, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kimihiro Shimizu
- Department of Thoracic and Visceral Organ Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi 3-39-22, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Kaira
- Department of Oncology Clinical Development, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi 3-39-22, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higuchi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi 3-39-22, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshito Tsushima
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi 3-39-22, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
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Kaira K, Kawashima O, Endoh H, Imaizumi K, Goto Y, Kamiyoshihara M, Sugano M, Yamamoto R, Osaki T, Tanaka S, Fujita A, Imai H, Kogure Y, Seki Y, Shimizu K, Mogi A, Shitara Y, Oyama T, Kanai Y, Asao T. Expression of amino acid transporter (LAT1 and 4F2hc) in pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2018; 84:142-149. [PMID: 30300664 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid transporters are necessary for tumor growth, metastasis, and survival of various neoplasms; however, the clinicopathological significance of L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) and 4F2 cell surface antigen (4F2hc) in patients with pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma (PPC) remainsunknown. The aim of this study is to clarify the prognostic impact of these amino acid transporters in PPC. One hundred five patients with surgically resected PPC were assessed by immunohistochemistry. The expression of LAT1 and 4F2hc, and Ki-67 labeling index were investigated using specimens of the resected tumors. LAT1 and 4F2hc were highly expressed in 35% and 53% of all patients (n = 105, P < .01), 25% and 48% of patients with an adenocarcinoma component (n = 48, P = .02), and 44% and 58% of patients with a nonadenocarcinoma component (n = 57, P = .18), respectively. A high LAT1 expression was significantly related to advanced disease, lymphatic permeation, tumor cell proliferation, and 4F2hc expression. By multivariate analysis, LAT1 and 4F2hc were identified as significant independent markers for predicting a worse prognosis. LAT1 is highly expressed in PPC, and high LAT1 expression can serve as a significant predictor linked to a worse prognosis in patients with PPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoichi Kaira
- Department of Oncology Clinical Development, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Osamu Kawashima
- Department of Respiratory Surgery, Shibukawa Medical Center, Gunma 377-0280, Japan
| | - Hedeki Endoh
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Saku Central Hospital Advanced Care Center, Nagano 385-0051, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Imaizumi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fujita Health University, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Goto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fujita Health University, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kamiyoshihara
- Department of Respiratory Surgery, Japanese Red Cross Maebashi Hospital, Gunma 371-0014, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sugano
- Department of Respiratory Surgery, Takasaki Medical Center, Gunma 370-0829, Japan
| | - Ryohei Yamamoto
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Saku Central Hospital Advanced Care Center, Nagano 385-0051, Japan
| | - Takashi Osaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shibukawa Medical Center, Gunma 377-0280, Japan
| | - Shigefumi Tanaka
- Department of Respiratory Surgery, Isesaki Municipal Hospital, Gunma 372-0817, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fujita
- Department of Respiratory Surgery, Gunma Prefectural Cancer Center, Gunma 373-8550, Japan
| | - Hisao Imai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Gunma Prefectural Cancer Center, Gunma 373-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Kogure
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya Medical Center, Aichi 460-0001, Japan
| | - Yukio Seki
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nagoya Medical Center, Aichi 460-0001, Japan
| | - Kimihiro Shimizu
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Akira Mogi
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Shitara
- Department of Respiratory Surgery, Fujioka General Hospital, Gunma 375-0015, Japan
| | - Tetsunari Oyama
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Kanai
- Department of Bio-system Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takayuki Asao
- Big Data Center for Integrative Analysis, Gunma University Initiative for Advance Research, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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25
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Matsuura M, Ohshima M, Hiruta Y, Nishimura T, Nagase K, Kanazawa H. LAT1-Targeting Thermoresponsive Fluorescent Polymer Probes for Cancer Cell Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1646. [PMID: 29865203 PMCID: PMC6032285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is more highly expressed in cancer cells compared with normal cells. LAT1 targeting probes would therefore be a promising tool for cancer cell imaging. In this study, LAT1-targeting thermoresponsive fluorescent polymer probes based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (P(NIPAAm-co-DMAAm)) were synthesized and their affinity for LAT1 was evaluated. The synthesized polymer probes interacted with LAT1 on HeLa cells, and inhibition of l-[³H]-leucine, one of the substrates for LAT1 uptake, was investigated. l-Tyrosine-conjugated P(NIPAAm-co-DMAAm) inhibited the uptake of l-[³H]-leucine, while P(NIPAAm-co-DMAAm) and l-phenylalanine-conjugated P(NIPAAm-co-DMAAm) did not. This result indicated that l-tyrosine-conjugated polymer has a high affinity for LAT1. The fluorescent polymer probes were prepared by modification of a terminal polymer group with fluorescein-5-maleimide (FL). Above the polymer transition temperature, cellular uptake of the polymer probes was observed because the polymers became hydrophobic, which enhanced the interaction with the cell membrane. Furthermore, quantitative analysis of the fluorescent probe using flow cytometry indicated that l-tyrosine-conjugated P(NIPAAm-co-DMAAm)-FL shows higher fluorescence intensity earlier than P(NIPAAm-co-DMAAm)-FL. The result suggested that cellular uptake was promoted by the LAT1 affinity site. The developed LAT1-targeting thermoresponsive fluorescent polymer probes are expected to be useful for cancer cell imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minami Matsuura
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8012, Japan.
| | - Mariko Ohshima
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8012, Japan.
| | - Yuki Hiruta
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Nishimura
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8012, Japan.
| | - Kenichi Nagase
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8012, Japan.
| | - Hideko Kanazawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8012, Japan.
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Diagnostic Imaging and Newer Modalities for Thoracic Diseases: PET/Computed Tomographic Imaging and Endobronchial Ultrasound for Staging and Its Implication for Lung Cancer. PET Clin 2017; 13:113-126. [PMID: 29157382 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Modalities to detect and characterize lung cancer are generally divided into those that are invasive [endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS), esophageal ultrasound (EUS), and electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy (ENMB)] versus noninvasive [chest radiography (CXR), computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]. This chapter describes these modalities, the literature supporting their use, and delineates what tests to use to best evaluate the patient with lung cancer.
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27
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Hayase S, Kumamoto K, Saito K, Kofunato Y, Sato Y, Okayama H, Miyamoto K, Ohki S, Takenoshita S. L-type amino acid transporter 1 expression is upregulated and associated with cellular proliferation in colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:7410-7416. [PMID: 29344181 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is highly expressed in many types of cancer. Upregulated LAT1 expression is considered to be associated with cancer cell proliferation. In the present study, we investigated LAT1 expression in 210 patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) and 40 patients with colonic adenoma using an immunohistochemical method, and analyzed the associations between LAT1 expression and clinicopathological factors and prognosis. The biological significance of LAT1 was also examined under conditions with sub-normal amounts of essential amino acids using colon cancer cell lines. High expression of LAT1 was observed in 152 of 210 CRC patients (72.4%) and 12 of 40 patients with colonic adenoma (30%), and this difference in the frequency of LAT1 expression between CRC and adenoma was significant (P<0.001). High expression of LAT1 was associated with venous invasion (P=0.027). The restriction of amino acids suppressed cell proliferation in CRC cells with higher LAT1 expression, while cellular proliferation was not suppressed in the cells expressing lower levels of LAT1. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) expression was also downregulated under restricted availability of amino acids, suggesting that the restriction of amino acids induced an antitumor effect through inhibition of the LAT1/mTOR pathway. In summary, the present study demonstrated that LAT1 expression is frequently upregulated in CRC and is associated with cancer cell proliferation via the mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Hayase
- Department of Organ Regulatory Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kensuke Kumamoto
- Department of Organ Regulatory Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan.,Department of Coloproctology, Aizu Medical Center, Fukushima Medical University, Aizuwakamatsu, Fukushima 969-3492, Japan
| | - Katsuharu Saito
- Department of Organ Regulatory Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Kofunato
- Department of Organ Regulatory Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Yu Sato
- Department of Organ Regulatory Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Okayama
- Department of Organ Regulatory Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kotaro Miyamoto
- Department of Organ Regulatory Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Shinji Ohki
- Department of Organ Regulatory Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Seiichi Takenoshita
- Department of Organ Regulatory Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
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Metabolic activity by 18F-FDG-PET/CT is predictive of early response after nivolumab in previously treated NSCLC. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2017; 45:56-66. [PMID: 28828507 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-017-3806-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nivolumab, an anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1) antibody, is administered in patients with previously treated non-small cell lung cancer. However, little is known about the established biomarker predicting the efficacy of nivolumab. Here, we conducted a preliminary study to investigate whether 18F-FDG-PET/CT could predict the therapeutic response of nivolumab at the early phase. METHODS Twenty-four patients were enrolled in this study. 18F-FDG-PET/CT was carried out before and 1 month after nivolumab therapy. SUVmax, metabolic tumour volume (MTV), and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) were calculated. Immunohistochemical analysis of PD-L1 expression and tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes was conducted. RESULTS Among all patients, a partial metabolic response to nivolumab was observed in 29% on SUVmax, 25% on MTV, and 33% on TLG, whereas seven (29%) patients achieved a partial response (PR) based on RECIST v1.1. The predictive probability of PR (100% vs. 29%, p = 0.021) and progressive disease (100% vs. 22.2%, p = 0.002) at 1 month after nivolumab initiation was significantly higher in 18F-FDG on PET/CT than in CT scans. Multivariate analysis confirmed that 18F-FDG uptake after administration of nivolumab was an independent prognostic factor. PD-L1 expression and nivolumab plasma concentration could not precisely predict the early therapeutic efficacy of nivolumab. CONCLUSION Metabolic response by 18F-FDG was effective in predicting efficacy and survival at 1 month after nivolumab treatment.
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Diagnostic Imaging and Newer Modalities for Thoracic Diseases: PET/Computed Tomographic Imaging and Endobronchial Ultrasound for Staging and Its Implication for Lung Cancer. Surg Clin North Am 2017; 97:733-750. [PMID: 28728712 DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Modalities to detect and characterize lung cancer are generally divided into those that are invasive [endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS), esophageal ultrasound (EUS), and electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy (ENMB)] versus noninvasive [chest radiography (CXR), computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]. This chapter describes these modalities, the literature supporting their use, and delineates what tests to use to best evaluate the patient with lung cancer.
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30
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Horiguchi K, Tosaka M, Higuchi T, Arisaka Y, Sugawara K, Hirato J, Yokoo H, Tsushima Y, Yoshimoto Y. Clinical value of fluorine-18α-methyltyrosine PET in patients with gliomas: comparison with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET. EJNMMI Res 2017; 7:50. [PMID: 28567708 PMCID: PMC5451375 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-017-0298-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We investigated the relationship between metabolic activity and histological features of gliomas using fluorine-18α-methyltyrosine (18F-FAMT) positron emission tomography (PET) compared with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET in 38 consecutive glioma patients. The tumor to normal brain ratios (T/N ratios) were calculated, and the relationships between T/N ratio and World Health Organization tumor grade or MIB-1 labeling index were evaluated. The diagnostic values of T/N ratios were assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses to differentiate between high-grade gliomas (HGGs) and low-grade gliomas (LGGs). Results Median T/N ratio of 18F-FAMT PET was 2.85, 4.65, and 4.09 for grade II, III, and IV gliomas, respectively, with significant differences between HGGs and LGGs (p = 0.006). Both T/N ratio (p = 0.016) and maximum standardized uptake value (p = 0.033) of 18F-FDG PET showed significant differences between HGGs and LGGs. ROC analysis yielded an optimal cut-off of 3.37 for the T/N ratio of 18F-FAMT PET to differentiate between HGGs and LGGs (sensitivity 81%, specificity 67%, accuracy 76%, area under the ROC curve 0.776). Positive predictive value was 84%, and negative predictive value was 62%. T/N ratio of 18F-FAMT PET was not correlated with MIB-1 labeling index in all gliomas, whereas T/N ratio of 18F-FDG PET was positively correlated (rs = 0.400, p = 0.013). Significant positive correlation was observed between T/N ratios of 18F-FDG and 18F-FAMT (rs = 0.454, p = 0.004), but median T/N ratio of 18F-FAMT PET was significantly higher than that of 18F-FDG PET in all grades of glioma. Conclusions The T/N ratio of 18F-FAMT uptake has high positive predictive value for detection of HGGs. 18F-FAMT PET had higher T/N ratio, with better tumor-normal brain contrast, compared to 18F-FDG PET in both LGGs and HGGs. Therefore, 18F-FAMT is a useful radiotracer for the preoperative visualization of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Horiguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Masahiko Tosaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higuchi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yukiko Arisaka
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kenichi Sugawara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Junko Hirato
- Department of Pathology, Gunma University Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yokoo
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yoshito Tsushima
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yuhei Yoshimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
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Kaur J, Tsvetkova Y, Arroub K, Sahnoun S, Kiessling F, Mathur S. Synthesis, characterization, and relaxation studies of Gd-DO3A conjugate of chlorambucil as a potential theranostic agent. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 89:269-276. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasleen Kaur
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Yoanna Tsvetkova
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging; RWTH Aachen University Hospital; Aachen Germany
| | - Karim Arroub
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Sabri Sahnoun
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging; RWTH Aachen University Hospital; Aachen Germany
| | - Sanjay Mathur
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
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Kagawa S, Nishii R, Higashi T, Yamauchi H, Ogawa E, Okudaira H, Kobayashi M, Yoshimoto M, Shikano N, Kawai K. Relationship between [ 14C]MeAIB uptake and amino acid transporter family gene expression levels or proliferative activity in a pilot study in human carcinoma cells: Comparison with [ 3H]methionine uptake. Nucl Med Biol 2017; 49:8-15. [PMID: 28284101 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To clarify the difference between system A and L amino acid transport imaging in PET clinical imaging, we focused on the use of α-[N-methyl-11C]-methylaminoisobutyric acid ([11C]MeAIB), and compared it with [S-methyl-11C]-L-methionine ([11C]MET). The aim of this study was to assess the correlation of accumulation of these two radioactive amino acid analogs with expression of amino acid transporters and cell proliferative activity in carcinoma cells. METHODS Amino acid uptake inhibitor studies were performed in four human carcinoma cells (epidermal carcinoma A431, colorectal carcinoma LS180, and lung carcinomas PC14/GL and H441/GL) using the radioisotope analogs [3H]MET and [14C]MeAIB. MeAIB was used to inhibit the A system and 2-amino-2-norbornane-carboxylic acid (BCH) was used to inhibit the L system. The carcinoma gene expression levels of a number of amino acid transporters were measured by microarray and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Carcinoma proliferative activity was assessed using accumulation of [methyl-3H]-3'-deoxy-3'-fluorothymidine ([3H]FLT). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION [14C]MeAIB uptake occurred principally via a Na+-dependent A type mechanism whereas [3H]MET uptake occurred predominantly via a Na+-independent L type mechanism although other transporters were also utilized depending on cell type. There was no correlation between [3H]MET uptake and total system L amino acid transporter (LAT) expression. In contrast, [14C]MeAIB uptake strongly correlated with total system A amino acid transporter (SNAT) expression and proliferative activity in this preliminary study using four human carcinoma cell lines. Carcinoma proliferative activity also correlated with total SNAT expression. Advances in Knowledge and Implications for Patient Care: Because there is a significant correlation between the accumulation of [14C]MeAIB and the gene expression level of total SNAT as well as the accumulation of [3H]FLT, it is suggested that use of the analog [11C]MeAIB in PET may provide an indication of tumor cell proliferative activity. [11C]MeAIB is therefore expected to be very useful in PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Kagawa
- Division of PET Imaging, Shiga Medical Center Research Institute, Shiga, Japan; Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishii
- Division of PET Imaging, Shiga Medical Center Research Institute, Shiga, Japan; Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Higashi
- Division of PET Imaging, Shiga Medical Center Research Institute, Shiga, Japan; Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamauchi
- Division of PET Imaging, Shiga Medical Center Research Institute, Shiga, Japan
| | - Emi Ogawa
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | | | - Masato Kobayashi
- Wellness Promotion Science Center, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Yoshimoto
- Division of Functional Imaging, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naoto Shikano
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Keiichi Kawai
- Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan.
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Study of LAT1 Expression in Brain Metastases: Towards a Better Understanding of the Results of Positron Emission Tomography Using Amino Acid Tracers. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157139. [PMID: 27276226 PMCID: PMC4898730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography using radiolabeled amino acid (PET-AA) appears to be promising in distinguishing between recurrent tumour and radionecrosis in the follow-up of brain metastasis (BM). The amino acid transporter LAT1 and its cofactor CD98, which are involved in AA uptake, have never been investigated in BM. The aim of our study was to determine and compare the expression of LAT1 and CD98 in BM and in non-tumoral brain tissue (NT). The expression of LAT1 and CD98 were studied by immunohistochemistry in 67 BM, including 18 BM recurrences after radiotherapy, in 53 NT, and in 13 cases of patients with previously irradiated brain tumor and investigated by [18F] FDOPA-PET. LAT1 and CD98 expression were detected in 98.5% and 59.7% of BM respectively and were significantly associated with BM tissue as compared to NT (p<0.001). LAT1 expression in recurrent BM was significantly increased as compared to newly occurring BM. Ten cases investigated by [18F] FDOPA-PET corresponding to recurrent BM displayed significant [18F] FDOPA uptake and LAT1 overexpression whereas three cases corresponding to radionecrosis showed no or low uptake and LAT1 expression. LAT1 expression level and [18F] FDOPA uptake were significantly correlated. In conclusion, we hypothesized that BM may overexpress the AA transporter LAT1. We have shown that LAT1 overexpression was common in BM and was specific for BM as compared to healthy brain. These results could explain the specific BM uptake on PET-AA.
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Ueno S, Kimura T, Yamaga T, Kawada A, Ochiai T, Endou H, Sakurai H. Metformin enhances anti-tumor effect of L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) inhibitor. J Pharmacol Sci 2016; 131:110-7. [PMID: 27262901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In many cancer cells, L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) transports neutral amino acids with bulky side chain, which activate mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) to cause cell proliferation. An anti-diabetic drug, metformin, has been shown to activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which leads to inhibition of mTOR. LAT1 inhibition in combination with metformin could result in more prominent suppression of mTOR activity. PURPOSE Anti-proliferative effect of a newly developed LAT1 specific inhibitor JPH203 in combination with metformin is evaluated in 2 head and neck cancer cell lines, Ca9-22 and HEp-2 cells and in nude mice inoculated with Ca9-22 cells. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION By MTT assay, 0.5 mM metformin inhibited proliferation of Ca9-22 cells to 70% of control. In the presence of 100 μM JPH203, proliferation of Ca9-22 cells was inhibited to 60% of control. By combining these 2 drugs, proliferation of Ca9-22 was significantly inhibited to 40% of control. However, this regimen was not very effective against HEp-2 cells. This combination also suppressed in vivo growth of Ca9-22 cells in a xenotransplant model. A combination of anti-LAT1 drug with metformin may be an effective anti-proliferative therapy for certain subsets of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Ueno
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Toru Kimura
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamaga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | | | | | - Hitoshi Endou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan; J-Pharma Co. Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0046, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sakurai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan.
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Wei L, Tominaga H, Ohgaki R, Wiriyasermkul P, Hagiwara K, Okuda S, Kaira K, Oriuchi N, Nagamori S, Kanai Y. Specific transport of 3-fluoro-l-α-methyl-tyrosine by LAT1 explains its specificity to malignant tumors in imaging. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:347-52. [PMID: 26749017 PMCID: PMC4814262 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
3‐18F‐l‐α‐methyl‐tyrosine ([18F]FAMT), a PET probe for tumor imaging, has advantages of high cancer‐specificity and lower physiologic background. FAMT‐PET has been proved useful in clinical studies for the prediction of prognosis, the assessment of therapy response and the differentiation of malignant tumors from inflammation and benign lesions. The tumor uptake of [18F]FAMT in PET is strongly correlated with the expression of L‐type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), an isoform of system L upregulated in cancers. In this study, to assess the transporter‐mediated mechanisms in FAMT uptake by tumors, we examined amino acid transporters for FAMT transport. We synthesized [14C]FAMT and measured its transport by human amino acid transporters expressed in Xenopus oocytes. The transport of FAMT was compared with that of l‐methionine, a well‐studied amino acid PET probe. The significance of LAT1 in FAMT uptake by tumor cells was confirmed by siRNA knockdown. Among amino acid transporters, [14C]FAMT was specifically transported by LAT1, whereas l‐[14C]methionine was taken up by most of the transporters. Km of LAT1‐mediated [14C]FAMT transport was 72.7 μM, similar to that for endogenous substrates. Knockdown of LAT1 resulted in the marked reduction of [14C]FAMT transport in HeLa S3 cells, confirming the contribution of LAT1 in FAMT uptake by tumor cells. FAMT is highly specific to cancer‐type amino acid transporter LAT1, which explains the cancer‐specific accumulation of [18F]FAMT in PET. This, vice versa, further supports the cancer‐specific expression of LAT1. This study has established FAMT as a LAT1‐specific molecular probe to monitor the expression of a potential tumor biomarker LAT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wei
- Department of Bio-system Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Tominaga
- Advanced Clinical Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Ohgaki
- Department of Bio-system Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Pattama Wiriyasermkul
- Department of Bio-system Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kohei Hagiwara
- Department of Bio-system Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Suguru Okuda
- Department of Bio-system Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Kaira
- Department of Oncology Clinical Development, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Noboru Oriuchi
- Advanced Clinical Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shushi Nagamori
- Department of Bio-system Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Kanai
- Department of Bio-system Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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Wei L, Tominaga H, Ohgaki R, Wiriyasermkul P, Hagiwara K, Okuda S, Kaira K, Kato Y, Oriuchi N, Nagamori S, Kanai Y. Transport of 3-fluoro-l-α-methyl-tyrosine (FAMT) by organic ion transporters explains renal background in [18F]FAMT positron emission tomography. J Pharmacol Sci 2016; 130:101-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Differentiation of malignant tumours from granulomas by using dynamic [(18)F]-fluoro-L-α-methyltyrosine positron emission tomography. EJNMMI Res 2015; 5:29. [PMID: 25977883 PMCID: PMC4420762 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-015-0109-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous clinical studies have revealed the potential of [18F]-fluoro-L-α-methyltyrosine (18F-FAMT) for the differential diagnosis of malignant tumours from sarcoidosis. However, one concern regarding the differential diagnosis with 18F-FAMT is the possibility of false negatives given the small absolute uptake of 18F-FAMT that has been observed in some malignant tumours. The aim of this study was to evaluate a usefulness of dynamic 18F-FAMT positron emission tomography (PET) for differentiating malignant tumours from granulomas. Methods Rats bearing both granulomas (Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-induced) and tumours (C6 glioma cell-induced) underwent dynamic 2-deoxy-2-[18F]-fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG) PET and 18F-FAMT PET for 120 min on consecutive days. Time-activity curves, static images, mean standardized uptake values (SUVs) and the SUV ratios (SUVRs; calculated by dividing SUV at each time point by that of 2 min after injection) were assessed. Results In tumours, 18F-FAMT showed a shoulder peak immediately after the initial distribution followed by gradual clearance compared with granulomas. Although the mean SUV in the tumours (1.00 ± 0.10) was significantly higher than that in the granulomas (0.88 ± 0.12), a large overlap was observed. In contrast, the SUVR was markedly higher in tumours than in granulomas (50 min/2 min, 0.72 ± 0.06 and 0.56 ± 0.05, respectively) with no overlap. The dynamic patterns, SUVR, and mean SUV of 18F-FDG in the granulomas were comparable to those in the tumours. Conclusions Dynamic 18F-FAMT and SUVR analysis might compensate for the current limitations and help in improving the diagnostic accuracy of 18F-FAMT.
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Wongthai P, Hagiwara K, Miyoshi Y, Wiriyasermkul P, Wei L, Ohgaki R, Kato I, Hamase K, Nagamori S, Kanai Y. Boronophenylalanine, a boron delivery agent for boron neutron capture therapy, is transported by ATB0,+, LAT1 and LAT2. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:279-86. [PMID: 25580517 PMCID: PMC4376436 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of boron neutron capture therapy relies on the selective delivery of boron carriers to malignant cells. p-Boronophenylalanine (BPA), a boron delivery agent, has been proposed to be localized to cells through transporter-mediated mechanisms. In this study, we screened aromatic amino acid transporters to identify BPA transporters. Human aromatic amino acid transporters were functionally expressed in Xenopus oocytes and examined for BPA uptake and kinetic parameters. The roles of the transporters in BPA uptake were characterized in cancer cell lines. For the quantitative assessment of BPA uptake, HPLC was used throughout the study. Among aromatic amino acid transporters, ATB0,+, LAT1 and LAT2 were found to transport BPA with Km values of 137.4 ± 11.7, 20.3 ± 0.8 and 88.3 ± 5.6 μM, respectively. Uptake experiments in cancer cell lines revealed that the LAT1 protein amount was the major determinant of BPA uptake at 100 μM, whereas the contribution of ATB0,+ became significant at 1000 μM, accounting for 20–25% of the total BPA uptake in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. ATB0,+, LAT1 and LAT2 transport BPA at affinities comparable with their endogenous substrates, suggesting that they could mediate effective BPA uptake in vivo. The high and low affinities of LAT1 and ATB0,+, respectively, differentiate their roles in BPA uptake. ATB0,+, as well as LAT1, could contribute significantly to the tumor accumulation of BPA at clinical dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Printip Wongthai
- Division of Bio-system Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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L-type amino-acid transporter 1 (LAT1): a therapeutic target supporting growth and survival of T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma/T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2014; 29:1253-66. [PMID: 25482130 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The altered metabolism of cancer cells is a treasure trove to discover new antitumoral strategies. The gene (SLC7A5) encoding system L amino-acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is overexpressed in murine lymphoma cells generated via T-cell deletion of the pten tumor suppressor, and also in human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL)/lymphoma (T-LL) cells. We show here that a potent and LAT1 selective inhibitor (JPH203) decreased leukemic cell viability and proliferation, and induced transient autophagy followed by apoptosis. JPH203 could also alter the in vivo growth of luciferase-expressing-tPTEN-/- cells xenografted into nude mice. In contrast, JPH203 was nontoxic to normal murine thymocytes and human peripheral blood lymphocytes. JPH203 interfered with constitutive activation of mTORC1 and Akt, decreased expression of c-myc and triggered an unfolded protein response mediated by the C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) transcription factor associated with cell death. A JPH203-resistant tPTEN-/-clone appeared CHOP induction deficient. We also demonstrate that targeting LAT1 may be an efficient broad spectrum adjuvant approach to treat deadly T-cell malignancies as the molecule synergized with rapamycin, dexamethasone, doxorubicin, velcade and l-asparaginase to alter leukemic cell viability.
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Nobusawa A, Sano T, Yokoo S, Oyama T. Ameloblastic carcinoma developing in preexisting ameloblastoma with a mutation of the p53 gene: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2014; 118:e146-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2014.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Isoda A, Kaira K, Iwashina M, Oriuchi N, Tominaga H, Nagamori S, Kanai Y, Oyama T, Asao T, Matsumoto M, Sawamura M. Expression of L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) as a prognostic and therapeutic indicator in multiple myeloma. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:1496-502. [PMID: 25220100 PMCID: PMC4462375 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
L-type amino-acid transporter 1 (LAT1) plays a key role in cell growth and survival. To determine the prognostic significance of LAT1 in multiple myeloma (MM), we investigated the expression of LAT1 and its functional subunit, 4Fc heavy chain (CD98), on myeloma cells by immunohistochemistry in 100 newly diagnosed MM patients. High expression (moderate or strong staining intensity) of LAT1 and CD98 was detected in 56% and 45% of patients, respectively. The LAT1 expression score was positively correlated with Ki-67 index (r = 0.631, P < 0.001), and there was a statistically significant difference in Durie-Salmon stage between patients with high and low LAT1 expression (P = 0.03). In 43 patients treated with melphalan and prednisolone, the overall response rate was significantly higher in the high LAT1 expression group (60.0%) than in the low LAT1 expression group (17.6%) (P = 0.03). Multivariate analysis confirmed that high expression of LAT1 was a significant prognostic factor for predicting poor overall survival independently from the International Staging System (both P = 0.01). Here, we show that the overexpression of LAT1 is significantly associated with high proliferation and poor prognosis in newly diagnosed MM patients. Thus, LAT1 may be a promising pathological marker for identifying high-risk MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Isoda
- Department of Hematology, National Hospital Organization Nishigunma Hospital, Gunma, Japan
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Burger IA, Zitzmann-Kolbe S, Pruim J, Friebe M, Graham K, Stephens A, Dinkelborg L, Kowal K, Schibli R, Luurtsema G, Maas B, Horn-Tutic M, Haerle SK, Wiegers J, Schaefer NG, Hany TF, von Schulthess GK. First clinical results of (D)-18F-Fluoromethyltyrosine (BAY 86-9596) PET/CT in patients with non-small cell lung cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:1778-85. [PMID: 25256060 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.140699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED (D)-(18)F-fluoromethyltyrosine (d-(18)F-FMT), or BAY 86-9596, is a novel (18)F-labeled tyrosine derivative rapidly transported by the l-amino acid transporter (LAT-1), with a faster blood pool clearance than the corresponding l-isomer. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of tumor detection in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) or head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) compared with inflammatory and physiologic tissues in direct comparison to (18)F-FDG. METHODS 18 patients with biopsy-proven NSCLC (n = 10) or HNSCC (n = 8) were included in this Institutional Review Board-approved, prospective multicenter study. All patients underwent (18)F-FDG PET/CT scans within 21 d before d-(18)F-FMT PET/CT. For all patients, safety and outcome data were assessed. RESULTS No adverse reactions were observed related to d-(18)F-FMT. Fifty-two lesions were (18)F-FDG-positive, and 42 of those were malignant (34 histologically proven and 8 with clinical reference). Thirty-two of the 42 malignant lesions were also d-(18)F-FMT-positive, and 10 lesions had no tracer uptake above the level of the blood pool. Overall there were 34 true-positive, 8 true-negative, 10 false-negative, and only 2 false-positive lesions for d-(18)F-FMT, whereas (18)F-FDG was true-positive in 42 lesions, with 10 false-positive and only 2 false-negative, resulting in a lesion-based detection rate for d-(18)F-FMT and (18)F-FDG of 77% and 95%, respectively, with an accuracy of 78% for both tracers. A high d-(18)F-FMT tumor-to-blood pool ratio had a negative correlation with overall survival (P = 0.050), whereas the (18)F-FDG tumor-to-blood pool ratio did not correlate with overall survival. CONCLUSION d-(18)F-FMT imaging in patients with NSCLC and HNSCC is safe and feasible. The presented preliminary results suggest a lower sensitivity but higher specificity for d-(18)F-FMT over (18)F-FDG, since there is no d-(18)F-FMT uptake in inflammation. This increased specificity may be particularly beneficial in areas with endemic granulomatous disease and may improve clinical management. Further clinical investigations are needed to determine its clinical value and relevance for the prediction of survival prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene A Burger
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medical Radiology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Jan Pruim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Roger Schibli
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences of ETH, PSI, and USZ, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gert Luurtsema
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bram Maas
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michaela Horn-Tutic
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan K Haerle
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Bale, Bale, Switzerland
| | - Johan Wiegers
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niklaus G Schaefer
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medical Radiology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | | | - Gustav K von Schulthess
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medical Radiology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Automated synthesis of 18F-fluoropropoxytryptophan for amino acid transporter system imaging. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:492545. [PMID: 25136592 PMCID: PMC4127279 DOI: 10.1155/2014/492545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective. This study was to develop a cGMP grade of [18F]fluoropropoxytryptophan (18F-FTP) to assess tryptophan transporters using an automated synthesizer. Methods. Tosylpropoxytryptophan (Ts-TP) was reacted with K18F/kryptofix complex. After column purification, solvent evaporation, and hydrolysis, the identity and purity of the product were validated by radio-TLC (1M-ammonium acetate : methanol = 4 : 1) and HPLC (C-18 column, methanol : water = 7 : 3) analyses. In vitro cellular uptake of 18F-FTP and 18F-FDG was performed in human prostate cancer cells. PET imaging studies were performed with 18F-FTP and 18F-FDG in prostate and small cell lung tumor-bearing mice (3.7 MBq/mouse, iv). Results. Radio-TLC and HPLC analyses of 18F-FTP showed that the Rf and Rt values were 0.9 and 9 min, respectively. Radiochemical purity was >99%. The radiochemical yield was 37.7% (EOS 90 min, decay corrected). Cellular uptake of 18F-FTP and 18F-FDG showed enhanced uptake as a function of incubation time. PET imaging studies showed that 18F-FTP had less tumor uptake than 18F-FDG in prostate cancer model. However, 18F-FTP had more uptake than 18F-FDG in small cell lung cancer model. Conclusion. 18F-FTP could be synthesized with high radiochemical yield. Assessment of upregulated transporters activity by 18F-FTP may provide potential applications in differential diagnosis and prediction of early treatment response.
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Biological significance of fluorine-18-α-methyltyrosine (FAMT) uptake on PET in patients with oesophageal cancer. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:1985-91. [PMID: 24667647 PMCID: PMC3992502 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE (18)F-FAMT as an amino-acid tracer for positron emission tomography (PET) is useful for detecting human neoplasms. (18)F-FAMT is accumulated in tumour cells solely via L-type amino-acid transporter 1 (LAT1). This study was conducted to investigate the biological significance of (18)F-FAMT uptake in patients with oesophageal cancer. METHODS From April 2008 to December 2011, 42 patients with oesophageal cancer underwent both (18)F-FAMT PET/CT and (18)F-FDG PET/CT before surgical treatment. The immunohistochemical analysis of LAT1, CD98, Ki-67, CD34, p53, p-Akt and p-mTOR was performed on the primary lesions. In vitro experiments were performed to examine the mechanism of (18)F-FAMT uptake. RESULTS High uptake of (18)F-FAMT was significantly associated with advanced stage, lymph node metastasis and the expression of LAT1, CD98, Ki-67 and CD34. LAT1 expression yielded a statistically significant correlation with CD98 expression, cell proliferation, angiogenesis and glucose metabolism. In vitro experiments revealed that (18)F-FAMT was specifically transported by LAT1. CONCLUSIONS The uptake of (18)F-FAMT within tumour cells is determined by the LAT1 expression and correlated with cell proliferation and angiogenesis in oesophageal cancer. The present experiments also confirmed the presence of LAT1 as an underlying mechanism of (18)F-FAMT accumulation.
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Michiue H, Sakurai Y, Kondo N, Kitamatsu M, Bin F, Nakajima K, Hirota Y, Kawabata S, Nishiki TI, Ohmori I, Tomizawa K, Miyatake SI, Ono K, Matsui H. The acceleration of boron neutron capture therapy using multi-linked mercaptoundecahydrododecaborate (BSH) fused cell-penetrating peptide. Biomaterials 2014; 35:3396-405. [PMID: 24452095 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
New anti-cancer therapy with boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is based on the nuclear reaction of boron-10 with neutron irradiation. The median survival of BNCT patients with glioblastoma was almost twice as long as those receiving standard therapy in a Japanese BNCT clinical trial. In this clinical trial, two boron compounds, BPA (boronophenylalanine) and BSH (sodium borocaptate), were used for BNCT. BPA is taken up into cells through amino acid transporters that are expressed highly in almost all malignant cells, but BSH cannot pass through the cell membrane and remains outside the cell. We simulated the energy transfer against the nucleus at different locations of boron from outside the cell to the nuclear region with neutron irradiation and concluded that there was a marked difference between inside and outside the cell in boron localization. To overcome this disadvantage of BSH in BNCT, we used a cell-penetrating peptide system for transduction of BSH. CPP (cell-membrane penetrating peptide) is very common peptide domains that transduce many physiologically active substances into cells in vitro and in vivo. BSH-fused CPPs can penetrate the cell membrane and localize inside a cell. To increase the boron ratio in one BSH-peptide molecule, 8BSH fused to 11R with a dendritic lysine structure was synthesized and administrated to malignant glioma cells and a brain tumor mouse model. 8BSH-11R localized at the cell nucleus and showed a very high boron value in ICP results. With neutron irradiation, the 8BSH-11R administrated group showed a significant cancer killing effect compared to the 100 times higher concentration of BSH-administrated group. We concluded that BSH-fused CPPs were one of the most improved and potential boron compounds in the next-stage BNCT trial and 8BSH-11R may be applied in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Michiue
- Department of Physiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama City, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Sakurai
- Particle Radiation Oncology Research Center, Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Kumatori-cho, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kondo
- Particle Radiation Oncology Research Center, Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Kumatori-cho, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Mizuki Kitamatsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka City, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Feng Bin
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section, Lvshun South, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Kiichiro Nakajima
- KNC Laboratories, Ltd., 1-1-1, Murotani, Nishi-ku, Kobe City, Hyogo 651-2241, Japan
| | - Yuki Hirota
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Shinji Kawabata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Tei-ichi Nishiki
- Department of Physiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama City, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Iori Ohmori
- Department of Physiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama City, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tomizawa
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjou, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Miyatake
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Koji Ono
- Particle Radiation Oncology Research Center, Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Kumatori-cho, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Hideki Matsui
- Department of Physiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama City, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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Harris SM, Davis JC, Snyder SE, Butch ER, Vavere AL, Kocak M, Shulkin BL. Evaluation of the biodistribution of 11C-methionine in children and young adults. J Nucl Med 2013; 54:1902-8. [PMID: 24050936 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.112.118125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biodistribution of (11)C-labeled methionine in non-tumor-involved organs in pediatric patients studied for malignant diseases. METHODS Ninety-three children and young adults with known or suspected malignancies underwent (11)C-methionine PET and CT scans. Imaging began 5-15 min after injection of 740 MBq (20 mCi) per 1.7 m(2) of body surface area. Images were acquired from the top of the head through the mid thighs. Standardized uptake values were determined using regions of interest drawn on the CT image and transferred to the corresponding transverse PET slice. RESULTS The highest concentrations of (11)C-methionine were found in the pancreas and liver. Less intense uptake was seen in other regions, such as the salivary glands, tonsils, and bone marrow. There was little uptake in the lungs, fat (including brown adipose tissue), and muscle. Uptake in bone marrow, parotid glands, and tonsils was slightly but statistically significantly higher in men than women. Testicular, bone marrow, and left ventricular uptake increased with age. There was little variability statistically between comparisons of uptake change and groupings of age, race, sex, and patients studied at the time of diagnosis versus previously treated patients. CONCLUSION High uptake of (11)C-methionine is reliably found in the pancreas and liver, consistent with the anabolic functions of these organs. Low uptake in the brain, neck, chest, pelvis, and extremities will facilitate tumor localization in those areas. However, intense uptake in the upper abdomen may limit the diagnostic utility of (11)C-methionine in that area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian M Harris
- Department of Radiological Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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The SLC3 and SLC7 families of amino acid transporters. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:139-58. [PMID: 23506863 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids are necessary for all living cells and organisms. Specialized transporters mediate the transfer of amino acids across plasma membranes. Malfunction of these proteins can affect whole-body homoeostasis giving raise to diverse human diseases. Here, we review the main features of the SLC3 and SLC7 families of amino acid transporters. The SLC7 family is divided into two subfamilies, the cationic amino acid transporters (CATs), and the L-type amino acid transporters (LATs). The latter are the light or catalytic subunits of the heteromeric amino acid transporters (HATs), which are associated by a disulfide bridge with the heavy subunits 4F2hc or rBAT. These two subunits are glycoproteins and form the SLC3 family. Most CAT subfamily members were functionally characterized and shown to function as facilitated diffusers mediating the entry and efflux of cationic amino acids. In certain cells, CATs play an important role in the delivery of L-arginine for the synthesis of nitric oxide. HATs are mostly exchangers with a broad spectrum of substrates and are crucial in renal and intestinal re-absorption and cell redox balance. Furthermore, the role of the HAT 4F2hc/LAT1 in tumor growth and the application of LAT1 inhibitors and PET tracers for reduction of tumor progression and imaging of tumors are discussed. Finally, we describe the link between specific mutations in HATs and the primary inherited aminoacidurias, cystinuria and lysinuric protein intolerance.
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Complementary roles of tumour specific PET tracer 18F-FAMT to 18F-FDG PET/CT for the assessment of bone metastasis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2013; 40:1672-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-013-2487-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Nobusawa A, Kim M, Kaira K, Miyashita G, Negishi A, Oriuchi N, Higuchi T, Tsushima Y, Kanai Y, Yokoo S, Oyama T. Diagnostic usefulness of ¹⁸F-FAMT PET and L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2013; 40:1692-700. [PMID: 23801167 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-013-2477-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE L-[3-(18)F]-α-Methyltyrosine ((18)F-FAMT) was developed as an amino acid tracer for PET imaging to provide better specificity than 2-[(18)F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ((18)F-FDG) PET for cancer diagnosis. We investigated the diagnostic usefulness of (18)F-FAMT in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The correlation between tumour uptake of (18)F-FAMT and L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) expression was determined. METHODS The study group comprised 68 OSCC patients who underwent both (18)F-FAMT and (18)F-FDG PET. Resected tumour sections were stained by immunohistochemistry for LAT1, CD98 and Ki-67, and microvessel density was determined in terms of CD34 and p53 expression. RESULTS The sensitivity of primary tumour detection by (18)F-FAMT and (18)F-FDG PET was 98 % and 100 %, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of (18)F-FAMT PET for detecting malignant lymph nodes were 68 %, 99 % and 97 %, respectively, and equivalent values for (18)F-FDG PET were 84 %, 94 % and 94 %, respectively. The specificity and accuracy of (18)F-FAMT were significantly higher than those of (18)F-FDG. The uptake of (18)F-FAMT was significantly correlated with LAT1 expression, cell proliferation and advanced stage. The expression of LAT1 in OSCC cells was closely correlated with CD98 levels, cell proliferation and angiogenesis. CONCLUSION (18)F-FAMT PET showed higher specificity for detecting malignant lesions than (18)F-FDG PET. The uptake of (18)F-FAMT by OSCC cells can be determined by the presence of LAT1 expression and tumour cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Nobusawa
- Department of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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Amzat R, Taleghani P, Miller DL, Beitler JJ, Bellamy LM, Nye JA, Yu W, Savir-Baruch B, Osunkoya AO, Chen Z, Auffermann WF, Goodman MM, Schuster DM. Pilot Study of the Utility of the Synthetic PET Amino-Acid Radiotracer Anti-1-Amino-3-[18F]Fluorocyclobutane-1-Carboxylic Acid for the Noninvasive Imaging of Pulmonary Lesions. Mol Imaging Biol 2013; 15:633-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s11307-012-0606-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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