1
|
Moyer CL, Lanier A, Qian J, Coleman D, Hill J, Vuligonda V, Sanders ME, Mazumdar A, Brown PH. IRX4204 Induces Senescence and Cell Death in HER2-positive Breast Cancer and Synergizes with Anti-HER2 Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:2558-2570. [PMID: 38578278 PMCID: PMC11145169 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-3839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rexinoids, agonists of nuclear retinoid X receptor (RXR), have been used for the treatment of cancers and are well tolerated in both animals and humans. However, the usefulness of rexinoids in treatment of breast cancer remains unknown. This study examines the efficacy of IRX4204, a highly specific rexinoid, in breast cancer cell lines and preclinical models to identify a biomarker for response and potential mechanism of action. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN IRX4204 effects on breast cancer cell growth and viability were determined using cell lines, syngeneic mouse models, and primary patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumors. In vitro assays of cell cycle, apoptosis, senescence, and lipid metabolism were used to uncover a potential mechanism of action. Standard anti-HER2 therapies were screened in combination with IRX4204 on a panel of breast cancer cell lines to determine drug synergy. RESULTS IRX4204 significantly inhibits the growth of HER2-positive breast cancer cell lines, including trastuzumab and lapatinib-resistant JIMT-1 and HCC1954. Treatment with IRX4204 reduced tumor growth rate in the MMTV-ErbB2 mouse and HER2-positive PDX model by 49% and 44%, respectively. Mechanistic studies revealed IRX4204 modulates lipid metabolism and induces senescence of HER2-positive cells. In addition, IRX4204 demonstrates additivity and synergy with HER2-targeted mAbs, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and antibody-drug conjugates. CONCLUSIONS These findings identify HER2 as a biomarker for IRX4204 treatment response and demonstrate a novel use of RXR agonists to synergize with current anti-HER2 therapies. Furthermore, our results suggest that RXR agonists can be useful for the treatment of anti-HER2 resistant and metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L. Moyer
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Amanda Lanier
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jing Qian
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Darian Coleman
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jamal Hill
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | - Abhijit Mazumdar
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Powel H. Brown
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zou S, Zhao Z, Huang H. Palladium-Catalyzed Aminoalkylative Cyclization Enables Modular Synthesis of Exocyclic 1,3-Dienes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311603. [PMID: 37815155 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel and efficient palladium-catalyzed regioselective and stereodivergent ring-closing reaction of aminoenynes with aldehydes and boronic acids or hydrosilane is developed. This three-component reaction allows for the modular synthesis of a series of exocyclic 1,3-dienes bearing 5- to 8-membered saturated N-heterocycles. The reactions utilize a simple Pd-catalyst and work with broad range of aminoenynes, aldehydes and organometallic reagents under mild reaction conditions. The products represent useful intermediates for chemical synthesis due to the versatility of the conjugated diene. Preliminary mechanistic details of the method are also revealed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suchen Zou
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zeyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hanmin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, 235000, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Moyer CL, Brown PH. Targeting nuclear hormone receptors for the prevention of breast cancer. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1200947. [PMID: 37583424 PMCID: PMC10424511 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1200947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Advancements in research have led to the steady decline of breast cancer mortality over the past thirty years. However, breast cancer incidence has continued to rise, resulting in an undue burden on healthcare costs and highlighting a great need for more effective breast cancer prevention strategies, including targeted chemo preventative agents. Efforts to understand the etiology of breast cancer have uncovered important roles for nuclear receptors in the development and progression of breast cancer. Targeted therapies to inhibit estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) signaling (selective ER modulators, aromatase inhibitors and selective PR modulators) have shown great promise for the treatment and prevention of hormone receptor (HR)-positive breast cancer. However, these drugs do not prevent HR-negative disease. Therefore, recent efforts have focused on novel targeted therapies with the potential to prevent both HR-positive and HR-negative breast cancer. Among these include drugs that target other nuclear receptors, such as retinoic acid receptor (RAR), retinoid X receptor (RXR) and vitamin D receptor (VDR). In this review we provide an overview of recent preclinical and clinical trials targeting members of the nuclear receptor superfamily for the prevention of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L. Moyer
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Powel H. Brown
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu GX, Jie XT, Li XL, Yang LS, Qiu H, Hu WH. Carbon-Centered Radical with Leaving Group-Mediated Ring Opening of Cyclopropenes via the Rearrangement of Cyclopropyl to the Allyl Radical: A General Access to Multisubstituted 1,3-Dienes. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Geng-Xin Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Jie
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xing-lin Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li-Sheng Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Huang Qiu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wen-Hao Hu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Manhas KR, Marshall PA, Wagner CE, Jurutka PW, Mancenido MV, Debray HZ, Blattman JN. Rexinoids Modulate Effector T Cell Expression of Mucosal Homing Markers CCR9 and α4β7 Integrin and Direct Their Migration In Vitro. Front Immunol 2022; 13:746484. [PMID: 35154092 PMCID: PMC8829570 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.746484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Altering T cell trafficking to mucosal regions can enhance immune responses towards pathogenic infections and cancers at these sites, leading to better outcomes. All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) promotes T cell migration to mucosal surfaces by inducing transcription of the mucosal-homing receptors CCR9 and α4β7 via binding to retinoic acid receptors (RARs), which heterodimerize with retinoid X receptors (RXRs) to function. However, the unstable nature and toxicity of ATRA limit its use as a widespread treatment modality for mucosal diseases. Therefore, identifying alternatives that could reduce or eliminate the use of ATRA are needed. Rexinoids are synthetically derived compounds structurally similar to ATRA. Originally named for their ability to bind RXRs, rexinoids can enhance RAR-mediated gene transcription. Furthermore, rexinoids are more stable than ATRA and possess an improved safety profile, making them attractive candidates for use in clinical settings. Here we show that select novel rexinoids act as ATRA mimics, as they cause increased CCR9 and α4β7 expression and enhanced migration to the CCR9 ligand, CCL25 in vitro, even in the absence of ATRA. Conversely, other rexinoids act synergistically with ATRA, as culturing cells with suboptimal doses of both compounds resulted in CCR9 expression and migration to CCL25. Overall, our findings show that rexinoids can be used independently or synergistically with ATRA to promote mucosal homing of T cells in vitro, and lends support for the prospective clinical use of these compounds in immunotherapeutic approaches for pathogenic infections or cancers at mucosal surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kavita R Manhas
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Pamela A Marshall
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University West Campus, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Carl E Wagner
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University West Campus, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Peter W Jurutka
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University West Campus, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Michelle V Mancenido
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University West Campus, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Hannah Z Debray
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Joseph N Blattman
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Leal AS, Reich LA, Moerland JA, Zhang D, Liby KT. Potential therapeutic uses of rexinoids. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2021; 91:141-183. [PMID: 34099107 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of nuclear receptors, particularly retinoid X receptors (RXR), and their involvement in numerous pathways related to development sparked interest in their immunomodulatory properties. Genetic models using deletion or overexpression of RXR and the subsequent development of several small molecules that are agonists or antagonists of this receptor support a promising therapeutic role for these receptors in immunology. Bexarotene was approved in 1999 for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Several other small molecule RXR agonists have since been synthesized with limited preclinical development, but none have yet achieved FDA approval. Cancer treatment has recently been revolutionized with the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors, but their success has been restricted to a minority of patients. This review showcases the emerging immunomodulatory effects of RXR and the potential of small molecules that target this receptor as therapies for cancer and other diseases. Here we describe the essential roles that RXR and partner receptors play in T cells, dendritic cells, macrophages and epithelial cells, especially within the tumor microenvironment. Most of these effects are site and cancer type dependent but skew immune cells toward an anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effect. This beneficial effect on immune cells supports the promise of combining rexinoids with approved checkpoint blockade therapies in order to enhance efficacy of the latter and to delay or potentially eliminate drug resistance. The data compiled in this review strongly suggest that targeting RXR nuclear receptors is a promising new avenue in immunomodulation for cancer and other chronic inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Leal
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Lyndsey A Reich
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Jessica A Moerland
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Karen T Liby
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Moerland JA, Zhang D, Reich LA, Carapellucci S, Lockwood B, Leal AS, Krieger-Burke T, Aleiwi B, Ellsworth E, Liby KT. The novel rexinoid MSU-42011 is effective for the treatment of preclinical Kras-driven lung cancer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22244. [PMID: 33335263 PMCID: PMC7746742 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective drugs are needed for lung cancer, as this disease remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Rexinoids are promising drug candidates for cancer therapy because of their ability to modulate genes involved in inflammation, cell proliferation or differentiation, and apoptosis through activation of the retinoid X receptor (RXR). The only currently FDA-approved rexinoid, bexarotene, is ineffective as a single agent for treating epithelial cancers and induces hypertriglyceridemia. Here, we used a previously validated screening paradigm to evaluate 23 novel rexinoids for biomarkers related to efficacy and safety. These biomarkers include suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and induction of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP). Because of its potent iNOS suppression, low SREBP induction, and activation of RXR, MSU-42011 was selected as our lead compound. We next used MSU-42011 to treat established tumors in a clinically relevant Kras-driven mouse model of lung cancer. KRAS is one of the most common driver mutations in human lung cancer and correlates with aggressive disease progression and poor patient prognosis. Ultrasound imaging was used to detect and monitor tumor development and growth over time in the lungs of the A/J mice. MSU-42011 markedly decreased the tumor number, size, and histopathology of lung tumors compared to the control and bexarotene groups. Histological sections of lung tumors in mice treated with MSU-42011 exhibited reduced cell density and fewer actively proliferating cells compared to the control and bexarotene-treated tumors. Although bexarotene significantly (p < 0.01) elevated plasma triglycerides and cholesterol, treatment with MSU-42011 did not increase these biomarkers, demonstrating a more favorable toxicity profile in vivo. The combination of MSU-42011 and carboplatin and paclitaxel reduced macrophages in the lung and increased activation markers of CD8+T cells compared to the control groups. Our results validate our screening paradigm for in vitro testing of novel rexinoids and demonstrate the potential for MSU-42011 to be developed for the treatment of KRAS-driven lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Moerland
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, B430 Life Science Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, B430 Life Science Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Lyndsey A Reich
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, B430 Life Science Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Sarah Carapellucci
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, B430 Life Science Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Beth Lockwood
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, B430 Life Science Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Ana S Leal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, B430 Life Science Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Teresa Krieger-Burke
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, B430 Life Science Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- In Vivo Facility, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Bilal Aleiwi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, B430 Life Science Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Medicial Chemistry Core, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Edmund Ellsworth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, B430 Life Science Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Medicial Chemistry Core, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Karen T Liby
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, B430 Life Science Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Brtko J, Dvorak Z. Natural and synthetic retinoid X receptor ligands and their role in selected nuclear receptor action. Biochimie 2020; 179:157-168. [PMID: 33011201 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Important key players in the regulatory machinery within the cells are nuclear retinoid X receptors (RXRs), which compose heterodimers in company with several diverse nuclear receptors, playing a role as ligand inducible transcription factors. In general, nuclear receptors are ligand-activated, transcription-modulating proteins affecting transcriptional responses in target genes. RXR molecules forming permissive heterodimers with disparate nuclear receptors comprise peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), liver X receptors (LXRs), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstan receptor (CAR). Retinoid receptors (RARs) and thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) may form conditional heterodimers, and dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor (VDR) is believed to form nonpermissive heterodimer. Thus, RXRs are the important molecules that are involved in control of many cellular functions in biological processes and diseases, including cancer or diabetes. This article summarizes both naturally occurring and synthetic ligands for nuclear retinoid X receptors and describes, predominantly in mammals, their role in molecular mechanisms within the cells. A focus is also on triorganotin compounds, which are high affinity RXR ligands, and finally, we present an outlook on human microbiota as a potential source of RXR activators. Nevertheless, new synthetic rexinoids with better retinoid X receptor activity and lesser side effects are highly required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julius Brtko
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Zdenek Dvorak
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 11, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vishnoi K, Viswakarma N, Rana A, Rana B. Transcription Factors in Cancer Development and Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020. [PMID: 32824207 DOI: 10.339/cancers12082296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a multi-step process and requires constitutive expression/activation of transcription factors (TFs) for growth and survival. Many of the TFs reported so far are critical for carcinogenesis. These include pro-inflammatory TFs, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), cell proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-controlling TFs, pluripotency TFs upregulated in cancer stem-like cells, and the nuclear receptors (NRs). Some of those, including HIFs, Myc, ETS-1, and β-catenin, are multifunctional and may regulate multiple other TFs involved in various pro-oncogenic events, including proliferation, survival, metabolism, invasion, and metastasis. High expression of some TFs is also correlated with poor prognosis and chemoresistance, constituting a significant challenge in cancer treatment. Considering the pivotal role of TFs in cancer, there is an urgent need to develop strategies targeting them. Targeting TFs, in combination with other chemotherapeutics, could emerge as a better strategy to target cancer. So far, targeting NRs have shown promising results in improving survival. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the TFs that play a central role in cancer progression, which could be potential therapeutic candidates for developing specific inhibitors. Here, we also discuss the efforts made to target some of those TFs, including NRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Vishnoi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Navin Viswakarma
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ajay Rana
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.,University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Basabi Rana
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.,University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vishnoi K, Viswakarma N, Rana A, Rana B. Transcription Factors in Cancer Development and Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082296. [PMID: 32824207 PMCID: PMC7464564 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a multi-step process and requires constitutive expression/activation of transcription factors (TFs) for growth and survival. Many of the TFs reported so far are critical for carcinogenesis. These include pro-inflammatory TFs, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), cell proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-controlling TFs, pluripotency TFs upregulated in cancer stem-like cells, and the nuclear receptors (NRs). Some of those, including HIFs, Myc, ETS-1, and β-catenin, are multifunctional and may regulate multiple other TFs involved in various pro-oncogenic events, including proliferation, survival, metabolism, invasion, and metastasis. High expression of some TFs is also correlated with poor prognosis and chemoresistance, constituting a significant challenge in cancer treatment. Considering the pivotal role of TFs in cancer, there is an urgent need to develop strategies targeting them. Targeting TFs, in combination with other chemotherapeutics, could emerge as a better strategy to target cancer. So far, targeting NRs have shown promising results in improving survival. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the TFs that play a central role in cancer progression, which could be potential therapeutic candidates for developing specific inhibitors. Here, we also discuss the efforts made to target some of those TFs, including NRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Vishnoi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (K.V.); (N.V.); (A.R.)
| | - Navin Viswakarma
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (K.V.); (N.V.); (A.R.)
| | - Ajay Rana
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (K.V.); (N.V.); (A.R.)
- University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Basabi Rana
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (K.V.); (N.V.); (A.R.)
- University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
An L, Tong FF, Zhang S, Zhang X. Stereoselective Functionalization of Racemic Cyclopropylzinc Reagents via Enantiodivergent Relay Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:11884-11892. [PMID: 32530615 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lun An
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fei-Fei Tong
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2006 Xiyuan Avenue, West High-Tech Zone, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731, China
| | - Xingang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang D, Leal AS, Carapellucci S, Shahani PH, Bhogal JS, Ibrahim S, Raban S, Jurutka PW, Marshall PA, Sporn MB, Wagner CE, Liby KT. Testing Novel Pyrimidinyl Rexinoids: A New Paradigm for Evaluating Rexinoids for Cancer Prevention. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2019; 12:211-224. [PMID: 30760500 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-18-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rexinoids, selective ligands for retinoid X receptors (RXR), have shown promise in preventing many types of cancer. However, the limited efficacy and undesirable lipidemic side-effects of the only clinically approved rexinoid, bexarotene, drive the search for new and better rexinoids. Here we report the evaluation of novel pyrimidinyl (Py) analogues of two known chemopreventive rexinoids, bexarotene (Bex) and LG100268 (LG268) in a new paradigm. We show that these novel derivatives were more effective agents than bexarotene for preventing lung carcinogenesis induced by a carcinogen. In addition, these new analogues have an improved safety profile. PyBex caused less elevation of plasma triglyceride levels than bexarotene, while PyLG268 reduced plasma cholesterol levels and hepatomegaly compared with LG100268. Notably, this new paradigm mechanistically emphasizes the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities of rexinoids. We reveal new immunomodulatory actions of the above rexinoids, especially their ability to diminish the percentage of macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the lung and to redirect activation of M2 macrophages. The rexinoids also potently inhibit critical inflammatory mediators including IL6, IL1β, CCL9, and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) induced by lipopolysaccharide. Moreover, in vitro iNOS and SREBP (sterol regulatory element-binding protein) induction assays correlate with in vivo efficacy and toxicity, respectively. Our results not only report novel pyrimidine derivatives of existing rexinoids, but also describe a series of biological screening assays that will guide the synthesis of additional rexinoids. Further progress in rexinoid synthesis, potency, and safety should eventually lead to a clinically acceptable and useful new drug for patients with cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Ana S Leal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Sarah Carapellucci
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Pritika H Shahani
- Arizona State University, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Glendale, Arizona
| | - Jaskaran S Bhogal
- Arizona State University, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Glendale, Arizona
| | - Samir Ibrahim
- Arizona State University, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Glendale, Arizona
| | - San Raban
- Arizona State University, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Glendale, Arizona
| | - Peter W Jurutka
- Arizona State University, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Glendale, Arizona
| | - Pamela A Marshall
- Arizona State University, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Glendale, Arizona
| | - Michael B Sporn
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Pharmacology, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Carl E Wagner
- Arizona State University, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Glendale, Arizona
| | - Karen T Liby
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang D, Rennhack J, Andrechek ER, Rockwell CE, Liby KT. Identification of an Unfavorable Immune Signature in Advanced Lung Tumors from Nrf2-Deficient Mice. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:1535-1552. [PMID: 29634345 PMCID: PMC6421995 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Activation of the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) pathway in normal cells inhibits carcinogenesis, whereas constitutive activation of Nrf2 in cancer cells promotes tumor growth and chemoresistance. However, the effects of Nrf2 activation in immune cells during lung carcinogenesis are poorly defined and could either promote or inhibit cancer growth. Our studies were designed to evaluate tumor burden and identify immune cell populations in the lungs of Nrf2 knockout (KO) versus wild-type (WT) mice challenged with vinyl carbamate. RESULTS Nrf2 KO mice developed lung tumors earlier than the WT mice and exhibited more and larger tumors over time, even at late stages. T cell populations were lower in the lungs of Nrf2 KO mice, whereas tumor-promoting macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells were elevated in the lungs and spleen, respectively, of Nrf2 KO mice relative to WT mice. Moreover, 34 immune response genes were significantly upregulated in tumors from Nrf2 KO mice, especially a series of cytokines (Cxcl1, Csf1, Ccl9, Cxcl12, etc.) and major histocompatibility complex antigens that promote tumor growth. INNOVATION Our studies discovered a novel immune signature, characterized by the infiltration of tumor-promoting immune cells, elevated cytokines, and increased expression of immune response genes in the lungs and tumors of Nrf2 KO mice. A complementary profile was also found in lung cancer patients, supporting the clinical significance of our findings. CONCLUSION Overall, our results confirmed a protective role for Nrf2 in late-stage carcinogenesis and, unexpectedly, suggest that activation of Nrf2 in immune cells may be advantageous for preventing or treating lung cancer. Antioxid. Redox Signal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Jonathan Rennhack
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Eran R. Andrechek
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Cheryl E. Rockwell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Karen T. Liby
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Retinoid X Receptors (RXR) were initially identified as nuclear receptors binding with stereo-selectivity the vitamin A derivative 9-cis retinoic acid, although the relevance of this molecule as endogenous activator of RXRs is still elusive. Importantly, within the nuclear receptor superfamily, RXRs occupy a peculiar place, as they are obligatory partners for a number of other nuclear receptors, thus integrating the corresponding signaling pathways. In this chapter, we describe the structural features allowing RXR to form homo- and heterodimers, and the functional consequences of this unique ability. Furthermore, we discuss the importance of studying RXR activity at a genome-wide level in order to comprehensively address the biological implications of their action that is fundamental to understand to what extent RXRs could be exploited as new therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Gilardi
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Genopode Building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland,
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Vedell PT, Lu Y, Grubbs CJ, Yin Y, Jiang H, Bland KI, Muccio DD, Cvetkovic D, You M, Lubet R. Effects on gene expression in rat liver after administration of RXR agonists: UAB30, 4-methyl-UAB30, and Targretin (Bexarotene). Mol Pharmacol 2013; 83:698-708. [PMID: 23292798 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.082404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Examination of three retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonists [Targretin (TRG), UAB30, and 4-methyl-UAB30 (4-Me-UAB30)] showed that all inhibited mammary cancer in rodents and two (TRG and 4-Me-UAB30) strikingly increased serum triglyceride levels. Agents were administered in diets to female Sprague-Dawley rats. Liver RNA was isolated and microarrayed on the Affymetrix GeneChip Rat Exon 1.0 ST array. Statistical tests identified genes that exhibited differential expression and fell into groups, or modules, with differential expression among agonists. Genes in specific modules were changed by one, two, or all three agonists. An interactome analysis assessed the effects on genes that heterodimerize with known nuclear receptors. For proliferator-activated receptor α/RXR-activated genes, the strongest response was TRG > 4-Me-UAB30 > UAB30. Many liver X receptor/RXR-related genes (e.g., Scd-1 and Srebf1, which are associated with increased triglycerides) were highly expressed in TRG and 4-Me-UAB30- but not UAB30-treated livers. Minimal expression changes were associated with retinoic acid receptor or vitamin D receptor heterodimers by any of the agonists. UAB30 unexpectedly and uniquely activated genes associated with the aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (Ah) receptor (Cyp1a1, Cyp1a2, Cyp1b1, and Nqo1). Based on the Ah receptor activation, UAB30 was tested for its ability to prevent dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary cancers, presumably by inhibiting DMBA activation, and was highly effective. Gene expression changes were determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in rat livers treated with Targretin for 2.3, 7, and 21 days. These showed similar gene expression changes at all three time points, arguing some steady-state effect. Different patterns of gene expression among the agonists provided insight into molecular differences and allowed one to predict certain physiologic consequences of agonist treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Vedell
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology Toxicology, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tran K, Risingsong R, Royce DB, Williams CR, Sporn MB, Pioli PA, Gediya LK, Njar VC, Liby KT. The combination of the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat and synthetic triterpenoids reduces tumorigenesis in mouse models of cancer. Carcinogenesis 2012; 34:199-210. [PMID: 23042302 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel drugs and drug combinations are needed for the chemoprevention and treatment of cancer. We show that the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat [suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA)] and the methyl ester or ethyl amide derivatives of the synthetic triterpenoid 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO-Me and CDDO-Ea, respectively) cooperated to inhibit the de novo synthesis of nitric oxide in RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells and in primary mouse peritoneal macrophages. Additionally, SAHA enhanced the ability of synthetic triterpenoids to delay formation of estrogen receptor-negative mammary tumors in MMTV-polyoma middle T (PyMT) mice. CDDO-Me (50 mg/kg diet) and SAHA (250 mg/kg diet) each significantly delayed the initial development of tumors by 4 (P < 0.001) and 2 (P < 0.05) weeks, respectively, compared with the control group in the time required to reach 50% tumor incidence. CDDO-Ea (400 mg/kg diet), as a single agent, did not delay tumor development. The combination of either triterpenoid with SAHA was significantly more potent than the individual drugs for delaying tumor development, with a 7 week (P < 0.001) delay before 50% tumor incidence was reached. SAHA, alone and in combination with CDDO-Me, also significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited the infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages into the mammary glands of PyMT mice and levels of the chemokine macrophage colony-stimulating factor in primary PyMT tumor cells. In addition, SAHA and the synthetic triterpenoids cooperated to suppress secreted levels of the pro-angiogenic factor matrix metalloproteinase-9. Similar results were observed in mouse models of pancreatic and lung cancer. At concentrations that were anti-inflammatory, SAHA had no effect on histone acetylation. These studies suggest that both SAHA and triterpenoids effectively delay tumorigenesis, thereby demonstrating a promising, novel drug combination for chemoprevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Tran
- Department of Pharmacology or Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Retinoid X receptors (subtypes RXRα or NR2B1, RXRβ or NR2B2 and RXRγ or NR2B3, which originate from three distinct genes) are promiscuous partners with heterodimeric associations to other members of the Nuclear Receptor (NR) superfamily. Some of the heterodimers are "permissive" and transcriptionally active in the presence of either an RXR ligand ("rexinoid") or a NR partner ligand, whereas others are "non-permissive" and unresponsive to rexinoids alone. In rodent models, rexinoids and partner agonists (mainly PPARγ, LXR, FXR) produce beneficial effects on insulin sensitization, diabetes and obesity, but secondary effects have also been noted, such as a raise in tryglyceride levels, supression of the thyroid hormone axis and induction of hepatomegaly. AREAS COVERED The authors review recent advances in rexinoid design, including further optimization of known scaffolds, and the discovery of novel RXR modulators by virtual ligand screening or from bioactive natural products. The understanding of rexinoid functions in permissive and non-permissive heterodimers is firmly based on structural knowledge. By strenghtening or disrupting the interaction surface with coregulators rexinoids exert agonist or (partial) antagonist activities. The activity state of the heterodimer can also be fine-tuned by the cellular context and the nature of coregulators. EXPERT OPINION The synthetic chemistry toolbox has provided a panel of agonists, partial (ant)agonists and/or heterodimer-selective rexinoids starting from existing, naturally occurring or serendipitously discovered scaffolds. These compounds have an unexplored therapeutic potential that might overcome some of the current limitations of rexinoids in therapy, such as hypertriglyceridemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belén Vaz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CINBIO), Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kim EH, Deng C, Sporn MB, Royce DB, Risingsong R, Williams CR, Liby KT. CDDO-methyl ester delays breast cancer development in BRCA1-mutated mice. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 5:89-97. [PMID: 21933912 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The breast cancer-associated gene 1 (BRCA1) is the most frequently mutated tumor suppressor gene in familial breast cancers. Mutations in BRCA1 also predispose to other types of cancers, pointing to a fundamental role of this pathway in tumor suppression and emphasizing the need for effective chemoprevention in these high-risk patients. Because the methyl ester of the synthetic triterpenoid 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO-Me) is a potent chemopreventive agent, we tested its efficacy in a highly relevant mouse model of BRCA1-mutated breast cancer. Beginning at 12 weeks of age, Brca1(Co/Co); MMTV-Cre;p53(+/-) mice were fed powdered control diet or diet containing CDDO-Me (50 mg/kg diet). CDDO-Me significantly (P < 0.05) delayed tumor development in the Brca1-mutated mice by an average of 5.2 weeks. We also observed that levels of ErbB2, p-ErbB2, and cyclin D1 increased in a time-dependent manner in the mammary glands in Brca1-deficient mice, and CDDO-Me inhibited the constitutive phosphorylation of ErbB2 in tumor tissues from these mice. In BRCA1-deficient cell lines, the triterpenoids directly interacted with ErbB2, decreased constitutive phosphorylation of ErbB2, inhibited proliferation, and induced G(0)-G(1) arrest. These results suggest that CDDO-Me has the potential to prevent BRCA1-mutated breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hee Kim
- Department of Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Theodosiou M, Laudet V, Schubert M. From carrot to clinic: an overview of the retinoic acid signaling pathway. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:1423-45. [PMID: 20140749 PMCID: PMC11115864 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0268-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A is essential for the formation and maintenance of many body tissues. It is also important for embryonic growth and development and can act as a teratogen at critical periods of development. Retinoic acid (RA) is the biologically active form of vitamin A and its signaling is mediated by the RA and retinoid X receptors. In addition to its role as an important molecule during development, RA has also been implicated in clinical applications, both as a potential anti-tumor agent as well as for the treatment of skin diseases. This review presents an overview of how dietary retinoids are converted to RA, hence presenting the major players in RA metabolism and signaling, and highlights examples of treatment applications of retinoids. Moreover, we discuss the origin and diversification of the retinoid pathway, which are important factors for understanding the evolution of ligand-specificity among retinoid receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Theodosiou
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon (Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon), 46 allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liby K, Risingsong R, Royce DB, Williams CR, Ma T, Yore MM, Sporn MB. Triterpenoids CDDO-methyl ester or CDDO-ethyl amide and rexinoids LG100268 or NRX194204 for prevention and treatment of lung cancer in mice. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2009; 2:1050-8. [PMID: 19952361 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-09-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We tested members of two noncytotoxic classes of drugs, synthetic oleanane triterpenoids and rexinoids, both as individual agents and in combination, for the prevention and treatment of carcinogenesis in a highly relevant animal model of lung cancer. Lung adenocarcinomas were induced in A/J mice by injection of the carcinogen vinyl carbamate. Mice were fed drugs in diet, beginning 1 week after the carcinogen challenge for prevention or 8 weeks later for treatment. The number, size, and severity of tumors in the lungs were then evaluated. In the prevention studies, the triterpenoids CDDO-ethyl amide and CDDO-methyl ester reduced the average tumor burden (ATB) in the lungs 86% to 92%, respectively, compared with the controls, and the rexinoid LG100268 (268) reduced ATB by 50%. The combination of CDDO-ethyl amide and 268 reduced ATB by 93%. We show for the first time that these drugs also were highly effective for treatment of experimental lung cancer, and all triterpenoid and rexinoid combinations reduced ATB 85% to 87% compared with the control group. The triterpenoids also potently inhibited proliferation of VC1 mouse lung carcinoma cells and directly interacted with key regulatory proteins in these cells. In contrast, the rexinoids had little antiproliferative activity in VC1 cells but were potent inhibitors of the toll-like receptor pathway in macrophage-like cells. Triterpenoids and rexinoids are multifunctional, well-tolerated drugs that target different signaling pathways and are thus highly effective for prevention and treatment of experimental lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Liby
- Department of Pharmacology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Shankaranarayanan P, Rossin A, Khanwalkar H, Alvarez S, Alvarez R, Jacobson A, Nebbioso A, de Lera AR, Altucci L, Gronemeyer H. Growth factor-antagonized rexinoid apoptosis involves permissive PPARgamma/RXR heterodimers to activate the intrinsic death pathway by NO. Cancer Cell 2009; 16:220-31. [PMID: 19732722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Revised: 07/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Growth factor (GF) deprivation and/or blocking of cognate signaling can induce apoptosis and is the basis of several cancer treatment paradigms. We observed that RXR agonists (rexinoids) induce apoptosis of tumor cells when GF support is abrogated. This "rexinoid apoptosis" involves activation of both iNOS and eNOS by RXR-PPARgamma and results in production of apoptogenic NO. IGF/EGF-induced IGF receptor 1-mediated MAP kinase blocks rexinoid apoptosis by RXR phosphorylation. Combining rexinoids with the MAPK inhibitor U0126 induced apoptosis in human cancer cells in vitro and ex vivo and blocked xenograft growth in vivo. Our results suggest a regulatory mechanism in which GF signaling antagonizes RXR-PPARgamma-mediated default apoptosis to sustain cell life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pattabhiraman Shankaranarayanan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), BP 10142, 67404 ILLKIRCH CEDEX, C. U. de Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu L, Derguini F, Gudas LJ. Metabolism and regulation of gene expression by 4-oxoretinol versus all-trans retinoic acid in normal human mammary epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2009; 220:771-9. [PMID: 19492420 PMCID: PMC3315369 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that 4-oxoretinol (4-oxo-ROL) activated retinoic acid receptors (RARs) in F9 stem cells. We showed that 4-oxo-ROL inhibited the proliferation of normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs). To understand the mechanisms by which 4-oxo-ROL regulates HMEC growth we examined gene expression profiles following 4-oxo-ROL or all-trans retinoic acid (tRA). We also compared growth inhibition by tRA, 4-oxo-ROL, or 4-oxo-RA. All three retinoids inhibited HMEC proliferation. Gene expression analyses indicated that 4-oxo-ROL and tRA modulated gene expression in closely related pathways. The expression of many genes, e.g. ATP-binding cassette G1 (ABCG1); adrenergic receptorbeta2 (ADRB2); ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate (RAC2); and short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase 1 gene (SDR1) was changed after 4-oxo-ROL or tRA. Metabolism of these retinoids was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In 1 microM tRA treated HMECs all of the tRA was found intracellularly, and tRA was the predominant intracellular retinoid. In 1 microM 4-oxo-ROL treated HMECs most 4-oxo-ROL was esterified to 4-oxoretinyl esters, no tRA was detected, and 4-oxo-ROL and 4-oxo-RA were observed intracellularly. In 1 microM 4-oxoretinoic acid (4-oxo-RA) treated HMECs little intracellular 4-oxo-RA was detected; most 4-oxo-RA was in the medium. Our results indicate that: (a) 4-oxo-ROL regulates gene expression and inhibits proliferation of HMECs; (b) 4-oxo-ROL and tRA regulate some of the same genes; (c) more tRA is found in cells, as compared to 4-oxoretinoic acid, when each drug is added at the same concentration in the medium; and (d) the mechanism by which 4-oxo-ROL exerts its biological activity does not involve intracellular tRA production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Limin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Fadila Derguini
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Lorraine J. Gudas
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lippert WP, Burschka C, Götz K, Kaupp M, Ivanova D, Gaudon C, Sato Y, Antony P, Rochel N, Moras D, Gronemeyer H, Tacke R. Silicon Analogues of the RXR-Selective Retinoid Agonist SR11237 (BMS649): Chemistry and Biology. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:1143-52. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
24
|
Hecht SS, Kassie F, Hatsukami DK. Chemoprevention of lung carcinogenesis in addicted smokers and ex-smokers. Nat Rev Cancer 2009; 9:476-88. [PMID: 19550424 PMCID: PMC3876956 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemoprevention of lung carcinogenesis is one approach to controlling the epidemic of lung cancer caused by cigarette smoking. The target for chemoprevention should be the activities of the multiple carcinogens, toxicants, co-carcinogens, tumour promoters and inflammatory compounds in cigarette smoke. At present there are many agents, both synthetic and naturally occurring, that prevent lung tumour development in well-established animal models. It seems likely that logically constructed mixtures of these agents, developed from the ground up, will be necessary for the prevention of lung carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street South East, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Liby K, Risingsong R, Royce DB, Williams CR, Yore MM, Honda T, Gribble GW, Lamph WW, Vannini N, Sogno I, Albini A, Sporn MB. Prevention and treatment of experimental estrogen receptor-negative mammary carcinogenesis by the synthetic triterpenoid CDDO-methyl Ester and the rexinoid LG100268. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:4556-63. [PMID: 18628471 PMCID: PMC5048101 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To test whether the triterpenoid 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oic acid methyl ester (CDDO-Me) and the rexinoid LG100268 (268) prevent the formation of estrogen receptor (ER) – negative mammary tumors or either arrest the growth or cause regression of established tumors in MMTV-neu mice. Experimental Design For prevention, mice were fed control diet, CDDO-Me (60 mg/kg diet), 268 (20 mg/kg diet), or the combination for 45 weeks. For treatment, mice with established tumors at least 4 mm in diameter were fed control diet, CDDO-Me (100 mg/kg diet), 268 (60 mg/kg diet), or the combination for 4 weeks. Results CDDO-Me and 268 significantly delayed the development of ER-negative tumors, with a 14- and 24-week delay, respectively, compared with the control group for the time required to reach 50% tumor incidence. The combination of CDDO-Me and 268 was significantly more potent than the individual drugs, as only one tumor was found in the combination group, after 45 weeks on diet, at which time all control animals had tumors. Treating established tumors with CDDO-Me arrested the growth of 86% of the tumors, and 268 induced tumor regression in 85% of tumors. CDDO-Me and 268 target different signaling pathways and cell types. CDDO-Me inhibited constitutive STAT3 phosphorylation and the degradation of IKBα in ER-negative breast cancer cells, whereas 268 blocked IKBα degradation and the release of interleukin-6 in RAW264.7 macrophage-like cells, inhibited the ability of endothelial cells to organize into networks, and blocked angiogenesis in vivo. Conclusions CDDO-Me and 268 are useful as individual drugs to prevent ER-negative mammary tumorigenesis and to treat established tumors. They synergize when used in combination for prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Liby
- Department of Pharmacology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Liby K, Black CC, Royce DB, Williams CR, Risingsong R, Yore MM, Liu X, Honda T, Gribble GW, Lamph WW, Sporn TA, Dmitrovsky E, Sporn MB. The rexinoid LG100268 and the synthetic triterpenoid CDDO-methyl amide are more potent than erlotinib for prevention of mouse lung carcinogenesis. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:1251-7. [PMID: 18483313 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Female A/J mice injected with the carcinogen vinyl carbamate develop atypical adenomatous hyperplasias in lungs 4 weeks after injection with the carcinogen. The number and severity of tumors then increase over time, making these mice a useful model for evaluating potential chemopreventive agents. The rexinoid LG100268 (LG268), a selective ligand for the retinoid X receptor, and the methyl amide of the synthetic triterpenoid 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO) both significantly reduced the number, size, and severity of the histopathology of lung tumors in female A/J mice when fed in diet for 14 to 20 weeks. The total tumor burden was 85% to 87% lower in mice fed LG268 and CDDO-MA than in controls, and the percentage of high-grade tumors decreased from 59% in the controls to 25% or 30% with CDDO-MA and LG268. Erlotinib, which is used to treat lung cancer patients and is an inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor, was less effective in this model. Immunohistochemical staining of geminin, a marker of cell cycle progression, was higher in lung sections from control mice than in mice treated with LG268. Because rexinoids and triterpenoids signal through different biological pathways, they should be tested in combination for the prevention of lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Liby
- Department of Pharmacology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|