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TGF-β, to target or not to target; to prevent thyroid cancer progression? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188752. [PMID: 35728736 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer (TC) is a common endocrine cancer with a rising incidence. Current treatment fails to eliminate aggressive thyroid tumours, prompting an investigation into the processes that cause disease progression. In this review, we provide insight into TGF-β driven epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), summarizing the current literature surrounding thyroid carcinogenesis, and discuss the potential for therapeutic strategies targeting the TGF-β signalling pathway. Understanding the underlying mechanisms that regulate cancer stem cell (CSC) growth and TGF-β signalling may provide novel therapeutic approaches for highly resistant TCs.
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Zhou J, Dabiri Y, Gama-Brambila RA, Ghafoory S, Altinbay M, Mehrabi A, Golriz M, Blagojevic B, Reuter S, Han K, Seidel A, Đikić I, Wölfl S, Cheng X. pVHL-mediated SMAD3 degradation suppresses TGF-β signaling. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:212891. [PMID: 34860252 PMCID: PMC8650352 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202012097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling plays a fundamental role in metazoan development and tissue homeostasis. However, the molecular mechanisms concerning the ubiquitin-related dynamic regulation of TGF-β signaling are not thoroughly understood. Using a combination of proteomics and an siRNA screen, we identify pVHL as an E3 ligase for SMAD3 ubiquitination. We show that pVHL directly interacts with conserved lysine and proline residues in the MH2 domain of SMAD3, triggering degradation. As a result, the level of pVHL expression negatively correlates with the expression and activity of SMAD3 in cells, Drosophila wing, and patient tissues. In Drosophila, loss of pVHL leads to the up-regulation of TGF-β targets visible in a downward wing blade phenotype, which is rescued by inhibition of SMAD activity. Drosophila pVHL expression exhibited ectopic veinlets and reduced wing growth in a similar manner as upon loss of TGF-β/SMAD signaling. Thus, our study demonstrates a conserved role of pVHL in the regulation of TGF-β/SMAD3 signaling in human cells and Drosophila wing development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, China.,Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, German Cancer Research Center and Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yasamin Dabiri
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rodrigo A Gama-Brambila
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Shahrouz Ghafoory
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mukaddes Altinbay
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Arianeb Mehrabi
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mohammad Golriz
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Biljana Blagojevic
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Reuter
- Universitätsklinikum Jena, Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Jena, Germany
| | - Kang Han
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Seidel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ivan Đikić
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Wölfl
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xinlai Cheng
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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3
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Custódio PR, Colombo J, Ventura FV, Castro TB, Zuccari DAPC. Melatonin Treatment Combined with TGF-β Silencing Inhibits Epithelial- Mesenchymal Transition in CF41 Canine Mammary Cancer Cell Line. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 20:989-997. [PMID: 32264814 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200407122635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammary cancer is the most prevalent type of cancer in female dogs. The main cause of mortality is the occurrence of metastasis. The metastatic process is complex and involves the Epithelial- Mesenchymal Transition (EMT), which can be activated by Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-β) and involves changes in cellular phenotype, as well as, in the expression of proteins such as E-cadherin, N-cadherin, vimentin and claudin-7. Melatonin is a hormone with oncostatic and anti-metastatic properties and appears to participate in the TGF-β pathway. Thus, the present work aimed to evaluate the expression of EMT markers, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, vimentin and claudin-7, as well as, the cell migration of the canine mammary cancer cell line, CF41, after treatment with melatonin and TGF-β silencing. METHODS Canine mammary cancer cell line, CF41, was cultured and characterized in relation to markers ER, PR and HER2. Cell line CF41 with reducing expression level of TGF-βwas performed according to Leonel et al. (2017). Expression of the protein E-caderin, N-cadherin, vimentin and claudin-7 was evaluated by immunocytochemistry and quantified by optical densitometry. The analysis of cell migration was performed in transwell chambers with 8μM pore size membrane. RESULTS CF41 cells present a triple negative phenotype, which is an aggressive phenotype. Immunocytochemistry staining showed increased expression of E-caderin and claudin-7 (P˂0.05) and decreased expression of N-cadherin and vimentin (P˂0.05) in CF41 cells after treatment with 1mM melatonin and TGF-β silencing. Moreover, treatment with melatonin and TGF-β silencing was able to reduce migration in cell line CF41 (P˂0.05). CONCLUSION Our data suggests that therapies combining TGF- β1 silencing and melatonin may be effective in suppressing the process of EMT, corroborating the hypothesis that melatonin acts on the TGF-β1 pathway and can reduce the metastatic potential of CF41 cells. This is so far the first study that reports melatonin treatment in CF41 cells with TGF-β1 silencing and its effect on EMT. Thus, further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo R Custódio
- PostGraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculdade de Medicina de Sao Jose do Rio Preto, FAMERP, Av. Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416, 15090-000 - Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jucimara Colombo
- Laboratorio de Investigacao Molecular no Cancer (LIMC), Faculdade de Medicina de Sao Jose do Rio Preto/FAMERP, Av. Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416, 15090-000 - Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabrício V Ventura
- Laboratorio de Investigacao Molecular no Cancer (LIMC), Faculdade de Medicina de Sao Jose do Rio Preto/FAMERP, Av. Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416, 15090-000 - Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Tialfi B Castro
- PostGraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculdade de Medicina de Sao Jose do Rio Preto, FAMERP, Av. Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416, 15090-000 - Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Debora A P C Zuccari
- Laboratorio de Investigacao Molecular no Cancer (LIMC), Faculdade de Medicina de Sao Jose do Rio Preto/FAMERP, Av. Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416, 15090-000 - Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
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4
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Uray K, Major E, Lontay B. MicroRNA Regulatory Pathways in the Control of the Actin-Myosin Cytoskeleton. Cells 2020; 9:E1649. [PMID: 32660059 PMCID: PMC7408560 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key modulators of post-transcriptional gene regulation in a plethora of processes, including actin-myosin cytoskeleton dynamics. Recent evidence points to the widespread effects of miRNAs on actin-myosin cytoskeleton dynamics, either directly on the expression of actin and myosin genes or indirectly on the diverse signaling cascades modulating cytoskeletal arrangement. Furthermore, studies from various human models indicate that miRNAs contribute to the development of various human disorders. The potentially huge impact of miRNA-based mechanisms on cytoskeletal elements is just starting to be recognized. In this review, we summarize recent knowledge about the importance of microRNA modulation of the actin-myosin cytoskeleton affecting physiological processes, including cardiovascular function, hematopoiesis, podocyte physiology, and osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Uray
- Correspondence: (K.U.); (B.L.); Tel.: +36-52-412345 (K.U. & B.L.)
| | | | - Beata Lontay
- Correspondence: (K.U.); (B.L.); Tel.: +36-52-412345 (K.U. & B.L.)
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5
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Song Y, Lv S, Wang F, Liu X, Cheng J, Liu S, Wang X, Chen W, Guan G, Liu G, Peng C. Overexpression of BMP‑7 reverses TGF‑β1‑induced epithelial‑mesenchymal transition by attenuating the Wnt3/β‑catenin and TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling pathways in HK‑2 cells. Mol Med Rep 2019; 21:833-841. [PMID: 31974602 PMCID: PMC6947920 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubular epithelial cells undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial event in the progression of renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF). Bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) has been reported to exhibit anti-fibrotic functions in various renal diseases. However, the function of BMP-7 in regulating EMT and the progression of RIF remains largely unknown. The aim of the present study was to examine the potential effect of BMP-7 on transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1)-induced EMT and the underlying mechanisms by which BMP-7 exerted its effects. Human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) were treated with TGF-β1 for various time periods and at various concentrations and lentiviral vectors were used to overexpress BMP-7. Cell Counting Kit-8 and Transwell assays were used to evaluate the viability and migration of HK-2 cells in vitro. EMT was estimated by assessing the changes in cell morphology and the expression of EMT markers. In addition, the activation of the Wnt3/β-catenin and TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling pathways were analyzed using western blotting. TGF-β1 induced EMT in a time- and dose-dependent manner in HK-2 cells. Treatment with TGF-β1 induced morphological changes, decreased cell viability and the expression of E-cadherin, increased cell migration and the expression of α-smooth muscle actin, fibroblast-specific protein 1, collagen I and vimentin, and activated the Wnt3/β-catenin and TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling pathways in HK-2 cells. However, BMP-7 overexpression notably reversed all these effects. These results suggest that BMP-7 effectively suppresses TGF-β1-induced EMT through the inhibition of the Wnt3/β-catenin and TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling pathways, highlighting a potential novel anti-RIF strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Song
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Shasha Lv
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Guangju Guan
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Changliang Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
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Dong J, Yang W, Han J, Cheng R, Guo X, Li L. Effect of dihydroartemisinin on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in canine mammary tumour cells. Res Vet Sci 2019; 124:240-247. [PMID: 30947110 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process by which epithelial cells acquire mesenchymal properties, generating metastases. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) exhibits potent anti-cancer activities. CMTs is a potential suitable model for studies in human breast cancer research. In the present study, we separated DHA-untreated cells from CMTs cells to be a control group, the rest of the CMTs cells treated by DHA which were composed of three concentrations 5,10 as well as 20 μM. After that we cultivate the cells severally under the condition of 24, 48 and 72 h at 37 °C. CMTs cells were evaluated by Cell viability assay, Wound healing assay, Invasion assay and RT-PCR analysis for the expression of Slug, ZEB1, ZEB2 and Twist. Our results showed that DHA increased the inhibitory rate of CMTs cell and restrain TGF-β1-induced migration and invasion of cells in a time and concentration reliant manner efficaciously. Our result also show DHA inhibits the expression of Slug, ZEB1, ZEB2 and Twist at the mRNA in vitro, the media concentration DHA (10 μM) decreased the expression level of the Slug, ZEB1, ZEB2 mRNA significantly. In conclusion, DHA inhibits canine mammary tumours cells migration and invasiveness by regulating the expression of EMT-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science &Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161,China
| | - Wenhui Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science &Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161,China
| | - Jiaqi Han
- The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science &Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161,China
| | - Rongjie Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science &Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161,China
| | - Xin Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science &Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161,China
| | - Lin Li
- The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science &Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161,China.
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Biophysical, Biochemical, and Cell Based Approaches Used to Decipher the Role of Carbonic Anhydrases in Cancer and to Evaluate the Potency of Targeted Inhibitors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2018; 2018:2906519. [PMID: 30112206 PMCID: PMC6077552 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2906519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are thought to be important for regulating pH in the tumor microenvironment. A few of the CA isoforms are upregulated in cancer cells, with only limited expression in normal cells. For these reasons, there is interest in developing inhibitors that target these tumor-associated CA isoforms, with increased efficacy but limited nonspecific cytotoxicity. Here we present some of the biophysical, biochemical, and cell based techniques and approaches that can be used to evaluate the potency of CA targeted inhibitors and decipher the role of CAs in tumorigenesis, cancer progression, and metastatic processes. These techniques include esterase activity assays, stop flow kinetics, and mass inlet mass spectroscopy (MIMS), all of which measure enzymatic activity of purified protein, in the presence or absence of inhibitors. Also discussed is the application of X-ray crystallography and Cryo-EM as well as other structure-based techniques and thermal shift assays to the studies of CA structure and function. Further, large-scale genomic and proteomic analytical methods, as well as cell based techniques like those that measure cell growth, apoptosis, clonogenicity, and cell migration and invasion, are discussed. We conclude by reviewing approaches that test the metastatic potential of CAs and how the aforementioned techniques have contributed to the field of CA cancer research.
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8
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Wang JP, Yu HHM, Chiang ER, Wang JY, Chou PH, Hung SC. Corticosteroid inhibits differentiation of palmar fibromatosis-derived stem cells (FSCs) through downregulation of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198326. [PMID: 29944666 PMCID: PMC6019676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment for musculoskeletal fibromatosis remains challenging. Surgical excision for fibromatosis is the standard therapy but recurrence remains high. Corticosteroids, an anti-fibrogenic compound, have been used to treat early stage palmar fibromatosis, but the mechanism is unknown. We investigated the inhibitory mechanism effect of corticosteroids in the murine model of fibromatosis nodule as well as in cultured FSCs. Quantitative reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis and immunofluorescence (IF) staining for markers of myofibroblasts (α-smooth muscle actin and type III collagen) were used to examine the effect of dexamethasone on myofibroblasic differentiation of FSCs both in vitro and in vivo. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) signaling and its downstream targets were examined using western blot analysis. TGF-β1 expression in FSCs before and after dexamethasone treatment was compared. In addition, inhibition of TGF-β1 expression was examined using RNA interference (RNAi) on FSCs, both in vitro and in vivo. Treating FSCs with dexamethasone inhibited FSCs’ myofibroblastic differentiation in vitro. Treating FSCs with dexamethasone before or after implantation further inhibited formation of fibromatosis nodules. Dexamethasone suppressed expression of TGF-β1 and pSmad2/3 by FSCs in vitro. TGF-β1 knockdown FSCs showed reducing myofibroblastic differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, addition of TGF-β1 abolished dexamethasone-mediated inhibition of myofibroblastic differentiation. Dexamethasone inhibits the myofibroblastic differentiated potential of FSCs both in vitro and in vivo through inhibition of TGF-β1 expression in FSCs. TGF-β1 plays a key role in myofibroblastic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Pan Wang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hsiang-Hsuan Michael Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - En-Rung Chiang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jir-You Wang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po- Hsin Chou
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chieh Hung
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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9
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Nishiyama M, Tsunedomi R, Yoshimura K, Hashimoto N, Matsukuma S, Ogihara H, Kanekiyo S, Iida M, Sakamoto K, Suzuki N, Takeda S, Yamamoto S, Yoshino S, Ueno T, Hamamoto Y, Hazama S, Nagano H. Metastatic ability and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in induced cancer stem-like hepatoma cells. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:1101-1109. [PMID: 29417690 PMCID: PMC5891178 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are thought to play important roles in cancer malignancy. Previously, we successfully induced sphere cancer stem-like cells (CSLCs) from several cell lines and observed the property of chemoresistance. In the present study, we examined the metastatic potential of these induced CSLCs. Sphere cancer stem-like cells were induced from a human hepatoma cell line (SK-HEP-1) in a unique medium containing neural survival factor-1. Splenic injection of cells into immune-deficient mice was used to assess hematogenous liver metastasis. Transcriptomic strand-specific RNA-sequencing analysis, quantitative real-time PCR, and flow cytometry were carried out to examine the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes. Splenic injection of CSLCs resulted in a significantly increased frequency of liver metastasis compared to parental cancer cells (P < .05). In CSLCs, a mesenchymal marker, Vimentin, and EMT-promoting transcription factors, Snail and Twist1, were upregulated compared to parental cells. Correspondingly, significant enrichment of the molecular signature of the EMT in CSLCs relative to parental cancer cells was shown (q < 0.01) by RNA-sequencing analysis. This analysis also revealed differential expression of CD44 isoforms between CSLCs and parental cancer cells. Increasing CD44 isoforms containing an extra exon were observed, and the standard CD44 isoform decreased in CSLCs compared to parental cells. Interestingly, another CD44 variant isoform encoding a short cytoplasmic tail was also upregulated in CSLCs (11.7-fold). Our induced CSLCs possess an increased liver metastatic potential in which promotion of the EMT and upregulation of CD44 variant isoforms, especially short-tail, were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuo Nishiyama
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine SurgeryYamaguchi University Graduate School of MedicineUbeJapan
| | - Ryouichi Tsunedomi
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine SurgeryYamaguchi University Graduate School of MedicineUbeJapan
| | - Kiyoshi Yoshimura
- Division of Cancer ImmunotherapyExploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial CenterNational Cancer CenterTokyoJapan
| | - Noriaki Hashimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine SurgeryYamaguchi University Graduate School of MedicineUbeJapan
| | - Satoshi Matsukuma
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine SurgeryYamaguchi University Graduate School of MedicineUbeJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Ogihara
- Division of Electrical, Electronic and Information EngineeringYamaguchi University Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for InnovationUbeJapan
| | - Shinsuke Kanekiyo
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine SurgeryYamaguchi University Graduate School of MedicineUbeJapan
| | - Michihisa Iida
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine SurgeryYamaguchi University Graduate School of MedicineUbeJapan
| | - Kazuhiko Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine SurgeryYamaguchi University Graduate School of MedicineUbeJapan
| | - Nobuaki Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine SurgeryYamaguchi University Graduate School of MedicineUbeJapan
| | - Shigeru Takeda
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine SurgeryYamaguchi University Graduate School of MedicineUbeJapan
| | - Shigeru Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine SurgeryYamaguchi University Graduate School of MedicineUbeJapan
| | | | - Tomio Ueno
- Department of Digestive SurgerySchool of MedicineKawasaki Medical SchoolKurashikiJapan
| | - Yoshihiko Hamamoto
- Division of Electrical, Electronic and Information EngineeringYamaguchi University Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for InnovationUbeJapan
| | - Shoichi Hazama
- Department of Translational Research and Developmental Therapeutics against CancerYamaguchi University Faculty of MedicineUbeJapan
| | - Hiroaki Nagano
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine SurgeryYamaguchi University Graduate School of MedicineUbeJapan
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10
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Silencing of TGF-β1 in tumor cells impacts MMP-9 in tumor microenvironment. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8678. [PMID: 28819116 PMCID: PMC5561077 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09062-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 contributes to autocrine and paracrine functions in the tumor microenvironment (TME). The present study examined the effects of TGF-β1 crosstalk in TME and its role in mediating tumor formation and progression by targeted abrogation of TGF-β1 expression in metastatic cells in situ. Using species-specific primers, we found a significant increase in MMP-9 gene expression in the tumor-reactive stroma during late-stage metastasis in the lung. This effect was also confirmed in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) when co-cultured with the tumor cells. Knockdown of TGF-β1 expression in the tumor cells negatively affected matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 gene expression. Fibroblasts, cultured in the presence of tumor cells with intact TGF-β1, showed a significant increase in proliferation rate, as well as expression of VEGF, bFGF, and SDF-1, which was not seen when TGF-β1 expression was abrogated in tumor cells. Absence of TGF-β1 in tumor cells also failed to result in myofibroblast differentiation. Co-implantation of CAFs and tumor cells with either intact TGF-β1 expression or devoid of TGF-β1 in vivo showed a significant increase in tumor growth kinetics in both cell types, suggesting a possible activation TGF-β receptor signaling in tumor cells in response to TGF-β from the TME.
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11
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TGF-β-Dependent Growth Arrest and Cell Migration in Benign and Malignant Breast Epithelial Cells Are Antagonistically Controlled by Rac1 and Rac1b. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071574. [PMID: 28726720 PMCID: PMC5536062 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite improvements in diagnosis and treatment, breast cancer is still the most common cancer type among non-smoking females. TGF-β can inhibit breast cancer development by inducing cell cycle arrest in both, cancer cells and, as part of a senescence program in normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC). Moreover, TGF-β also drives cell migration and invasion, in part through the small GTPases Rac1 and Rac1b. Depletion of Rac1b or Rac1 and Rac1b in MDA-MB-231 or MDA-MB-435s breast cancer cells by RNA interference enhanced or suppressed, respectively, TGF-β1-induced migration/invasion. Rac1b depletion in MDA-MB-231 cells also increased TGF-β-induced p21WAF1 expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Senescent HMEC (P15/P16), when compared to their non-senescent counterparts (P11/P12), presented with dramatically increased migratory activity. These effects were paralleled by elevated expression of genes associated with TGF-β signaling and metastasis, downregulated Rac1b, and upregulated Rac1. Our data suggest that acquisition of a motile phenotype in HMEC resulted from enhanced autocrine TGF-β signaling, invasion/metastasis-associated gene expression, and a shift in the ratio of antimigratory Rac1b to promigratory Rac1. We conclude that although enhanced TGF-β signaling is considered antioncogenic in HMEC by suppressing oncogene-induced transformation, this occurs at the expense of a higher migration and invasion potential.
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12
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Doan TB, Graham JD, Clarke CL. Emerging functional roles of nuclear receptors in breast cancer. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 58:R169-R190. [PMID: 28087820 DOI: 10.1530/jme-16-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) have been targets of intensive drug development for decades due to their roles as key regulators of multiple developmental, physiological and disease processes. In breast cancer, expression of the estrogen and progesterone receptor remains clinically important in predicting prognosis and determining therapeutic strategies. More recently, there is growing evidence supporting the involvement of multiple nuclear receptors other than the estrogen and progesterone receptors, in the regulation of various processes important to the initiation and progression of breast cancer. We review new insights into the mechanisms of action of NRs made possible by recent advances in genomic technologies and focus on the emerging functional roles of NRs in breast cancer biology, including their involvement in circadian regulation, metabolic reprogramming and breast cancer migration and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tram B Doan
- Westmead Institute for Medical ResearchSydney Medical School - Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J Dinny Graham
- Westmead Institute for Medical ResearchSydney Medical School - Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christine L Clarke
- Westmead Institute for Medical ResearchSydney Medical School - Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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13
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Leonel C, Borin TF, de Carvalho Ferreira L, Moschetta MG, Bajgelman MC, Viloria-Petit AM, de Campos Zuccari DAP. Inhibition of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Metastasis by Combined TGFbeta Knockdown and Metformin Treatment in a Canine Mammary Cancer Xenograft Model. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2017; 22:27-41. [PMID: 28078601 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-016-9370-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process by which epithelial cells acquire mesenchymal properties, generating metastases. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is associated with this malignancy by having the ability to induce EMT. Metformin, has been shown to inhibit EMT in breast cancer cells. Based on this evidence we hypothesize that treatment with metformin and the silencing of TGF-β, inhibits the EMT in cancer cells. Canine metastatic mammary tumor cell line CF41 was stably transduced with a shRNA-lentivirus, reducing expression level of TGF-β1. This was combined with metformin treatment, to look at effects on cell migration and the expression of EMT markers. For in vivo study, unmodified or TGF-β1sh cells were injected in the inguinal region of nude athymic female mice followed by metformin treatment. The mice's lungs were collected and metastatic nodules were subsequently assessed for EMT markers expression. The migration rate was lower in TGF-β1sh cells and when combined with metformin treatment. Metformin treatment reduced N-cadherin and increased E-cadherin expression in both CF41 and TGF-β1sh cells. Was demonstrated that metformin treatment reduced the number of lung metastases in animals bearing TGF-β1sh tumors. This paralleled a decreased N-cadherin and vimentin expression, and increased E-cadherin and claudin-7 expression in lung metastases. This study confirms the benefits of TGF-β1 silencing in addition to metformin as potential therapeutic agents for breast cancer patients, by blocking EMT process. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to report metformin treatment in cells with TGF-β1 silencing and their effect on EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Leonel
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP/IBILCE), PostGraduate Program in Genetics, Cristovao Colombo Street, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina de Sao Jose do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Laboratory of Molecular Investigation of Cancer (LIMC), Brigadeiro Faria Lima Avenue, 5416, Vila São Pedro, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Thaiz Ferraz Borin
- Faculdade de Medicina de Sao Jose do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Laboratory of Molecular Investigation of Cancer (LIMC), Brigadeiro Faria Lima Avenue, 5416, Vila São Pedro, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina de Sao Jose do Rio Preto (FAMERP), PostGraduate Program in Health Sciences, Brigadeiro Faria Lima Avenue, 5416, Vila São Pedro, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lívia de Carvalho Ferreira
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP/IBILCE), PostGraduate Program in Genetics, Cristovao Colombo Street, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina de Sao Jose do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Laboratory of Molecular Investigation of Cancer (LIMC), Brigadeiro Faria Lima Avenue, 5416, Vila São Pedro, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina Gobbe Moschetta
- Faculdade de Medicina de Sao Jose do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Laboratory of Molecular Investigation of Cancer (LIMC), Brigadeiro Faria Lima Avenue, 5416, Vila São Pedro, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina de Sao Jose do Rio Preto (FAMERP), PostGraduate Program in Health Sciences, Brigadeiro Faria Lima Avenue, 5416, Vila São Pedro, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcio Chaim Bajgelman
- National Center for Research in Energy and Materials - CNPEM, Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory - LNBio, Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro Street, Campinas, SP, 10000, Brazil
| | - Alicia M Viloria-Petit
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Debora Aparecida Pires de Campos Zuccari
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP/IBILCE), PostGraduate Program in Genetics, Cristovao Colombo Street, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.
- Faculdade de Medicina de Sao Jose do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Laboratory of Molecular Investigation of Cancer (LIMC), Brigadeiro Faria Lima Avenue, 5416, Vila São Pedro, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Yin Q, Liu S, Dong A, Mi X, Hao F, Zhang K. Targeting Transforming Growth Factor-Beta1 (TGF-β1) Inhibits Tumorigenesis of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma Cells Through ERK1/2-NFκkB-PUMA Signaling. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:2267-77. [PMID: 27356491 PMCID: PMC4933554 DOI: 10.12659/msm.898702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway plays a critical role in promoting tumor growth. TGF-β1was found to be overexpressed in anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC). We therefore tested our hypothesis that targeting TGF-β1 inhibits tumorigenesis of ATC cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS Effects of TGF-β1 stimulation or TGF-β1 inhibition by small interfering RNA (TGF-β1siRNA) on proliferation, colony formation, and apoptosis in 8505C cells in vitro was detected using siRNAs and inhibitors to examine the TGF-β1 signaling pathway. A subcutaneously implanted tumor model of 8505C cells in nude mice was used to assess the effects of TGF-β1 inhibition on tumorigenesis development. RESULTS TGF-β1siRNAs decreased proliferation and colony formation, and increased apoptosis in 8505C cells in vitro and inhibited tumor growth in vivo. TGF-β1siRNA inhibited phosphorylation ERK1/2 (pERK1/2) and increased p65-dependant PUMA mRNA and protein expression. Knockdown of p65 or PUMA by siRNA reduced TGF-β1siRNA-induced apoptosis, as well as caspase-3 and PARP activation. Upregulation of p65 or PUMA expression by TGF-β1siRNA requires pERK1/2 inhibition. TGF-β1 shRNA inhibited tumor growth in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Therapies targeting the TGF-β1 pathway may be more effective to prevent primary tumor formation. The ability of this therapy to decrease tumorigenesis may be related to ERK1/2/NF-κB/PUMA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yin
- Department of Oncology, People's Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Shan Liu
- Department of Oncology, People's Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Anbing Dong
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Xiufang Mi
- Department of Internal Medicine, People's Hospital of Zhangqiu, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Fengyun Hao
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Kejun Zhang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China (mainland)
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Martin LJ. Fucoxanthin and Its Metabolite Fucoxanthinol in Cancer Prevention and Treatment. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:4784-98. [PMID: 26264004 PMCID: PMC4557004 DOI: 10.3390/md13084784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fucoxanthin is a carotenoid present in the chloroplasts of brown seaweeds. When ingested, it is metabolized mainly to fucoxanthinol by digestive enzymes of the gastrointestinal tract. These compounds have been shown to have many beneficial health effects, including anti-mutagenic, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory and anti-neoplastic actions. In every cancer tested, modulatory actions of fucoxanthinol on viability, cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis and members of the NF-κB pathway were more pronounced than that of fucoxanthin. Anti-proliferative and cancer preventing influences of fucoxanthin and fucoxanthinol are mediated through different signalling pathways, including the caspases, Bcl-2 proteins, MAPK, PI3K/Akt, JAK/STAT, AP-1, GADD45, and several other molecules that are involved in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, anti-angiogenesis or inhibition of metastasis. In this review, we address the mechanisms of action of fucoxanthin and fucoxanthinol according to different types of cancers. Current findings suggest that these compounds could be effective for treatment and/or prevention of cancer development and aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc J Martin
- Biology Department, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada.
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16
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Luwor RB, Hakmana D, Iaria J, Nheu TV, Simpson RJ, Zhu HJ. Single live cell TGF-β signalling imaging: breast cancer cell motility and migration is driven by sub-populations of cells with dynamic TGF-β-Smad3 activity. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:50. [PMID: 25744371 PMCID: PMC4343191 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastasis is a process where only a small subset of cells is capable of successfully migrating to and propagating at secondary sites. TGF-β signalling is widely known for its role in cancer metastasis and is associated with cell migration in whole cell populations. FINDINGS We extend these findings by investigating the role of TGF-β signalling in promoting migration and motility by imaging the signalling activity in live, individual MDA-MB-231 cancer cells utilizing a novel Smad3 Td-Tomato reporter adenovirus. Here we find that not all MDA-MB-231 cancer cells have similar TGF-β mediated Smad3 transcription activity and display at least two distinct migratory populations. Importantly, Smad3 activity was significantly higher within migratory cells compared to non-migrated cells in wound healing and transwell assays. Furthermore, time-lapse experiments showed that MDA-MB-231 cells displaying Smad3 activity moved faster and a greater distance compared to cells not displaying Smad3 reporter activity. Interestingly, despite being more motile than cells with undetectable levels of Smad3 activity, high Smad3 activity was detrimental to cell motility compared to low and medium level of Smad3 activity. CONCLUSIONS We have developed a method enabling real-time visualization of TGF-β signalling in single live cells. Breast cancer cell motility and migration is driven by sub-populations of cells with dynamic TGF-β-Smad3 activity. Those sub-populations may be responsible for tumor invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney B Luwor
- Department of Surgery (RMH), The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia.
| | - Dulani Hakmana
- Department of Surgery (RMH), The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia.
| | - Josephine Iaria
- Department of Surgery (RMH), The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia.
| | - Thao V Nheu
- Department of Surgery (RMH), The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia.
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
| | - Hong-Jian Zhu
- Department of Surgery (RMH), The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia.
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17
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Adler D, Offermann A, Braun M, Menon R, Syring I, Nowak M, Halbach R, Vogel W, Ruiz C, Zellweger T, Rentsch CA, Svensson M, Andren O, Bubendorf L, Biskup S, Duensing S, Kirfel J, Perner S. MED12 overexpression is a frequent event in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:663-675. [PMID: 24938407 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In a recent effort to unravel the molecular basis of prostate cancer (PCa), Barbieri and colleagues using whole-exome sequencing identified a novel recurrently mutated gene, MED12, in 5.4% of primary PCa. MED12, encoding a subunit of the Mediator complex, is a transducer of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, linked to modulation of hedgehog signaling and to the regulation of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)-receptor signaling. Therefore, these studies prompted us to investigate the relevance of MED12 in PCa. Expression of MED12, SMAD3 phosphorylation, and proliferation markers was assessed by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays from 633 patients. siRNA-mediated knockdown of MED12 was carried out on PCa cell lines followed by cellular proliferation assays, cell cycle analysis, apoptosis assays, and treatments with recombinant TGFβ3. We found nuclear overexpression of MED12 in 40% (28/70) of distant metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC(MET)) and 21% (19/90) of local-recurrent CRPC (CRPC(LOC)) in comparison with frequencies of less than 11% in androgen-sensitive PCa, and no overexpression in benign prostatic tissues. MED12 expression was significantly correlated with high proliferative activity in PCa tissues, whereas knockdown of MED12 decreased proliferation, reduced G1- to S-phase transition, and increased the expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p27. TGFβ signaling activation associates with MED12 nuclear overexpression in tissues and results in a strong increase in MED12 nuclear expression in cell lines. Furthermore, MED12 knockdown reduced the expression of the TGFβ target gene vimentin. Our findings show that MED12 nuclear overexpression is a frequent event in CRPC in comparison with androgen-sensitive PCa and is directly implicated in TGFβ signaling.
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18
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Ciftci R, Tas F, Yasasever CT, Aksit E, Karabulut S, Sen F, Keskin S, Kilic L, Yildiz I, Bozbey HU, Duranyildiz D, Vatansever S. High serum transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1) level predicts better survival in breast cancer. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:6941-8. [PMID: 24740564 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1932-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1) is a regulatory cytokine with both tumor suppressor and tumor-promoting effects in breast cancer (BC) cell lines and tissue. Data about level of circulating TGFB1 and its prognostic significance in BC patients is conflicting. The objective of this study is to determine the clinical significance of the serum TGFB1 levels in BC patients. We enrolled 96 female patients with histopathologically diagnosed BC who did not receive chemotherapy (CT) or radiotherapy. Serum TGFB1 levels were measured by ELISA method and compared with 30 healthy controls. The mean serum TGFB1 level of BC patients was significantly higher than controls (0.08 vs. 0.04 ng/ml, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference according to known disease-related clinicopathological or laboratory parameters. Serum TGFB1 level had a significant impact on overall survival in both univariate (p = 0.01) and multivariate analysis (p = 0.013). Serum TGFB1 level is elevated in BC patients and has a favorable prognostic value. However, it has no predictive role on CT response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumeysa Ciftci
- Medical Oncology Department, Institute of Oncology, Istanbul University, Capa, Istanbul, Turkey,
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Zhang Y, Li L, Yu J, Zhu D, Zhang Y, Li X, Gu H, Zhang CY, Zen K. Microvesicle-mediated delivery of transforming growth factor β1 siRNA for the suppression of tumor growth in mice. Biomaterials 2014; 35:4390-400. [PMID: 24565517 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell-derived microvesicles (MVs) have been recently shown as an efficient carrier to deliver small RNAs into the target cells. In the present study, we characterized the inhibitory effect of TGF-β1 siRNA delivered by mouse fibroblast L929 cell-derived MVs (L929 MVs) on the growth and metastasis of murine sarcomas 180 cells both in vitro and in vivo. We found that, comparing to the same concentration of free TGF-β1 siRNA, TGF-β1 siRNA delivered by L929 MVs much more efficiently decreased the level of TGF-β1 in the recipient tumor cells. Functionally, MVs containing TGF-β1 siRNA significantly decreased the viability and migration of sarcomas 180 cells and promoted the apoptosis of tumor cells. Co-immunoprecipitation with Argonaute 2 (AGO2) via anti-AGO2 antibody indicated that the majority of TGF-β1 siRNA in the MVs were associated with AGO2 complex. A tumor implantation mouse model further showed that intravenous injection of TGF-β1 siRNA-containing MVs strongly suppressed TGF-β1 expression and TGF-β1 signaling downstream in the implanted tumor cells, and thus inhibited the growth and lung metastases of tumor cells. In conclusion, our results collectively demonstrate that the delivery of therapeutic TGF-β1 siRNA by cell-derived MVs provides an effective strategy to control tumor cell growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Limin Li
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Jianxiong Yu
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Dihan Zhu
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Yujing Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Xihan Li
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Hongwei Gu
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.
| | - Chen-Yu Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.
| | - Ke Zen
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.
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Yu CC, Tsai LL, Wang ML, Yu CH, Lo WL, Chang YC, Chiou GY, Chou MY, Chiou SH. miR145 targets the SOX9/ADAM17 axis to inhibit tumor-initiating cells and IL-6-mediated paracrine effects in head and neck cancer. Cancer Res 2013; 73:3425-40. [PMID: 23548270 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
ALDH1(+)CD44(+) cells are putative tumor-initiating cells (TIC) in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNC). miR-145 regulates tumorigenicity in various cancers but the breadth of its mechanistic contributions and potential therapeutic applications are not completely known. Here, we report that ALDH1(+)CD44(+)-HNC cells express reduced levels of miR145. SPONGE-mediated inhibition of miR-145 (Spg-miR145) was sufficient to drive tumor-initiating characteristics in non-TICs/ALDH1(-)CD44-negative HNC cells. Mechanistic analyses identified SOX9 and ADAM17 as two novel miR145 targets relevant to this process. miR-145 expression repressed TICs in HNC in a manner associated with SOX9 interaction with the ADAM17 promoter, thereby activating ADAM17 expression. Notably, the SOX9/ADAM17 axis dominated the TIC-inducing activity of miR-145. Either miR-145 suppression or ADAM17 overexpression in non-TICs/ALDH1(-)CD44(-)-HNC cells increased expression and secretion of interleukin (IL)-6 and soluble-IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R). Conversely, conditioned medium from Spg-miR145-transfected non-TICs/ALDH1(-)CD44(-)-HNC cells was sufficient to confer tumor-initiating properties in non-TICs/ALDH1(-)CD44(-)-HNC and this effect could be abrogated by an IL-6-neutralizing antibody. We found that curcumin administration increased miR-145 promoter activity, thereby decreasing SOX9/ADAM17 expression and eliminating TICs in HNC cell populations. Delivery of lentivral-miR145 or orally administered curcumin blocked tumor progression in HNC-TICs in murine xenotransplant assays. Finally, immunohistochemical analyses of patient specimens confirmed that an miR-145(low)/SOX9(high)/ADAM17(high) phenotype correlated with poor survival. Collectively, our results show how miR-145 targets the SOX9/ADAM17 axis to regulate TIC properties in HNC, and how altering this pathway may partly explain the anticancer effects of curcumin. By inhibiting IL-6 and sIL-6R as downstream effector cytokines in this pathway, miR-145 seems to suppress a paracrine signaling pathway in the tumor microenvironment that is vital to maintain TICs in HNC.
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MESH Headings
- 3' Untranslated Regions
- ADAM Proteins/genetics
- ADAM Proteins/metabolism
- ADAM17 Protein
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Growth Processes/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Curcumin/pharmacology
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/genetics
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/metabolism
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/pathology
- Heterografts
- Humans
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Receptors, Interleukin-6/metabolism
- SOX9 Transcription Factor/genetics
- SOX9 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chia Yu
- Institute of Oral Science; School of Dentistry, Oral Medicine Research Center, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taipei, Taiwan.
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21
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Cao J, Cai J, Huang D, Han Q, Yang Q, Li T, Ding H, Wang Z. miR-335 represents an invasion suppressor gene in ovarian cancer by targeting Bcl-w. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:701-6. [PMID: 23708561 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding small RNAs that bind to target mRNAs, usually resulting in post-transcriptional repression by translational inhibition or target degradation. mRNAs can function as tumor suppressors or oncogenes (also referred to as oncomirs) in human tumors. Although aberrant expression of miR-335 has been reported in ovarian cancer, whether it is an active participant or a mere bystander remains unknown. To clarify its role in ovarian carcinogenesis, we first examined the relative expression of miR-335 in 17 normal ovarian tissues and 4 ovarian cancer cell lines using qPCR. We found that miR-335 was downregulated in the ovarian cancer cell lines relative to normal ovarian epithelium tissues. In vitro, overexpression of miR-335 suppressed cell migration and invasion and resulted in depolymerization of F-actin in ovarian cancer cell lines, but exhibited a negligible effect on cell proliferation. B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 like 2 (Bcl-w or BCL2L2), a pro-survival member of the Bcl-2 protein family, was identified as a potential target of miR-335 according to the results of bioinformatic analysis, and the expression of Bcl-w and its effector matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP‑2) was downregulated after transfection with miR-335 mimics. In addition, ectopic Bcl-w could almost fully nullify the effect of miR-335 overexpression on ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion. These findings indicate that the tiny genome product, miR-335, whose lack of expression brings about the abnormal accumulation of Bcl-w and subsequent unchecked cell invasion in ovarian cancer, may help us to understand one of the many steps ovarian cells take on their way toward the acquisition of malignant phenotypes and miR-335 may be a promising predictor of survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, PR China
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Fils-Aimé N, Dai M, Guo J, El-Mousawi M, Kahramangil B, Neel JC, Lebrun JJ. MicroRNA-584 and the protein phosphatase and actin regulator 1 (PHACTR1), a new signaling route through which transforming growth factor-β Mediates the migration and actin dynamics of breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:11807-23. [PMID: 23479725 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.430934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β plays an important role in breast cancer progression as a prometastatic factor, notably through enhancement of cell migration. It is becoming clear that microRNAs, a new class of small regulatory molecules, also play crucial roles in mediating tumor formation and progression. We found TGF-β to down-regulate the expression of the microRNA miR-584 in breast cancer cells. Furthermore, we identified PHACTR1, an actin-binding protein, to be positively regulated by TGF-β in a miR-584-dependent manner. Moreover, we found TGF-β-mediated down-regulation of miR-584 and increased expression of PHACTR1 to be required for TGF-β-induced cell migration of breast cancer cells. Indeed, both overexpression of miR-584 and knockdown of PHACTR1 resulted in a drastic reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and reduced TGF-β-induced cell migration. Our data highlight a novel signaling route whereby TGF-β silences the expression of miR-584, resulting in enhanced PHACTR1 expression, and further leading to actin rearrangement and breast cancer cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Fils-Aimé
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada
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Oh S, Kim E, Kang D, Kim M, Kim JH, Song JJ. Transforming growth factor-β gene silencing using adenovirus expressing TGF-β1 or TGF-β2 shRNA. Cancer Gene Ther 2013; 20:94-100. [PMID: 23306609 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2012.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells secrete a variety of cytokines to outgrow and evade host immune surveillance. In this context, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is an extremely interesting cytokine because it has biphasic effects in cancer cells and normal cells. TGF-β1 acts as a growth inhibitor in normal cells, whereas it promotes tumor growth and progression in tumor cells. Overexpression of TGF-β1 in tumor cells also provides additional oncogenic activities by circumventing the host immune surveillance. Therefore, this study ultimately aimed to test the hypothesis that suppression of TGF-β1 in tumor cells by RNA interference can have antitumorigenic effects. However, we demonstrated here that the interrelation between TGF-β isotypes should be carefully considered for the antitumor effect in addition to the selection of target sequences with highest efficacy. The target sequences were proven to be highly specific and effective for suppressing both TGF-β1 mRNA and protein expression in cells after infection with an adenovirus expressing TGF-β1 short hairpin RNA (shRNA). A single base pair change in the shRNA sequence completely abrogated the suppressive effect on TGF-β1. Surprisingly, the suppression of TGF-β1 induced TGF-β3 upregulation, and the suppression of TGF-β2 induced another unexpected downregulation of both TGF-β1 and TGF-β3. Taken together, this information may prove useful when considering the design for a novel cancer immunogene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Oh
- Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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HWANG SUNGHEE, LEE BYUNGHWAN, KIM HYEONJOONG, CHO HEEJUNG, SHIN HOCHUL, IM KEUMSOON, CHOI SUNHYE, SHIN TAEJOON, LEE SANGMOK, NAM SUKWOO, KIM HYOUNGCHUN, RHIM HYEWON, NAH SEUNGYEOL. Suppression of metastasis of intravenously-inoculated B16/F10 melanoma cells by the novel ginseng-derived ingredient, gintonin: Involvement of autotaxin inhibition. Int J Oncol 2012; 42:317-26. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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De Giorgi U, Mego M, Scarpi E, Giuliano M, Giordano A, Reuben JM, Valero V, Ueno NT, Hortobagyi GN, Cristofanilli M. Relationship between lymphocytopenia and circulating tumor cells as prognostic factors for overall survival in metastatic breast cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2012; 12:264-9. [PMID: 22591634 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lymphocytopenia and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been reported as independent prognostic factors for overall survival (OS) in metastatic breast cancer (MBC), and both have been associated with bone metastases. Our objective was to compare the prognostic significance of lymphocytopenia, CTC count, and extensive bone metastases (> 2 lesions) assessed by fluorine-18 ((18)F) fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) in patients with MBC. PATIENTS AND METHODS This is a retrospective study that included patients with MBC who were starting a new line of systemic therapy. The study population consisted of patients treated at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center between 2004 and 2008 for whom baseline CTC count, lymphocyte counts, and FDG-PET/CT scans were available. Patients were stratified according to estrogen receptor status (positive vs. negative), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status (amplified vs. constitutive), baseline CTC counts per 7.5 mL of blood (< 5 CTCs/7.5 mL of blood vs. ≥ 5 CTCs/7.5 mL of blood), lymphocytopenia (< 1000 vs. ≥ 1000/μL), and extensive bone metastases (> 2 vs. ≤ 2 lesions). RESULTS In 195 assessable patients, the median OS was 27 months (range, 1 to > 45 months). In multivariate analysis, lymphocytopenia, ≥ 5 CTCs/7.5 mL of blood, estrogen receptor status, and line of therapy were the only predictive factors for progression-free survival (PFS) (2P = .001, 2P = .032, 2P = .029, and 2P = .002, respectively) and OS (2P = .001, 2P = .009, 2P = .004, and 2P = .024, respectively). CONCLUSION CTC measurement and lymphocytopenia are independent prognostic factors for PFS and OS in patients with MBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo De Giorgi
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Kim SG, Song JY. Therapeutic targeting of oncogenic transforming growth factor-β1 signaling by antisense oligonucleotides in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:539-44. [PMID: 22581233 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) signaling pathway is important in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Accordingly, the aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of antisense TGF-β1 oligonucleotides (ODNs) on OSCC in cell culture and in a xenograft model, as well as to evaluate any effects ODNs have on proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) expression in the xenograft model. We performed real-time cell electronic sensing (RT-CES) to determine the effect of antisense TGF-β1 ODNs on SCC-9 cell growth. To examine the in vivo effect of antisense TGF-β1 ODN therapy, SCC-9 cells were grafted into nude mice. Antisense ODNs were injected into the mass daily. Tumor size, body weight and duration of survival were assessed daily. Specimens from the main mass were used for immunohistochemical staining to analyze PCNA and MMP-2 expression. In vitro treatment with antisense TGF-β1 ODNs decreased TGF-β1 expression and growth of SCC-9 cells. In the xenograft model, the antisense TGF-β1 ODN group exhibited a significantly decreased tumor growth rate compared to the control, which received Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) (P=0.022). However, mean survival time and body weights were not significantly different between the groups (P>0.05). Immunohistochemistry showed that tumors from animals that received antisense TGF-β1 ODNs had significantly lower expression levels of PCNA and MMP-2 compared to tumors from animals in the DMEM group (P<0.05). In conclusion, antisense TGF-β1 ODN therapy significantly inhibits tumor growth compared to controls, however, there are no significant differences between groups with respect to changes in body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Gon Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 210-702, Republic of Korea.
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Todorović-Raković N, Milovanović J, Nikolić-Vukosavljević D. TGF-β and its coreceptors in cancerogenesis: an overview. Biomark Med 2012; 5:855-63. [PMID: 22103622 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.11.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides signaling serine/threonine kinases, such as TGF-β receptors I and II, the TGF-β pathway involves several auxiliary receptors or coreceptors. Recent studies show that these coreceptors, particulary endoglin and β-glycan, have greater significance than previously thought. They regulate the availability of ligands to the key receptors, as well as their interaction and response, which could be variable and context-dependent. Understanding their true mechanism of action is important for delineating the complexity of the entire TGF-β signaling pathway. This is especially important in the context of cancerogenesis, because of therapeutic possibilities to manipulate the TGF-β system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Todorović-Raković
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology & Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, Belgrade, Serbia
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De Lorenzo MS, Baljinnyam E, Vatner DE, Abarzúa P, Vatner SF, Rabson AB. Caloric restriction reduces growth of mammary tumors and metastases. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:1381-7. [PMID: 21665891 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of caloric restriction (CR) on growth of tumors and metastases in the 4T1 mammary tumor model and found that CR, compared with normal diet, reduced the growth of mammary tumors and metastases and the total number of metastases that originated both spontaneously from the primary tumor and also experimentally from i.v. injection of the tumor cells. CR also decreased proliferation and angiogenesis and increased apoptosis in tumors. CR reduced levels of insulin, leptin, insulin-like growth factor 1, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 and increased adiponectin in tumors. We also demonstrated that tumors from CR mice possessed lower levels of transforming growth factor-β, lower intratumor deposition of collagen IV and reduced invasiveness due to a decrease in tumor secretion of active matrix metalloproteinase 9. Our results suggest that CR-induced metabolic and signaling changes affect the stroma and the tumor cells resulting in a microenvironment that prevents proliferation of breast tumors and their metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana S De Lorenzo
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Medicine and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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Xu L, Wang F, Liu H, Xu XF, Mo WH, Xia YJ, Wan R, Wang XP, Guo CY. Increased expression of cellular repressor of E1A-stimulated gene (CREG) in gastric cancer patients: a mechanism of proliferation and metastasis in cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56:1645-55. [PMID: 21132365 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-010-1510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cellular repressor of E1A-stimulated genes (CREG), a secreted glycoprotein, has been studied with human embryonic carcinoma cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and NIH3T3 fibroblasts. However, its relationship to tumor cell proliferation and metastasis has not been examined in human gastric cancers (GC) until now. AIM To investigate the expression of CREG in GC and its association with GC cell proliferation and metastasis. METHODS Forty-two cases of GCs, matched normal gastric tissues, and the human gastric cancer cell lines BGC-823, SGC-7901, MKN45, normal gastric mucosa cell line GES, and HUVEC cell line ECV304 were used to analyze CREG expression at the level of mRNA and protein. The expression of CREG was then further examined by immunohistochemistry in 42 GC tissues, and the correlation between the level of CREG and the pathological and clinical data was evaluated. Finally, we down-regulated the expression of CREG in GC cells with specific siRNA, and assessed the role of CREG in the proliferation and metastasis/invasion of the GC cell line. RESULTS The level of CREG was found to be higher in malignant GC tissues and cells compared to adjacent normal tissues and normal gastric cells (p < 0.001). Additionally, the expression levels of CREG were positively correlated with tumor clinical stage (p = 0.001), tumor metastasis (p < 0.001), and stages of tumor infiltration (p = 0.019). Furthermore, by using siRNA, we found that the down-regulated expression of CREG inhibited the proliferation of GC cells (p < 0.05), and migration of both GC cells (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that CREG plays an important role in gastric cancer cell proliferation and metastasis and that CREG may be a potential therapeutic target for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200072 Shanghai, China
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Chakravarty G, Moroz K, Makridakis NM, Lloyd SA, Galvez SE, Canavello PR, Lacey MR, Agrawal K, Mondal D. Prognostic significance of cytoplasmic SOX9 in invasive ductal carcinoma and metastatic breast cancer. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2011; 236:145-55. [PMID: 21321311 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2010.010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SOX9, a high mobility group (HMG) box transcription factor, is required for development, differentiation and lineage commitment. It is known to exert its effects through nuclear translocation, such as cell cycle changes in response to retinoic acid treatment in breast cancer cells. However, it is not known whether SOX9 has prognostic significance in human breast cancer. Over-expression and cytoplasmic sequestration of nuclear proteins are implicated in tumor progression. To determine whether SOX9 has any prognostic significance in human breast cancer, its expression and subcellular localization were analyzed in more than 200 human breast carcinomas (BCs). SOX9 mRNA expression data for human BCs were computed from microarray studies available in public databases and correlated with known poor prognostic parameters of BCs. SOX9 protein expression and its correlation with Ki-67 staining in human BCs were assessed using immunohistochemistry. Higher SOX9 mRNA levels were significantly associated with estrogen receptor negative (P ≤ 0.001) and higher grade (P ≤ 0.01) human breast tumors. Patients with higher SOX9 mRNA level had significantly shorter overall survival (P ≤ 0.0001). SOX9 protein, which is normally nuclear, was instead localized in the cytoplasm of 25-30% invasive ductal carcinomas (IDCs) and lymph node metastases. Its cytoplasmic accumulation significantly correlated with enhanced proliferation in breast tumors (Kendall's tau = 0.337 with a P value < 0.0001). Cytoplasmic SOX9 can serve as a valuable prognostic marker for IDCs and metastatic breast cancer. Its significant correlation with breast tumor cell proliferation implies that SOX9 directly contributes to the poor clinical outcomes associated with invasive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Chakravarty
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, TUHSC, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Dombkowski AA, Sultana Z, Craig DB, Jamil H. In silico analysis of combinatorial microRNA activity reveals target genes and pathways associated with breast cancer metastasis. Cancer Inform 2011; 10:13-29. [PMID: 21552493 PMCID: PMC3085424 DOI: 10.4137/cin.s6631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This is an open access article. Unrestricted non-commercial use is permitted provided the original work is properly cited. Aberrant microRNA activity has been reported in many diseases, and studies often find numerous microRNAs concurrently dysregulated. Most target genes have binding sites for multiple microRNAs, and mounting evidence indicates that it is important to consider their combinatorial effect on target gene repression. A recent study associated the coincident loss of expression of six microRNAs with metastatic potential in breast cancer. Here, we used a new computational method, miR-AT!, to investigate combinatorial activity among this group of microRNAs. We found that the set of transcripts having multiple target sites for these microRNAs was significantly enriched with genes involved in cellular processes commonly perturbed in metastatic tumors: cell cycle regulation, cytoskeleton organization, and cell adhesion. Network analysis revealed numerous target genes upstream of cyclin D1 and c-Myc, indicating that the collective loss of the six microRNAs may have a focal effect on these two key regulatory nodes. A number of genes previously implicated in cancer metastasis are among the predicted combinatorial targets, including TGFB1, ARPC3, and RANKL. In summary, our analysis reveals extensive combinatorial interactions that have notable implications for their potential role in breast cancer metastasis and in therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan A Dombkowski
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Avraham T, Daluvoy S, Zampell J, Yan A, Haviv YS, Rockson SG, Mehrara BJ. Blockade of transforming growth factor-beta1 accelerates lymphatic regeneration during wound repair. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:3202-14. [PMID: 21056998 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.100594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lymphedema is a complication of cancer treatment occurring in approximately 50% of patients who undergo lymph node resection. Despite its prevalence, the etiology of this disorder remains unknown. In this study, we determined the effect of soft tissue fibrosis on lymphatic function and the role of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in the regulation of this response. We determined TGF-β expression patterns in matched biopsy specimens collected from lymphedematous and normal limbs of patients with secondary lymphedema. To determine the role of TGF-β in regulating tissue fibrosis, we used a mouse model of lymphedema and inhibited TGF-β function either systemically with a monoclonal antibody or locally by using a soluble, defective TGF-β receptor. Lymphedematous tissue demonstrated a nearly threefold increase in the number of cells that stained for TGF-β1. TGF-β inhibition markedly decreased tissue fibrosis, increased lymphangiogenesis, and improved lymphatic function compared with controls. In addition, inhibition of TGF-β not only decreased TGF-β expression in lymphedematous tissues, but also diminished inflammation, migration of T-helper type 2 (Th2) cells, and expression of profibrotic Th2 cytokines. Similarly, systemic depletion of T-cells markedly decreased TGF-β expression in tail tissues. Inhibition of TGF-β function promoted lymphatic regeneration, decreased tissue fibrosis, decreased chronic inflammation and Th2 cell migration, and improved lymphatic function. The use of these strategies may represent a novel means of preventing lymphedema after lymph node resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Avraham
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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Teixeira AL, Araújo A, Coelho A, Ribeiro R, Gomes M, Pereira C, Medeiros R. Influence of TGFB1+869T>C functional polymorphism in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) risk. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2010; 137:435-9. [PMID: 20449615 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-010-0896-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lung cancer is the third most common type of cancer in Europe and is the first cause of death by cancer worldwide. Non-small cell lung cancer accounts for 75-85% of all histological types of LC. The transforming growth factor beta 1 is a multifunctional regulatory polypeptide that controls many aspects of cellular function (cellular proliferation, differentiation, migration, apoptosis, immune surveillance). TGFB1+869T>C is a functional polymorphism described in TGFB1 gene and this transition has been associated with higher circulating levels of TGFß1 that may modulate cellular microenvironment and consequently LC development and prognosis. METHODS We studied TGFB + 869T > C functional polymorphism by allelic discrimination using 7300 real-time polymerase chain reaction system in 305 patients with NSCLC and 380 healthy individuals. RESULTS We found an increased risk for C carriers to develop NSCLC, both epidermoid NSCLC and non-epidermoid NSCLC (odds ratio (OR) = 2.03, P < 0.0001, OR = 2.37, P < 0.001 and OR = 1.83, P = 0.001, respectively). TGFB1+869T>C functional polymorphism may influence NSCLC susceptibility with impact in cellular microenvironment. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that individual differences influence the susceptibility to LC and tumoral behavior. This genetic profiling may help define higher risk groups for an individualized chemoprevention strategy and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Teixeira
- Molecular Oncology GRP-CI, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto Centre, Edifício Laboratórios, 4º piso, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
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Zhao XP, Huang YY, Huang Y, Lei P, Peng JL, Wu S, Wang M, Li WH, Zhu HF, Shen GX. Transforming growth factor-beta1 upregulates the expression of CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2010; 31:347-54. [PMID: 20154716 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2009.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether rhTGF-beta1 or a recombinant vector encoding a fusion protein comprising an extracellular domain of TGF-beta receptor II and an IgG Fc fragment) affects the regulation of CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) expression in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. METHODS MCF-7 breast cancer cells were treated with rhTGF-beta1 or transfected with a recombinant vector, pIRES2-EGFP-TbetaRII-Fc. Expression of CXCR4 in these cells was then analyzed at the mRNA and protein levels by quantitative RT-PCR and flow cytometry assay, respectively. A transwell assay was used to measure the chemotactic response of these cells to SDF-1alpha. RESULTS CXCR4 mRNA and protein expression were upregulated in TGF-beta1-treated MCF-7 cells. These cells also demonstrated an enhanced chemotactic response to SDF-1alpha. In MCF-7 cells transiently transfected with pIRES2-EGFP-TbetaRII-Fc, a fusion protein named TbetaRII-Fc (approximately 41 kDa) was produced and secreted. In these transfected cells, there was a reduction in CXCR4 expression and in the SDF-1alpha-mediated chemotactic response. CONCLUSION TGF-beta1 upregulated CXCR4 expression in MCF-7 cells, which subsequently enhanced the SDF-1alpha-induced chemotactic response. The results suggest a link between TGF-beta1 and CXCR4 expression in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, which may be one of the mechanisms of TGF-beta1-mediated enhancement of metastatic potential in breast cancer cells.
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Iwatsuki M, Mimori K, Yokobori T, Ishi H, Beppu T, Nakamori S, Baba H, Mori M. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer development and its clinical significance. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:293-9. [PMID: 19961486 PMCID: PMC11159985 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 579] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a critical role in embryonic development. EMT is also involved in cancer progression and metastasis and it is probable that a common molecular mechanism is shared by these processes. Cancer cells undergoing EMT can acquire invasive properties and enter the surrounding stroma, resulting in the creation of a favorable microenvironment for cancer progression and metastasis. Furthermore, the acquisition of EMT features has been associated with chemoresistance which could give rise to recurrence and metastasis after standard chemotherapeutic treatment. Thus, EMT could be closely involved in carcinogenesis, invasion, metastasis, recurrence, and chemoresistance. Research into EMT and its role in cancer pathogenesis has progressed rapidly and it is now hypothesized that novel concepts such as cancer stem cells and microRNA could be involved in EMT. However, the involvement of EMT varies greatly among cancer types, and much remains to be learned. In this review, we present recent findings regarding the involvement of EMT in cancer progression and metastasis and provide a perspective from clinical and translational viewpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Iwatsuki
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Beppu, Japan
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A comparative analysis and systematic review of the wound-healing milieu: implications for body contouring after massive weight loss. Plast Reconstr Surg 2010; 124:1675-1682. [PMID: 20009855 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e3181b98bb4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wound-healing complications following body contouring for massive weight loss patients are significant, with rates exceeding 40 percent. To better understand aberrant healing in this population, the authors have performed a comparative analysis of the wound milieu literature for patient populations with similar complication rates. METHODS PubMed and Ovid databases were reviewed from January of 1985 to January of 2009 for key terms, including wound healing, obesity, cancer, burn, transplant, and body contouring. Serum and wound levels of multiple factors, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cytokines, were assessed. RESULTS Complication rates in body contouring surgery range from 31 to 66 percent. Sixty-five studies were reviewed, and wound-healing complication rates were identified for cancer (45.8 percent), burn (30.4 percent), posttransplant (36 percent), and obese (43 percent) populations. In these groups, matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs) help regulate wound repair. Matrix metalloproteinase levels were elevated in cancer (4-fold increase in MMP-2), burn (20- to 30-fold increase in MMP-9), transplant (1.4-fold increase in MMP-2), and obese/chronic (79-fold increase) populations. TIMPs were increased in cancer (1.9-fold increase in TIMP-2) and burn (1.4-fold increase in TIMP-1) patients but decreased in chronic wound (55-fold decrease in TIMP-1) populations. Alterations to these regulatory proteins lead to prolonged matrix degradation, up-regulation of inflammatory mediators, and decreased growth factors, delaying the wound-healing process. CONCLUSIONS Complications after body contouring surgery are likely multifactorial; however, molecular imbalances to the massive weight loss wound milieu may contribute to poor surgical outcomes. Examining wound regulatory proteins including transforming growth factor-beta, vascular endothelial growth factor, and matrix metalloproteinases could aid in understanding the healing difficulties observed clinically.
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Epithelial–mesenchymal transition in cancer metastasis: Mechanisms, markers and strategies to overcome drug resistance in the clinic. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2009; 1796:75-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Wang ZZ, Li G, Chen XY, Zhao M, Yuan YH, Wang XL, Chen NH. Chemokine-like factor 1, a novel cytokine, induces nerve cell migration through the non-extracellular Ca2+-dependent tyrosine kinases pathway. Brain Res 2009; 1308:24-34. [PMID: 19857473 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine-like factor 1 (CKLF1) is a newly cloned chemotactic cytokine. The roles of CKLF1 in the immune system and the respiratory system have been reported, but its function in the nervous system is still remaining unclear. We aimed to investigate the role of CKLF1 in the nerve cell migration and its regulatory mechanisms. By chemotaxis assays and wound-healing assays, CKLF1 stimulated the migration of SH-SY5Y cells dose-dependently. By immunofluorescence staining, CKLF1 induced actin polymerization. By western blotting, proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2) was phosphorylated at Tyr-402 in response to CKLF1 and this phosphorylation was apparently suppressed by phospholipase C-gamma inhibitor U73122, but not extracellular Ca(2+) chelator EGTA. Furthermore, after transfection of dominant-negative mutant PYK2 plasmid, the chemotaxis upon CKLF1 was significantly attenuated in SH-SY5Y cells. Concluding, CKLF1 stimulates the migration of SH-SY5Y cells dose-dependently by activating non-extracellular Ca(2+)-dependent tyrosine kinases pathway and inducing actin polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Zhen Wang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
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Isayeva T, Moore LD, Chanda D, Chen D, Ponnazhagan S. Tumoristatic effects of endostatin in prostate cancer is dependent on androgen receptor status. Prostate 2009; 69:1055-66. [PMID: 19301304 PMCID: PMC5087284 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although anti-angiogenic therapy is a promising new line of therapy for prostate cancer, we recently reported that stable expression of endostatin arrested the progression of prostate cancer to poorly differentiated state and distant metastasis in TRAMP mice. However, the same therapy failed to provide any benefit when given either during or after the onset of metastatic switch. The present study determined the possible mechanisms behind the selective advantage of endostatin therapy in early-stage disease. METHODS Angiogenesis-related gene expression analysis was performed to identify target genes and molecular pathways involved in the therapy effects. Based on the results from in vivo studies, and recapitulation of the in vivo data in vitro using tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic human prostate cancer cells that are either androgen-sensitive or androgen-independent, analyses of possible mechanisms of the selective advantage of early treatment were performed using assays for cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and cell signaling. The identified mechanisms were further confirmed in vivo. RESULTS Results indicated that cells with high androgen receptor (AR) expression were more sensitive to endostatin treatment than androgen-independent cells with low or no AR expression. Endostatin was found to significantly downregulate the expression of growth factors, receptor tyrosine kinases, proteases, and AR both in vitro and in vivo only when the cells express high-levels of AR. Cell proliferation was not influenced by endostatin treatment but migration was significantly affected only in androgen-sensitive cells. Targeted downregulation of AR prior to endostatin treatment in androgen-sensitive cells and overexpression of AR in androgen-independent cells indicated that the effect of endostatin via AR downregulation is mediated by a non-genotropic mechanism on Ras and RhoA pathways, and independently of AR on MAPK/ERK pathway. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that systemically stable endostatin expression delays the onset of metastatic switch by acting on multiple pathways involving AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Isayeva
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Lakisha D. Moore
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Diptiman Chanda
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Dongquan Chen
- Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Selvarangan Ponnazhagan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
- Corresponding author: Selvarangan Ponnazhagan, Ph.D., Department of Pathology, LHRB 513, 701, 19 Street South, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007, Phone: (205) 934-6731, Fax: (205) 975-9927,
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Yan JD, Yang S, Zhang J, Zhu TH. BMP6 reverses TGF-beta1-induced changes in HK-2 cells: implications for the treatment of renal fibrosis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30:994-1000. [PMID: 19543302 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2009.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of the study was to investigate the potential role of BMP6 in TGF-beta1-mediated changes in HK-2 cells. METHODS BMP6 was purified via heparin affinity and reverse phase liquid chromatography. The purity, specificity, and bioactivity of BMP6 were determined by SDS-PAGE, Western blot assays, and the induction of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, respectively. Cell proliferation, morphology, and expression levels of alpha-SMA and E-cadherin were assessed by cell viability, microscopy, and Western blot assays, respectively. In addition, cell adhesion abilities were determined by counting the number of attached cells. The expression of fibronectin, collagen IV, matrix metalloproteinases 2 (MMP-2), and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases 2 (TIMP-2) were analyzed using RT-PCR. MMP-2 activity was analyzed by zymography, whereas the activation of the MAPKs and Smad signaling were analyzed using Western blot assays and a reporter gene assay, respectively. RESULTS Our results indicated that recombinant BMP6 induced ALP activity in a dose-dependent and time-course-dependent manner. Treatment with TGF-beta1 reduced both the cell proliferation and the expression of E-cadherin, induced a morphological transformation, decreased the expression and activity of MMP-2, and increased the expression levels of alpha-SMA, fibronectin, and TIMP-2 in HK-2 cells. All of these effects were inhibited when cells were treated with TGF-beta1 in combination with rhBMP6, whereas rhBMP6 alone demonstrated no such effect. Treatment with TGF-beta1, rhBMP6, or a combination of both had no effect on the expression of collagen IV. In addition, the administration of rhBMP6 prevented the enhanced adhesion behavior triggered by TGF-beta1. Furthermore, the addition of rhBMP6 abrogated the JNK and Smad2/3 signaling that was activated by TGF-beta1. CONCLUSION BMP6 ameliorated the TGF-beta1-induced changes in HK-2 cells. The suppression of TGF-beta1-mediated JNK and Smad2/3 signaling activation were implicated in these effects.Acta Pharmacologica Sinica (2009) 30: 994-1000; doi: 10.1038/aps.2009.56; published online 22 June 2009.
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