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Li X, Li W, Zhang Y, Xu L, Song Y. Exploiting the potential of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in overcoming tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia. Genes Dis 2024; 11:101150. [PMID: 38947742 PMCID: PMC11214299 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.101150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The advent of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) targeting BCR-ABL has drastically changed the treatment approach of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), greatly prolonged the life of CML patients, and improved their prognosis. However, TKI resistance is still a major problem with CML patients, reducing the efficacy of treatment and their quality of life. TKI resistance is mainly divided into BCR-ABL-dependent and BCR-ABL-independent resistance. Now, the main clinical strategy addressing TKI resistance is to switch to newly developed TKIs. However, data have shown that these new drugs may cause serious adverse reactions and intolerance and cannot address all resistance mutations. Therefore, finding new therapeutic targets to overcome TKI resistance is crucial and the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) has emerged as a focus. The UPS mediates the degradation of most proteins in organisms and controls a wide range of physiological processes. In recent years, the study of UPS in hematological malignant tumors has resulted in effective treatments, such as bortezomib in the treatment of multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. In CML, the components of UPS cooperate or antagonize the efficacy of TKI by directly or indirectly affecting the ubiquitination of BCR-ABL, interfering with CML-related signaling pathways, and negatively or positively affecting leukemia stem cells. Some of these molecules may help overcome TKI resistance and treat CML. In this review, the mechanism of TKI resistance is briefly described, the components of UPS are introduced, existing studies on UPS participating in TKI resistance are listed, and UPS as the therapeutic target and strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Li
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, China
| | - Linping Xu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, China
| | - Yongping Song
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, China
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
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2
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Liu Z, Chen M, Zheng W, Yuan S, Zhao W. Insights into the prognostic value and immunological role of CD74 in pan-cancer. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:222. [PMID: 38861249 PMCID: PMC11166624 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01081-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD74 is a non-polymorphic type II transmembrane glycoprotein. It is involved in the regulation of T and B cell development, and dendritic cell (DC) motility. Numerous studies have found that CD74 exerts an essential role in tumor immunity, but the expression profile of CD74 is still not systematically reported, and its value in human pan-cancer analysis is unknown. In this study, we analyzed the expression pattern of CD74 in 33 cancers, and evaluated the significance of CD74 in prognosis prediction and cancer immunity. METHODS Pan-cancer dataset from UCSC Xena.We used the Sangerbox website combined with R software' Timer, CIBERSORT method and IOBR package to analyze and plot the data. Survival was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test for 33 cancer types (p < 0.05). In addition, to explore the relationship between CD74 expression and immune checkpoints, immune cell infiltration, tumor mutational burden (TMB) and microsatellite instability (MSI), Spearman correlation analysis was performed. RESULTS This study comprehensively analyzed CD74 expression in 33 different tumor types, revealing that CD74 play an crucial role in cancer formation and development. CONCLUSIONS CD74 gene expression in different cancers is associated with immune cell infiltration and immunomodulators and may provide a promising target for survival and immunotherapy. Our study shows that CD74 has an essential role as a biomarker of prognosis during tumor development, which highlights the possibility of new targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebiao Liu
- Pathology, Huizhou First Hospital, Huizhou, 516000, China
| | - Mingquan Chen
- Pathology, Huizhou First Hospital, Huizhou, 516000, China
| | - Wanhua Zheng
- Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Stem cell and Biopharmaceutical Technology, School of Life Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Shicheng Yuan
- Pathology, Huizhou First Hospital, Huizhou, 516000, China
| | - Wenli Zhao
- Pathology, Huizhou First Hospital, Huizhou, 516000, China.
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3
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Tang L, Huang Z, Mei H, Hu Y. Immunotherapy in hematologic malignancies: achievements, challenges and future prospects. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:306. [PMID: 37591844 PMCID: PMC10435569 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01521-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune-cell origin of hematologic malignancies provides a unique avenue for the understanding of both the mechanisms of immune responsiveness and immune escape, which has accelerated the progress of immunotherapy. Several categories of immunotherapies have been developed and are being further evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of blood cancers, including stem cell transplantation, immune checkpoint inhibitors, antigen-targeted antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, tumor vaccines, and adoptive cell therapies. These immunotherapies have shown the potential to induce long-term remission in refractory or relapsed patients and have led to a paradigm shift in cancer treatment with great clinical success. Different immunotherapeutic approaches have their advantages but also shortcomings that need to be addressed. To provide clinicians with timely information on these revolutionary therapeutic approaches, the comprehensive review provides historical perspectives on the applications and clinical considerations of the immunotherapy. Here, we first outline the recent advances that have been made in the understanding of the various categories of immunotherapies in the treatment of hematologic malignancies. We further discuss the specific mechanisms of action, summarize the clinical trials and outcomes of immunotherapies in hematologic malignancies, as well as the adverse effects and toxicity management and then provide novel insights into challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Tang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Medical Center of Cell Therapy for Neoplastic Disease, 430022, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, the Ministry of Education, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhongpei Huang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Medical Center of Cell Therapy for Neoplastic Disease, 430022, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, the Ministry of Education, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Heng Mei
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Clinical Medical Center of Cell Therapy for Neoplastic Disease, 430022, Wuhan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, the Ministry of Education, 430022, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yu Hu
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Clinical Medical Center of Cell Therapy for Neoplastic Disease, 430022, Wuhan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, the Ministry of Education, 430022, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China.
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4
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CXCR4 and anti-BCMA CAR co-modified natural killer cells suppress multiple myeloma progression in a xenograft mouse model. Cancer Gene Ther 2022; 29:475-483. [PMID: 34471234 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-021-00365-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The highly restricted expression of B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) on plasma cells makes it an ideal target for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) immune cell therapy against multiple myeloma (MM), a bone marrow cancer. To improve the infiltration of ex vivo expanded human natural killer (NK) cells into the bone marrow, we electroporated these cells with mRNA encoding the chemokine receptor CXCR4. The CXCR4-modified NK cells displayed increased in vitro migration toward the bone marrow niche-expressing chemokine CXCL12/SDF-1α and augmented infiltration into the bone marrow compartments in mice. We further modified the CXCR4-NK cells by electroporation of mRNA encoding a CAR targeting BCMA. After the intravenous injection of the double-modified NK cells into a xenograft mouse model of MM, we observed significantly reduced tumor burden in the femur region of the living mice and the extended survival of the tumor-bearing mice. Collectively, this study provides the experimental evidence that the co-expression of CXCR4 and anti-BCMA CAR on NK cells is a possible effective way to control MM progression.
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5
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Zhang X, Huang AC, Chen F, Chen H, Li L, Kong N, Luo W, Fang J. Novel development strategies and challenges for anti-Her2 antibody-drug conjugates. Antib Ther 2022; 5:18-29. [PMID: 35146330 PMCID: PMC8826051 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbac001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) combining potent cytotoxicity of small-molecule drugs with the selectivity and excellent pharmacokinetic profile of monoclonal antibody (mAb) are promising therapeutic modalities for a diverse range of cancers. Owing to overexpression in a wide range of tumors, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2) is one of the most utilized targeting antigens for ADCs to treat Her2-positive cancers. Owing to the high density of Her2 antigens on the tumor cells and high affinity and high internalization capacity of corresponding antibodies, 56 anti-Her2 ADCs which applied >10 different types of novel payloads had entered preclinical or clinical trials. Seven of 12 Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved ADCs including Polivy (2019), Padcev (2019), EnHertu (2019), Trodelvy (2020), Blenrep (2020), Zynlonta (2021), and Tivdak) (2021) have been approved by FDA in the past three years alone, indicating that the maturing of ADC technology brings more productive clinical outcomes. This review, focusing on the anti-Her2 ADCs in clinical trials or on the market, discusses the strategies to select antibody formats, the linkages between linker and mAb, and effective payloads with particular release and action mechanisms for a good clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinling Zhang
- ADC R&D Department, RemeGen Co., Ltd. 58 Middle Beijing Road, Yantai 264006, ShanDong, China
| | - Andrew C Huang
- Innovation Research Center, MabPlex International Ltd., 60 Middle Beijing Road, Yantai 264006, ShanDong, China
| | - Fahai Chen
- CEO officer, RemeGen Co., Ltd. 58 Middle Beijing Road, Yantai 264006, ShanDong, China
| | - Hu Chen
- ADC R&D Department, RemeGen Co., Ltd. 58 Middle Beijing Road, Yantai 264006, ShanDong, China
| | - Lele Li
- Innovation Research Center, MabPlex International Ltd., 60 Middle Beijing Road, Yantai 264006, ShanDong, China
| | - Nana Kong
- Innovation Research Center, MabPlex International Ltd., 60 Middle Beijing Road, Yantai 264006, ShanDong, China
| | - Wenting Luo
- ADC R&D Department, RemeGen Co., Ltd. 58 Middle Beijing Road, Yantai 264006, ShanDong, China
| | - Jianmin Fang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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6
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Sumaiya K, Langford D, Natarajaseenivasan K, Shanmughapriya S. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF): A multifaceted cytokine regulated by genetic and physiological strategies. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 233:108024. [PMID: 34673115 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a proinflammatory cytokine encoded within a functionally polymorphic genetic locus. MIF was initially recognized as a cytokine generated by activated T cells, but in recent days it has been identified as a multipotent key cytokine secreted by many other cell types involved in immune response and physiological processes. MIF is a highly conserved 12.5 kDa secretory protein that is involved in numerous biological processes. The expression and secretion profile of MIF suggests that MIF to be ubiquitously and constitutively expressed in almost all mammalian cells and is vital for numerous physiological processes. MIF is a critical upstream mediator of host innate and adaptive immunity and survival pathways resulting in the clearance of pathogens thus playing a protective role during infectious diseases. On the other hand, MIF being an immune modulator accelerates detrimental inflammation, promotes cancer metastasis and progression, thus worsening disease conditions. Several reports demonstrated that genetic and physiological factors, including MIF gene polymorphisms, posttranslational regulations, and receptor binding control the functional activities of MIF. Taking into consideration the multi-faceted role of MIF both in physiology and pathology, we thought it is timely to review and summarize the expressional and functional regulation of MIF, its functional mechanisms associated with its beneficial and pathological roles, and MIF-targeting therapies. Thus, our review will provide an overview on how MIF is regulated, its response, and the potency of the therapies that target MIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamoorthi Sumaiya
- Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Centre for Excellence in Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dianne Langford
- Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Kalimuthusamy Natarajaseenivasan
- Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Centre for Excellence in Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA..
| | - Santhanam Shanmughapriya
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey PA-17033, USA.
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7
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Wang S, Yang H, Su M, Lian F, Cong Z, Wei R, Zhou Y, Li X, Zheng X, Li C, Fu X, Han X, Shi Q, Li C, Zhang N, Geng M, Liu H, Li J, Huang X, Wang J. 5-Aminonaphthalene derivatives as selective nonnucleoside nuclear receptor binding SET domain-protein 2 (NSD2) inhibitors for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 222:113592. [PMID: 34147909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 20% of multiple myeloma (MM) are caused by a chromosomal translocation t (4; 14) that leads to the overexpression of the nuclear receptor binding SET domain-protein 2 (NSD2) histone methyltransferase. NSD2 catalyzes the methylation of lysine 36 on histone H3 (H3K36me2) and is associated with transcriptionally active regions. Using high-throughput screening (HTS) with biological analyses, a series of 5-aminonaphthalene derivatives were designed and synthesized as novel NSD2 inhibitors. Among all the prepared compounds, 9c displayed a good NSD2 inhibitory activity (IC50 = 2.7 μM) and selectivity against both SET-domain-containing and non-SET-domain-containing methyltransferases. Preliminary research indicates the inhibition mechanism of compound 9c by significantly suppressed the methylation of H3K36me2. Compound 9c specifically inhibits the proliferation of the human B cell precursor leukemia cell line RS4:11 and the human myeloma cell line KMS11 by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis with little cytotoxicity. It has been reported that the anti-cancer effect of compound 9c is partly achieved by completely suppressing the transcriptional activation of NSD2-targeted genes. When administered intraperitoneally at 25 mg/kg, compound 9c suppressed the tumor growth of RS4:11 xenografts in vivo and no body weight loss was detected in the tested SCID mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuni Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mingbo Su
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Fulin Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhanqing Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rongrui Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yubo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China; Zhongshan Institute of Drug Discovery, Institution for Drug Discovery Innovation, Chinese Academy of Science, Zhongshan, 528400, China
| | - Xingjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xingling Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chunpu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Xuhong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiongyu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Naixia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Meiyu Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023, China; Zhongshan Institute of Drug Discovery, Institution for Drug Discovery Innovation, Chinese Academy of Science, Zhongshan, 528400, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
| | - Xun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
| | - Jiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
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8
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Xiao N, Li K, Zhu X, Xu B, Liu X, Lei M, Sun HC. CD74 + macrophages are associated with favorable prognosis and immune contexture in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 71:57-69. [PMID: 34009409 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02962-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
CD74 was initially thought to participate mainly in antigen presentation as an MHC class II chaperone. Recent studies have shown that CD74 plays an important role within the cell and throughout the immune system in a wide spectrum of neoplasms. However, the role of CD74 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains elusive. In this study, HCC tissues from Zhongshan Hospital and data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were obtained and analyzed. Immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) were performed to detect the characteristics of CD74+ cells and explore their impact on the tumor microenvironment (TME) of HCC. Our data revealed that stromal CD74+ cell enrichment was associated with favorable prognosis in patients with HCC. CD74 was abundant in a large portion of HCC specimens and prominently distributed on stromal macrophages. scRNA-seq data also indicated that the pathways related to immune response were significantly upregulated in CD74+ macrophages. High infiltration of CD74+ macrophages was associated with increased infiltration of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) with enhanced effector functions in HCC. Besides, blocking CD74 weakened the antitumor activity and proliferation ability of CD8+ CTLs in HCC. Our findings highlight the critical role of CD74 in HCC. New drugs and antibodies targeting CD74 may be effective strategies for HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xiao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Kangshuai Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ming Lei
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hui-Chuan Sun
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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9
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Wen Y, Cai W, Yang J, Fu X, Putha L, Xia Q, Windsor JA, Phillips AR, Tyndall JDA, Du D, Liu T, Huang W. Targeting Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor in Acute Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:638950. [PMID: 33776775 PMCID: PMC7992011 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.638950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammation and cancer. It is produced by various cells and circulating MIF has been identified as a biomarker for a range of diseases. Extracellular MIF mainly binds to the cluster of differentiation 74 (CD74)/CD44 to activate downstream signaling pathways. These in turn activate immune responses, enhance inflammation and can promote cancer cell proliferation and invasion. Extracellular MIF also binds to the C-X-C chemokine receptors cooperating with or without CD74 to activate chemokine response. Intracellular MIF is involved in Toll-like receptor and inflammasome-mediated inflammatory response. Pharmacological inhibition of MIF has been shown to hold great promise in treating inflammatory diseases and cancer, including small molecule MIF inhibitors targeting the tautomerase active site of MIF and antibodies that neutralize MIF. In the current review, we discuss the role of MIF signaling pathways in inflammation and cancer and summarize the recent advances of the role of MIF in experimental and clinical exocrine pancreatic diseases. We expect to provide insights into clinical translation of MIF antagonism as a strategy for treating acute pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian Wen
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Wenhao Cai
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Liverpool Pancreatitis Research Group, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jingyu Yang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianghui Fu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Lohitha Putha
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Qing Xia
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - John A Windsor
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anthony R Phillips
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Dan Du
- West China-Washington Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Liverpool Pancreatitis Research Group, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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10
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A Human Osteochondral Tissue Model Mimicking Cytokine-Induced Key Features of Arthritis In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010128. [PMID: 33374446 PMCID: PMC7794893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adequate tissue engineered models are required to further understand the (patho)physiological mechanism involved in the destructive processes of cartilage and subchondral bone during rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Therefore, we developed a human in vitro 3D osteochondral tissue model (OTM), mimicking cytokine-induced cellular and matrix-related changes leading to cartilage degradation and bone destruction in order to ultimately provide a preclinical drug screening tool. To this end, the OTM was engineered by co-cultivation of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-derived bone and cartilage components in a 3D environment. It was comprehensively characterized on cell, protein, and mRNA level. Stimulating the OTM with pro-inflammatory cytokines, relevant in RA (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-6, macrophage migration inhibitory factor), caused cell- and matrix-related changes, resulting in a significantly induced gene expression of lactate dehydrogenase A, interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor α in both, cartilage and bone, while the matrix metalloproteases 1 and 3 were only induced in cartilage. Finally, application of target-specific drugs prevented the induction of inflammation and matrix-degradation. Thus, we here provide evidence that our human in vitro 3D OTM mimics cytokine-induced cell- and matrix-related changes—key features of RA—and may serve as a preclinical tool for the evaluation of both new targets and potential drugs in a more translational setup.
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11
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Vozella F, Fazio F, Lapietra G, Petrucci MT, Martinelli G, Cerchione C. Monoclonal antibodies in multiple myeloma. Panminerva Med 2020; 63:21-27. [PMID: 32955188 DOI: 10.23736/s0031-0808.20.04149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) patients has radically changed over the last years following the introduction of next generation proteasome inhibitors (PI) and immunomodulatory derivative (IMiDs). In the last years, one further therapeutic option for MM patients is represented by monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), that seem to change the paradigm of MM treatment, particularly for heavily pretreated or double refractory to a PI and IMiDs patients. Antibodies have an immune-based mechanism, induce durable responses with limited toxicity and combine well with existing therapies. The therapeutic effects are prevalently obtained by means of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP), complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and concurrently by the induction of signals on cell effectors. Immunotherapeutic strategies offer a new and exciting approach to target key molecular pathways that continue to be implicated in the survival of malignant plasma cells. These targets include cell surface proteins (CD38, CD138 [SDC1], B cell maturation antigen [BCMA, TNFRSF17]), cytokines that play a role in plasma cell survival and proliferation (interleukin 6 [IL6] and B cell activating factor), signal regulators of bone metabolism (RANKL [TNFSF11], DKK1) and regulators of the immune system (PD-1[PDCD1], PD-L1[CD274]). This article focuses on new MoAbs and related innovative immunotherapeutic modalities currently under investigation in the treatment landscape of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Vozella
- Division of Hematology, San Giovanni di Dio Hospital, Florence, Italy -
| | - Francesca Fazio
- Unit of Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Umberto I Polyclinic Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Lapietra
- Unit of Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Umberto I Polyclinic Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria T Petrucci
- Unit of Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Umberto I Polyclinic Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Martinelli
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), Meldola, Forlì-Cesena, Italy
| | - Claudio Cerchione
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), Meldola, Forlì-Cesena, Italy
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12
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Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies and Antibody Products: Current Practices and Development in Multiple Myeloma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 12:cancers12010015. [PMID: 31861548 PMCID: PMC7017131 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is the latest innovation for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) entered the clinical practice and are under evaluation in clinical trials. MAbs can target highly selective and specific antigens on the cell surface of MM cells causing cell death (CD38 and CS1), convey specific cytotoxic drugs (antibody-drug conjugates), remove the breaks of the immune system (programmed death 1 (PD-1) and PD-ligand 1/2 (L1/L2) axis), or boost it against myeloma cells (bi-specific mAbs and T cell engagers). Two mAbs have been approved for the treatment of MM: the anti-CD38 daratumumab for newly-diagnosed and relapsed/refractory patients and the anti-CS1 elotuzumab in the relapse setting. These compounds are under investigation in clinical trials to explore their synergy with other anti-MM regimens, both in the front-line and relapse settings. Other antibodies targeting various antigens are under evaluation. B cell maturation antigens (BCMAs), selectively expressed on plasma cells, emerged as a promising target and several compounds targeting it have been developed. Encouraging results have been reported with antibody drug conjugates (e.g., GSK2857916) and bispecific T cell engagers (BiTEs®), including AMG420, which re-directs T cell-mediated cytotoxicity against MM cells. Here, we present an overview on mAbs currently approved for the treatment of MM and promising compounds under investigation.
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13
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Guo M, Sun D, Fan Z, Yuan Y, Shao M, Hou J, Zhu Y, Wei R, Zhu Y, Qian J, Li F, Yang Y, Gu C. Targeting MK2 Is a Novel Approach to Interfere in Multiple Myeloma. Front Oncol 2019; 9:722. [PMID: 31440466 PMCID: PMC6694709 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
MAPKAPK2 (MK2), the direct substrate of p38 MAPK, has been well-acknowledged as an attractive drug target for cancer therapy. However, few studies have assessed the functions of it in multiple myeloma (MM). In the present study, MK2 expression of MM patients was analyzed by gene expression profiling (GEP) and array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). Several experiments in vitro including MTT assay, Western blot and flow cytometry analysis were performed to identify the function of MK2 in MM. In addition, we conducted mouse survival experiments to explain the effects of MK2 on MM in vivo. mRNA level of MK2 and chromosomal gain of MK2 locus in MM cells significantly increased compared to normal samples. Furthermore, MM patients with high expression of MK2 were associated with a poor outcome. Follow-up studies showed that MK2 exerted a remarkably positive effect on MM cell proliferation and drug-resistance. Further exploration focusing on MK2 inhibitor IV revealed its inhibitory action on MM growth and drug-resistance, as well as improving survival in mouse models. In addition, a combination of MK2 inhibitor IV and the key MM therapeutic agents including bortezomib, doxorubicin, or dexamethasone facilitated curative effects on inhibiting MM cell proliferation. Taken together, our study reveals the clinical relevance of MK2 inhibition in MM and demonstrates that targeting MK2 may afford a new therapeutic approach to MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Guo
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongdong Sun
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhimin Fan
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxia Yuan
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Miaomiao Shao
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianhao Hou
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuqi Zhu
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongfang Wei
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinjun Qian
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ye Yang
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,School of Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunyan Gu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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14
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Fu Y, Ho M. DNA damaging agent-based antibody-drug conjugates for cancer therapy. Antib Ther 2018; 1:33-43. [PMID: 30294716 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tby007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, four antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are approved by the Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicine Agency to treat cancer patients. More than 60 ADCs are in clinical development for cancer therapy. More than 60% of ADCs in clinical trials employ microtubule inhibitors as their payloads. A better understanding of payloads other than microtubule inhibitors, especially DNA-damaging agents, is important for further development of ADCs. In this review, we highlight an emerging trend of using DNA-damaging agents as payloads for ADCs. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding gained from ongoing clinical studies; it will help to define the utility of DNA-damaging payloads for ADCs as cancer therapeutics. Future directions of the development of ADCs are also discussed, focusing on targeting drug resistance and combination treatment with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mitchell Ho
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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15
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Leoh LS, Kim YK, Candelaria PV, Martínez-Maza O, Daniels-Wells TR, Penichet ML. Efficacy and Mechanism of Antitumor Activity of an Antibody Targeting Transferrin Receptor 1 in Mouse Models of Human Multiple Myeloma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3485-3494. [PMID: 29654211 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) is an attractive target for Ab-mediated cancer therapy. We previously developed a mouse/human chimeric IgG3 Ab (ch128.1) targeting human TfR1, which exhibits direct in vitro cytotoxicity against certain human malignant B cells through TfR1 degradation and iron deprivation. ch128.1 also demonstrates exceptional antitumor activity against the B cell malignancy multiple myeloma (MM) in xenograft models of SCID-Beige mice bearing either disseminated ARH-77 or KMS-11 cells in an early disease setting. Interestingly, this activity is observed even against KMS-11 cells, which show no sensitivity to the direct cytotoxic activity of ch128.1 in vitro. To understand the contributions of the Fc fragment, we generated a ch128.1 mutant with impaired binding to FcγRs and to the complement component C1q, which retains binding to the neonatal Fc receptor. We now report that this mutant Ab does not show antitumor activity in these two MM models, indicating a crucial role of the Fc fragment in the antitumor activity of ch128.1, which can be attributed to effector functions (Ab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, Ab-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis, and/or complement-dependent cytotoxicity). Interestingly, in the KMS-11 model, complement depletion does not affect protection, whereas macrophage depletion does. Consistent with this observation, we found that ch128.1 induces Ab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and Ab-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis against KMS-11 cells in the presence of murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. Finally, we found that ch128.1 therapy effectively increases survival in a late MM disease setting. Our results suggest that macrophages play a major role in ch128.1-mediated antitumor protection in our models and that ch128.1 can be effective against human B cell malignancies such as MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Sum Leoh
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Yoon Kyung Kim
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Pierre V Candelaria
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Otoniel Martínez-Maza
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,Department of Epidemiology, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90024; and
| | - Tracy R Daniels-Wells
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Manuel L Penichet
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095; .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90024; and.,The Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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16
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Gai JW, Wahafu W, Song L, Ping H, Wang M, Yang F, Niu Y, Qing W, Xing N. Expression of CD74 in bladder cancer and its suppression in association with cancer proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis in HT-1376 cells. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:7631-7638. [PMID: 29731899 PMCID: PMC5920967 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression and potential roles of CD74 in human urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) in vitro and in vivo. CD74 and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) were located and assayed in normal and UCB samples and cell lines using immunostaining. CD74 was knocked down using CD74 shRNA lentiviral particles in HT-1376 cells. The proliferative, invasive potential and microvessel density (MVD) of knockdown-CD74 HT-1376 cells were analyzed in vitro or in vivo. The expression of CD74 in an additional high grade UCB J82 cell line was also verified in vivo. All experiments were repeated at least 3 times. The majority of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) samples, and only one high grade UCB cell line, HT-1376, expressed CD74, compared with normal, non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) samples and other cell lines. The levels of proliferation and invasion were decreased in the CD74 knockdown-HT-1376 cells, and western blotting assay indicated that the levels of proteins associated with proliferation, apoptosis and invasion in the cells were affected correspondingly by different treatments in vitro. The tumorigenesis and MVD assays indicated less proliferation and angiogenesis in the knockdown-HT-1376 cells compared with the scramble cells. Notably, J82 cells exhibiting no signal of CD74 in vitro presented the expression of CD74 in vivo. The present study revealed the potential roles of CD74 in the proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis of MIBC, and that it may serve as a potential therapeutic target for UCB, but additional studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Wei Gai
- Department of Urology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300191, P.R. China
| | - Wasilijiang Wahafu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Liming Song
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Hao Ping
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Mingshuai Wang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Feiya Yang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Yinong Niu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Wei Qing
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Xiangyang, Hubei 441021, P.R. China
| | - Nianzeng Xing
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
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17
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Merk D, Schubert-Zsilavecz M. The Linker Approach. METHODS AND PRINCIPLES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527674381.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Merk
- Goethe University Frankfurt; Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Max-von-Laue-Str. 9 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Manfred Schubert-Zsilavecz
- Goethe University Frankfurt; Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Max-von-Laue-Str. 9 60438 Frankfurt Germany
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18
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Lechien JR, Nassri A, Kindt N, Brown DN, Journe F, Saussez S. Role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in head and neck cancer and novel therapeutic targets: A systematic review. Head Neck 2017; 39:2573-2584. [PMID: 28963807 DOI: 10.1002/hed.24939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a proinflammatory cytokine involved in systemic, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases, such as obesity, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. For the 2 past decades, MIF has been reported to participate in carcinogenesis, disease prognosis, tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and tumor-induced angiogenesis in many cancers. The purpose of this article is to review published experimental and clinical data for MIF and its involvement in upper aerodigestive tract cancers. Based on the current literature, we propose a biomolecular model describing the mechanisms underlying the involvement of MIF in the initiation, progression, apoptosis, and proliferation of head and neck tumor cells. In reference to this model, potential therapeutic approaches based on the use of MIF antagonists and neutralizing antibodies are described. It is concluded that MIF is a promising target for future therapeutic strategies, both with and without chemoradiation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme R Lechien
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, RHMS Baudour, EpiCURA Hospital, Baudour, Belgium.,Laboratory of Phonetics, Faculty of Psychology, Research Institute for Language sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMONS), Mons, Belgium.,Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMONS), Mons, Belgium
| | - Amir Nassri
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMONS), Mons, Belgium
| | - Nadege Kindt
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMONS), Mons, Belgium
| | - David N Brown
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Journe
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMONS), Mons, Belgium.,Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sven Saussez
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, RHMS Baudour, EpiCURA Hospital, Baudour, Belgium.,Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMONS), Mons, Belgium
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19
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Antibody-drug conjugates: Current status and future perspectives. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 167:48-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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20
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Al-Hujaily EM, Oldham RAA, Hari P, Medin JA. Development of Novel Immunotherapies for Multiple Myeloma. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1506. [PMID: 27618026 PMCID: PMC5037783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a disorder of terminally differentiated plasma cells characterized by clonal expansion in the bone marrow (BM). It is the second-most common hematologic malignancy. Despite significant advances in therapeutic strategies, MM remains a predominantly incurable disease emphasizing the need for the development of new treatment regimens. Immunotherapy is a promising treatment modality to circumvent challenges in the management of MM. Many novel immunotherapy strategies, such as adoptive cell therapy and monoclonal antibodies, are currently under investigation in clinical trials, with some already demonstrating a positive impact on patient survival. In this review, we will summarize the current standards of care and discuss major new approaches in immunotherapy for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensaf M Al-Hujaily
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Robyn A A Oldham
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.
| | - Parameswaran Hari
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Jeffrey A Medin
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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21
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Zagouri F, Terpos E, Kastritis E, Dimopoulos MA. Emerging antibodies for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2016; 21:225-37. [DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2016.1186644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Thanendrarajan S, Davies FE, Morgan GJ, Schinke C, Mathur P, Heuck CJ, Zangari M, Epstein J, Yaccoby S, Weinhold N, Barlogie B, van Rhee F. Monoclonal antibody therapy in multiple myeloma: where do we stand and where are we going? Immunotherapy 2016; 8:367-84. [PMID: 26888183 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a plasma cell malignancy that is characterized by refractory and relapsing course of disease. Despite the introduction of high-dose chemotherapy in combination with autologous stem cell transplantation and innovative agents such as proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs, achieving cure in multiple myeloma is a challenging endeavor. In the last couple of years, enormous advances were made in implementing monoclonal antibody therapy in multiple myeloma. A large number of preclinical and clinical studies have been introduced successfully, demonstrating a safe and efficient administration of monoclonal antibodies in multiple myeloma. In particular, the application of monoclonal antibodies in combination with immunomodulatory drugs, proteasome inhibitors, corticosteroids or conventional chemotherapy seem to be promising and will expand the treatment arsenal for patients with multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmilan Thanendrarajan
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Faith E Davies
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Gareth J Morgan
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Carolina Schinke
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Pankaj Mathur
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Christoph J Heuck
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Maurizio Zangari
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Joshua Epstein
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Shmuel Yaccoby
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Niels Weinhold
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Bart Barlogie
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Frits van Rhee
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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Ayed AO, Chang LJ, Moreb JS. Immunotherapy for multiple myeloma: Current status and future directions. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 96:399-412. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of multiple myeloma: current status and future perspectives. Leukemia 2015; 30:526-35. [PMID: 26265184 PMCID: PMC4777772 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The treatment landscape for patients with multiple myeloma (MM) is constantly evolving. Over the past decade, the introduction of novel agents such as proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs has led to notable changes in therapeutic strategy, and improvements in survival, yet MM remains incurable in the vast majority of cases. More recently, a targeted approach to MM treatment has emerged, using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to target antigens expressed on the surface of MM cells. MAbs tested to date kill MM cells via the host's immune system and/or by promoting apoptosis, and appear to have generally improved tolerability compared with currently available treatments. Due to their distinct mode of action, mAbs are promising both for patients who have exhausted current regimens, and as part of first-line treatments in newly diagnosed patients. This review examines the recent developments in mAb-based therapy for MM, primarily focused on those agents in ongoing clinical testing.
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Podhorecka M, Markowicz J, Szymczyk A, Pawlowski J. Target Therapy in Hematological Malignances: New Monoclonal Antibodies. INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY RESEARCH NOTICES 2014; 2014:701493. [PMID: 27433507 PMCID: PMC4897146 DOI: 10.1155/2014/701493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Apart from radio- and chemotherapy, monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) represent a new, more selective tool in the treatment of hematological malignancies. MoAbs bind with the specific antigens of the tumors. This interaction is a basis for targeted therapies which exhibit few side effects and significant antitumor activity. This review provides an overview of the functional characteristics of MoAbs, with some examples of their clinical application. The promising results in the treatment of hematological malignancies have led to the more frequent usage of MoAbs in the therapy. Development of MoAbs is a subject of extensive research. They are a promising method of cancer treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Podhorecka
- Department of Hematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 11, 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Justyna Markowicz
- Students Scientific Association at the Department of Hematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Szymczyk
- Department of Hematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 11, 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Johannes Pawlowski
- Students Scientific Association at the Department of Hematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Berkova Z, Wang S, Ao X, Wise JF, Braun FK, Rezaeian AH, Sehgal L, Goldenberg DM, Samaniego F. CD74 interferes with the expression of fas receptor on the surface of lymphoma cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2014; 33:80. [PMID: 25304249 PMCID: PMC4210479 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-014-0080-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis limits the efficacy of currently available chemotherapy regimens. We identified CD74, which is known to be overexpressed in hematological malignancies, as one of the factors interfering with Fas-mediated apoptosis. METHODS CD74 expression was suppressed in human B-lymphoma cell lines, BJAB and Raji, by either transduction with lentivirus particles or transfection with episomal vector, both encoding CD74-specific shRNAs or non-target shRNA. Effect of CD74 expression on Fas signaling was evaluated by comparing survival of mice hydrodynamically transfected with vector encoding full-length CD74 or empty vector. Sensitivity of cells with suppressed CD74 expression to FasL, edelfosine, doxorubicin, and a humanized CD74-specific antibody, milatuzumab, was evaluated by flow cytometry and compared to control cells. Fas signaling in response to FasL stimulation and the expression of Fas signaling components were evaluated by Western blot. Surface expression of Fas was detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS We determined that cells with suppressed CD74 are more sensitive to FasL-induced apoptosis and Fas signaling-dependent chemotherapies, edelfosine and doxorubicin, than control CD74-expressing cells. On the other hand, expression of full-length CD74 in livers protected the mice from a lethal challenge with agonistic anti-Fas antibody Jo2. A detailed analysis of Fas signaling in cells lacking CD74 and control cells revealed increased cleavage/activation of pro-caspase-8 and corresponding enhancement of caspase-3 activation in the absence of CD74, suggesting that CD74 affects the immediate early steps in Fas signaling at the plasma membrane. Cells with suppressed CD74 expression showed increased staining of Fas receptor on their surface. Pre-treatment with milatuzumab sensitized BJAB cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis. CONCLUSION We anticipate that specific targeting of the CD74 on the cell surface will sensitize CD74-expressing cancer cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis, and thus will increase effectiveness of chemotherapy regimens for hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Berkova
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Xue Ao
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Jillian F Wise
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Frank K Braun
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Abdol H Rezaeian
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Lalit Sehgal
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - David M Goldenberg
- Immunomedics, Inc., Morris Plains, NJ, 07950, USA. .,Center for Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Garden State Cancer Center, Morris Plains, NJ, 07950, USA.
| | - Felipe Samaniego
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Nitidine chloride induces apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and synergistic cytotoxicity with doxorubicin in breast cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:10201-12. [PMID: 25027404 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2327-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plant extracts have been widely used for cancer treatment. Nitidine chloride (NC) is a natural bioactive alkaloid that has recently been reported to have diverse anticancer properties. We aimed to investigate the cytotoxic effects of NC and the effectiveness of combinatorial treatment including NC and doxorubicin in breast cancer cells. Using MTT and flowcytometry assays, we found that NC induced cell growth inhibition and G2/M cell cycle arrest in a time- and dose-dependent manner both in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines. Cancer cell growth inhibition was associated with increased levels of the p53 and p21 proteins. Apoptosis induction by NC treatment was confirmed by JC-1 mitochondrial membrane potential, annexin V-positive cell, and TUNEL staining. Using western blot analysis, we found that NC upregulated the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax, cleaved caspase-9 and -3 and cleaved PARP and that it downregulated the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and PARP. By using the PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002, we further demonstrated that NC-induced apoptosis might be Akt-specific or dependent. In addition, NC exhibited a synergistic effect with doxorubicin on the growth inhibition of the human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. Our study demonstrated the anticancer effect of NC on breast cancer and highlighted the potential clinical application of NC.
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Kaufman JL, Niesvizky R, Stadtmauer EA, Chanan-Khan A, Siegel D, Horne H, Wegener WA, Goldenberg DM. Phase I, multicentre, dose-escalation trial of monotherapy with milatuzumab (humanized anti-CD74 monoclonal antibody) in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2013; 163:478-86. [PMID: 24112026 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CD74, expressed in multiple myeloma (MM), was evaluated as a target for immunotherapy with milatuzumab (a humanized anti-CD74 antibody). In a multicentre dose escalation study, 25 patients with advanced MM received milatuzumab doses of 1.5 (N = 8), 4.0 (N = 9), 8.0 (N = 4) or 16.0 mg/kg (N = 4) administered twice weekly x 4. They had a median of 5 prior treatments (17 post ≥ 1 stem cell transplantation) and were refractory (N = 7) or relapsed (N = 18) with generally short-lived responses to last treatment (median 4.0 months). After increasing prophylactic medications and slowing administration, infusions were well tolerated (National Cancer Institute-Common Terminology Criteria v3 toxicity Grades 1-2) with no dose-limiting toxicity at higher doses. Only one patient developed borderline positive human anti-milatuzumab antibody titres of uncertain clinical significance. Although milatuzumab was rapidly cleared from circulation with little serum accumulation and low trough levels, B-cell levels were moderately decreased with treatment (median decrease, 34%). There were no objective responses by European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation criteria, but 5 of 19 patients (26%) who completed treatment in this heavily pretreated and generally refractory group had stable disease for ≥ 3 months post-treatment (one continuing for 17 months). Disease stabilization and evidence of pharmacodynamic activity support further development for use in combination with other agents or as a drug conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Kaufman
- Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
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29
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Gerber HP, Koehn FE, Abraham RT. The antibody-drug conjugate: an enabling modality for natural product-based cancer therapeutics. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:625-39. [PMID: 23525375 DOI: 10.1039/c3np20113a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Antibody Drug Conjugate (ADC) is a therapeutic modality consisting of a monoclonal antibody attached to a cytotoxic, small-molecule payload. The antibody portion of the ADC serves as a transport vehicle that recognizes and binds to a protein antigen expressed in tumor tissues. The localized delivery and release of the payload within or near malignant cells allows for targeted delivery of a potent cytotoxic agent to diseased tissue, while reducing damage to antigen-negative, normal tissues. Recent years have witnessed an explosive increase in ADC-based therapies, due mainly to clinical reports of activity in both hematologic and epithelial cancers. Accompanying this upsurge in ADC development is a renewed interest in natural product cytotoxins, which are typically highly potent cell-killing agents, but suffer from poor drug-like properties and narrow safety margins when systemically administered as conventional chemotherapeutics. In this review, we discuss recent advances related to the construction of ADCs, the optimization of ADC safety and efficacy, and the increasingly pivotal roles of natural product payloads in the current and future landscape of ADC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Peter Gerber
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Oncology Research Unit, 401 Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY, USA.
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30
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Decursin and Doxorubicin Are in Synergy for the Induction of Apoptosis via STAT3 and/or mTOR Pathways in Human Multiple Myeloma Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:506324. [PMID: 23818927 PMCID: PMC3684033 DOI: 10.1155/2013/506324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background. Combination cancer therapy is one of the attractive approaches to overcome drug resistance of cancer cells. In the present study, we investigated the synergistic effect of decursin from Angelica gigas and doxorubicin on the induction of apoptosis in three human multiple myeloma cells. Methodology/Principal Findings. Combined treatment of decursin and doxorubicin significantly exerted significant cytotoxicity compared to doxorubicin or decursin in U266, RPMI8226, and MM.1S cells. Furthermore, the combination treatment enhanced the activation of caspase-9 and -3, the cleavage of PARP, and the sub G1 population compared to either drug alone in three multiple myeloma cells. In addition, the combined treatment downregulated the phosphorylation of mTOR and its downstream S6K1 and activated the phosphorylation of ERK in three multiple myeloma cells. Furthermore, the combined treatment reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, suppressed the phosphorylation of JAK2, STAT3, and Src, activated SHP-2, and attenuated the expression of cyclind-D1 and survivin in U266 cells. Conversely, tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor pervanadate reversed STAT3 inactivation and also PARP cleavage and caspase-3 activation induced by combined treatment of doxorubicin and decursin in U266 cells. Conclusions/Significance. Overall, the combination treatment of decursin and doxorubicin can enhance apoptotic activity via mTOR and/or STAT3 signaling pathway in multiple myeloma cells.
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31
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Allegra A, Penna G, Alonci A, Russo S, Greve B, Innao V, Minardi V, Musolino C. Monoclonal antibodies: potential new therapeutic treatment against multiple myeloma. Eur J Haematol 2013; 90:441-68. [DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppa Penna
- Division of Haematology; University of Messina; Messina; Italy
| | - Andrea Alonci
- Division of Haematology; University of Messina; Messina; Italy
| | - Sabina Russo
- Division of Haematology; University of Messina; Messina; Italy
| | - Bruna Greve
- Division of Haematology; University of Messina; Messina; Italy
| | - Vanessa Innao
- Division of Haematology; University of Messina; Messina; Italy
| | - Viviana Minardi
- Division of Haematology; University of Messina; Messina; Italy
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Chen X, Chang CH, Stein R, Cardillo TM, Gold DV, Goldenberg DM. Prevention of Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease in a Xenogeneic SCID Mouse Model by the Humanized Anti-CD74 Antagonistic Antibody Milatuzumab. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2013; 19:28-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2012.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
The introduction of autologous stem cell transplantation combined with the introduction of immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) and proteasome inhibitors has significantly improved survival of multiple myeloma patients. However, ultimately the majority of patients will develop refractory disease, indicating the need for new treatment modalities. In preclinical and clinical studies, promising results have been obtained with several monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the myeloma tumor cell or the bone marrow microenvironment. The mechanisms underlying the therapeutic efficacy of these mAbs include direct induction of tumor cell apoptosis via inhibition or activation of target molecules, complement-dependent cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). The capability of IMiDs to enhance ADCC and the modulation of various important signaling cascades in myeloma cells by both bortezomib and IMiDs forms the rationale to combine these novel agents with mAbs as new treatment strategies for myeloma patients. In this review, we will give an overview of various mAbs directly targeting myeloma tumor cells or indirectly via effects on the bone marrow microenvironment. Special focus will be on the combination of these mAbs with IMiDs or bortezomib.
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Daniels TR, Ortiz-Sánchez E, Luria-Pérez R, Quintero R, Helguera G, Bonavida B, Martínez-Maza O, Penichet ML. An antibody-based multifaceted approach targeting the human transferrin receptor for the treatment of B-cell malignancies. J Immunother 2011; 34:500-8. [PMID: 21654517 PMCID: PMC3717268 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e318222ffc8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We previously developed an antibody-avidin fusion protein (ch128.1Av) targeting the human transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1, also known as CD71), which demonstrates direct in vitro cytotoxicity against malignant hematopoietic cells. This cytotoxicity is attributed to its ability to decrease the level of TfR1 leading to lethal iron deprivation. We now report that ch128.1Av shows the ability to bind the Fcγ receptors and the complement component C1q, suggesting that it is capable of eliciting Fc-mediated effector functions such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and complement-mediated cytotoxicity. In addition, in 2 disseminated multiple myeloma xenograft mouse models, we show that a single dose of ch128.1Av results in significant antitumor activity, including long-term survival. It is interesting to note that the parental antibody without avidin (ch128.1) also shows remarkable in vivo anticancer activity despite its limited in vitro cytotoxicity. Finally, we demonstrate that ch128.1Av is not toxic to pluripotent hematopoietic progenitor cells using the long-term cell-initiating culture assay suggesting that these important progenitors would be preserved in different therapeutic approaches, including the in vitro purging of cancer cells for autologous transplantation and in vivo passive immunotherapy. Our results suggest that ch128.1Av and ch128.1 may be effective in the therapy of human multiple myeloma and potentially other hematopoietic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy R. Daniels
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine
| | - Elizabeth Ortiz-Sánchez
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine
- Basic Research Division, Unit of Biomedical Research in Cancer, National Institute of Cancerology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosendo Luria-Pérez
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine
- Unit of Investigative Research on Oncological Disease, Children’s Hospital of Mexico “Federico Gó mez”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rafaela Quintero
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine
| | - Gustavo Helguera
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine
- School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Benjamin Bonavida
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Otoniel Martínez-Maza
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Manuel L. Penichet
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- The Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
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35
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Yang J, Yi Q. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies for multiple myeloma: an update and future perspectives. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BLOOD RESEARCH 2011; 1:22-33. [PMID: 22065141 PMCID: PMC3207269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) still remains incurable in most of the patients. Despite of treatments with high-dose chemotherapy, stem cell transplantation and other novel therapies, most patients will become refractory to the therapies and relapse. Thus, it is urgent to develop new approaches for MM treatment. Currently, antibody-targeted therapy has been extensively utilized in hematological malignancies, including MM. Several novel monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against MM have been generated and developed over the past several years. These mAbs aim to target not only tumor cells alone but also tumor microenvironment, including interaction of tumor-bone marrow stromal cells and the components of bone marrow milieu, such as cytokines or chemokines that support myeloma cell growth and survival. These include mAbs specific for CD38, CS1, CD40, CD74, CD70, HM1.24, interleukin-6 and β(2)-microglobulin (β(2)M). We have shown that anti-β(2)M mAbs may be a potential antitumor agent for MM therapy due to their remarkable efficacy to induce myeloma cell apoptosis in tumor cell lines and primary myeloma cells from patients in vitro and in established myeloma mouse models. In this article, we will review advances in the development and mechanisms of MM-targeted mAbs and especially, anti-β(2)M mAbs. We will also discuss the potential application of the mAbs as therapeutic agents to treat MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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36
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Tai YT, Anderson KC. Antibody-based therapies in multiple myeloma. BONE MARROW RESEARCH 2011; 2011:924058. [PMID: 22046572 PMCID: PMC3200112 DOI: 10.1155/2011/924058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The unmet need for improved multiple myeloma (MM) therapy has stimulated clinical development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting either MM cells or cells of the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. In contrast to small-molecule inhibitors, therapeutic mAbs present the potential to specifically target tumor cells and directly induce an immune response to lyse tumor cells. Unique immune-effector mechanisms are only triggered by therapeutic mAbs but not by small molecule targeting agents. Although therapeutic murine mAbs or chimeric mAbs can cause immunogenicity, the advancement of genetic recombination for humanizing rodent mAbs has allowed large-scale production and designation of mAbs with better affinities, efficient selection, decreasing immunogenicity, and improved effector functions. These advancements of antibody engineering technologies have largely overcome the critical obstacle of antibody immunogenicity and enabled the development and subsequent Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of therapeutic Abs for cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tzu Tai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kenneth C. Anderson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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37
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Li QF, Yan J, Zhang K, Yang YF, Xiao FJ, Wu CT, Wang H, Wang LS. Bortezomib and sphingosine kinase inhibitor interact synergistically to induces apoptosis in BCR/ABl+ cells sensitive and resistant to STI571 through down-regulation Mcl-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 405:31-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.12.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Schlude C, Beckhove P. Immunology and immunotherapeutic approaches in multiple myeloma. Recent Results Cancer Res 2011; 183:97-109. [PMID: 21509682 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-85772-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy for patients suffering from multiple myeloma is a lively and emerging field in cancer research. Immunotherapeutic approaches offer unique treatment opportunities for this, to date, mostly incurable disease. Respective basic findings and recent clinical approaches are introduced and discussed. Although several obstacles still need to be overcome, it appears that clinically efficient immunotherapies will become available for multiple myeloma patients in the future.
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39
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Gold DV, Stein R, Burton J, Goldenberg DM. Enhanced expression of CD74 in gastrointestinal cancers and benign tissues. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2010; 4:1-12. [PMID: 21228923 PMCID: PMC3016099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
CD74, a transmembrane glycoprotein that associates with MHC II, is an important chaperone that regulates antigen presentation for immune response. In addition, CD74 is the receptor for macrophage migration-inhibitory factor which, when bound to CD74, initiates survival pathways and cell proliferation. Formalin fixed, paraffin embedded clinical specimens were evaluated by immunohistochemical procedures for expression of CD74. Overall, expression of CD74 within gastrointestinal carcinomas showed a statistically greater expression than in the normal tissue counterparts (P<0.001 or better). CD74 expression was observed in 95% of pancreatic carcinomas with the majority of cases presenting a mostly intense, diffuse labeling pattern. The results suggested a trend towards greater expression within the higher grade carcinomas (P=0.06). Colorectal and gastric carcinomas gave similar results with 60% and 86%, respectively, positive for CD74 with an intense, diffuse staining pattern. We hypothesized that precursor lesions would express levels of CD74 as high, or higher, than their respective carcinomas, since activation of survival pathways would be of particular importance at the early stages of neoplastic development. For PanIN lesions there was greater expression of CD74 within higher grade, PanIN-3 lesions, whereas the colonic adenomas showed no such trend, but overall, a higher frequency and intensity of CD74 labeling than was observed within the colon carcinomas. These findings are supportive of a role for CD74 in the development and maintenance of gastrointestinal neo-plasia, and provide a rationale for development of therapeutic agents that are able to block CD74 function, specifically within the tumor cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- David V Gold
- Garden State Cancer Center, Center for Molecular Medicine and Immunology Belleville, NJ 07109, USA.
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40
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Berkova Z, Tao RH, Samaniego F. Milatuzumab - a promising new immunotherapeutic agent. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 19:141-9. [PMID: 19968579 DOI: 10.1517/13543780903463854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Milatuzumab is a new immunotherapeutic agent targeting CD74, a membrane protein preferentially expressed in hematopoietic cancers and some solid tumors. Broad expression and fast internalization makes CD74 an ideal target for cancer therapy. We reviewed published articles about CD74 and milatuzumab. We present a comprehensive review of CD74 functions and provide explanation of milatuzumab antitumor effects. This review describes CD74 protein biology with the emphasis on the role of CD74 in tumor survival and its new role in regulation of the Fas death receptor. The development of CD74 targeting therapies to induce tumor regression and cancer cell apoptosis is described and results of clinical trials are discussed. Milatuzumab shows selective binding and rapid internalization into CD74-positive cancer cells. Milatuzumab with and without conjugated toxins synergizes with other chemotherapeutic agents and elicits significant antitumor effects in mice. In a Phase I trial, milatuzumab showed no severe adverse effects in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma and it stabilized the disease in some patients for up to 12 weeks. Ongoing trials testing different treatment schedules of milatuzumab in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma indicate that milatuzumab shows no severe adverse effects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Berkova
- The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Abstract
Despite recent advances in the treatment of multiple myeloma, new agents are still needed to improve the outcome for patients. The established success of monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of some cancers has promoted interest in developing antibody-based therapies for multiple myeloma. Efforts have included the development of antibodies conjugated to potent cytotoxic moieties that combine the specificity of anti-myeloma-targeting antibodies with highly active anti-tumor compounds. Two such immunoconjugates currently in clinical development are composed of antibodies that target cell surface proteins found on multiple myeloma cells, and are coupled to cytotoxic maytansinoids. IMGN901 targets the neural cell adhesion molecule, CD56, which is expressed on the majority of myeloma cells, as well as on other cancers, while BT062 targets CD138, a primary diagnostic marker for multiple myeloma. In this review, we discuss the preclinical and early clinical data for these two promising new antibody-based anti-myeloma agents.
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42
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Borghaei H, Smith MR, Campbell KS. Immunotherapy of cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 625:41-54. [PMID: 19837059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Major advances have been made in the field of immunology in the past two decades. A better understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms controlling the immune system has opened the door to many innovative and promising new cancer therapies that manipulate the immune response. For instance, toll-like receptor agonists have been shown to boost immune responses toward tumors. Also, a wide array of cell-based immunotherapies utilizing T cells, NK cells, and dendritic cells have been established. Furthermore, a rapidly expanding repertoire of monoclonal antibodies is being developed to treat tumors, and many of the available antibodies have demonstrated impressive clinical responses. Here, we examine some of these immunotherapeutic approaches currently in use or testing to treat cancer, and we examine available evidence with regards to mechanism and efficacy of these treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Borghaei
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
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