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Xie Y, Xiao D, Li D, Peng M, Peng W, Duan H, Yang X. Combined strategies with PARP inhibitors for the treatment of BRCA wide type cancer. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1441222. [PMID: 39156700 PMCID: PMC11327142 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1441222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability stands out as a pivotal hallmark of cancer, and PARP inhibitors (PARPi) emerging as a groundbreaking class of targeted therapy drugs meticulously crafted to inhibit the repair of DNA single-strand breaks(SSB) in tumor cells. Currently, PARPi have been approved for the treatment of ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, and prostate cancer characterized by homologous recombination(HR) repair deficiencies due to mutations in BRCA1/2 or other DNA repair associated genes and acquiring the designation of breakthrough therapy. Nonetheless, PARPi exhibit limited efficacy in the majority of HR-proficient BRCA1/2 wild-type cancers. At present, the synergistic approach of combining PARPi with agents that induce HR defects, or with chemotherapy and radiotherapy to induce substantial DNA damage, significantly enhances the efficacy of PARPi in BRCA wild-type or HR-proficient patients, supporting extension the use of PARPi in HR proficient patients. Therefore, we have summarized the effects and mechanisms of the combined use of drugs with PARPi, including the combination of PARPi with HR defect-inducing drugs such as ATRi, CHKi, HR indirectly inducing drugs like VEGFRi, CDKi, immune checkpoint inhibitors and drugs instigating DNA damage such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy. In addition, this review discusses several ongoing clinical trials aimed at analyzing the clinical application potential of these combined treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Xie
- Department of Oncology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Fish of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Di Xiao
- Department of Oncology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Fish of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Duo Li
- Department of Oncology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Fish of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mei Peng
- Department of Oncology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Fish of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Peng
- Department of Oncology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Fish of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huaxin Duan
- Department of Oncology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Fish of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- Department of Oncology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Fish of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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2
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Ma X, Liu Y, Wu H, Tan J, Yi W, Wang Z, Yu Z, Wang X. Self-assembly nanoplatform of platinum (Ⅳ) prodrug for enhanced ovarian cancer therapy. Mater Today Bio 2023; 21:100698. [PMID: 37455816 PMCID: PMC10338361 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is a metal platinum complex commonly used in the field of anti-tumor and one of the most commonly used drugs in combination chemotherapy. However, chemotherapy with Cisplatin induced overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein in tumor cells, which could impair the therapeutic effect of chemotherapy on tumor progression. Here, we presented a novel method for the treatment of ovarian cancer with a self-assembly based nano-system. Cisplatin and tolfenamic acid were each linked to linoleic acid to give them the ability to self-assemble into nanoparticles in water. TPNPs had flexible drug ratio adjustability, homogeneous stability, and high drug loading capacity. Compared with Cisplatin, TPNPs could promote cellular uptake and tumor aggregation, co-induce enhanced apoptosis and tumor growth inhibition by inhibiting COX-2 in the mice xenograft model of human ovarian cancer, and reduce systemic toxicity. Therefore, TPNPs is a promising antitumor drug as a kind of self-assembly nano-prodrug with high drug load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510630, PR China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, PR China
| | - Yangjia Liu
- Department of Medicine and Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518067, PR China
- Department of Pharmacy, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China
| | - Hanmei Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510630, PR China
| | - Jinxiu Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510630, PR China
| | - Wenying Yi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510630, PR China
| | - Zhenjie Wang
- The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Maoming, 525200, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dongguan Institute of Clinical Cancer Research, Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, 523018, PR China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510630, PR China
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3
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Mohankumar MN. Biomarkers for translational oncology - Peggy Olive's contribution. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 98:303-307. [PMID: 34473601 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1976865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Peggy Olive of the BC cancer research center (BCCRC), Vancouver, Canada, dedicated her career to improving the efficiency of radiation in the treatment of cancer. Keenly interested in the study of hypoxic cell radiosensitizers, she recognized the importance of DNA repair in improving the efficacy of radiotherapy. At the BCCRC she developed two methods for clinical practice that detect and quantitate DNA damage in mammalian cells. The alkaline comet assay and phosphorylated gamma histone H2AX (γH2AX) protein foci staining were two sensitive and attractive techniques that she attempted to apply in clinical practice. CONCLUSION Peggy Olive was able to establish the comet and the γH2AX assays as prospective predictive biomarkers in the application of personalized radiation treatment and improved cancer treatment outcomes. Nevertheless, several studies with a large number of samples are required before application of these biomarkers in routine radiotherapy could become a reality. The advent of 'omis' and microchip technologies envisage successful outcomes of future research in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary N Mohankumar
- Department of Atomic Energy, Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, India
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4
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Banuelos CA, Ito Y, Obst JK, Mawji NR, Wang J, Hirayama Y, Leung JK, Tam T, Tien AH, Andersen RJ, Sadar MD. Ralaniten Sensitizes Enzalutamide-Resistant Prostate Cancer to Ionizing Radiation in Prostate Cancer Cells that Express Androgen Receptor Splice Variants. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071991. [PMID: 32708219 PMCID: PMC7409302 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blocking androgen receptor (AR) transcriptional activity by androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) improves the response to radiotherapy for intermediate and high risk prostate cancer. Unfortunately, ADT, antiandrogens, and abiraterone increase expression of constitutively active splice variants of AR (AR-Vs) which regulate DNA damage repair leading to resistance to radiotherapy. Here we investigate whether blocking the transcriptional activities of full-length AR and AR-Vs with ralaniten leads to enhanced sensitivity to radiotherapy. Combination therapies using ralaniten with ionizing radiation were evaluated for effects on proliferation, colony formation, cell cycle, DNA damage, and Western blot analyses in human prostate cancer cells that express both full-length AR and AR-Vs. Ralaniten and a potent next-generation analog (EPI-7170) decreased expression of DNA repair genes whereas enzalutamide had no effect. FACS analysis revealed a dose-dependent decrease of BrdU incorporation with increased accumulation of γH2AX with a combination of ionizing radiation with ralaniten. An additive inhibitory effect on proliferation of enzalutamide-resistant cells was achieved with a combination of ralaniten compounds with ionizing radiation. Ralaniten and EPI-7170 sensitized prostate cancer cells that express full-length AR and AR-Vs to radiotherapy whereas enzalutamide had no added benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen A. Banuelos
- Department of Genome Sciences, British Columbia Cancer, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (C.A.B.); (Y.I.); (J.K.O.); (N.R.M.); (J.W.); (Y.H.); (J.K.L.); (T.T.); (A.H.T.)
| | - Yusuke Ito
- Department of Genome Sciences, British Columbia Cancer, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (C.A.B.); (Y.I.); (J.K.O.); (N.R.M.); (J.W.); (Y.H.); (J.K.L.); (T.T.); (A.H.T.)
| | - Jon K. Obst
- Department of Genome Sciences, British Columbia Cancer, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (C.A.B.); (Y.I.); (J.K.O.); (N.R.M.); (J.W.); (Y.H.); (J.K.L.); (T.T.); (A.H.T.)
| | - Nasrin R. Mawji
- Department of Genome Sciences, British Columbia Cancer, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (C.A.B.); (Y.I.); (J.K.O.); (N.R.M.); (J.W.); (Y.H.); (J.K.L.); (T.T.); (A.H.T.)
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Genome Sciences, British Columbia Cancer, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (C.A.B.); (Y.I.); (J.K.O.); (N.R.M.); (J.W.); (Y.H.); (J.K.L.); (T.T.); (A.H.T.)
| | - Yukiyoshi Hirayama
- Department of Genome Sciences, British Columbia Cancer, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (C.A.B.); (Y.I.); (J.K.O.); (N.R.M.); (J.W.); (Y.H.); (J.K.L.); (T.T.); (A.H.T.)
| | - Jacky K. Leung
- Department of Genome Sciences, British Columbia Cancer, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (C.A.B.); (Y.I.); (J.K.O.); (N.R.M.); (J.W.); (Y.H.); (J.K.L.); (T.T.); (A.H.T.)
| | - Teresa Tam
- Department of Genome Sciences, British Columbia Cancer, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (C.A.B.); (Y.I.); (J.K.O.); (N.R.M.); (J.W.); (Y.H.); (J.K.L.); (T.T.); (A.H.T.)
| | - Amy H. Tien
- Department of Genome Sciences, British Columbia Cancer, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (C.A.B.); (Y.I.); (J.K.O.); (N.R.M.); (J.W.); (Y.H.); (J.K.L.); (T.T.); (A.H.T.)
| | - Raymond J. Andersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada;
| | - Marianne D. Sadar
- Department of Genome Sciences, British Columbia Cancer, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (C.A.B.); (Y.I.); (J.K.O.); (N.R.M.); (J.W.); (Y.H.); (J.K.L.); (T.T.); (A.H.T.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +604-675-8157; Fax: +604-675-8178
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Poty S, Mandleywala K, O'Neill E, Knight JC, Cornelissen B, Lewis JS. 89Zr-PET imaging of DNA double-strand breaks for the early monitoring of response following α- and β-particle radioimmunotherapy in a mouse model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Theranostics 2020; 10:5802-5814. [PMID: 32483420 PMCID: PMC7255009 DOI: 10.7150/thno.44772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: The evaluation of early treatment response is critical for patient prognosis and treatment planning. When the current methods rely on invasive protocols that evaluate the expression of DNA damage markers on patient biopsy samples, we aim to evaluate a non-invasive PET imaging approach to monitor the early expression of the phosphorylated histone γH2AX in the context of pancreatic cancer targeted radionuclide therapy. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma has a poor patient prognosis due to the absence of curative treatment for patients with advanced disease. There is therefore a critical need for the fast clinical translation of new therapeutic options. In line with these observations, our group has been focusing on the development of radiotheranostic agents based on a fully human monoclonal antibody (5B1) with exceptional affinity for CA19.9, an antigen overexpressed in PDAC. Two on-going clinical trials resulted from these efforts, one with 89Zr (diagnosis) and one with 177Lu (β-particle therapy). More recently, we successfully developed and evaluated in PDAC mouse models a targeted α-therapy strategy with high clinical translation potential. We aim to expedite the clinical translation of the developed radioimmunotherapy approaches by investigating the early therapeutic response and effect of radiation therapy in a PDAC mouse model via PET imaging. Methods: Mice bearing BxPC3 tumor xenografts were treated with α- and β-particle pretargeted radioimmunotherapy (PRIT), external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), or sham-treated (vehicle). The phosphorylated histone γH2AX produced as a response to DNA double strand breaks was quantified with the PET radiotracer, [89Zr]Zr-DFO-anti-γH2AX-TAT. Results: PET imaging studies in BxPC3 PDAC mouse models demonstrated increased uptake of [89Zr]Zr-DFO-anti-γH2AX-TAT (6.29 ± 0.15 %IA/g) following β-PRIT in BxPC3 PDAC xenografts as compared to the saline control group (4.58 ± 0.76 %IA/g) and EBRT control group (5.93 ± 0.76 %IA/g). Similarly, significantly higher uptake of [89Zr]Zr-DFO-anti-γH2AX-TAT was observed in tumors of the 225Ac-PRIT and EBRT (10 Gy) cohorts (7.37 ± 1.23 and 6.80 ± 1.24 %IA/g, respectively) compared to the negative control cohort (5.08 ± 0.95 %IA/g). Ex vivo γH2AX immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analysis correlated with in vivo89Zr-anti-γH2AX PET/CT imaging with increased γH2AX positive cell and γH2AX foci per cell in the treated cohorts. When α-PRIT resulted in prolonged overall survival of treated animals (107.5 days) as compared to β-PRIT (73.0 days), no evidence of difference in [89Zr]Zr-DFO-anti-γH2AX-TAT uptake at the tumor site was observed, highlighting that DNA damage is not the sole radiobiology paradigm and that off-targeted (bystander) effects should be considered. Conclusions: PET imaging studies with [89Zr]Zr-DFO-anti-γH2AX-TAT following α- and β-particle PRIT in a BxPC3 PDAC subcutaneous xenograft mouse model allowed the monitoring of tumor radiobiological response to treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Alpha Particles/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/analysis
- Beta Particles/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Pharmacological/analysis
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/diagnostic imaging
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/radiotherapy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- DNA/genetics
- DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded
- DNA Damage/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography/methods
- Positron-Emission Tomography/methods
- Radioimmunotherapy/methods
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Poty
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY, USA
| | - Komal Mandleywala
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY, USA
| | - Edward O'Neill
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - James C. Knight
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Bart Cornelissen
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jason S. Lewis
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY, USA
- Radiochemistry and Molecular Imaging Probes Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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6
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Yang CX, Xing L, Chang X, Zhou TJ, Bi YY, Yu ZQ, Zhang ZQ, Jiang HL. Synergistic Platinum(II) Prodrug Nanoparticles for Enhanced Breast Cancer Therapy. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1300-1309. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Xi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lei Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xin Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tian-Jiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yu-Yang Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhi-Qi Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200081, China
| | - Hu-Lin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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7
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Meneceur S, Löck S, Gudziol V, Hering S, Bütof R, Rehm M, Baumann M, Krause M, von Neubeck C. Residual gammaH2AX foci in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas as predictors for tumour radiosensitivity: Evaluation in pre-clinical xenograft models and clinical specimens. Radiother Oncol 2019; 137:24-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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8
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Kennedy R, Kuvshinov D, Sdrolia A, Kuvshinova E, Hilton K, Crank S, Beavis AW, Green V, Greenman J. A patient tumour-on-a-chip system for personalised investigation of radiotherapy based treatment regimens. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6327. [PMID: 31004114 PMCID: PMC6474873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42745-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of personalised cancer models to predict response to radiation would benefit patient care; particularly in malignancies where treatment resistance is prevalent. Herein, a robust, easy to use, tumour-on-a-chip platform which maintains precision cut head and neck cancer for the purpose of ex vivo irradiation is described. The device utilises sintered discs to separate the biopsy and medium, mimicking in vivo microvascular flow and diffusion, maintaining tissue viability for 68 h. Integrity of tissues is demonstrated by the low levels of lactate dehydrogenase release and retained histology, accompanied by assessment of cell viability by trypan blue exclusion and flow cytometry; fluid dynamic modelling validates culture conditions. An irradiation jig is described for reproducible delivery of clinically-relevant doses (5 × 2 Gy) to newly-presenting primary tumours (n = 12); the addition of concurrent cisplatin is also investigated (n = 8) with response analysed by immunohistochemistry. Fractionated irradiation reduced proliferation (BrdU, p = 0.0064), increased DNA damage (ƴH2AX, p = 0.0043) and caspase-dependent apoptosis (caspase-cleaved cytokeratin-18) compared to control; caspase-dependent apoptosis was further increased by concurrent cisplatin compared to control (p = 0.0063). This is a proof of principle study showing the response of cancer tissue to irradiation ex vivo in a bespoke system. The novel platform described has the potential to personalise treatment for patients in a cost-effective manner with applicability to any solid tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kennedy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, UK
| | - D Kuvshinov
- School of Engineering & Computer Science, The University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, UK
| | - A Sdrolia
- Department of Medical Physics, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Cottingham, UK
| | - E Kuvshinova
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - K Hilton
- Department of Medical Physics, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Cottingham, UK
| | - S Crank
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, UK
| | - A W Beavis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, UK
- Department of Medical Physics, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Cottingham, UK
- Faculty of Health and Well Being, Sheffield-Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - V Green
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, UK
| | - J Greenman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, UK.
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9
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Harryman WL, Gard JMC, Pond KW, Simpson SJ, Heppner LH, Hernandez-Cortes D, Little AS, Eschbacher JM, Cress AE. Targeting the Cohesive Cluster Phenotype in Chordoma via β1 Integrin Increases Ionizing Radiation Efficacy. Neoplasia 2017; 19:919-927. [PMID: 28954241 PMCID: PMC5614733 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Chordoma is a rare, radiation-resistant, skull-base and spinal tumor with high local recurrence containing mixed cell-adhesion phenotypes. We characterized DNA damage response (DDR) signaling (γH2AX, pKAP1, pATM) and survival response to ionizing radiation (IR) in human chordoma samples (42 resections, 23 patients) to test if blocking cell adhesion sensitizes U-CH1 tumor cells to IR. U-CH1 cells expressed brachyury, YAP, and laminin adhesion receptors (CD49c, CD49f, CD44), and approximately 15% to 20% of U-CH1 cells featured an α6 integrin-dependent (CD49f) cohesive cluster phenotype, which confers therapeutic resistance and aids metastasis. DDR to IR in U-CH1 cells was compared to normal prostate epithelial (PrEC) and tumor cells (DU145). Flow cytometry showed a dose- and time-dependent increase in γH2AX and pKAP1 expression in all cell lines. However, nearly 50% of U-CH1 cells exhibited nonresponsive phenotype to IR (measured by γH2AX and pKAP1) independent of cell cycle status. Immunofluorescence microscopy verified that only 15% of U-CH1 clustered cells were γH2AX or pKAP1 positive (versus 80% of nonclustered cells) 2 hours following 2-Gy IR. Conversely, both tumor cell lines were uniformly defective in pATM response. HYD1, a synthetic ECM ligand, inhibited DDR through an unresolved γH2AX response. β1 integrin-blocking antibody (AIIB2) decreased cell survival 50% itself and approximately doubled the IR-induced cell kill at all IR doses observed at 2 and 4 weeks posttreatment. These results suggest that a heterogeneity of DDR to IR exists within a chordoma population. Blocking integrin function alone and/or as an adjuvant to IR may eradicate chordomas containing the cohesive cluster phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Harryman
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85724
| | - Jaime M C Gard
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85724
| | - Kelvin W Pond
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, 1515 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85724
| | - Skyler J Simpson
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85724; Medical Student Research Program, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, 1515 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85724
| | - Lucas H Heppner
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85724
| | - Daniel Hernandez-Cortes
- Cancer Biology Research Program, The University of Arizona, 1515 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85724
| | - Andrew S Little
- Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 W. Thomas Rd., Phoenix, AZ, 85013
| | | | - Anne E Cress
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85724; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, 1515 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85724.
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Riffle S, Hegde RS. Modeling tumor cell adaptations to hypoxia in multicellular tumor spheroids. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:102. [PMID: 28774341 PMCID: PMC5543535 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0570-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Under hypoxic conditions, tumor cells undergo a series of adaptations that promote evolution of a more aggressive tumor phenotype including the activation of DNA damage repair proteins, altered metabolism, and decreased proliferation. Together these changes mitigate the negative impact of oxygen deprivation and allow preservation of genomic integrity and proliferative capacity, thus contributing to tumor growth and metastasis. As a result the presence of a hypoxic microenvironment is considered a negative clinical feature of many solid tumors. Hypoxic niches in tumors also represent a therapeutically privileged environment in which chemo- and radiation therapy is less effective. Although the negative impact of tumor hypoxia has been well established, the precise effect of oxygen deprivation on tumor cell behavior, and the molecular signals that allow a tumor cell to survive in vivo are poorly understood. Multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS) have been used as an in vitro model for the avascular tumor niche, capable of more accurately recreating tumor genomic profiles and predicting therapeutic response. However, relatively few studies have used MCTS to study the molecular mechanisms driving tumor cell adaptations within the hypoxic tumor environment. Here we will review what is known about cell proliferation, DNA damage repair, and metabolic pathways as modeled in MCTS in comparison to observations made in solid tumors. A more precise definition of the cell populations present within 3D tumor models in vitro could better inform our understanding of the heterogeneity within tumors as well as provide a more representative platform for the testing of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Riffle
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Rashmi S Hegde
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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Tumor heterogeneity determined with a γH2AX foci assay: A study in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (hHNSCC) models. Radiother Oncol 2017; 124:379-385. [PMID: 28739384 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2017.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to analyze the intra-tumoral heterogeneity of γH2AX foci in tumor specimens following ex vivo radiation to evaluate the potential of γH2AX foci as predictors for radiosensitivity. MATERIAL AND METHODS γH2AX foci were quantified in tumor specimens of 3hHNSCC tumor models with known differences in radiosensitivity after reoxygenation in culture medium (10h, 24h), single dose exposure (0Gy, 4Gy), and fixation 24h post-irradiation. Multiple, equally treated samples of the same tumor were analyzed for foci, normalized and fitted in a linear mixed-effects model. RESULTS The ex vivo reoxygenation time had no significant effect on γH2AX foci counts. A significant intra model heterogeneity could be shown for FaDu (p=0.033) but not for SKX (p=0.167) and UT-SCC-5 (p=0.082) tumors, respectively. All tumor models showed a significant intra-tumoral heterogeneity between specimens of the same tumor (p<0.01) or among microscopic fields of a particular tumor specimen (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION Similar results for ex vivo γH2AX foci between 10h and 24h reoxygenation time support the applicability of the assay in a clinical setting. The high intra-tumoral heterogeneity underlines the necessity of multiple analyzable samples per patient and therewith the need for an automated foci analysis.
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Sears CR, Cooney SA, Chin-Sinex H, Mendonca MS, Turchi JJ. DNA damage response (DDR) pathway engagement in cisplatin radiosensitization of non-small cell lung cancer. DNA Repair (Amst) 2016; 40:35-46. [PMID: 26991853 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are commonly treated with a platinum-based chemotherapy such as cisplatin (CDDP) in combination with ionizing radiation (IR). Although clinical trials have demonstrated that the combination of CDDP and IR appear to be synergistic in terms of therapeutic efficacy, the mechanism of synergism remains largely uncharacterized. We investigated the role of the DNA damage response (DDR) in CDDP radiosensitization using two NSCLC cell lines. Using clonogenic survival assays, we determined that the cooperative cytotoxicity of CDDP and IR treatment is sequence dependent, requiring administration of CDDP prior to IR (CDDP-IR). We identified and interrogated the unique time and agent-dependent activation of the DDR in NSCLC cells treated with cisplatin-IR combination therapy. Compared to treatment with CDDP or IR alone, CDDP-IR combination treatment led to persistence of γH2Ax foci, a marker of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), for up to 24h after treatment. Interestingly, pharmacologic inhibition of DDR sensor kinases revealed the persistence of γ-H2Ax foci in CDDP-IR treated cells is independent of kinase activation. Taken together, our data suggest that delayed repair of DSBs in NSCLC cells treated with CDDP-IR contributes to CDDP radiosensitization and that alterations of the DDR pathways by inhibition of specific DDR kinases can augment CDDP-IR cytotoxicity by a complementary mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine R Sears
- Departments of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, United States.
| | - Sean A Cooney
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Helen Chin-Sinex
- Radiation Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Marc S Mendonca
- Radiation Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, United States; Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, United States
| | - John J Turchi
- Departments of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, United States; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, United States
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Shah K, Boghozian RA, Kartsonaki C, Shah KA, Vallis KA. γH2AX expression in cytological specimens as a biomarker of response to radiotherapy in solid malignancies. Diagn Cytopathol 2016; 44:141-6. [PMID: 26667983 PMCID: PMC4914953 DOI: 10.1002/dc.23396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Many anticancer treatments, including radiotherapy, act by damaging DNA and hindering cell function and proliferation. H2AX is a histone protein directly associated with DNA that is phosphorylated to produce γH2AX that accumulates in foci in an early response to DNA double-strand breaks, the most deleterious lesion caused by anticancer therapy. This study reports a γH2AX detection assay that has the potential to be used as a biomarker of response to guide cancer treatment. γH2AX immunostaining was applied to tumour cell specimens obtained using fine needle aspiration (FNA). Liquid-based cytology and direct smear cytology methods were evaluated and immunostaining protocols established using FNA samples from five cancer patients. The assay was then applied to three patients before and after radiotherapy. Results demonstrate induction of γH2AX foci following treatment, persisting for as long as one week after therapy. Immunostaining for γH2AX has been successfully applied to FNA samples, providing an opportunity to evaluate γH2AX as a treatment response marker in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketan Shah
- Churchill Hospital, Oxford Cancer Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ramon A Boghozian
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christiana Kartsonaki
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ketan A Shah
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine A Vallis
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Menegakis A, De Colle C, Yaromina A, Hennenlotter J, Stenzl A, Scharpf M, Fend F, Noell S, Tatagiba M, Brucker S, Wallwiener D, Boeke S, Ricardi U, Baumann M, Zips D. Residual γH2AX foci after ex vivo irradiation of patient samples with known tumour-type specific differences in radio-responsiveness. Radiother Oncol 2015; 116:480-5. [PMID: 26297183 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To apply our previously published residual ex vivo γH2AX foci method to patient-derived tumour specimens covering a spectrum of tumour-types with known differences in radiation response. In addition, the data were used to simulate different experimental scenarios to simplify the method. MATERIALS AND METHODS Evaluation of residual γH2AX foci in well-oxygenated tumour areas of ex vivo irradiated patient-derived tumour specimens with graded single doses was performed. Immediately after surgical resection, the samples were cultivated for 24h in culture medium prior to irradiation and fixed 24h post-irradiation for γH2AX foci evaluation. Specimens from a total of 25 patients (including 7 previously published) with 10 different tumour types were included. RESULTS Linear dose response of residual γH2AX foci was observed in all specimens with highly variable slopes among different tumour types ranging from 0.69 (95% CI: 1.14-0.24) to 3.26 (95% CI: 4.13-2.62) for chondrosarcomas (radioresistant) and classical seminomas (radiosensitive) respectively. Simulations suggest that omitting dose levels might simplify the assay without compromising robustness. CONCLUSION Here we confirm clinical feasibility of the assay. The slopes of the residual foci number are well in line with the expected differences in radio-responsiveness of different tumour types implying that intrinsic radiation sensitivity contributes to tumour radiation response. Thus, this assay has a promising potential for individualized radiation therapy and prospective validation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Menegakis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK) Partner Sites Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Chiara De Colle
- Department of Oncology, Radiation Oncology, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Ala Yaromina
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Joerg Hennenlotter
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcus Scharpf
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Falko Fend
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susan Noell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcos Tatagiba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sara Brucker
- Department of and Research Institute for Women's Health, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Diethelm Wallwiener
- Department of and Research Institute for Women's Health, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simon Boeke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK) Partner Sites Tübingen, Germany
| | - Umberto Ricardi
- Department of Oncology, Radiation Oncology, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Michael Baumann
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK) Partner Sites Dresden, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Germany; OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Germany
| | - Daniel Zips
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK) Partner Sites Tübingen, Germany
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Willers H, Gheorghiu L, Liu Q, Efstathiou JA, Wirth LJ, Krause M, von Neubeck C. DNA Damage Response Assessments in Human Tumor Samples Provide Functional Biomarkers of Radiosensitivity. Semin Radiat Oncol 2015; 25:237-50. [PMID: 26384272 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Predictive biomarkers are urgently needed for individualization of radiation therapy and treatment with radiosensitizing anticancer agents. Genomic profiling of human cancers provides us with unprecedented insight into the mutational landscape of genes directly or indirectly involved in the response to radiation-induced DNA damage. However, to what extent this wealth of structural information about the cancer genome produces biomarkers of sensitivity to radiation remains to be seen. Investigators are increasingly studying the subnuclear accumulation (ie, foci) of proteins in the DNA damage response (DDR), such as gamma-H2AX, 53BP1, or RAD51, as a surrogate of treatment sensitivity. Recent findings from preclinical studies have demonstrated the predictive potential of DDR foci by correlating foci with clinically relevant end points such as tumor control probability. Therefore, preclinical investigations of DDR foci responses are increasingly moving into cells and tissues from patients, which is the major focus of this review. The advantage of using DDR foci as functional biomarkers is that they can detect alterations in DNA repair due to various mechanisms. Moreover, they provide a global measurement of DDR network function without needing to know the identities of all the components, many of which remain unknown. Foci assays are thus expected to yield functional insight that may complement or supersede genomic information, thereby giving radiation oncologists unique opportunities to individualize cancer treatments in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Willers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
| | - Liliana Gheorghiu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jason A Efstathiou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Lori J Wirth
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Mechthild Krause
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology, Germany
| | - Cläre von Neubeck
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
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γH2AX assay in ex vivo irradiated tumour specimens: A novel method to determine tumour radiation sensitivity in patient-derived material. Radiother Oncol 2015; 116:473-9. [PMID: 25866027 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2015.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish a clinically applicable protocol for quantification of residual γH2AX foci in ex vivo irradiated tumour samples and to apply this method in a proof-of-concept feasibility study to patient-derived tumour specimens. MATERIAL AND METHODS Evaluation of γH2AX foci formation and disappearance in excised FaDu tumour specimens after (a) different incubation times in culture medium, 4Gy irradiation and fixation after 24h (cell recovery), (b) 10h medium incubation, 4Gy irradiation and fixation after various time points (double strand break repair kinetics), and (c) 10h medium incubation, irradiation with graded single radiation doses and fixation after 24h (dose-response). The optimised protocol was applied to patient-derived samples of seminoma, prostate cancer and glioblastoma multiforme. RESULTS Post excision or biopsy, tumour tissues showed stable radiation-induced γH2AX foci values in oxic cells after >6h of recovery in medium. Kinetics of foci disappearance indicated a plateau of residual foci after >12h following ex vivo irradiation. Fitting the dose-response of residual γH2AX foci yielded slopes comparable with in situ irradiation of FaDu tumours. Significant differences in the slopes of ex vivo irradiated patient-derived tumour samples were found. CONCLUSION A novel clinically applicable method to quantify residual γH2AX foci in ex vivo irradiated tumour samples was established. The first clinical results suggest that this method allows to distinguish between radiosensitive and radioresistant tumour types. These findings support further translational evaluation of this assay to individualise radiation therapy.
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Hufnagl A, Herr L, Friedrich T, Durante M, Taucher-Scholz G, Scholz M. The link between cell-cycle dependent radiosensitivity and repair pathways: a model based on the local, sister-chromatid conformation dependent switch between NHEJ and HR. DNA Repair (Amst) 2015; 27:28-39. [PMID: 25629437 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The different DNA damage repair pathways like homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) have been linked to the variation of radiosensitivity throughout the cell cycle. However, no attempts have been made to test the various hypotheses derived from these studies in a quantitative way e.g. by using modeling approaches. Here we present the first modeling approach that allows predicting the cell cycle dependent radiosensitivity of repair proficient as well as of repair deficient cell lines after photon irradiation based on a small set of parameters and assumptions. A key element of the model is the classification of DNA damage according to its complexity on the level of chromatin loops of about 2Mbp size. Isolated DSB (iDSB), characterized by a single DSB within a chromatin loop, are distinguished from clustered DSB (cDSB), characterized by two or more DSB within a chromatin loop. The class of iDSB is further subdivided into two sub-classes, characterized by the replication status of the corresponding chromatin loop. For iDSB in replicated loops that are in close contact, error-free homologous recombination is assumed to be effective; in unreplicated loops or in replicated loops that have already been separated, iDSB are assumed to be repaired by error-prone non-homologous end joining. cDSB are assumed not to be repairable effectively by neither HR nor NHEJ. Assigning empirically derived lethalities to these three damage classes and pathways, we demonstrate that the model is able to accurately reproduce cell cycle dependent survival probabilities. Notably, the relevant parameters are derived solely from two survival curves for normal, repair proficient cells in G1 and late-S phase. Based on a comparison of model predictions with a large data set reported in the literature, we show that the lethality values for wild type cells are simultaneously predictive for the cell cycle dependent variation of sensitivity observed for HR-deficient and NHEJ-deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Hufnagl
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Department of Biophysics, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lisa Herr
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Department of Biophysics, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Thomas Friedrich
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Department of Biophysics, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Marco Durante
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Department of Biophysics, Darmstadt, Germany; Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gisela Taucher-Scholz
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Department of Biophysics, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Scholz
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Department of Biophysics, Darmstadt, Germany.
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Pouliliou S, Koukourakis MI. Gamma histone 2AX (γ-H2AX)as a predictive tool in radiation oncology. Biomarkers 2014; 19:167-80. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2014.898099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stamatia Pouliliou
- Department of Radiotherapy/Oncology, Radiobiology and Radiopathology Unit, Democritus University of Thrace
AlexandroupolisGreece
| | - Michael I. Koukourakis
- Department of Radiotherapy/Oncology, Radiobiology and Radiopathology Unit, Democritus University of Thrace
AlexandroupolisGreece
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19
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Koch U, Höhne K, von Neubeck C, Thames HD, Yaromina A, Dahm-Daphi J, Baumann M, Krause M. Residual γH2AX foci predict local tumour control after radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 2013; 108:434-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2013.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Homologous recombination repair (HRR) is a critical pathway for the repair of DNA damage caused by cisplatin or poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. HRR may be impaired by multiple mechanisms in cancer, which complicates assessing the functional HRR status in cells. Here, we monitored the ability of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells to form subnuclear foci of DNA repair proteins as a surrogate of HRR proficiency. METHODS We assessed clonogenic survival of 16 NSCLC cell lines in response to cisplatin, mitomycin C (MMC), and the PARP inhibitor olaparib. Thirteen tumor explants from patients with NSCLC were subjected to cisplatin ex vivo. Cells were assayed for foci of repair-associated proteins such as BRCA1, FANCD2, RAD51, and γ-H2AX. RESULTS Four cell lines (25%) showed an impaired RAD51 foci-forming ability in response to cisplatin. Impaired foci formation correlated with cellular sensitivity to cisplatin, MMC and olaparib. Foci responses complemented or superseded genomic information suggesting alterations in the ATM/ATR and FA/BRCA pathways. Because baseline foci in untreated cells did not predict drug sensitivity, we adapted an ex vivo biomarker assay to monitor damage-induced RAD51 foci in NSCLC explants from patients. Ex vivo cisplatin treatment of explants identified two tumors (15%) exhibiting compromised RAD51 foci induction. CONCLUSIONS A fraction of NSCLC harbors HRR defects that may sensitize the affected tumors to DNA-damaging agents including PARP inhibitors. We propose that foci-based functional biomarker assays represent a powerful tool for prospective determination of treatment sensitivity, but will require ex vivo techniques for induction of DNA damage to unmask the underlying HRR defect.
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Tanaka M, Kataoka H, Yano S, Ohi H, Kawamoto K, Shibahara T, Mizoshita T, Mori Y, Tanida S, Kamiya T, Joh T. Anti-cancer effects of newly developed chemotherapeutic agent, glycoconjugated palladium (II) complex, against cisplatin-resistant gastric cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:237. [PMID: 23672493 PMCID: PMC3659059 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cisplatin (CDDP) is the most frequently used chemotherapeutic agent for various types of advanced cancer, including gastric cancer. However, almost all cancer cells acquire resistance against CDDP, and this phenomenon adversely affects prognosis. Thus, new chemotherapeutic agents that can overcome the CDDP-resistant cancer cells will improve the survival of advanced cancer patients. Methods We synthesized new glycoconjugated platinum (II) and palladium (II) complexes, [PtCl2 (L)] and [PdCl2 (L)]. CDDP-resistant gastric cancer cell lines were established by continuous exposure to CDDP, and gene expression in the CDDP-resistant gastric cancer cells was analyzed. The cytotoxicity and apoptosis induced by [PtCl2 (L)] and [PdCl2 (L)] in CDDP-sensitive and CDDP-resistant gastric cancer cells were evaluated. DNA double-strand breaks by drugs were assessed by evaluating phosphorylated histone H2AX. Xenograft tumor mouse models were established and antitumor effects were also examined in vivo. Results CDDP-resistant gastric cancer cells exhibit ABCB1 and CDKN2A gene up-regulation, as compared with CDDP-sensitive gastric cancer cells. In the analyses of CDDP-resistant gastric cancer cells, [PdCl2 (L)] overcame cross-resistance to CDDP in vitro and in vivo. [PdCl2 (L)] induced DNA double-strand breaks. Conclusion These results indicate that [PdCl2 (L)] is a potent chemotherapeutic agent for CDDP-resistant gastric cancer and may have clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan.
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Harris M, Wang XG, Jiang Z, Phaeton R, Koba W, Goldberg GL, Casadevall A, Dadachova E. Combined treatment of the experimental human papilloma virus-16-positive cervical and head and neck cancers with cisplatin and radioimmunotherapy targeting viral E6 oncoprotein. Br J Cancer 2013; 108:859-65. [PMID: 23385729 PMCID: PMC3590678 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papilloma virus (HPV) is implicated in >99% of cervical cancers and ∼40% of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). We previously targeted E6 oncogene with (188)Rhenium-labelled monoclonal antibody (mAb) C1P5 to HPV16 E6 in cervical cancer and HNSCC. Intranuclear E6 can be accessed by mAbs in non-viable cells with leaky membranes. As radioimmunotherapy (RIT) efficacy depends on the availability of target protein-we hypothesised that pretreatment with cisplatin will kill some tumour cells and increase E6 availability for RIT. METHODS Mice with subcutaneous HPV16+ cervical (CasKi) and HNSCC (2A3) tumours were pretreated with 0-7.5 mg kg(-1) per day cisplatin for 3 days followed by (188)Re-C1P5 and biodistribution was performed 24 h later. For RIT, the animals were treated with: 5 mg kg(-1) per day cisplatin for 3 days; or 5 mg kg(-1) per day cisplatin for 3 days followed 200 or 400μCi (188)Re-C1P5 mAb; or 200 or 400μCi (188)Re-C1P5 mAb; or left untreated, and observed for tumour growth for 24 days. RESULTS Pretreatment with cisplatin increased the uptake of (188)Re-C1P5 in the tumours 2.5 to 3.5-fold and caused significant retardation in tumour growth for CasKi and 2A3 tumours in both RIT alone and cisplatin, and RIT groups in comparison with the untreated control and cisplatin alone groups (P<0.05). The combined treatment was more effective than either modality alone (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that preceding RIT targeting E6 oncogene with chemotherapy is effective in suppressing tumour growth in mouse models of HPV16+ cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Harris
- Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1695A Eastchester Road, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Wu J, Clingen PH, Spanswick VJ, Mellinas-Gomez M, Meyer T, Puzanov I, Jodrell D, Hochhauser D, Hartley JA. γ-H2AX foci formation as a pharmacodynamic marker of DNA damage produced by DNA cross-linking agents: results from 2 phase I clinical trials of SJG-136 (SG2000). Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:721-30. [PMID: 23251007 PMCID: PMC6485439 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate γ-H2AX foci as a pharmacodynamic marker for DNA damage induced by DNA interstrand cross-linking drugs. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN γ-H2AX foci formation was validated preclinically in comparison with the Comet assay, and evaluated pharmacodynamically in two phase I studies of different dosing schedules of the novel cross-linking agent SJG-136 (SG2000). RESULTS The measurement of γ-H2AX foci in human fibroblasts and lymphocytes in vitro was more than 10-fold more sensitive than Comet assay measurement of cross-linking, with peak γ-H2AX response 24 hours after the peak of cross-linking. In lymphocytes from a phase I study (every three week schedule), γ-H2AX foci were detectable 1 hour following the end of administration, and in all patients, maximum response was observed at 24 hours. Significant levels of foci were still evident at days 8 and 15 consistent with the known persistence of the DNA damage produced by this agent. In two tumor biopsy samples, foci were detected 4 hours postinfusion with levels higher than in lymphocytes. Extensive foci formation was also observed before the third dose in cycle 1 in lymphocytes from a second phase I study (daily × 3 schedule). These foci also persisted with a significant level evident before the second cycle (day 21). An increased γ-H2AX response was observed during the second cycle consistent with a cumulative pharmacodynamic effect. No clear relationship between foci formation and administered drug dose was observed. CONCLUSION This is the first use of γ-H2AX as a pharmacodynamic response to a DNA cross-linking agent in a clinical trial setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Wu
- CR-UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Peter H Clingen
- CR-UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Victoria J Spanswick
- CR-UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Maria Mellinas-Gomez
- CR-UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Tim Meyer
- CR-UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Igor Puzanov
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Centre, Vanderbilt University Medical Centre, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Duncan Jodrell
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Daniel Hochhauser
- CR-UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - John A Hartley
- CR-UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Darzynkiewicz Z, Zhao H, Halicka HD, Rybak P, Dobrucki J, Wlodkowic D. DNA damage signaling assessed in individual cells in relation to the cell cycle phase and induction of apoptosis. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2012; 49:199-217. [PMID: 23137030 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2012.738808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Reviewed are the phosphorylation events reporting activation of protein kinases and the key substrates critical for the DNA damage signaling (DDS). These DDS events are detected immunocytochemically using phospho-specific Abs; flow cytometry or image-assisted cytometry provide the means to quantitatively assess them on a cell by cell basis. The multiparameter analysis of the data is used to correlate these events with each other and relate to the cell cycle phase, DNA replication and induction of apoptosis. Expression of γH2AX as a possible marker of induction of DNA double strand breaks is the most widely studied event of DDS. Reviewed are applications of this multiparameter approach to investigate constitutive DDS reporting DNA damage by endogenous oxidants byproducts of oxidative phosphorylation. Also reviewed are its applications to detect and explore mechanisms of DDS induced by variety of exogenous agents targeting DNA such as exogenous oxidants, ionizing radiation, radiomimetic drugs, UV light, DNA topoisomerase I and II inhibitors, DNA crosslinking drugs and variety of environmental genotoxins. Analysis of DDS induced by these agents provides often a wealth of information about mechanism of induction and the type of DNA damage (lesion) and is reviewed in the context of cell cycle phase specificity, DNA replication, and induction of apoptosis or cell senescence. Critically assessed is interpretation of the data as to whether the observed DDS events report induction of a particular type of DNA lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz
- Brander Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
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Saleh EM, El-Awady RA, Anis N, El-Sharkawy N. Induction and repair of DNA double-strand breaks using constant-field gel electrophoresis and apoptosis as predictive markers for sensitivity of cancer cells to cisplatin. Biomed Pharmacother 2012; 66:554-62. [PMID: 22939736 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate some parameters that may play a role in the prediction of cancer cells sensitivity to cisplatin (CIS). Sensitivity, induction and repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), cell cycle regulation and induction of apoptosis were measured in four cancer cell lines with different sensitivities to CIS. Using a sulphorhodamine-B assay, the cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa) were found to be the most sensitive to CIS followed by breast carcinoma cells (MCF-7) and liver carcinoma cells (HepG2). Colon carcinoma HCT116 cells were the most resistant. As measured by constant-field gel electrophoresis (CFGE), DSB induction, but not residual DSB exhibited a significant correlation with the sensitivity of cells to CIS. Flow cytometric DNA ploidy analysis revealed that 67% of HeLa cells and 10% of MCF-7 cells shift to sub-G1 phase after incubation with CIS. Additionally, CIS induced the arrest of MCF-7 cells in S-phase and the arrest of HepG2 and HCT116 cells in both S phase and G2/M phase. Determination of the Fas-L level and Caspase-9 activity indicated that CIS-induced apoptosis results from the mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway. These results, if confirmed using clinical samples, indicate that the induction of DNA DSB as measured by CFGE and the induction of apoptosis should be considered, along with other predictive markers, in future clinical trials to develop predictive assays for platinum -based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekram M Saleh
- Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Leoni LM, Hartley JA. Mechanism of action: the unique pattern of bendamustine-induced cytotoxicity. Semin Hematol 2011; 48 Suppl 1:S12-23. [PMID: 21530768 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bendamustine has demonstrated substantial efficacy in the treatment of hematologic malignancies and continues to distinguish itself from other alkylating agents with regard to its activity in tumor cells. The mechanistic and clinical differences associated with bendamustine may be directly related to its unique structural features. Although the precise mechanisms of action are still poorly understood, bendamustine is associated with extensive and durable DNA damage. The increased potency of bendamustine may be due to secondary mechanisms such as inhibition of mitotic checkpoints, inefficient DNA repair, and initiation of p53-dependent DNA-damage stress response, all of which lead to mitotic catastrophe and apoptosis. It has also been hypothesized that the presence of a benzimidazole ring in addition to the nitrogen mustard group may influence the way bendamustine interacts with DNA and/or confer antimetabolite properties. Further elucidation of the mechanisms of action for bendamustine and the signaling pathways involved in the response to bendamustine-induced DNA damage is essential to maximize its therapeutic potential, identify biomarkers for response, and understand the potential for synergy with other agents involved in DNA damage and inhibition of DNA repair. This review will discuss the current understanding and hypotheses regarding bendamustine mechanisms of action and suggest future investigations that would shed light on the many unanswered questions.
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Menegakis A, Eicheler W, Yaromina A, Thames HD, Krause M, Baumann M. Residual DNA double strand breaks in perfused but not in unperfused areas determine different radiosensitivity of tumours. Radiother Oncol 2011; 100:137-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Cornelissen B, Kersemans V, Darbar S, Thompson J, Shah K, Sleeth K, Hill MA, Vallis KA. Imaging DNA damage in vivo using gammaH2AX-targeted immunoconjugates. Cancer Res 2011; 71:4539-49. [PMID: 21586614 PMCID: PMC3130133 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-4587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage responses (DDR) occur during oncogenesis and therapeutic responses to DNA damaging cytotoxic drugs. Thus, a real-time method to image DNA damage in vivo would be useful to diagnose cancer and monitor its treatment. Toward this end, we have developed fluorophore- and radioisotope-labeled immunoconjugates to target a DDR signaling protein, phosphorylated histone H2A variant H2AX (γH2AX), which forms foci at sites of DNA double-strand breaks. Anti-γH2AX antibodies were modified by the addition of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) to allow (111)In labeling or the fluorophore Cy3. The cell-penetrating peptide Tat (GRKKRRQRRRPPQGYG) was also added to the immunoconjugate to aid nuclear translocation. In irradiated breast cancer cells, confocal microscopy confirmed the expected colocalization of anti-γH2AX-Tat with γH2AX foci. In comparison with nonspecific antibody conjugates, (111)In-anti-γH2AX-Tat was retained longer in cells. Anti-γH2AX-Tat probes were also used to track in vivo DNA damage, using a mouse xenograft model of human breast cancer. After local X-ray irradiation or bleomycin treatment, the anti-γH2AX-Tat probes produced fluorescent and single photon emission computed tomography signals in the tumors that were proportionate to the delivered radiation dose and the amount of γH2AX present. Taken together, our findings establish the use of radioimmunoconjugates that target γH2AX as a noninvasive imaging method to monitor DNA damage, with many potential applications in preclinical and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Cornelissen
- CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Veerle Kersemans
- CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sonali Darbar
- CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James Thompson
- CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ketan Shah
- CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Sleeth
- CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Hill
- CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine A. Vallis
- CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Retention of γH2AX foci as an indication of lethal DNA damage. Radiother Oncol 2011; 101:18-23. [PMID: 21704409 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2011.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The application of biological responses of tumours to predict clinical responses to treatment represents a challenging goal with the potential to inform treatment decisions and improve outcome. If tumour cell death is the result of the inability of a cell to repair complex DNA damage, and if γH2AX foci mark sites of unrepaired double-strand breaks, then it may be possible to use residual γH2AX foci to identify treatment-resistant tumour cells early in the course of therapy. This review will highlight some of the evidence that supports the idea that residual γH2AX foci, within certain limitations, may be useful as an early indicator of tumour response to radiotherapy in situ, either alone or in combination with chemotherapy.
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Abstract
The rapid phosphorylation of histone H2AX at serine 139 (γH2AX) serves as a sensitive marker for DNA double-strand breaks induced by ionizing radiation or other genotoxic agents. The potential clinical applications of γH2AX detection in tissues from cancer patients during fractionated radiotherapy and the sensitivity for detection of in vivo drug effects on radiation-induced DNA damage responses (DDRs) are discussed. The quantification of γH2AX foci in the nuclei of peripheral blood lymphocytes allows estimation of the applied integral body dose by conformal radiotherapy to tumors in different sites of the body. The limits of precision of biodosimetry in peripheral blood lymphocytes with a γH2AX assay shortly after radiation exposure are shown. The high sensitivity of the in vitro radiation dose-γH2AX foci response allows monitoring of drug effects on DDR pathways after in vivo drug exposure and in vitro irradiation. Drugs are under clinical investigation that modify radiation-induced damage response. If interindividual or intertumoral differences in drug sensitivity exist, the measurement of radiation-induced foci formation and resolution after in vivo drug exposure and in vitro or in vivo irradiation of a cellular probe can serve as a functional assay that may predict the individual gain of a combination therapy. Validation by prospective studies is needed.
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Yap TA, Sandhu SK, Carden CP, de Bono JS. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors: Exploiting a synthetic lethal strategy in the clinic. CA Cancer J Clin 2011; 61:31-49. [PMID: 21205831 DOI: 10.3322/caac.20095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is an attractive antitumor target because of its vital role in DNA repair. The homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair pathway is critical for the repair of DNA double-strand breaks and HR deficiency leads to a dependency on error-prone DNA repair mechanisms, with consequent genomic instability and oncogenesis. Tumor-specific HR defects may be exploited through a synthetic lethal approach for the application of anticancer therapeutics, including PARP inhibitors. This theory proposes that targeting genetically defective tumor cells with a specific molecular therapy that inhibits its synthetic lethal gene partner should result in selective tumor cell killing. The demonstration of single-agent antitumor activity and the wide therapeutic index of PARP inhibitors in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers with advanced cancers provide strong evidence for the clinical application of this approach. Emerging data also indicate that PARP inhibitors may be effective in sporadic cancers bearing HR defects, supporting a substantially wider role for PARP inhibitors. Drugs targeting this enzyme are now in pivotal clinical trials in patients with sporadic cancers. In this article, the evidence supporting this antitumor synthetic lethal strategy with PARP inhibitors is reviewed, evolving resistance mechanisms and potential molecular predictive biomarker assays are discussed, and the future development of these agents is envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Yap
- Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Kinders RJ, Hollingshead M, Lawrence S, Ji J, Tabb B, Bonner WM, Pommier Y, Rubinstein L, Evrard YA, Parchment RE, Tomaszewski J, Doroshow JH. Development of a validated immunofluorescence assay for γH2AX as a pharmacodynamic marker of topoisomerase I inhibitor activity. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:5447-57. [PMID: 20924131 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-3076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX) serves as a biomarker for formation of DNA double-strand break repair complexes. A quantitative pharmacodynamic immunofluorescence assay for γH2AX was developed, validated, and tested in human tumor xenograft models with the use of clinically relevant procedures. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The γH2AX immunofluorescence assay uses a novel data quantitation and image processing algorithm to determine the extent of nuclear-specific γH2AX staining in tumor needle biopsies and hair follicles collected from mice bearing topotecan-responsive A375 xenografts. After method validation with the topoisomerase I (Top1) inhibitor topotecan, the assay was used to compare pharmacodynamic properties of three structurally related indenoisoquinoline Top1 inhibitors. RESULTS γH2AX response to topotecan was quantified over a 60-fold dose range (0.016-1.0 times the murine single-dose maximum tolerated dose), and significant pharmacodynamic response was measured at the mouse equivalent of the 1.5 mg/m(2) clinical dose as well as the lowest dose tested. Responses were within a time window amenable for biopsy collection in clinical trials. These studies enabled characterization of dose and time responses for three indenoisoquinolines, resulting in selection of two for clinical evaluation. γH2AX response to Top1 inhibitors in hair follicles was also observable above a minimal dose threshold. CONCLUSIONS Our γH2AX assay is sufficiently accurate and sensitive to quantify γH2AX in tumor samples and will be used in correlative studies of two indenoisoquinolines in a phase I clinical trial at the National Cancer Institute. Data suggest that hair follicles may potentially serve as a surrogate tissue to evaluate tumor γH2AX response to Top1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Kinders
- Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology, Applied/Developmental Research Support Directorate, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., NationalCancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, a novel class of drugs that target tumors with DNA repair defects, have received tremendous enthusiasm. Early preclinical studies identified BRCA1 and BRCA2 tumors to be highly sensitive to PARP inhibitors as a result of homologous recombination defect. Based on this premise, PARP inhibitors have been tested in early phase clinical trials as a single agent in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers and in combination with chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer patients. For high-risk populations, use of PARP inhibition as a prevention agent has been postulated, but no robust preclinical or clinical studies exist yet. We review the preclinical and clinical studies in treatment of breast cancer and rationale for use of PARP inhibitors as a prevention agent for high-risk populations. Of significance, PARP inhibitors vary significantly in mechanism of action, dosing intervals, and toxicities, which are highlighted in this review.
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Banáth JP, Klokov D, MacPhail SH, Banuelos CA, Olive PL. Residual gammaH2AX foci as an indication of lethal DNA lesions. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:4. [PMID: 20051134 PMCID: PMC2819996 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence suggests that tumor cells exposed to some DNA damaging agents are more likely to die if they retain microscopically visible γH2AX foci that are known to mark sites of double-strand breaks. This appears to be true even after exposure to the alkylating agent MNNG that does not cause direct double-strand breaks but does produce γH2AX foci when damaged DNA undergoes replication. Methods To examine this predictive ability further, SiHa human cervical carcinoma cells were exposed to 8 DNA damaging drugs (camptothecin, cisplatin, doxorubicin, etoposide, hydrogen peroxide, MNNG, temozolomide, and tirapazamine) and the fraction of cells that retained γH2AX foci 24 hours after a 30 or 60 min treatment was compared with the fraction of cells that lost clonogenicity. To determine if cells with residual repair foci are the cells that die, SiHa cervical cancer cells were stably transfected with a RAD51-GFP construct and live cell analysis was used to follow the fate of irradiated cells with RAD51-GFP foci. Results For all drugs regardless of their mechanism of interaction with DNA, close to a 1:1 correlation was observed between clonogenic surviving fraction and the fraction of cells that retained γH2AX foci 24 hours after treatment. Initial studies established that the fraction of cells that retained RAD51 foci after irradiation was similar to the fraction of cells that retained γH2AX foci and subsequently lost clonogenicity. Tracking individual irradiated live cells confirmed that SiHa cells with RAD51-GFP foci 24 hours after irradiation were more likely to die. Conclusion Retention of DNA damage-induced γH2AX foci appears to be indicative of lethal DNA damage so that it may be possible to predict tumor cell killing by a wide variety of DNA damaging agents simply by scoring the fraction of cells that retain γH2AX foci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit P Banáth
- Medical Biophysics Department, BC Cancer Agency Research Centre, 675 W, 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
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Olive PL, Banuelos CA, Durand RE, Kim JY, Aquino-Parsons C. Endogenous and radiation-induced expression of gammaH2AX in biopsies from patients treated for carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Radiother Oncol 2009; 94:82-9. [PMID: 19903578 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The possibility of using gammaH2AX foci as a marker of DNA damage and as a potential predictor of tumour response to treatment was examined using biopsies from 3 sets of patients with advanced carcinoma of the cervix. The relation between endogenous gammaH2AX expression and hypoxia was also examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS Set 1 consisted of 26 biopsies that included pre-treatment and 24h post-radiation treatment samples. Pre-treatment biopsies from 12 patients in Set 2 were used to develop image analysis software while pre-treatment biopsies from 33 patients in Set 3 were examined for the relation between staining for the hypoxia marker pimonidazole and endogenous gammaH2AX expression. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections were analyzed after antigen retrieval and fluorescence antibody labeling for the hypoxia markers CAIX or pimonidazole in combination with gammaH2AX staining. RESULTS Before treatment, 24+/-19% of cells contained gammaH2AX foci, with most positive cells containing fewer than 5 foci per nucleus. Twenty-four hours after exposure to the first fraction of 1.8-2.5Gy, 38+/-19% contained foci. CAIX positive cells were 1.4 times more likely to exhibit endogenous gammaH2AX foci, and pimonidazole-positive cells were 2.8 times more likely to contain gammaH2AX foci. For 18 patients for whom both pre-treatment and 24h post-irradiation biopsies were available, local control was unrelated to the fraction of cells that retained gammaH2AX foci. However, 24h after irradiation, tumours that had received 2.5Gy showed a significantly higher fraction of cells with residual gammaH2AX foci than tumours given 1.8Gy. CONCLUSIONS Endogenous gammaH2AX foci are enriched in hypoxic tumour regions. Small differences in delivered dose can produce quantifiable differences in residual DNA damage that can overshadow inter-tumour differences in response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy L Olive
- Medical Biophysics Department, British Columbia Cancer Agency Research Centre, 675 W. 10th Ave., Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.
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Geyer FC, Lopez-Garcia MA, Lambros MB, Reis-Filho JS. Genetic characterization of breast cancer and implications for clinical management. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:4090-103. [PMID: 19754664 PMCID: PMC4496116 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00906.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a genetic disease caused by the accumulation of mutations in neoplastic cells. In the last few years, high-throughput microarray-based molecular analysis has provided increasingly more coherent information about the genetic aberrations in breast cancer. New biomarkers and molecular techniques are slowly becoming part of the diagnostic and prognostic armamentarium available for pathologists and oncologists to tailor the therapy for breast cancer patients. In this review, we will focus on the contribution of breast cancer somatic genetics to our understanding of breast cancer biology and its impact on breast cancer patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe C Geyer
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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