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Wirth D, Özdemir E, Hristova K. Probing phosphorylation events in biological membranes: The transducer function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2024; 1866:184362. [PMID: 38885782 PMCID: PMC11365757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2024.184362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The extracellular environment is sensed by receptors in the plasma membrane. Some of these receptors initiate cytoplasmic signaling cascades involving phosphorylation: the addition of a phosphate group to a specific amino acid, such as tyrosine, in a protein. Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) are one large class of membrane receptors that can directly initiate signaling cascades through their intracellular kinase domains, which both catalyze tyrosine phosphorylation and get phosphorylated. In the first step of signaling, the ligands stabilize phosphorylation-competent RTK dimers and oligomers, which leads to the phosphorylation of specific tyrosine residues in the activation loop of the kinases. Here we discuss quantitative measurements of tyrosine phosphorylation efficiencies for RTKs, described by the "transducer function". The transducer function links the phosphorylation (the response) and the binding of the activating ligand to the receptor (the stimulus). We overview a methodology that allows such measurements in direct response to ligand binding. We discuss experiments which demonstrate that EGF is a partial agonist, and that two tyrosines in the intracellular domain of EGFR, Y1068 and Y1173, are differentially phosphorylated in the EGF-bound EGFR dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wirth
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America
| | - Ece Özdemir
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America
| | - Kalina Hristova
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America.
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2
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Gouda MA, Subbiah V. Precision oncology with selective RET inhibitor selpercatinib in RET-rearranged cancers. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2023; 15:17588359231177015. [PMID: 37360768 PMCID: PMC10288430 DOI: 10.1177/17588359231177015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Rearranged during transfection (RET) is a protooncogene that encodes for receptor tyrosine kinase with downstream effects on multiple cellular pathways. Activating RET alterations can occur and lead to uncontrolled cellular proliferation as a hallmark of cancer development. Oncogenic RET fusions are present in nearly 2% of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), 10-20% of patients with thyroid cancer, and <1% across the pan-cancer spectrum. In addition, RET mutations are drivers in 60% of sporadic medullary thyroid cancers and 99% of hereditary thyroid cancers. The discovery, rapid clinical translation, and trials leading to FDA approvals of selective RET inhibitors, selpercatinib and pralsetinib, have revolutionized the field of RET precision therapy. In this article, we review the current status on the use of the selective RET inhibitor, selpercatinib, in RET fusion-positive tumors: NSCLC, thyroid cancers, and the more recent tissue-agnostic activity leading to FDA approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Gouda
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vivek Subbiah
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute, 1100 Dr. Martin L. King Jr. Blvd. Suite 800. Nashville, TN 37203, USA
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3
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Zhang HL, Kong Q. Current landscape and future prospects of RET and ROS1 targets. Pharm Pat Anal 2023; 12:113-126. [PMID: 37671904 DOI: 10.4155/ppa-2023-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
RET and ROS1 are becoming key targets for targeted therapy. To show current landscape of ROS1 and RET targets, a patent analysis was performed. The present results indicated that inhibitor structures of ROS1 target demonstrated unique elements compared with inhibitor structures of RET or BRAF targets. Our study was the first time to uncover that a number of inhibitor structures of ROS1 target contained sulfur and boron elements. The inhibitors of RET target could be developed for treatment of various cancers, including lung cancer, thyroid cancer, and other solid tumor, while the inhibitors of ROS1 target are virtually developed for treatment of lung cancer. Our findings provide a new insight for drug discovery of ROS1 and RET target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Long Zhang
- Central International Intellectual Property (Baotou) Co., Ltd., Baotou, 014030, China
| | - Qian Kong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Southern University of Science & Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Przybyła W, Gjersvoll Paulsen KM, Mishra CK, Nygård S, Engebretsen S, Ruud E, Trøen G, Beiske K, Baumbusch LO. Whole exome sequencing of high-risk neuroblastoma identifies novel non-synonymous variants. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273280. [PMID: 36037157 PMCID: PMC9423626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NBL), one of the main death-causing cancers in children, is known for its remarkable genetic heterogeneity and varied patient outcome spanning from spontaneous regression to widespread disease. Specific copy number variations and single gene rearrangements have been proven to be associated with biological behavior and prognosis; however, there is still an unmet need to enlarge the existing armamentarium of prognostic and therapeutic targets. We performed whole exome sequencing (WES) of samples from 18 primary tumors and six relapse samples originating from 18 NBL patients. Our cohort consists of 16 high-risk, one intermediate, and one very low risk patient. The obtained results confirmed known mutational hotspots in ALK and revealed other non-synonymous variants of NBL-related genes (TP53, DMD, ROS, LMO3, PRUNE2, ERBB3, and PHOX2B) and of genes cardinal for other cancers (KRAS, PIK3CA, and FLT3). Beyond, GOSeq analysis determined genes involved in biological adhesion, neurological cell-cell adhesion, JNK cascade, and immune response of cell surface signaling pathways. We were able to identify novel coding variants present in more than one patient in nine biologically relevant genes for NBL, including TMEM14B, TTN, FLG, RHBG, SHROOM3, UTRN, HLA-DRB1, OR6C68, and XIRP2. Our results may provide novel information about genes and signaling pathways relevant for the pathogenesis and clinical course in high-risk NBL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Przybyła
- Department of Pediatric Research, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsti Marie Gjersvoll Paulsen
- Department of Pediatric Research, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Charitra Kumar Mishra
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- ELIXIR-Norway, Institute of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ståle Nygård
- ELIXIR-Norway, Institute of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ellen Ruud
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunhild Trøen
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Klaus Beiske
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Oliver Baumbusch
- Department of Pediatric Research, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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5
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Ma X, Ma X, Chin L, Zhu Z, Han H. A Novel Germline Deletion of p.C630 in RET Causes MTC and Promotes Cell Proliferation and Sensitivity to Pralsetinib. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:2636-2643. [PMID: 35689816 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is usually caused by gain-of-function mutations in the proto-oncogene RET. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the underlying mechanism in a male patient diagnosed with MTC at age 51 years. METHODS Genomic DNA extracted from leukocytes or tumor tissues of patients was used for next-generation sequencing (NGS)-panel sequencing and Sanger sequencing. Wild-type (WT) and p.C630 deletion RET were expressed in HEK 293T cells. Activation of phosphorylation of the crucial tyrosine-905 of RET and MAPK/ERK was analyzed by Western blotting. The effect of RET mutants on cell viability and colony formation ability was determined by CCK8 assay and a colony forming assay. RESULTS NGS-Panel sequencing revealed a 3-nucleotide/1-amino acid C630 in-frame deletion in exon 11 of RET (c.1887_1889delGTG p.C630del). In vitro expression showed that phosphorylation of the crucial tyrosine 905 was much stronger in the p.C630del RET mutant than in WT RET, indicating ligand-independent activation of the Ret protein tyrosine kinase. Furthermore, p.C630del RET mutant induced strong activation of the MAPK/ERK pathway. In addition, p.C630del RET mutant cells exhibited increased HEK 293T cell viability and colony formation compared with WT RET cells. Pralsetinib (BLU-667), a highly selective RET inhibitor, inhibited the viability of WT RET and p.C630del RET mutant-transfected HEK 293T cells (IC50s: 18.54 and 16.49 µM after treatment for 24 hours), followed by inhibition of the RET-induced MAPK/ERK pathway. CONCLUSION The finding in our patient with MTC was a 3-base-pair deletion in exon 11 of RET, a p.C630 deletion not previously reported. The p.C630del RET stimulates cell proliferation by increasing ligand-independent phosphorylation and activation of MAPK/ERK pathway, demonstrating the pathogenic nature of the mutation. We therefore recommend screening panel sequence of RET in MTC patients with indications of a genetic cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Department of Head and Neck, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100142, P.R. China
| | - Xiuli Ma
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100142, P.R. China
| | - Lihan Chin
- Berry Oncology, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhen Zhu
- Berry Oncology, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Haibo Han
- Department of Clinical Lab, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100142, P.R. China
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Lee JY, Kim SY, Jo KH, Mo EY, Kim ES, Kim HS, Han JH, Moon SD. Clinical features and signaling effects of RET D631Y variant multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2). Korean J Intern Med 2022; 37:398-410. [PMID: 34905813 PMCID: PMC8925960 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2021.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Germline mutations of the rearranged during transfection (RET) gene cause multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2). About 85% of RET mutations in MEN2 occur in codon Cys634. The RET D631Y mutation has recently been discovered, and we have studied its molecular expression and clinical consequences. METHODS We analyzed the clinical characteristics of a total of 34 D631Y variant MEN2 individuals from seven families. We also constructed wild-type and mutant C630Y, D631Y, and C634R/W expression vectors and investigated their effects on signaling pathways and ability to correct the phenotypes of RET mutant cells. RESULTS The median ages at diagnosis of pheochromocytoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) were higher in patients with RET D631Y variant MEN2 than in those with the C634R/W variant (49:53.5 years vs. 33.5:27 years, respectively), and the penetration of the D631Y mutation with respect to MTC was lower than that of the C634R/W mutation (32.3% vs. 90%). The effects of the mutant vectors on phosphorylation of RET signaling molecules and focus formation were significantly different from those of wild type, but there were no significant differences between the mutants. D631Y scored significantly higher for chemotaxis and wound healing than C630Y, but lower than C634R and C634W. CONCLUSION We suggest that the tumorigenic potential conferred by the D631Y mutation is lower than that conferred by the C634R/W mutation, but higher than that conferred by C630Y. Thus, the risk level of the RET D631Y variant appears to be higher than that of C630Y and lower than that of C634R/W.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-young Lee
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul,
Korea
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Su Yeon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Kwan Hoon Jo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon,
Korea
| | - Eun Yeong Mo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon,
Korea
| | - Eun Sook Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon,
Korea
| | - Hye Soo Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Daejeon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon,
Korea
| | - Je Ho Han
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon,
Korea
| | - Sung-dae Moon
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul,
Korea
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul,
Korea
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon,
Korea
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Jiang Y, Peng X, Ji Y, Dai Y, Fang Y, Xiong B, Ren W, Hu Y, Chen Y, Ai J. The Novel RET Inhibitor SYHA1815 Inhibits RET-Driven Cancers and Overcomes Gatekeeper Mutations by Inducing G 1 Cell-Cycle Arrest through c-Myc Downregulation. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:2198-2206. [PMID: 34518294 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rearranged during transfection (RET), an oncogenic driver, has been found in multiple tumor types and is thus a promising anticancer therapeutic target. Novel selective RET inhibitors (RETi) that can overcome V804 gatekeeper mutations, endowing resistance to multikinase inhibitors (MKI) and, in particular, achieving KDR selectivity, are needed. In addition, the mechanisms underlying RET-inhibition-induced antiproliferative effects in the context of RET addiction are incompletely understood. This study describes a novel selective RETi, SYHA1815, which inhibited the kinase activity of RET wild type and V804 mutant with an IC50 in the subnanomolar to nanomolar range. Notably, SYHA1815 exhibited approximately 20-fold selectivity for RET over KDR, almost equivalent to that of the launched selective inhibitor pralsetinib. SYHA1815 had only a marginal inhibitory effect on cellular KDR signaling at a high (200 nmol/L) concentration, confirming the selectivity over KDR. In addition, SYHA1815 exhibited a favorable selectivity profile, with greater than 100-fold selectivity for RET over 347 other kinases. It exhibited potent antitumor efficacy and overcame V804 mutations in vitro and in vivo by targeting RET. Then, using SYHA1815 as a probe, we found that RET inhibition suppressed RET-driven cell proliferation via G1 cell-cycle arrest through downregulating c-Myc. Furthermore, disruption of c-Myc upon Brd4 inhibitor treatment led to G1 cell-cycle arrest and overrode RET-driven cell proliferation. Moreover, consistent with the marked in vivo efficacy of RET inhibition, the intratumoral c-Myc level was significantly decreased. In summary, SYHA1815 is a promising RETi for RET-aberrant cancer treatment that is currently in a phase I trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Jiang
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Peng
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinchun Ji
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Dai
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanfen Fang
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Xiong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenming Ren
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Youhong Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ai
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China
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Cristina Mendonça Nogueira T, Vinicius Nora de Souza M. New FDA oncology small molecule drugs approvals in 2020: Mechanism of action and clinical applications. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 46:116340. [PMID: 34416511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In 2020, fifty-three new drugs, including forty small-molecules (thirty-six new chemical entities and four new diagnostic agents) and thirteen biologic drugs were approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This year, small-molecules continue to play a role in innovative treatments representing around 75% of all drugs accepted by FDA. The dominant therapeutic area was oncology, accounting for twenty-three new approvals, including thirteen new chemical entities, four new diagnostic agents, and thirteen biologic drugs. Recognizing the importance of small-molecules on cancer treatment, this review aims to provide an overview regarding the clinical applications and mechanism of action of the thirteen new small-molecules (excluding new diagnostic agents) approved by FDA in 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Cristina Mendonça Nogueira
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos-Far Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21041- 250 Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Nora de Souza
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos-Far Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21041- 250 Brazil.
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Yue CH, Oner M, Chiu CY, Chen MC, Teng CL, Wang HY, Hsieh JT, Lai CH, Lin H. RET Regulates Human Medullary Thyroid Cancer Cell Proliferation through CDK5 and STAT3 Activation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060860. [PMID: 34207842 PMCID: PMC8229599 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is a neuroendocrine tumor that arises from the parafollicular C-cells, which produces the hormone calcitonin. RET is a transmembrane receptor protein-tyrosine kinase, which is highly expressed in MTC. Our previous studies reported that cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) plays a crucial role in cancer progression, including MTC. However, the role of CDK5 in GDNF-induced RET signaling in medullary thyroid cancer proliferation remains unknown. Here, we investigated RET activation and its biochemically interaction with CDK5 in GDNF-induced medullary thyroid cancer proliferation. Our results demonstrated that GDNF stimulated RET phosphorylation and thus subsequently resulted in CDK5 activation by its phosphorylation. Activated CDK5 further caused STAT3 activation by its specific phosphorylation at Ser727. Moreover, we also found that GDNF treatment enhanced ERK1/2 and EGR1 activity, which is involved in p35 activation. Interestingly, we identified for the first time that CDK5 physically interacted with RET protein in MTC. Overall, our results provide a new mechanism for medullary thyroid cancer cell proliferation, suggesting that targeting CDK5 may be a promising therapeutic candidate for human medullary thyroid cancer in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Herng Yue
- Department of Surgery, Tung’s Taichung Metro Harbor Hospital, Taichung 435403, Taiwan;
| | - Muhammet Oner
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402204, Taiwan; (M.O.); (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Chih-Yuan Chiu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402204, Taiwan; (M.O.); (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Mei-Chih Chen
- Translational Cell Therapy Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan;
| | - Chieh-Lin Teng
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan;
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan;
| | - Jer-Tsong Hsieh
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
| | - Chih-Ho Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
| | - Ho Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402204, Taiwan; (M.O.); (C.-Y.C.)
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402204, Taiwan
- Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402204, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-22840-416 (ext. 311); Fax: +886-4-22874-740
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10
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Pavlidis E, Sapalidis K, Chatzinikolaou F, Kesisoglou I. Medullary thyroid cancer: molecular factors, management and treatment. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY 2021; 61:681-686. [PMID: 33817709 PMCID: PMC8112777 DOI: 10.47162/rjme.61.3.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is an infrequent neuroendocrine tumor, which amounts to 3–5% of all thyroid malignancies. Approximately 75–80% of MTCs are sporadic neoplasms. The rest of 20–25% are familial cases that belong to multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes, specifically MEN2 and MEN3. These cases of familial MTC are attributed to an activating germline mutation of a tyrosine kinase receptor gene, the rearranged during transfection (RET) proto-oncogene, located on chromosome 10q11.21. These mutations are also found in some cases of sporadic MTC. This review sets forth in summary the accepted guidelines and approaches regarding diagnosis, management, and treatment of MTC. Surgical resection is the standard care, and an early, prophylactic intervention is performed in genetic cases. Further investigation and understanding of the molecular pathways involved in the growth and advancement of MTC is required in order to provide efficient therapy in cases of progressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios Pavlidis
- 3rd Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
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11
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Hayashi T, Odintsov I, Smith RS, Ishizawa K, Liu AJW, Delasos L, Kurzatkowski C, Tai H, Gladstone E, Vojnic M, Kohsaka S, Suzawa K, Liu Z, Kunte S, Mattar MS, Khodos I, Davare MA, Drilon A, Cheng E, Stanchina ED, Ladanyi M, Somwar R. RET inhibition in novel patient-derived models of RET-fusion positive lung adenocarcinoma reveals a role for MYC upregulation. Dis Model Mech 2020; 14:dmm.047779. [PMID: 33318047 PMCID: PMC7888717 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.047779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-kinase RET inhibitors, such as cabozantinib and RXDX-105, are active in lung cancer patients with RET fusions; however, the overall response rates to these two drugs are unsatisfactory compared to other targeted therapy paradigms. Moreover, these inhibitors may have different efficacies against RET rearrangements depending on the upstream fusion partner. A comprehensive preclinical analysis of the efficacy of RET inhibitors is lacking due to a paucity of disease models harboring RET rearrangements. Here we generated two new patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, one new patient-derived cell line, one PDX-derived cell line, and several isogenic cell lines with RET fusions. Using these models, we re-examined the efficacy and mechanism of action of cabozantinib and found that this RET inhibitor was effective at blocking growth of cell lines, activating caspase 3/7 and inhibiting activation of ERK and AKT. Cabozantinib treatment of mice bearing RET-fusion-positive cell line xenografts and two PDXs significantly reduced tumor proliferation without adverse toxicity. Moreover, cabozantinib was effective at reducing growth of a lung cancer PDX that was not responsive to RXDX-105. Transcriptomic analysis of lung tumors and cell lines with RET alterations showed activation of a MYC signature and this was suppressed by treatment of cell lines with cabozantinib. MYC protein levels were rapidly depleted following cabozantinib treatment. Taken together, our results demonstrate that cabozantinib is an effective agent in preclinical models harboring RET rearrangements with three different 5' fusion partners (CCDC6, KIF5B and TRIM33). Notably, we identify MYC as a protein that is upregulated by RET expression and down-regulated by cabozantinib treatment, opening up potentially new therapeutic avenues for combinatorial targeting RET-fusion driven lung cancers. The novel RET fusion-dependent preclinical models described herein represent valuable tools for further refinement of current therapies and the evaluation of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuo Hayashi
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Current address: Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Igor Odintsov
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roger S Smith
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Current address: Medical Scientist Training Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kota Ishizawa
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Allan J W Liu
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lukas Delasos
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Huichun Tai
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric Gladstone
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Morana Vojnic
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shinji Kohsaka
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ken Suzawa
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zebing Liu
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Siddharth Kunte
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marissa S Mattar
- Anti-tumor Core Facility, Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Inna Khodos
- Anti-tumor Core Facility, Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Monika A Davare
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Sciences University, USA
| | - Alexander Drilon
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emily Cheng
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Anti-tumor Core Facility, Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marc Ladanyi
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Romel Somwar
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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12
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Ding S, Wang R, Peng S, Luo X, Zhong L, Yang H, Ma Y, Chen S, Wang W. Targeted therapies for RET-fusion cancer: Dilemmas and breakthrough. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110901. [PMID: 33125973 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic profiling has revolutionized treatment options for patients with oncogene-driven cancers, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutant carcinoma. Rearranged during transfection (RET) rearrangement, as one of the main activated oncogenes, has been well studied and found to be involved in the malignant behavior of carcinogenesis, resulting in acquired resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors and inducing an intrinsic resistance to immunotherapy. Thus, targeted therapies have been investigated against RET arrangement cancers, including several multi-kinase inhibitors and selective RET inhibitors. However, modest efficacy, a relatively high rate of toxicity, and poor effectiveness against brain metastasis are common limitations of multi-targeted novel molecular inhibitors. A promising prospect was shown recently in selective RET inhibitors in several ongoing clinical trials. In this review, we reviewed the concurrent dilemmas of targeted therapies against RET arrangement cancer from preclinical and clinical studies and proposed several clinical considerations for clinical practice prospectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- SiJie Ding
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - ShunLi Peng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Luo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - LongHui Zhong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Oncology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital and The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - YueYun Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - ShiYu Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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13
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McCullough D, Atofanei C, Knight E, Trim SA, Trim CM. Kinome scale profiling of venom effects on cancer cells reveals potential new venom activities. Toxicon 2020; 185:129-146. [PMID: 32682827 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The search for novel and relevant cancer therapeutics is continuous and ongoing. Cancer adaptations, resulting in therapeutic treatment failures, fuel this continuous necessity for new drugs to novel targets. Recently, researchers have started to investigate the effect of venoms and venom components on different types of cancer, investigating their mechanisms of action. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) comprise a family of highly conserved and functionally important druggable targets for cancer therapy. This research exploits the novelty of complex venom mixtures to affect phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and related RTK family members, dually identifying new activities and unexplored avenues for future cancer and venom research. Six whole venoms from diverse species taxa, were evaluated for their ability to illicit changes in the phosphorylated expression of a panel of 49 commonly expressed RTKs. The triple negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-468 was treated with optimised venom doses, pre-determined by SDS PAGE and Western blot analysis. The phosphorylated expression levels of 49 RTKs in response to the venoms were assessed with the use of Human Phospho-RTK Arrays and analysed using ImageLab 5.2.1 analysis software (BioRad). Inhibition of EGFR phosphorylation occurred with treatment of venom from Acanthoscurria geniculata (Theraphosidae), Heterometrus swammerdami (Scorpionidae), Crotalus durissus vegrandis (Crotalidae) and Naja naja (Elapidae). Western green mamba Dendroaspis viridis venom increased EGFR phosphorylation. Eph, HGFR and HER were the most affected receptor families by venoms. Whilst the importance of these changes in terms of effect on MDA-MB-468 cells' long-term viability and functionality are still unclear, the findings present exciting opportunities for further investigation as potential drug targets in cancer and as tools to understand better how these pathways interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle McCullough
- School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, CT1 1QU, UK
| | - Cristina Atofanei
- School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, CT1 1QU, UK
| | - Emily Knight
- School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, CT1 1QU, UK; Life Sciences Industry Liaison laboratory, Canterbury Christ Church University, Discovery Park, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 9FF, UK
| | - Steven A Trim
- Venomtech Ltd., Discovery Park, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 9FF, UK
| | - Carol M Trim
- School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, CT1 1QU, UK.
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14
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VanDeusen HR, Ramroop JR, Morel KL, Bae SY, Sheahan AV, Sychev Z, Lau NA, Cheng LC, Tan VM, Li Z, Petersen A, Lee JK, Park JW, Yang R, Hwang JH, Coleman I, Witte ON, Morrissey C, Corey E, Nelson PS, Ellis L, Drake JM. Targeting RET Kinase in Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 18:1176-1188. [PMID: 32461304 PMCID: PMC7415621 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The increased treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) with second-generation antiandrogen therapies (ADT) has coincided with a greater incidence of lethal, aggressive variant prostate cancer (AVPC) tumors that have lost dependence on androgen receptor (AR) signaling. These AR-independent tumors may also transdifferentiate to express neuroendocrine lineage markers and are termed neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC). Recent evidence suggests kinase signaling may be an important driver of NEPC. To identify targetable kinases in NEPC, we performed global phosphoproteomics comparing several AR-independent to AR-dependent prostate cancer cell lines and identified multiple altered signaling pathways, including enrichment of RET kinase activity in the AR-independent cell lines. Clinical NEPC patient samples and NEPC patient-derived xenografts displayed upregulated RET transcript and RET pathway activity. Genetic knockdown or pharmacologic inhibition of RET kinase in multiple mouse and human models of NEPC dramatically reduced tumor growth and decreased cell viability. Our results suggest that targeting RET in NEPC tumors with high RET expression could be an effective treatment option. Currently, there are limited treatment options for patients with aggressive neuroendocrine prostate cancer and none are curative. IMPLICATIONS: Identification of aberrantly expressed RET kinase as a driver of tumor growth in multiple models of NEPC provides a significant rationale for testing the clinical application of RET inhibitors in patients with AVPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halena R VanDeusen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Johnny R Ramroop
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Katherine L Morel
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Song Yi Bae
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Anjali V Sheahan
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zoi Sychev
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Nathan A Lau
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Larry C Cheng
- Graduate Program in Quantitative Biomedicine, School of Graduate Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Victor M Tan
- Graduate Program in Quantitative Biomedicine, School of Graduate Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Zhen Li
- Cancer Metabolism and Growth Program, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Ashley Petersen
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - John K Lee
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jung Wook Park
- Department of Pathology, Duke School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Rendong Yang
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Justin H Hwang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ilsa Coleman
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Owen N Witte
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Leigh Ellis
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Justin M Drake
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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15
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Salgia R, Mambetsariev I, Tan T, Schwer A, Pearlstein DP, Chehabi H, Baroz A, Fricke J, Pharaon R, Romo H, Waddington T, Babikian R, Buck L, Kulkarni P, Cianfrocca M, Djulbegovic B, Pal SK. Complex Oncological Decision-Making Utilizing Fast-and-Frugal Trees in a Community Setting-Role of Academic and Hybrid Modeling. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1884. [PMID: 32560187 PMCID: PMC7356888 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer is a devastating disease and with the advent of targeted therapies and molecular testing, the decision-making process has become complex. While established guidelines and pathways offer some guidance, they are difficult to utilize in a busy community practice and are not always implemented in the community. The rationale of the study was to identify a cohort of patients with lung adenocarcinoma at a City of Hope community site (n = 11) and utilize their case studies to develop a decision-making framework utilizing fast-and-frugal tree (FFT) heuristics. Most patients had stage IV (N = 9, 81.8%) disease at the time of the first consultation. The most common symptoms at initial presentation were cough (N = 5, 45.5%), shortness of breath (N = 3, 27.2%), and weight loss (N = 3, 27.2%). The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status ranged from 0-1 in all patients in this study. Distribution of molecular drivers among the patients were as follows: EGFR (N = 5, 45.5%), KRAS (N = 2, 18.2%), ALK (N = 2, 18.2%), MET (N = 2, 18.2%), and RET (N = 1, 9.1%). Seven initial FFTs were developed for the various case scenarios, but ultimately the decisions were condensed into one FFT, a molecular stage IV FFT, that arrived at accurate decisions without sacrificing initial information. While these FFT decision trees may seem arbitrary to an experienced oncologist at an academic site, the simplicity of their utility is essential for community practice where patients often do not get molecular testing and are not assigned proper therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Salgia
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, 1500 E Duarte Road, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (I.M.); (T.T.); (A.B.); (J.F.); (R.P.); (H.R.); (R.B.); (L.B.); (P.K.); (M.C.); (S.K.P.)
| | - Isa Mambetsariev
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, 1500 E Duarte Road, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (I.M.); (T.T.); (A.B.); (J.F.); (R.P.); (H.R.); (R.B.); (L.B.); (P.K.); (M.C.); (S.K.P.)
| | - Tingting Tan
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, 1500 E Duarte Road, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (I.M.); (T.T.); (A.B.); (J.F.); (R.P.); (H.R.); (R.B.); (L.B.); (P.K.); (M.C.); (S.K.P.)
| | - Amanda Schwer
- Newport Diagnostic Center, Newport Beach, CA 92660, USA; (A.S.); (H.C.)
| | | | - Hazem Chehabi
- Newport Diagnostic Center, Newport Beach, CA 92660, USA; (A.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Angel Baroz
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, 1500 E Duarte Road, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (I.M.); (T.T.); (A.B.); (J.F.); (R.P.); (H.R.); (R.B.); (L.B.); (P.K.); (M.C.); (S.K.P.)
| | - Jeremy Fricke
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, 1500 E Duarte Road, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (I.M.); (T.T.); (A.B.); (J.F.); (R.P.); (H.R.); (R.B.); (L.B.); (P.K.); (M.C.); (S.K.P.)
| | - Rebecca Pharaon
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, 1500 E Duarte Road, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (I.M.); (T.T.); (A.B.); (J.F.); (R.P.); (H.R.); (R.B.); (L.B.); (P.K.); (M.C.); (S.K.P.)
| | - Hannah Romo
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, 1500 E Duarte Road, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (I.M.); (T.T.); (A.B.); (J.F.); (R.P.); (H.R.); (R.B.); (L.B.); (P.K.); (M.C.); (S.K.P.)
| | - Thomas Waddington
- Department of Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
| | - Razmig Babikian
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, 1500 E Duarte Road, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (I.M.); (T.T.); (A.B.); (J.F.); (R.P.); (H.R.); (R.B.); (L.B.); (P.K.); (M.C.); (S.K.P.)
| | - Linda Buck
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, 1500 E Duarte Road, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (I.M.); (T.T.); (A.B.); (J.F.); (R.P.); (H.R.); (R.B.); (L.B.); (P.K.); (M.C.); (S.K.P.)
| | - Prakash Kulkarni
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, 1500 E Duarte Road, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (I.M.); (T.T.); (A.B.); (J.F.); (R.P.); (H.R.); (R.B.); (L.B.); (P.K.); (M.C.); (S.K.P.)
| | - Mary Cianfrocca
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, 1500 E Duarte Road, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (I.M.); (T.T.); (A.B.); (J.F.); (R.P.); (H.R.); (R.B.); (L.B.); (P.K.); (M.C.); (S.K.P.)
| | - Benjamin Djulbegovic
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
| | - Sumanta K. Pal
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, 1500 E Duarte Road, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (I.M.); (T.T.); (A.B.); (J.F.); (R.P.); (H.R.); (R.B.); (L.B.); (P.K.); (M.C.); (S.K.P.)
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16
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Sadeghi S, Bejjani A, Finn RS. Systemic Therapy for Primary Liver Tumors: Cholangiocarcinoma and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2020; 28:695-715. [PMID: 31472914 DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, there has been significant progress in the treatment of primary liver cancer. There has been increasing knowledge of the molecular alterations occurring in these tumors, which is now being translated into patient care. Ongoing clinical trials will further advance the therapeutic options available to patients, including the introduction of molecular targeted therapeutics and immunotherapy approaches. Critical to the success of these new drugs, is the appropriate use of them in the clinic to maximize efficacy and limit toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Sadeghi
- UCLA Oncology, 2020 Santa Monica Blvd, Suite 230, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
| | - Anthony Bejjani
- UCLA Oncology, 2825 Santa Monica Blvd, Suite 200, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
| | - Richard S Finn
- UCLA Oncology, 2825 Santa Monica Blvd, Suite 200, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA.
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17
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Lung Carcinoma. Genomic Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-22922-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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18
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Ackermann CJ, Stock G, Tay R, Dawod M, Gomes F, Califano R. Targeted Therapy For RET-Rearranged Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Clinical Development And Future Directions. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:7857-7864. [PMID: 31576143 PMCID: PMC6767757 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s171665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 1-2% of unselected patients with Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) harbor RET rearrangements resulting in enhanced cell survival and proliferation. The initial treatment strategy for RET rearranged NSCLC has been multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibition. With overall response rates (ORR) of 16-53% and a median progression-free survival (PFS) of 4.5-7.3 months these outcomes are clearly inferior to the efficacy outcomes of selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) in other oncogene-addicted NSCLC. Additionally, multi-kinase inhibition in RET-driven NSCLC patients showed concerning rates of high-grade toxicity, mainly induced by anti-VEGFR-kinase activity. Novel selective RET inhibitors like BLU-667, LOXO-292 and RXDX-105 have been recently investigated in early phase clinical trials showing promising efficacy with a manageable toxicity profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gustavo Stock
- Department of Medical Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rebecca Tay
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Mohammed Dawod
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Fabio Gomes
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Raffaele Califano
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Department of Medical Oncology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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19
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Rich TA, Reckamp KL, Chae YK, Doebele RC, Iams WT, Oh M, Raymond VM, Lanman RB, Riess JW, Stinchcombe TE, Subbiah V, Trevarthen DR, Fairclough S, Yen J, Gautschi O. Analysis of Cell-Free DNA from 32,989 Advanced Cancers Reveals Novel Co-occurring Activating RET Alterations and Oncogenic Signaling Pathway Aberrations. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:5832-5842. [PMID: 31300450 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-4049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE RET is an emerging oncogenic target showing promise in phase I/II clinical trials. An understudied aspect of RET-driven cancers is the extent to which co-occurring genomic alterations exist and how they may impact prognosis or therapeutic response. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Somatic activating RET alterations were identified among 32,989 consecutive patients with metastatic solid tumors tested with a clinical cell-free circulating tumor DNA (cfDNA) assay. This comprehensive next-generation sequencing (NGS) assay evaluates single-nucleotide variants, and select indels, fusions, and copy number gains in 68-73 clinically relevant cancer genes. RESULTS A total of 176 somatic activating RET alterations were detected in 170 patients (143 fusions and 33 missense mutations). Patients had non-small cell lung (NSCLC, n = 125), colorectal (n = 15), breast (n = 8), thyroid (n = 8), or other (n = 14) cancers. Alterations in other oncogenic signaling pathway genes were frequently identified in RET-positive samples and varied by specific RET fusion gene partner. RET fusions involving partners other than KIF5B were enriched for alterations in MAPK pathway genes and other bona fide oncogenic drivers of NSCLC, particularly EGFR. Molecular and clinical data revealed that these variants emerged later in the genomic evolution of the tumor as mechanisms of resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS In the largest cancer cohort with somatic activating RET alterations, we describe novel co-occurrences of oncogenic signaling pathway aberrations. We find that KIF5B-RET fusions are highly specific for NSCLC. In our study, only non-KIF5B-RET fusions contributed to anti-EGFR therapy resistance. Knowledge of specific RET fusion gene partner may have clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen L Reckamp
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - Young Kwang Chae
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Robert C Doebele
- Medical Oncology/Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Wade T Iams
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Michael Oh
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | - Jonathan W Riess
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California
| | | | - Vivek Subbiah
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David R Trevarthen
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Care and Research Institute of Colorado, Englewood, Colorado
| | | | | | - Oliver Gautschi
- University of Berne and Department of Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
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20
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Wang Y, Xu Y, Wang X, Sun C, Guo Y, Shao G, Yang Z, Qiu S, Ma K. RET fusion in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer and response to cabozantinib: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e14120. [PMID: 30653139 PMCID: PMC6370068 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000014120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Lung cancer is a series of gene-driven disease. EGFR, ALK, and ROS1 are 3 major driver genes that play an important role in lung cancer development and precision management. Additionally, rare genetic alterations continue to be discovered and may become novel targets for therapy. The RET gene is one of such rare genetic alteration of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this report, we present a RET-positive case that benefited from cabozantinib treatment. PATIENT CONCERN A 50-year-old male patient was diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma 2 years ago, at that time he received palliative surgery of pulmonary carcinoma and completed 4 cycles of chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin. Six months later, he was hospitalized in our cancer center due to the disease recurrence, presenting with pleural metastasis. DIAGNOSIS Gene alteration was examined using the intraoperative specimen by PCR method, and KIF5B/RET gene fusion was detected. Therefore, the patient was diagnosed with late-stage lung adenocarcinoma with RET gene mutation. INTERVENTIONS The patient received treatment with cabozantinib from June 2017. OUTCOMES Cabozantinib was administered (140 mg orally, once daily) for approximate 9 months, and his disease achieved stable disease (SD). During that period, there were no severe adverse events (AE), except for a grade II rash (CTCAE 4.0). LESSONS We found that the RET fusion gene is a novel driver molecular of lung adenocarcinoma in patients without common mutations in such genes as EGFR, ALK, and ROS1. This case report supports a rationale for the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma patients with a RET fusion and provides alternative treatment options for these types of NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Guoguang Shao
- Thoracic surgery department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhiguang Yang
- Thoracic surgery department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Bagheri-Yarmand R, Sinha KM, Li L, Lu Y, Cote GJ, Sherman SI, Gagel RF. Combinations of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor and ERAD Inhibitor Promote Oxidative Stress-Induced Apoptosis through ATF4 and KLF9 in Medullary Thyroid Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 17:751-760. [PMID: 30552230 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) originates from the C cells of the thyroid gland, which secrete calcitonin. Lymph node and distant metastases are frequently present at diagnosis. Activating mutations of RET, a driver oncogene in MTC that encodes a tyrosine kinase receptor, prevents apoptosis through inhibition of ATF4, a key transcriptional regulator of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We hypothesized that the combination of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) and an ATF4 inducer promotes cell death by triggering catastrophic oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death. Here, we report that the ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) inhibitor eeyarestatin sensitized MTC cells to the TKIs, sunitinib and vandetanib, thereby leading to synergistic upregulation of ATF4 expression, accumulation of reactive oxygen species, and subsequent cell death. Genome-wide analysis of ATF4 interaction sites by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing revealed that among ATF4 target genes was KLF9 (Kruppel-like factor 9), which induces MTC apoptosis. ChIP assays revealed that ATF4 occupancy at the KLF9 promoter was increased in MTC cells treated with eeyarestatin or vandetanib alone and was further enhanced in cells treated with both drugs, leading to increased KLF9 transcription. Depletion of ATF4 by shRNA led to downregulation of KLF9 expression and prevented oxidative stress-induced cell death. Furthermore, we identified ATF4 target genes (LZTFL1, MKNK2, and SIAH1 with known tumor suppressor function) that were synergistically upregulated with the combination of TKI and ERAD inhibitor. IMPLICATIONS: These findings reveal a combination therapy that induces reactive oxygen species-dependent catastrophic cell death through induction of ATF4 and KLF9 transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozita Bagheri-Yarmand
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Krishna M Sinha
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yue Lu
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gilbert J Cote
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Steven I Sherman
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Robert F Gagel
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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22
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Zhang Q, Xu C, Wang W, Wu M, Zhu Y, Zhuang W, Du K, Huang Y, Chen Y, Wu B. Comparison of Rearranged During Transfection (RET) Gene Rearrangements in Primary Versus Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:8207-8212. [PMID: 30429449 PMCID: PMC6249982 DOI: 10.12659/msm.911634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background RET rearrangements have been reported in 30% of papillary thyroid carcinomas and 1–2% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In these tumors, RET gene fusion product provides a constitutively active tyrosine kinase (TKR), leading to uncontrolled cellular proliferation, differentiation, and migration. In this investigation we assessed the positivity rate of RET gene rearrangement in primary and metastatic non-small cell lung cancer and explored their relationships. Material/Methods Between January 2013 and May 2015, we collected 384 cases of primary metastatic non-small cell lung cancer, which included 246 matched metastatic tumors cases from multiple centers. The RET rearrangement uniformity in metastatic lymph nodes and tumor specimens were contrasted and the relationships between RET rearrangement and patients’ clinical features were investigated. Results For those 384 cases, 7 (1.82%) cases had tumors with identified RET rearrangement. Among the 246 paired cases, 3 (1.22%) cases of primary tumor had identified RET rearrangement and 2 (0.81%) cases of metastases had identified RET rearrangement. The sensitivity was 66.67% (2/3) and the specificity was 100% (243/243). Conclusions The results of this research indicate that the metastases of non-small cell lung cancer can predict RET rearrangement of the primary tumor tissue in the majority of cases. Testing for RET rearrangement in metastases can be used as an alternative to testing of primary tumor tissue if it is inaccessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quxia Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Chunwei Xu
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Wenxian Wang
- Department of Chemotherapy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Meijuan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Youcai Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Disease Center, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Wu Zhuang
- Department of Medical Thoracic Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian, Fuzhou, China (mainland)
| | - Kaiqi Du
- Department of Thoracic Disease Center, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Yunjian Huang
- Department of Medical Thoracic Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian, Fuzhou, China (mainland)
| | - Yanping Chen
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Biao Wu
- Department of Medical Thoracic Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian, Fuzhou, China (mainland)
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23
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Zhang K, Chen H, Wang Y, Yang L, Zhou C, Yin W, Wang G, Mao X, Xiang J, Li B, Zhang T, Fei S. Clinical Characteristics and Molecular Patterns of RET-Rearranged Lung Cancer in Chinese Patients. Oncol Res 2018; 27:575-582. [PMID: 30131091 PMCID: PMC7848427 DOI: 10.3727/096504018x15344979253618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
RET rearrangement has been proven as an oncogenic driver in patients with lung cancer. However, the prevalence, clinical characteristics, molecular features, and therapeutic options in RET-rearranged patients remain unclear, especially in Chinese lung cancer patients. We retrospectively collected 6,125 Chinese lung cancer patients who have been profiled using next-generation sequencing (NGS). The clinical demographics and molecular features of RET rearrangement-positive patients were analyzed. RET rearrangements were identified in 84 patients with a proportion of 1.4% in our cohort. The median age at diagnosis was 58 years, and it mainly occurred in females with adenocarcinoma histology. KIF5B-RET was the most frequent fusion type and accounted for 53.8% (57/106) of all RET fusions identified, with K15-R12 as the most frequent variant (71.9%). Among 47 RET+ patients profiled with larger panels, 72.3% (34/47) harbored concurrent alterations. TP53 ranked as the most common concurrent alteration, and concomitant EGFR oncogenic alterations were identified in seven patients. Moreover, an adenocarcinoma patient harboring concurrent RET fusion and EGFR L858R responded to combinatorial treatment of cabozantinib and osimertinib, with a progression-free survival of 5 months. Our study improved knowledge of clinical characteristics and molecular features of RET-rearranged lung cancers in China. It might be helpful to guide clinicians for more effective personalized diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Huajun Chen
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Chengzhi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Weiqiang Yin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Guangsuo Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xinru Mao
- Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | | | - Bing Li
- Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Tengfei Zhang
- Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Shihong Fei
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
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La Pietra V, Sartini S, Botta L, Antonelli A, Ferrari SM, Fallahi P, Moriconi A, Coviello V, Quattrini L, Ke YY, Hsing-Pang H, Da Settimo F, Novellino E, La Motta C, Marinelli L. Challenging clinically unresponsive medullary thyroid cancer: Discovery and pharmacological activity of novel RET inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 150:491-505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.02.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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25
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Hsu YC, Coumar MS, Wang WC, Shiao HY, Ke YY, Lin WH, Kuo CC, Chang CW, Kuo FM, Chen PY, Wang SY, Li AS, Chen CH, Kuo PC, Chen CP, Wu MH, Huang CL, Yen KJ, Chang YI, Hsu JTA, Chen CT, Yeh TK, Song JS, Shih C, Hsieh HP. Discovery of BPR1K871, a quinazoline based, multi-kinase inhibitor for the treatment of AML and solid tumors: Rational design, synthesis, in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:86239-86256. [PMID: 27863392 PMCID: PMC5349910 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The design and synthesis of a quinazoline-based, multi-kinase inhibitor for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and other malignancies is reported. Based on the previously reported furanopyrimidine 3, quinazoline core containing lead 4 was synthesized and found to impart dual FLT3/AURKA inhibition (IC50 = 127/5 nM), as well as improved physicochemical properties. A detailed structure-activity relationship study of the lead 4 allowed FLT3 and AURKA inhibition to be finely tuned, resulting in AURKA selective (5 and 7; 100-fold selective over FLT3), FLT3 selective (13; 30-fold selective over AURKA) and dual FLT3/AURKA selective (BPR1K871; IC50 = 19/22 nM) agents. BPR1K871 showed potent anti-proliferative activities in MOLM-13 and MV4-11 AML cells (EC50 ∼ 5 nM). Moreover, kinase profiling and cell-line profiling revealed BPR1K871 to be a potential multi-kinase inhibitor. Functional studies using western blot and DNA content analysis in MV4-11 and HCT-116 cell lines revealed FLT3 and AURKA/B target modulation inside the cells. In vivo efficacy in AML xenograft models (MOLM-13 and MV4-11), as well as in solid tumor models (COLO205 and Mia-PaCa2), led to the selection of BPR1K871 as a preclinical development candidate for anti-cancer therapy. Further detailed studies could help to investigate the full potential of BPR1K871 as a multi-kinase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung Chang Hsu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Mohane Selvaraj Coumar
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry, India
| | - Wen-Chieh Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hui-Yi Shiao
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Yu Ke
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Hsing Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Chuan Kuo
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Wei Chang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fu-Ming Kuo
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Yi Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sing-Yi Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - An-Siou Li
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Hwa Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Po-Chu Kuo
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Ping Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Hsine Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chen-Lung Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuei-Jung Yen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yun-I Chang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - John T-A Hsu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chiung-Tong Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Teng-Kuang Yeh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jen-Shin Song
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chuan Shih
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsing-Pang Hsieh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
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Redaelli S, Plaza-Menacho I, Mologni L. Novel targeted therapeutics for MEN2. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:T53-T68. [PMID: 29348306 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The rearranged during transfection (RET) proto-oncogene was recognized as the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) causing gene in 1993. Since then, much effort has been put into a clear understanding of its oncogenic signaling, its biochemical function and ways to block its aberrant activation in MEN2 and related cancers. Several small molecules have been designed, developed or redirected as RET inhibitors for the treatment of MEN2 and sporadic MTC. However, current drugs are mostly active against several other kinases, as they were not originally developed for RET. This limits efficacy and poses safety issues. Therefore, there is still much to do to improve targeted MEN2 treatments. New, more potent and selective molecules, or combinatorial strategies may lead to more effective therapies in the near future. Here, we review the rationale for RET targeting in MEN2, the use of currently available drugs and novel preclinical and clinical RET inhibitor candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Redaelli
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | | | - Luca Mologni
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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27
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Chen Z, Zhao Y, Yu Y, Pang JC, Woodfield SE, Tao L, Guan S, Zhang H, Bieerkehazhi S, Shi Y, Patel R, Vasudevan SA, Yi JS, Muscal JA, Xu GT, Yang J. Small molecule inhibitor regorafenib inhibits RET signaling in neuroblastoma cells and effectively suppresses tumor growth in vivo. Oncotarget 2017; 8:104090-104103. [PMID: 29262623 PMCID: PMC5732789 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB), the most common extracranial pediatric solid tumor, continues to cause significant cancer-related morbidity and mortality in children. Dysregulation of oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) has been shown to contribute to tumorigenesis in various human cancers and targeting these RTKs has had therapeutic benefit. RET is an RTK which is commonly expressed in NB, and high expression of RET correlates with poor outcomes in patients with NB. Herein we report that RET is required for NB cell proliferation and that the small molecule inhibitor regorafenib (BAY 73-4506) blocks glial cell derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)-induced RET signaling in NB cells and inhibits NB growth both in vitro and in vivo. We found that regorafenib significantly inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation ability of NB cells. Moreover, regorafenib suppressed tumor growth in both an orthotopic xenograft NB mouse model and a TH-MYCN transgenic NB mouse model. Finally, regorafenib markedly improved the overall survival of TH-MYCN transgenic tumor-bearing mice. In summary, our study suggests that RET is a potential therapeutic target in NB, and that using a novel RET inhibitor, like regorafenib, should be investigated as a therapeutic treatment option for children with NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghu Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P. R. China
- Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yang Yu
- Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jonathan C. Pang
- Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Biosciences, Weiss School of Natural Sciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Sarah E. Woodfield
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Texas Children’s Hospital Department of Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ling Tao
- Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Shan Guan
- Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Huiyuan Zhang
- Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Shayahati Bieerkehazhi
- Department of Labour Hygiene and Sanitary Science, College of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yan Shi
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Texas Children’s Hospital Department of Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Roma Patel
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Texas Children’s Hospital Department of Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Sanjeev A. Vasudevan
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Texas Children’s Hospital Department of Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Joanna S. Yi
- Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jodi A. Muscal
- Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Guo-Tong Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Yang
- Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Clinical and Translational Implications of RET Rearrangements in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2017; 13:27-45. [PMID: 29128428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery in 2012 of rearranged during transfection proto-oncogene gene (RET) rearrangements in NSCLC, at least 12 different fusion variants have been identified, with kinesin family member 5B gene (KIF5B)-RET being the most frequent and the best characterized. Unlike ALK receptor tyrosine kinase gene (ALK) and ROS1 rearrangements, RET fusion genes cannot be adequately detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC), although fluorescence in situ hybridization and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction are fully complementary diagnostic tools. In large retrospective studies, RET rearrangements correlate with adenocarcinoma histologic subtype, never-smoking status, younger age, more advanced disease stage, potentially higher chemosensitivity (in particular, to pemetrexed-based regimens), and coexistence of other genomic alterations. To date, several preclinical models, clinical trials, and retrospective studies have investigated multitarget inhibitors with anti-rearranged during transfection proto-oncogene (RET) activity in patients with RET-rearranged lung cancer. In the clinical setting, the benefit in terms of response (16%-47%) and progression-free survival (2-7 months) is clearly not comparable to that seen with other targeted agents in oncogene-addicted NSCLC. Furthermore, multikinase agents showed high rates of severe toxicities, leading to frequent dose reduction and drug discontinuation. To date, no definitive conclusions about a potentially different impact of anti-RET therapies according to RET fusion variants have been drawn on account of discordant data coming mostly from small subgroup analyses. Importantly, the absence of a striking clinical benefit in RET oncogene-addicted NSCLC underscores the clear need for development of more selective and potent RET inhibitors and for better characterization of concomitant genomic alterations and mechanisms of resistance to RET inhibition in patients with lung cancer.
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Bhujbal SP, Balasubramanian PK, Joo Cho S. In silico studies on 2-substituted phenol quinazoline derivatives as RET receptor tyrosine kinase antagonists. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-2016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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30
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Yang J, Chen K, Zhang G, Yang QY, Li YS, Huang SZ, Wang YL, Yang W, Jiang XJ, Yan HX, Zhu JQ, Xiang R, Luo YF, Li WM, Wei YQ, Li LL, Yang SY. Structural optimization and structure-activity relationship studies of N-phenyl-7,8-dihydro-6H-pyrimido[5,4-b][1,4]oxazin-4-amine derivatives as a new class of inhibitors of RET and its drug resistance mutants. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 143:1148-1164. [PMID: 29133048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The RET tyrosine kinase is an important therapeutic target for medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), and drug resistance mutations of RET, particularly V804M and V804L, are a main challenge for the current targeted therapy of MTC based on RET inhibitors. In this investigation, we report the structural optimization and structure-activity relationship studies of N-phenyl-7,8-dihydro-6H-pyrimido[5,4-b][1,4]oxazin-4-amine derivatives as a new class of RET inhibitors. Among all the obtained kinase inhibitors, 1-(5-(tert-butyl)isoxazol-3-yl)-3-(4-((6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrimido[5,4-b][1,4]oxazepin-4-yl)amino)phenyl)urea (17d) is a multi-kinase inhibitor and potently inhibits RET and its drug resistance mutants. It showed IC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration) values of 0.010 μM, 0.015 μM, and 0.009 μM against RET-wild-type, RET-V804M, and RET-V804L, respectively. 17d displayed significant anti-viability potencies against various RET-driving tumor cell lines. In a xenograft mouse model of NIH3T3-RET-C634Y, 17d exhibited potent in vivo anti-tumor activity, and no obvious toxicity was observed. Mechanisms of action were also investigated by Western blot and immunohistochemical assays. Collectively, 17d could be a promising agent for the treatment of MTC, hence deserving a further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Kai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Guo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Qiu-Yuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yue-Shan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Shen-Zhen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yan-Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Heng-Xiu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jing-Qiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - You-Fu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Wei-Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yu-Quan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lin-Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Sheng-Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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31
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Li GG, Somwar R, Joseph J, Smith RS, Hayashi T, Martin L, Franovic A, Schairer A, Martin E, Riely GJ, Harris J, Yan S, Wei G, Oliver JW, Patel R, Multani P, Ladanyi M, Drilon A. Antitumor Activity of RXDX-105 in Multiple Cancer Types with RET Rearrangements or Mutations. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:2981-2990. [PMID: 28011461 PMCID: PMC5477238 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: While multikinase inhibitors with RET activity are active in RET-rearranged thyroid and lung cancers, objective response rates are relatively low and toxicity can be substantial. The development of novel RET inhibitors with improved potency and/or reduced toxicity is thus an unmet need. RXDX-105 is a small molecule kinase inhibitor that potently inhibits RET. The purpose of the preclinical and clinical studies was to evaluate the potential of RXDX-105 as an effective therapy for cancers driven by RET alterations.Experimental design: The RET-inhibitory activity of RXDX-105 was assessed by biochemical and cellular assays, followed by in vivo tumor growth inhibition studies in cell line- and patient-derived xenograft models. Antitumor activity in patients was assessed by imaging and Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST).Results: Biochemically, RXDX-105 inhibited wild-type RET, CCDC6-RET, NCOA4-RET, PRKAR1A-RET, and RET M918T with low to subnanomolar activity while sparing VEGFR2/KDR and VEGFR1/FLT. RXDX-105 treatment resulted in dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation of CCDC6-RET-rearranged and RET C634W-mutant cell lines and inhibition of downstream signaling pathways. Significant tumor growth inhibition in CCDC6-RET, NCOA4-RET, and KIF5B-RET-containing xenografts was observed, with the concomitant inhibition of p-ERK, p-AKT, and p-PLCγ. Additionally, a patient with advanced RET-rearranged lung cancer had a rapid and sustained response to RXDX-105 in both intracranial and extracranial disease.Conclusions: These data support the inclusion of patients bearing RET alterations in ongoing and future molecularly enriched clinical trials to explore RXDX-105 efficacy across a variety of tumor types. Clin Cancer Res; 23(12); 2981-90. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang G Li
- Ignyta, Inc., San Diego, California.
| | - Romel Somwar
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Roger S Smith
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Takuo Hayashi
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ge Wei
- Ignyta, Inc., San Diego, California
| | | | | | | | - Marc Ladanyi
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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32
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Park SJ, More S, Murtuza A, Woodward BD, Husain H. New Targets in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2017; 31:113-129. [PMID: 27912827 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
With the implementation of genomic technologies into clinical practice, we have examples of the predictive benefit of targeted therapy for oncogene-addicted cancer and identified molecular dependencies in non-small cell lung cancer. The clinical success of tyrosine kinase inhibitors against epidermal growth factor receptor and anaplastic lymphoma kinase activation has shifted treatment emphasize the separation of subsets of lung cancer and genotype-directed therapy. Advances have validated oncogenic driver genes and led to the development of targeted agents. This review highlights treatment options, including clinical trials for ROS1 rearrangement, RET fusions, NTRK1 fusions, MET exon skipping, BRAF mutations, and KRAS mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo J Park
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Soham More
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ayesha Murtuza
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Brian D Woodward
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hatim Husain
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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33
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Ye S, Zhao XY, Hu XG, Li T, Xu QR, Yang HM, Huang DS, Yang L. TP53 and RET may serve as biomarkers of prognostic evaluation and targeted therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:2215-2226. [PMID: 28350084 PMCID: PMC5367355 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common malignancy of the liver. Genomic analysis is conducted to identify genetic alterations in driver genes which are all druggable targets for cancer therapy. In the present study, we performed an exome sequencing of 45 driver genes in 100 paired samples from HCC patients including tumors and matched adjacent normal tissues using Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform. Non-synonymous mutations were ascertained using the iPLEX MassARRAY system and Sanger sequencing. Clinicopathological relevance with genetic variations was assessed using SPSS software. The prognostic analyses of patients with gene mutation status were summarized using Kaplan-Meier curves. Sixty-one non-synonymous somatic mutations were identified in 43% of the HCC patients. The most frequent mutations were: TP53 (20%), RET (6%), PLCE1 (5%), PTEN (4%) and VEGFR2 (3%). Patients with mutations in TP53 had a lower overall survival (OS) (P=0.002) than those without mutations. Recurrent mutations in the Ret proto‑oncogene (RET) were associated with poor outcomes for both disease‑free survival (DFS) (P=0.028) and OS (P=0.001) in HCC patients. The mutational status of sorafenib-targeted genes were associated with decreased DFS (P=0.039), and decreased OS (P=0.15) without statistical significance. Mutual exclusion of TP53 and RET mutations were observed in the present study. In conclusion, patients with TP53 mutations, RET mutations and sorafenib-targeted gene mutations were demonstrated to be associated with poor HCC prognosis, which suggests that both TP53 and RET may serve as biomarkers of prognostic evaluation and targeted therapy in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Ye
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Yi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ge Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Tang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Qiu-Ran Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Huan-Ming Yang
- Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518103, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Sheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Liu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
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34
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Oczko-Wojciechowska M, Swierniak M, Krajewska J, Kowalska M, Kowal M, Stokowy T, Wojtas B, Rusinek D, Pawlaczek A, Czarniecka A, Szpak-Ulczok S, Gawlik T, Chmielik E, Tyszkiewicz T, Nikiel B, Lange D, Jarzab M, Wiench M, Jarzab B. Differences in the transcriptome of medullary thyroid cancer regarding the status and type of RET gene mutations. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42074. [PMID: 28181547 PMCID: PMC5299608 DOI: 10.1038/srep42074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) can be caused by germline mutations of the RET proto-oncogene or occurs as a sporadic form. It is well known that RET mutations affecting the cysteine-rich region of the protein (MEN2A-like mutations) are correlated with different phenotypes than those in the kinase domain (MEN2B-like mutations). Our aim was to analyse the whole-gene expression profile of MTC with regard to the type of RET gene mutation and the cancer genetic background (hereditary vs sporadic). We studied 86 MTC samples. We demonstrated that there were no distinct differences in the gene expression profiles of hereditary and sporadic MTCs. This suggests a homogeneous nature of MTC. We also noticed that the site of the RET gene mutation slightly influenced the gene expression profile of MTC. We found a significant association between the localization of RET mutations and the expression of three genes: NNAT (suggested to be a tumour suppressor gene), CDC14B (involved in cell cycle control) and NTRK3 (tyrosine receptor kinase that undergoes rearrangement in papillary thyroid cancer). This study suggests that these genes are significantly deregulated in tumours with MEN2A-like and MEN2B-like mutations; however, further investigations are necessary to demonstrate any clinical impact of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Oczko-Wojciechowska
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Poland
| | - Michal Swierniak
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Poland
- Genomic Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jolanta Krajewska
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Kowalska
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Poland
| | - Monika Kowal
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Poland
| | - Tomasz Stokowy
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bartosz Wojtas
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Poland
| | - Dagmara Rusinek
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Pawlaczek
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Czarniecka
- The Oncology and Reconstructive Surgery Clinic, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Sylwia Szpak-Ulczok
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Poland
| | - Tomasz Gawlik
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Poland
| | - Ewa Chmielik
- Tumour Pathology Department, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Tyszkiewicz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Poland
| | - Barbara Nikiel
- Tumour Pathology Department, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Dariusz Lange
- Tumour Pathology Department, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Michal Jarzab
- III Radiotherapy Clinic, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Wiench
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Jarzab
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Poland
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35
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Mahas A, Potluri K, Kent MN, Naik S, Markey M. Copy number variation in archival melanoma biopsies versus benign melanocytic lesions. Cancer Biomark 2017; 16:575-97. [PMID: 27002761 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-160600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin melanocytes can give rise to benign and malignant neoplasms. Discrimination of an early melanoma from an unusual/atypical benign nevus can represent a significant challenge. However, previous studies have shown that in contrast to benign nevi, melanoma demonstrates pervasive chromosomal aberrations. OBJECTIVE This substantial difference between melanoma and benign nevi can be exploited to discriminate between melanoma and benign nevi. METHODS Array-comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) is an approach that can be used on DNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues to assess the entire genome for the presence of changes in DNA copy number. In this study, high resolution, genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays were utilized to perform comprehensive and detailed analyses of recurrent copy number aberrations in 41 melanoma samples in comparison with 21 benign nevi. RESULTS We found statistically significant copy number gains and losses within melanoma samples. Some of the identified aberrations are previously implicated in melanoma. Moreover, novel regions of copy number alterations were identified, revealing new candidate genes potentially involved in melanoma pathogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings can help improve melanoma diagnosis and introduce novel melanoma therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mahas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Keerti Potluri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Michael N Kent
- Department of Dermatology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, USA.,Dermatopathology Laboratory of Central States, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Sameep Naik
- Dermatopathology Laboratory of Central States, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Michael Markey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
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36
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Gao C, Grøtli M, Eriksson LA. Defects in the calcium-binding region drastically affect the cadherin-like domains of RET tyrosine kinase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 18:8673-81. [PMID: 26950000 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00042h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the rearranged during transfection (RET) tyrosine kinase gene leading to gain or loss of function have been associated with the development of several human cancers and Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR). However, to what extent these mutations affect individual bio-molecular functions remains unclear. In this article, the functionally significant mutations in the RET CLD1-4 calcium-binding site which lead to HSCR, and depletion of calcium ions in the RET CLD1-4 calcium binding site, were investigated by molecular dynamics simulations--to understand the mechanistic action of the mutations or loss of calcium ions in altering the protein kinase structure, dynamics, and stability. The mutations or loss of calcium ions change the local conformation and change the free energy landscape. Specifically, the mutations and loss of calcium ions decrease the radius of gyration of the whole structure, leading to improper protein folding and GFL-GFRα contact site reduction. Furthermore, based on the most populated conformation in the wildtype MD simulations, a pharmacophore was generated by fragment docking to identify key features of the possible inhibitors targeting the calcium binding site. Overall, the findings may provide useful structural insights into the molecular mechanism underlying RET calcium-binding site mutations and assist in development of novel drugs targeting the extracellular ligand contact site of wildtype RET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Morten Grøtli
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Leif A Eriksson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
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37
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Song Z, Yu X, Zhang Y. Clinicopathologic characteristics, genetic variability and therapeutic options of RET rearrangements patients in lung adenocarcinoma. Lung Cancer 2016; 101:16-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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38
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Mologni L, Gambacorti-Passerini C, Goekjian P, Scapozza L. RET kinase inhibitors: a review of recent patents (2012-2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 27:91-99. [PMID: 27646564 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1238073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tyrosine kinases are involved in the control of several biological processes and have been recognized as hot spots of oncogenic transformation, thus representing a major therapeutic target. Dysregulated activation of RET kinase, either through point mutations or gene fusions, is accountable for a significant fraction of thyroid carcinomas, as well as a minor population of lung cancers. Two drugs are currently available for the treatment of medullary thyroid carcinoma and two additional compounds have been approved for differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Several other molecules are under preclinical and clinical evaluation. Areas covered: This review covers the most recent patent literature (2012-2015) describing compounds with activity against the RET kinase, trying to catch a view of the next generation of potential anti-RET drugs. Expert opinion: RET has been a focus of molecularly targeted efforts for over a decade. However, none of the drugs currently on the clinical stage were specifically developed to hit RET, which was rather an off-target. Besides, only two of four drugs have activity on metastatic medullary carcinoma. Therefore, there is still a need of additional, more potent and more specific RET inhibitors, which will hopefully emerge from the new generation of compounds disclosed in most recent patents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Mologni
- a School of Medicine and Surgery , University of Milano-Bicocca , Monza , Italy.,d Galkem srl , Monza , Italy
| | - Carlo Gambacorti-Passerini
- a School of Medicine and Surgery , University of Milano-Bicocca , Monza , Italy.,d Galkem srl , Monza , Italy
| | - Peter Goekjian
- b Chimie Organique 2-Glycosciences , University of Lyon , Lyon , France.,d Galkem srl , Monza , Italy
| | - Leonardo Scapozza
- c School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland.,d Galkem srl , Monza , Italy
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39
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Lin C, Wang S, Xie W, Zheng R, Gan Y, Chang J. Apatinib inhibits cellular invasion and migration by fusion kinase KIF5B-RET via suppressing RET/Src signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2016; 7:59236-59244. [PMID: 27494860 PMCID: PMC5312308 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rearranged during transfection (RET) fusion gene is a newly identified oncogenic mutation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The aim of this study is to explore the biological functions of the gene in tumorigenesis and metastasis in RET gene fusion-driven preclinical models. We also investigate the anti-tumor activity of Apatinib, a potent inhibitor of VEGFR-2, PDGFR-β, c-Src and RET, in RET-rearranged lung adenocarcinoma, together with the mechanisms underlying. Our results suggested that KIF5B-RET fusion gene promoted cell invasion and migration, which were probably mediated through Src signaling pathway. Apatinib exerted its anti-cancer effect not only via cytotoxicity, but also via inhibition of migration and invasion by suppressing RET/Src signaling pathway, supporting a potential role for Apatinib in the treatment of KIF5B-RET driven tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Xie
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Rongliang Zheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510000, P.R. China
| | - Yu Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Chang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
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40
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Le Rolle AF, Klempner SJ, Garrett CR, Seery T, Sanford EM, Balasubramanian S, Ross JS, Stephens PJ, Miller VA, Ali SM, Chiu VK. Identification and characterization of RET fusions in advanced colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:28929-37. [PMID: 26078337 PMCID: PMC4745701 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an unmet clinical need for molecularly directed therapies available for metastatic colorectal cancer. Comprehensive genomic profiling has the potential to identify actionable genomic alterations in colorectal cancer. Through comprehensive genomic profiling we prospectively identified 6 RET fusion kinases, including two novel fusions of CCDC6-RET and NCOA4-RET, in metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. RET fusion kinases represent a novel class of oncogenic driver in CRC and occurred at a 0.2% frequency without concurrent driver mutations, including KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA or other fusion tyrosine kinases. Multiple RET kinase inhibitors were cytotoxic to RET fusion kinase positive cancer cells and not RET fusion kinase negative CRC cells. The presence of a RET fusion kinase may identify a subset of metastatic CRC patients with a high response rate to RET kinase inhibition. This is the first characterization of RET fusions in CRC patients and highlights the therapeutic significance of prospective comprehensive genomic profiling in advanced CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-France Le Rolle
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Samuel J Klempner
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Christopher R Garrett
- The Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tara Seery
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey S Ross
- Foundation Medicine Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA.,Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Siraj M Ali
- Foundation Medicine Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vi K Chiu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
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Ahn DH, Ciombor KK, Mikhail S, Bekaii-Saab T. Genomic diversity of colorectal cancer: Changing landscape and emerging targets. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:5668-5677. [PMID: 27433082 PMCID: PMC4932204 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i25.5668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Improvements in screening and preventive measures have led to an increased detection of early stage colorectal cancers (CRC) where patients undergo treatment with a curative intent. Despite these efforts, a high proportion of patients are diagnosed with advanced stage disease that is associated with poor outcomes, as CRC remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in the world. The development of next generation sequencing and collaborative multi-institutional efforts to characterize the cancer genome has afforded us with a comprehensive assessment of the genomic makeup present in CRC. This knowledge has translated into understanding the prognostic role of various tumor somatic variants in this disease. Additionally, the awareness of the genomic alterations present in CRC has resulted in an improvement in patient outcomes, largely due to better selection of personalized therapies based on an individual’s tumor genomic makeup. The benefit of various treatments is often limited, where recent studies assessing the genomic diversity in CRC have identified the development of secondary tumor somatic variants that likely contribute to acquired treatment resistance. These studies have begun to alter the landscape of treatment for CRC that include investigating novel targeted therapies, assessing the role of immunotherapy and prospective, dynamic assessment of changes in tumor genomic alterations that occur during the treatment of CRC.
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Abstract
Non-small cell lung carcinoma is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Understanding the molecular biology of survival and proliferation of cancer cells led to a new molecular classification of lung cancer and the development of targeted therapies with promising results. With the advances of image-guided biopsy techniques, tumor samples are becoming smaller, and the molecular testing techniques have to overcome the challenge of integrating the characterization of a panel of abnormalities including gene mutations, copy-number changes, and fusions in a reduced number of assays using only a small amount of genetic material. This article reviews the current knowledge about the most frequent actionable molecular abnormalities in non-small cell lung carcinoma, the new approaches of molecular analysis, and the implications of these findings in the context of clinical practice.
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43
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Desai A, Menon SP, Dy GK. Alterations in genes other than EGFR/ALK/ROS1 in non-small cell lung cancer: trials and treatment options. Cancer Biol Med 2016; 13:77-86. [PMID: 27144064 PMCID: PMC4850130 DOI: 10.28092/j.issn.2095-3941.2016.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, we have seen tremendous progress in the therapy of lung cancer. Discovery of actionable mutations in EGFR and translocations in ALK and ROS1 have identified subsets of patients with excellent tumor response to oral targeted agents with manageable side effects. In this review, we highlight treatment options including corresponding clinical trials for oncogenic alterations affecting the receptor tyrosine kinases MET, FGFR, NTRK, RET, HER2, HER3, and HER4 as well as components of the RAS-RAF-MEK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Desai
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Smitha P Menon
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226-0509, USA
| | - Grace K Dy
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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Hedayati M, Zarif Yeganeh M, Sheikholeslami S, Afsari F. Diversity of mutations in the RET proto-oncogene and its oncogenic mechanism in medullary thyroid cancer. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2016; 53:217-27. [PMID: 26678667 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2015.1129529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy and accounts for nearly 1% of all of human cancer. Thyroid cancer has four main histological types: papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic. Papillary, follicular, and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas are derived from follicular thyroid cells, whereas medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) originates from the neural crest parafollicular cells or C-cells of the thyroid gland. MTC represents a neuroendocrine tumor and differs considerably from differentiated thyroid carcinoma. MTC is one of the aggressive types of thyroid cancer, which represents 3-10% of all thyroid cancers. It occurs in hereditary (25%) and sporadic (75%) forms. The hereditary form of MTC has an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. According to the present classification, hereditary MTC is classified as a multiple endocrine neoplasi type 2 A & B (MEN2A & MEN2B) and familial MTC (FMTC). The RET proto-oncogene is located on chromosome 10q11.21. It is composed of 21 exons and encodes a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase. RET regulates a complex network of signal transduction pathways during development, survival, proliferation, differentiation, and migration of the enteric nervous system progenitor cells. Gain of function mutations in RET have been well demonstrated in MTC development. Variants of MTC result from different RET mutations, and they have a good genotype-phenotype correlation. Various MTC related mutations have been reported in different exons of the RET gene. We proposed that RET genetic mutations may be different in distinct populations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to find a geographical pattern of RET mutations in different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Hedayati
- a Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Marjan Zarif Yeganeh
- a Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Sara Sheikholeslami
- a Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Farinaz Afsari
- a Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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45
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Hatem R, Labiod D, Château-Joubert S, de Plater L, El Botty R, Vacher S, Bonin F, Servely JL, Dieras V, Bièche I, Marangoni E. Vandetanib as a potential new treatment for estrogen receptor-negative breast cancers. Int J Cancer 2016; 138:2510-21. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rana Hatem
- Genetics Department; Hospital, Institut Curie; Paris 75005 France
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Aleppo University; Aleppo Syria
| | - Dalila Labiod
- Translational Research Department; Institut Curie; Paris 75005 France
| | - Sophie Château-Joubert
- BioPôle Alfort; National Veterinary School of Alfort; 7, Av. Du Général De Gaulle, 94704 Maisons Alfort France
| | | | - Rania El Botty
- Translational Research Department; Institut Curie; Paris 75005 France
| | - Sophie Vacher
- Genetics Department; Hospital, Institut Curie; Paris 75005 France
| | - Florian Bonin
- Genetics Department; Hospital, Institut Curie; Paris 75005 France
| | - Jean-Luc Servely
- BioPôle Alfort; National Veterinary School of Alfort; 7, Av. Du Général De Gaulle, 94704 Maisons Alfort France
- PHASE Department; INRA; Nouzilly France
| | | | - Ivan Bièche
- Genetics Department; Hospital, Institut Curie; Paris 75005 France
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Grande E, Santamaría Sandi J, Capdevila J, Navarro González E, Zafón Llopis C, Ramón Y Cajal Asensio T, Gómez Sáez JM, Jiménez-Fonseca P, Riesco-Eizaguirre G, Galofré JC. Consensus on management of advanced medullary thyroid carcinoma on behalf of the Working Group of Thyroid Cancer of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology (SEEN) and the Spanish Task Force Group for Orphan and Infrequent Tumors (GETHI). Clin Transl Oncol 2015; 18:769-75. [PMID: 26687366 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-015-1465-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Of all thyroid cancers, <5 % are medullary (MTC). It is a well-characterized neuroendocrine tumor arising from calcitonin-secreting C cells, and RET gene plays a central role on its pathogeny. METHODS The electronic search was conducted using MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Quality assessments of selected current articles, guidelines and reviews of MTC were performed. RESULTS This consensus updates and summarizes biology, treatment and prognostic considerations of MTC. CONCLUSIONS Multidisciplinary teams and specialized centers are recommended for the management of MTC patients. In the metastatic setting, those patients with large volume of disease are candidates to start systemic treatment mainly if they are symptomatic and the tumor has progressed in the last 12-14 months. Wait and see strategy should be offered to patients with: disseminated disease with only high levels of calcitonin and no macroscopic structural disease, low burden and absence of progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Grande
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Carretera de Colmenar km 9,1, 28034, Madrid, Spain.
| | - J Santamaría Sandi
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - J Capdevila
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Navarro González
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Seville, Spain
| | - C Zafón Llopis
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - J M Gómez Sáez
- CIBERDEM, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Jiménez-Fonseca
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - G Riesco-Eizaguirre
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Universitario de Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - J C Galofré
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Del Piccolo N, Placone J, Hristova K. Effect of thanatophoric dysplasia type I mutations on FGFR3 dimerization. Biophys J 2015; 108:272-8. [PMID: 25606676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.11.3460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Thanatophoric dysplasia type I (TDI) is a lethal human skeletal growth disorder with a prevalence of 1 in 20,000 to 1 in 50,000 births. TDI is known to arise because of five different mutations, all involving the substitution of an amino acid with a cysteine in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3). Cysteine mutations in receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) have been previously proposed to induce constitutive dimerization in the absence of ligand, leading to receptor overactivation. However, their effect on RTK dimer stability has never been measured experimentally. In this study, we characterize the effect of three TDI mutations, Arg248Cys, Ser249Cys, and Tyr373Cys, on FGFR3 dimerization in mammalian membranes, in the absence of ligand. We demonstrate that the mutations lead to surprisingly modest dimer stabilization and to structural perturbations of the dimers, challenging the current understanding of the molecular interactions that underlie TDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuala Del Piccolo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jesse Placone
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kalina Hristova
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Sarabipour S, Del Piccolo N, Hristova K. Characterization of membrane protein interactions in plasma membrane derived vesicles with quantitative imaging Förster resonance energy transfer. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:2262-9. [PMID: 26244699 PMCID: PMC4841635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe an experimental tool, termed quantitative imaging Förster resonance energy transfer (QI-FRET), that enables the quantitative characterization of membrane protein interactions. The QI-FRET methodology allows us to acquire binding curves and calculate association constants for complex membrane proteins in the native plasma membrane environment. The method utilizes FRET detection, and thus requires that the proteins of interest are labeled with florescent proteins, either FRET donors or FRET acceptors. Since plasma membranes of cells have complex topologies precluding the acquisition of two-dimensional binding curves, the FRET measurements are performed in plasma membrane derived vesicles that bud off cells as a result of chemical or osmotic stress. The results overviewed here are acquired in vesicles produced with an osmotic vesiculation buffer developed in our laboratory, which does not utilize harsh chemicals. The concentrations of the donor-labeled and the acceptor-labeled proteins are determined, along with the FRET efficiencies, in each vesicle. The experiments utilize transient transfection, such that a wide variety of concentrations is sampled. Then, data from hundreds of vesicles are combined to yield dimerization curves. Here we discuss recent findings about the dimerization of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), membrane proteins that control cell growth and differentiation via lateral dimerization in the plasma membrane. We focus on the dimerization of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3), a RTK that plays a critically important role in skeletal development. We study the role of different FGFR3 domains in FGFR3 dimerization in the absence of ligand, and we show that FGFR3 extracellular domains inhibit unliganded dimerization, while contacts between the juxtamembrane domains, which connect the transmembrane domains to the kinase domains, stabilize the unliganded FGFR3 dimers. Since FGFR3 has been documented to harbor many pathogenic single amino acid mutations that cause skeletal and cranial dysplasias, as well as cancer, we also study the effects of these mutations on dimerization. First, we show that the A391E mutation, linked to Crouzon syndrome with acanthosis nigricans and to bladder cancer, significantly enhances FGFR3 dimerization in the absence of ligand and thus induces aberrant receptor interactions. Second, we present results about the effect of three cysteine mutations that cause thanatophoric dysplasia, a lethal phenotype. Such cysteine mutations have been hypothesized previously to cause constitutive dimerization, but we find instead that they have a surprisingly modest effect on dimerization. Most of the studied pathogenic mutations also altered FGFR3 dimer structure, suggesting that both increases in dimerization propensities and changes in dimer structure contribute to the pathological phenotypes. The results acquired with the QI-FRET method further our understanding of the interactions between FGFR3 molecules and RTK molecules in general. Since RTK dimerization regulates RTK signaling, our findings advance our knowledge of RTK activity in health and disease. The utility of the QI-FRET method is not restricted to RTKs, and we thus hope that in the future the QI-FRET method will be applied to other classes of membrane proteins, such as channels and G protein-coupled receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Acanthosis Nigricans/etiology
- Acanthosis Nigricans/genetics
- Cell Membrane/chemistry
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Craniofacial Dysostosis/etiology
- Craniofacial Dysostosis/genetics
- Dimerization
- Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
- Humans
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/chemistry
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/deficiency
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/metabolism
- Thanatophoric Dysplasia/etiology
- Thanatophoric Dysplasia/genetics
- Transport Vesicles/chemistry
- Transport Vesicles/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvenaz Sarabipour
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Nuala Del Piccolo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Kalina Hristova
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
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Nguyen M, Miyakawa S, Kato J, Mori T, Arai T, Armanini M, Gelmon K, Yerushalmi R, Leung S, Gao D, Landes G, Haak-Frendscho M, Elias K, Simmons AD. Preclinical Efficacy and Safety Assessment of an Antibody-Drug Conjugate Targeting the c-RET Proto-Oncogene for Breast Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:5552-62. [PMID: 26240273 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The RET proto-oncogene has been implicated in breast cancer, and the studies herein describe the preclinical and safety assessment of an anti-RET antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) being developed for the treatment of breast cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN RET protein expression was analyzed in breast tumor samples using tissue microarrays. The fully human anti-RET antibody (Y078) was conjugated to the DM1 and DM4 derivatives of the potent cytotoxic agent maytansine using thioether and disulfide linkers, respectively. The resulting compounds, designated Y078-DM1 and Y078-DM4, were evaluated for antitumor activity using human breast cancer cell lines and established tumor xenograft models. A single-dose, 28-day, safety study of Y078-DM1 was performed in cynomolgus monkeys. RESULTS By immunohistochemistry, RET expression was detected in 57% of tumors (1,596 of 2,800 tumor sections) and was most common in HER2-positive and basal breast cancer subtypes. Potent in vitro cytotoxicity was achieved in human breast cancer cell lines that have expression levels comparable with those observed in breast cancer tissue samples. Dose-response studies in xenograft models demonstrated antitumor activity with both weekly and every-3-weeks dosing regimens. In cynomolgus monkeys, a single injection of Y078-DM1 demonstrated dose-dependent, reversible drug-mediated alterations in blood chemistry with evidence of on-target neuropathy. CONCLUSIONS RET is broadly expressed in breast cancer specimens and thus represents a potential therapeutic target; Y078-DM1 and Y078-DM4 demonstrated antitumor activity in preclinical models. Optimization of the dosing schedule or an alternate cytotoxic agent with a different mechanism of action may reduce the potential risk of neuropathy. Clin Cancer Res; 21(24); 5552-62. ©2015 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Nguyen
- Takeda California, Inc., San Diego, California
| | | | | | - Toshiyuki Mori
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Arai
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Karen Gelmon
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rinat Yerushalmi
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Samuel Leung
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dongxia Gao
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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50
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Genestreti G, Grossi F, Genova C, Burgio MA, Bongiovanni A, Gavelli G, Bartolotti M, Di Battista M, Cavallo G, Brandes AA. Third- and further-line therapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients: an overview. Future Oncol 2015; 10:2081-96. [PMID: 25396779 DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment has led to improved efficacy and compliance due to individual tailoring of the therapeutic options and the use of strategies based on both clinical characteristics and histological and biological features of the disease. In nonsquamous NSCLC, novel agents, such as pemetrexed and bevacizumab, have improved survival in the first-line setting. Maintenance therapy with pemetrexed and erlotinib resulted in improved progression-free survival compared with second-line therapy at disease progression. In the second-line setting, pemetrexed improves survival in nonsquamous NSCLC compared with docetaxel, and erlotinib has shown a survival benefit compared with best supportive care in patients who did not previously receive an EGF receptor inhibitor. Although the benefit of first- and second-line treatment over best supportive care alone has been firmly established, the role of further-line treatment remains controversial. This article summarizes the state-of-the-art treatments in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovenzio Genestreti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Bellaria Hospital - IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Azienda USL, Via Altura 3, 47841 Bologna, Italy.
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