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Application of plasma membrane proteomics to identify cancer biomarkers. Proteomics 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-95072-5.00008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
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2
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Tarannum M, Hossain MA, Holmes B, Yan S, Mukherjee P, Vivero-Escoto JL. Advanced Nanoengineering Approach for Target-Specific, Spatiotemporal, and Ratiometric Delivery of Gemcitabine-Cisplatin Combination for Improved Therapeutic Outcome in Pancreatic Cancer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2104449. [PMID: 34758094 PMCID: PMC8758547 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an intractable malignancy with a dismal survival rate. Recent combination therapies have had a major impact on the improvement of PDAC prognosis. Nevertheless, clinically used combination regimens such as FOLFIRINOX and gemcitabine (Gem)/nab-paclitaxel still face major challenges due to lack of the safe and ratiometric delivery of multiple drugs. Here, a rationally designed mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN)-based platform is reported for the target-specific, spatiotemporal, ratiometric, and safe co-delivery of Gem and cisplatin (cisPt). It is shown that systemic administration of the nanoparticles results in synergistic therapeutic outcome in a syngeneic and clinically relevant genetically engineered PDAC mouse model that has rarely been used for the therapeutic evaluation of nanomedicine. This synergism is associated with a strategic engineering approach, in which nanoparticles provide redox-responsive controlled delivery and in situ differential release of Gem/cisPt drugs with the goal of overcoming resistance to Pt-based drugs. The platform is also rendered with additional tumor-specificity via a novel tumor-associated mucin1 (tMUC1)-specific antibody, TAB004. Overall, the platform suppresses tumor growth and eliminates the off-target toxicities of a highly toxic chemotherapy combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubin Tarannum
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
- Nanoscale Science Program, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - Md Akram Hossain
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - Bryce Holmes
- Analytical Research Laboratory, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, 27411, USA
| | - Shan Yan
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - Pinku Mukherjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - Juan L Vivero-Escoto
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
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3
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Baranwal M, Krishnan S, Oneka M, Frankel T, Rao A. CGAT: Cell Graph ATtention Network for Grading of Pancreatic Disease Histology Images. Front Immunol 2021; 12:727610. [PMID: 34671349 PMCID: PMC8522581 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.727610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC), one of the most aggressive malignancies of the pancreas, is crucial to avoid metastatic spread to other body regions. Detection of pancreatic cancer is typically carried out by assessing the distribution and arrangement of tumor and immune cells in histology images. This is further complicated due to morphological similarities with chronic pancreatitis (CP), and the co-occurrence of precursor lesions in the same tissue. Most of the current automated methods for grading pancreatic cancers rely on extensive feature engineering involving accurate identification of cell features or utilising single number spatially informed indices for grading purposes. Moreover, sophisticated methods involving black-box approaches, such as neural networks, do not offer insights into the model's ability to accurately identify the correct disease grade. In this paper, we develop a novel cell-graph based Cell-Graph Attention (CGAT) network for the precise classification of pancreatic cancer and its precursors from multiplexed immunofluorescence histology images into the six different types of pancreatic diseases. The issue of class imbalance is addressed through bootstrapping multiple CGAT-nets, while the self-attention mechanism facilitates visualization of cell-cell features that are likely responsible for the predictive capabilities of the model. It is also shown that the model significantly outperforms the decision tree classifiers built using spatially informed metric, such as the Morisita-Horn (MH) indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Baranwal
- Division of Data & Decision Sciences, Tata Consultancy Services Research, Mumbai, India.,Department of Systems and Control Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, India
| | - Santhoshi Krishnan
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Morgan Oneka
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Timothy Frankel
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Arvind Rao
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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4
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Pergolini I, Crippa S, Pagnanelli M, Belfiori G, Pucci A, Partelli S, Rubini C, Castelli P, Zamboni G, Falconi M. Prognostic impact of Ki-67 proliferative index in resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. BJS Open 2019; 3:646-655. [PMID: 31592095 PMCID: PMC6773637 DOI: 10.1002/bjs5.50175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive disease characterized by complex biological features and poor prognosis. A prognostic stratification of PDAC would help to improve patient management. The aim of this study was to analyse the expression of Ki‐67 in relation to prognosis in a cohort of patients with PDAC who had surgical treatment. Methods Patients who had pancreatic resection between August 2010 and October 2014 for PDAC at two Italian centres were reviewed retrospectively. Patients with metastatic or locally advanced disease, those who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, patients with PDAC arising from intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm and those with missing data were excluded. Clinical and pathological data were retrieved and analysed. Ki‐67 expression was evaluated using immunohistochemistry and patients were stratified into three subgroups. Survival analyses were performed for disease‐free (DFS) and disease‐specific (DSS) survival outcomes according to Ki‐67 expression and tumour grading. Results A total of 170 patients met the selection criteria. Ki‐67 expression of 10 per cent or less, 11–50 per cent and more than 50 per cent significantly correlated with DFS and DSS outcomes (P = 0·016 and P = 0·002 respectively). Ki‐67 index was an independent predictor of poor DFS (hazard ratio (HR) 0·52, 95 per cent c.i. 0·29 to 0·91; P = 0·022) and DSS (HR 0·53, 0·31 to 0·91; P = 0·022). Moreover, Ki‐67 index correlated strongly with tumour grade (P < 0·001). Patients with PDAC classified as a G3 tumour with a Ki‐67 index above 50 per cent had poor survival outcomes compared with other patients (P < 0·001 for both DFS and DSS). Conclusion Ki‐67 index could be of use in predicting the survival of patients with PDAC. Further investigation in larger cohorts is needed to validate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Pergolini
- Department of Surgery Università Politecnica delle Marche Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona Italy
| | - S Crippa
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Pancreas Translational and Clinical Research Center, Università Vita e Salute IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - M Pagnanelli
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Pancreas Translational and Clinical Research Center, Università Vita e Salute IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - G Belfiori
- Department of Surgery Università Politecnica delle Marche Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona Italy
| | - A Pucci
- Department of Surgery Università Politecnica delle Marche Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona Italy
| | - S Partelli
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Pancreas Translational and Clinical Research Center, Università Vita e Salute IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - C Rubini
- Department of Pathology Università Politecnica delle Marche Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona Italy
| | - P Castelli
- Department of Pathology Ospedale Sacro Cuore - Don Calabria Negrar Italy
| | - G Zamboni
- Department of Pathology Ospedale Sacro Cuore - Don Calabria Negrar Italy.,Department of Pathology Università di Verona Verona Italy
| | - M Falconi
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Pancreas Translational and Clinical Research Center, Università Vita e Salute IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
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5
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Permuth JB, Choi J, Balarunathan Y, Kim J, Chen DT, Chen L, Orcutt S, Doepker MP, Gage K, Zhang G, Latifi K, Hoffe S, Jiang K, Coppola D, Centeno BA, Magliocco A, Li Q, Trevino J, Merchant N, Gillies R, Malafa M. Combining radiomic features with a miRNA classifier may improve prediction of malignant pathology for pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms. Oncotarget 2018; 7:85785-85797. [PMID: 27589689 PMCID: PMC5349874 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) are pancreatic cancer precursors incidentally discovered by cross-sectional imaging. Consensus guidelines for IPMN management rely on standard radiologic features to predict pathology, but they lack accuracy. Using a retrospective cohort of 38 surgically-resected, pathologically-confirmed IPMNs (20 benign; 18 malignant) with preoperative computed tomography (CT) images and matched plasma-based ‘miRNA genomic classifier (MGC)’ data, we determined whether quantitative ‘radiomic’ CT features (+/- the MGC) can more accurately predict IPMN pathology than standard radiologic features ‘high-risk’ or ‘worrisome’ for malignancy. Logistic regression, principal component analyses, and cross-validation were used to examine associations. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value (PPV, NPV) were estimated. The MGC, ‘high-risk,’ and ‘worrisome’ radiologic features had area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) values of 0.83, 0.84, and 0.54, respectively. Fourteen radiomic features differentiated malignant from benign IPMNs (p<0.05) and collectively had an AUC=0.77. Combining radiomic features with the MGC revealed an AUC=0.92 and superior sensitivity (83%), specificity (89%), PPV (88%), and NPV (85%) than other models. Evaluation of uncertainty by 10-fold cross-validation retained an AUC>0.80 (0.87 (95% CI:0.84-0.89)). This proof-of-concept study suggests a noninvasive radiogenomic approach may more accurately predict IPMN pathology than ‘worrisome’ radiologic features considered in consensus guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Permuth
- Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.,Gastrointestinal Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jung Choi
- Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Yoganand Balarunathan
- Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jongphil Kim
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Dung-Tsa Chen
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Lu Chen
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Sonia Orcutt
- Gastrointestinal Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Matthew P Doepker
- Department of Clinical Surgery/Surgical Oncology, Palmetto Health/USC School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kenneth Gage
- Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Geoffrey Zhang
- Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.,Radiation Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Kujtim Latifi
- Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.,Radiation Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Sarah Hoffe
- Gastrointestinal Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.,Radiation Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Kun Jiang
- Anatomic Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Domenico Coppola
- Anatomic Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Barbara A Centeno
- Anatomic Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Anthony Magliocco
- Anatomic Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.,Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jose Trevino
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, University of Florida Health Sciences Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Nipun Merchant
- Department of Surgery, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Robert Gillies
- Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Mokenge Malafa
- Gastrointestinal Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
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6
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Pathological and Molecular Aspects to Improve Endoscopic Ultrasonography-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration From Solid Pancreatic Lesions. Pancreas 2018; 47:163-172. [PMID: 29346217 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) has been applied to pancreatic lesions since the 1990s, and its use is now widespread. Improvements in endoscopic devices and sampling techniques have resulted in excellent diagnostic ability for solid pancreatic lesions. However, clinical improvements alone are not responsible for it; pathological aspects have also played important roles. Rapid on-site evaluation minimizes endoscopic procedures, although its value at improving the diagnostic ratio is still debated. Diagnostic efficacy differs by sample preparations (direct smear, cytospin, liquid-based cytology, cell block, and biopsy) and by staining methods (Papanicoloau, Diff-Quik, hematoxylin-eosin, and Giemsa). Several immunocytochemistry protocols aid in diagnosing epithelial components with cytological atypia and in differentiating various tumor types. One cytopathology diagnostic system is telecytology, which uses transmitted digital images and enables real-time diagnosis of EUS-FNA samples by expert cytologists at remote locations. However, EUS-FNA samples are useful for more than just diagnoses, as molecular analysis of these samples allows the identification of prognostic markers, such as genetic alterations in K-ras and EGFR. Expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes, human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1, correlates with the response to gemcitabine-based chemotherapy. These pathology efforts have enhanced the diagnostic efficacy of EUS-FNA, thereby leading to better outcomes for patients with pancreatic diseases.
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7
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Guo Y, Ren J, Li X, Liu X, Liu N, Wang Y, Li Z. Simultaneous Quantification of Serum Multi-Phospholipids as Potential Biomarkers for Differentiating Different Pathophysiological states of lung, stomach, intestine, and pancreas. J Cancer 2017; 8:2191-2204. [PMID: 28819421 PMCID: PMC5560136 DOI: 10.7150/jca.19128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Aberrant lipid metabolism is closely associated with cancer. Materials & Methods: Serum levels of sphingomyelins (SM) (34:1), phosphatidylcholine (PC) (34:2), PC(34:1), PC(36:4), PC(36:3), and PC(36:2) in 1449 serum samples (including 599 normal controls, 69 patients with benign lung diseases (BLDs), 61 with benign colorectal diseases, 54 with benign gastric diseases, 67 with benign pancreatic diseases, and 246 with lung cancer (LC), 144 with colorectal cancer, 94 with gastric cancer, 115 with pancreatic cancer) were quantified simultaneously based on their respective calibration equations with correlation coefficient of >0.98. Results: Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis indicated that 18 panels obtained from these six phospholipids have high diagnostic ability to differentiate between different pathophysiological states. For example, a combination of SM(34:1), PC(34:2), PC(34:1), PC(36:3), and PC(36:2) to differentiating male patients with early stage LC from male normal controls plus male BLDs with a value under ROC curve (AUC) of 0.957, a sensitivity of 88.9%, and a specificity of 90.8%. SM(34:1) and PC(34:1) to differentiating female patients with early stage LC from female normal controls plus female BLDs with an AUC of 0.903, a sensitivity of 90.0%, and a specificity of 77.5%. Conclusion: Change trends of these six phospholipids were significantly correlated with gender, physiological states, and cancer stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Guo
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Junling Ren
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaoou Li
- Department of Laboratory, Tumor Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Department of Laboratory, Tumor Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, PR China
| | - Ning Liu
- Central Laboratory, Jilin University Second Hospital, Changchun, PR China
| | - Yanmin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Heze Municipal Hospital, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zhili Li
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
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8
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Prognostic Evaluation of Vimentin Expression in Correlation with Ki67 and CD44 in Surgically Resected Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2017; 2017:9207616. [PMID: 28421110 PMCID: PMC5381201 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9207616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. Radical surgical resection with adjuvant chemotherapy or chemo-radiotherapy is the most effective treatment for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, relatively few studies investigate the prognostic significance of biological markers in PDAC. This study aims to look into the expressions of vimentin, Ki67, and CD44 in PDAC surgical specimens and their potential prognostic implications in survival. Method. The study was designed as retrospective, and vimentin, Ki67, and CD44 expressions were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 53 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cases. Overall survival was assessed by the Kaplan–Meier method. Results. Patients' median age was 68 years. The median survival was 18 months. The tumors were T3-4 in 40/53 (75.5%), and metastases in lymph nodes were found in 42 out of 53 (79.2%) cases. On multivariate analysis, the size of primary tumor (p < 0.001), the surgical resection margin status (p = 0.042), and vimentin expression (p = 0.011) were independently correlated with overall survival. Conclusions. Long-term survival after resection of PDAC is still about 15%. Vimentin expression is a potential independent adverse prognostic molecular marker and should be included in histopathological reports. Also, CD44 expression correlates with high Ki67, vimentin positivity, and N stage and may represent a potential target of novel therapeutic modalities in pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients.
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9
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Wang Z, Tong M, Chen X, Hu S, Yang Z, Zhang Y, Zhou H, Wu Y, Li X, Li D. Survivin-targeted nanoparticles for pancreatic tumor imaging in mouse model. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:1651-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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10
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Hur C, Tramontano AC, Dowling EC, Brooks GA, Jeon A, Brugge WR, Gazelle GS, Kong CY, Pandharipande PV. Early Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Survival Is Dependent on Size: Positive Implications for Future Targeted Screening. Pancreas 2016; 45:1062-6. [PMID: 26692444 PMCID: PMC4912943 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has not experienced a meaningful mortality improvement for the past few decades. Successful screening is difficult to accomplish because most PDACs present late in their natural history, and current interventions have not provided significant benefit. Our goal was to identify determinants of survival for early PDAC to help inform future screening strategies. METHODS Early PDACs from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program database (2000-2010) were analyzed. We stratified by size and included carcinomas in situ (Tis). Overall cancer-specific survival was calculated. A Cox proportional hazards model was developed and the significance of key covariates for survival prediction was evaluated. RESULTS A Kaplan-Meier plot demonstrated significant differences in survival by size at diagnosis; these survival benefits persisted after adjustment for key covariates in the Cox proportional hazards analysis. In addition, relatively weaker predictors of worse survival included older age, male sex, black race, nodal involvement, tumor location within the head of the pancreas, and no surgery or radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS For early PDAC, we found tumor size to be the strongest predictor of survival, even after adjustment for other patient characteristics. Our findings suggest that early PDAC detection can have clinical benefit, which has positive implications for future screening strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Hur
- Institute for Technology Assessment, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Angela C. Tramontano
- Institute for Technology Assessment, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emily C. Dowling
- Institute for Technology Assessment, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gabriel A. Brooks
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alvin Jeon
- Institute for Technology Assessment, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William R. Brugge
- Institute for Technology Assessment, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - G. Scott Gazelle
- Institute for Technology Assessment, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chung Yin Kong
- Institute for Technology Assessment, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pari V. Pandharipande
- Institute for Technology Assessment, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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11
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Luo H, England CG, Shi S, Graves SA, Hernandez R, Liu B, Theuer CP, Wong HC, Nickles RJ, Cai W. Dual Targeting of Tissue Factor and CD105 for Preclinical PET Imaging of Pancreatic Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:3821-30. [PMID: 27026197 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a highly aggressive cancer, currently treated with limited success and dismal outcomes. New diagnostic and treatment strategies offer the potential to reduce cancer mortality. Developing highly specific noninvasive imaging probes for pancreatic cancer is essential to improving diagnostic accuracy and monitoring therapeutic intervention. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A bispecific heterodimer was synthesized by conjugating an anti-tissue factor (TF) Fab with an anti-CD105 Fab, via the bio-orthogonal "click" reaction between tetrazine (Tz) and trans-cyclooctene (TCO). The heterodimer was labeled with (64)Cu for PET imaging of nude mice bearing BXPC-3 xenograft and orthotopic pancreatic tumors. RESULTS PET imaging of BXPC-3 (TF/CD105(+/+)) xenograft tumors with (64)Cu-labeled heterodimer displayed significantly enhanced tumor uptake (28.8 ± 3.2 %ID/g; n = 4; SD) at 30 hours postinjection, as compared with each of their monospecific Fab tracers (12.5 ± 1.4 and 7.1 ± 2.6 %ID/g; n = 3; SD). In addition, the activity-concentration ratio allowed for effective tumor visualization (tumor/muscle ratio 75.2 ± 9.4 at 30 hours postinjection.; n = 4; SD). Furthermore, (64)Cu-NOTA-heterodimer enabled sensitive detection of orthotopic pancreatic tumor lesions with an uptake of 17.1 ± 4.9 %ID/g at 30 hours postinjection and tumor/muscle ratio of 72.3 ± 46.7. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that dual targeting of TF and CD105 provided synergistic improvements in binding affinity and tumor localization of the heterodimer. Dual-targeted imaging agents of pancreatic and other cancers may assist in diagnosing pancreatic malignancies as well as reliable monitoring of therapeutic response. Clin Cancer Res; 22(15); 3821-30. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Luo
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | - Sixiang Shi
- Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Stephen A Graves
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Reinier Hernandez
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Bai Liu
- Altor BioSciences, Miramar, Florida
| | | | | | - Robert J Nickles
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin. Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin. Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin.
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12
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Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the most common form of pancreatic cancer, remains one of the highly lethal malignancies. The highly refractory nature of clinically advanced disease and lack of a reliable biomarker for early detection are major obstructions in improving patient outcome. The recent efforts, however, in understanding the pancreatic tumor biology have resulted in the recognition of novel addictions as well as vulnerabilities of tumor cells and are being assessed for their clinical potential. This special issue highlights some of the recent progress, complexity and challenges towards improving disease outcome in patients with this lethal malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Perwez Hussain
- Head Pancreatic Cancer Unit, Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institutes, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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13
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Abstract
Hereditary pancreatic cancer can be diagnosed through family history and/or a personal history of pancreatitis or clinical features suggesting one of the known pancreatic cancer predisposition syndromes. This chapter describes the currently known hereditary pancreatic cancer predisposition syndromes, including Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, familial atypical multiple mole melanoma, hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer and familial adenomatous polyposis. Strategies for genetic testing for hereditary pancreatic cancer and the appropriate options for surveillance and cancer risk reduction are discussed. Finally, ongoing research and future directions in the diagnosis and management of hereditary pancreatic cancer will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy L Humphris
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Research Program, 370 Victoria St., Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.
| | - Andrew V Biankin
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Research Program, 370 Victoria St., Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, Bearsden, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
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Pagaduan JV, Ramsden M, O'Neill K, Woolley AT. Microchip immunoaffinity electrophoresis of antibody-thymidine kinase 1 complex. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:813-7. [PMID: 25486911 PMCID: PMC4346389 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) is an important cancer biomarker whose serum levels are elevated in early cancer development. We developed a microchip electrophoresis immunoaffinity assay to measure recombinant purified TK1 (pTK1) using an antibody (Ab) that binds to human TK1. We fabricated PMMA microfluidic devices to test the feasibility of detecting Ab-pTK1 immune complexes as a step toward TK1 analysis in clinical serum samples. We were able to separate immune complexes from unbound Abs using 0.5× PBS (pH 7.4) containing 0.01% Tween-20, with 1% w/v methylcellulose that acts as a dynamic surface coating and sieving matrix. Separation of the Ab and Ab-pTK1 complex was observed within a 5 mm effective separation length. This method of detecting pTK1 is easy to perform, requires only a 10 μL sample volume, and takes just 1 min for separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayson V Pagaduan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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15
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Zhang Y, Qiu L, Wang Y, Qin X, Li Z. High-throughput and high-sensitivity quantitative analysis of serum unsaturated fatty acids by chip-based nanoelectrospray ionization-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry: early stage diagnostic biomarkers of pancreatic cancer. Analyst 2014; 139:1697-706. [PMID: 24551873 DOI: 10.1039/c3an02130k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR MS) coupled with chip-based direct-infusion nanoelectrospray ionization source (CBDInanoESI) in a negative ion mode is first employed to evaluate the effect of serum and its corresponding supernatant matrixes on the recoveries of serum free fatty acids (FFAs) based on spike-and-recovery experimental strategy by adding analytes along with analog internal standard (IS). The recoveries between serum (69.8-115.6%) and the supernatant (73.6-99.0%) matrixes are almost identical. Multiple point internal standard calibration curves between the concentration ratios of individual fatty acids to ISs, (C(17:1) as IS of C(16:1), C(18:3), C(18:2), or C(18:1) or C(21:0) as IS of C(20:4) or C(22:6)) versus their corresponding intensity ratios were constructed for C(16:1), C(18:3), C(18:2), C(18:1), C(20:4) and C(22:6), respectively, with correlation coefficients of greater than 0.99, lower limits of detection between 0.3 and 1.8 nM, and intra- and inter-day precision (relative standard deviations <18%), along with the linear dynamic range of three orders of magnitude. Sequentially, this advanced analytical platform was applied to perform simultaneous quantitative and qualitative analysis of multiple targets, e.g., serum supernatant unsaturated FFAs from 361 participants including 95 patients with pancreatic cancer (PC), 61 patients with pancreatitis and 205 healthy controls. Experimental results indicate that the levels of C(18:1), C(18:2), C(18:3), C(20:4) and C(22:6), as well as the level ratios of C(18:2)/C(18:1) and C(18:3)/C(18:1) of the PC patients were significantly decreased compared with those of healthy controls and the patients with pancreatitis (p < 0.01). It is worth noting that the ratio of C(18:2)/C(18:1), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (C(18:2), C(18:3), C(20:4), and C(22:6)), panel a (C(16:1), C(18:3), C(18:2), C(20:4) and C(22:6)) and panel b (C(18:2)/C(18:1) and C(18:3)/C(18:1)) performed excellent diagnostic ability, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of ≥0.869, sensitivity of ≥85.7%, and specificity of ≥86.7% for differentiating the early stage PC from non-cancer subjects, which are greatly higher than those of clinically used serum biomarker CA 19-9. More importantly, this platform can also provide a fast and easy way to quantify the levels of FFAs in less than 30 s per sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Zhang
- Department of Biophysics and structural biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dongdan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, PR China.
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16
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Polvani S, Tarocchi M, Tempesti S, Galli A. Nuclear receptors and pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:12062-12081. [PMID: 25232244 PMCID: PMC4161795 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i34.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a devastating disease with a median overall survival time of 5 mo and the five years survival less than 5%, a rate essentially unchanged over the course of the years. A well defined progression model of accumulation of genetic alterations ranging from single point mutations to gross chromosomal abnormalities has been introduced to describe the origin of this disease. However, due to the its subtle nature and concurring events PDAC cure remains elusive. Nuclear receptors (NR) are members of a large superfamily of evolutionarily conserved ligand-regulated DNA-binding transcription factors functionally involved in important cellular functions ranging from regulation of metabolism, to growth and development. Given the nature of their ligands, NR are very tempting drug targets and their pharmacological modulation has been widely exploited for the treatment of metabolic and inflammatory diseases. There are now clear evidences that both classical ligand-activated and orphan NR are involved in the pathogenesis of PDAC from its very early stages; nonetheless many aspects of their role are not fully understood. The purpose of this review is to highlight the striking connections that link peroxisome proliferator activated receptors, retinoic acid receptors, retinoid X receptor, androgen receptor, estrogen receptors and the orphan NR Nur, chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor II and the liver receptor homologue-1 receptor to PDAC development, connections that could lead to the identification of novel therapies for this disease.
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17
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Tanase CP, Neagu AI, Necula LG, Mambet C, Enciu AM, Calenic B, Cruceru ML, Albulescu R. Cancer stem cells: Involvement in pancreatic cancer pathogenesis and perspectives on cancer therapeutics. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:10790-10801. [PMID: 25152582 PMCID: PMC4138459 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i31.10790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive and lethal malignancies. Despite remarkable progress in understanding pancreatic carcinogenesis at the molecular level, as well as progress in new therapeutic approaches, pancreatic cancer remains a disease with a dismal prognosis. Among the mechanisms responsible for drug resistance, the most relevant are changes in individual genes or signaling pathways and the presence of highly resistant cancer stem cells (CSCs). In pancreatic cancer, CSCs represent 0.2%-0.8% of pancreatic cancer cells and are considered to be responsible for tumor growth, invasion, metastasis and recurrence. CSCs have been extensively studied as of late to identify specific surface markers to ensure reliable sorting and for signaling pathways identified to play a pivotal role in CSC self-renewal. Involvement of CSCs in pancreatic cancer pathogenesis has also highlighted these cells as the preferential targets for therapy. The present review is an update of the results in two main fields of research in pancreatic cancer, pathogenesis and therapy, focused on the narrow perspective of CSCs.
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Vaz J, Andersson R. Intervention on toll-like receptors in pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:5808-5817. [PMID: 24914341 PMCID: PMC4024790 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i19.5808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is a devastating disease with pronounced morbidity and a high mortality rate. Currently available treatments lack convincing cost-efficiency determinations and are in most cases not associated with relevant success rate. Experimental stimulation of the immune system in murine PDA models has revealed some promising results. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pillars of the immune system that have been linked to several forms of malignancy, including lung, breast and colon cancer. In humans, TLRs are expressed in the pancreatic cancer tissue and in several cancer cell lines, whereas they are not expressed in the normal pancreas. In the present review, we explore the current knowledge concerning the role of different TLRs associated to PDA. Even if almost all known TLRs are expressed in the pancreatic cancer microenvironment, there are only five TLRs suggested as possible therapeutic targets. Most data points at TLR2 and TLR9 as effective tumor markers and agonists could potentially be used as e.g. future adjuvant therapies. The elucidation of the role of TLR3 in PDA is only in its initial phase. The inhibition/blockage of TLR4-related pathways has shown some promising effects, but there are still many steps left before TLR4 inhibitors can be considered as possible therapeutic agents. Finally, TLR7 antagonists seem to be potential candidates for therapy. Independent of their potential in immunotherapies, all existing data indicate that TLRs are strongly involved in the pathophysiology and development of PDA.
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Lin LL, Huang HC, Juan HF. Deciphering molecular determinants of chemotherapy in gastrointestinal malignancy using systems biology approaches. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1402-9. [PMID: 24793142 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancers are asymptomatic in early tumor development, leading to high mortality rates. Peri- or postoperative chemotherapy is a common strategy used to prolong the life expectancy of patients with these diseases. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which anticancer drugs exert their effect is crucial to the development of anticancer therapies, especially when drug resistance occurs and an alternative drug is needed. By integrating high-throughput techniques and computational modeling to explore biological systems at different levels, from gene expressions to networks, systems biology approaches have been successfully applied in various fields of cancer research. In this review, we highlight chemotherapy studies that reveal potential signatures using microarray analysis, next-generation sequencing (NGS), proteomic and metabolomic approaches for the treatment of gastrointestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ling Lin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Cheng Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Hsueh-Fen Juan
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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20
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Gandhi AV, Saxena S, Relles D, Sarosiek K, Kang CY, Chipitsyna G, Sendecki JA, Yeo CJ, Arafat HA. Differential expression of cytochrome P450 omega-hydroxylase isoforms and their association with clinicopathological features in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 20 Suppl 3:S636-43. [PMID: 23846787 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-013-3128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily consists of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of lipids, steroids, and drugs. In particular, the CYP4 family plays an essential role in lipid metabolism by the ω-hydroxylation of terminal ends of fatty acids. Disturbance of this system has been associated with increased angiogenesis, proliferation, and metastasis of several cancers. This study aimed to detect the expression of CYP4 isoforms (CYP4A11, CYP4F2, CYP4F3) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) and their association with clinicopathological features. METHODS Pancreatic specimens were collected from 73 patients who underwent surgical resection at the Thomas Jefferson University Hospital. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to examine the cytochrome P450 isoforms in PDA (n = 62), adjacent-normal (n = 30), and benign tissues (n = 11). Logistic regression models were used to analyze gene expression among tissue types. Spearman rank correlations were calculated for isoform expression and for age. Differences in expression by gender were assessed via t test. Other clinicopathological variables (diabetes, smoking, obesity, T stage, perineural invasion, nodal status) were analyzed by Wilcoxon rank sum. RESULTS CYP4 expression for isoforms was significantly higher in PDA tissues versus matched-adjacent tissues (p < 0.01). PDA tumors expressed significantly higher levels of CYP4F2 and CYP4F3 when compared to benign lesions (p < 0.01). Significant associations were found between low levels of CYP4F2 and CYP4F3 and increased age of PDA patients. Interestingly, all isoforms were expressed at higher levels in male patients. CONCLUSIONS Transcriptional upregulation of cytochrome P450 ω-hydroxylase suggests that these enzymes have the potential to be used as distinguishing markers in pancreatic pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit V Gandhi
- Department of Surgery, Jefferson Pancreatic Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Kanda M, Knight S, Topazian M, Syngal S, Farrell J, Lee J, Kamel I, Lennon AM, Borges M, Young A, Fujiwara S, Seike J, Eshleman J, Hruban RH, Canto MI, Goggins M. Mutant GNAS detected in duodenal collections of secretin-stimulated pancreatic juice indicates the presence or emergence of pancreatic cysts. Gut 2013; 62:1024-33. [PMID: 22859495 PMCID: PMC3893110 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pancreatic cysts are commonly detected in patients undergoing pancreatic imaging. Better approaches are needed to characterise these lesions. In this study we evaluated the utility of detecting mutant DNA in secretin-stimulated pancreatic juice. DESIGN Secretin-stimulated pancreatic juice was collected from the duodenum of 291 subjects enrolled in Cancer of the Pancreas Screening trials at five US academic medical centres. The study population included subjects with a familial predisposition to pancreatic cancer who underwent pancreatic screening, and disease controls with normal pancreata, chronic pancreatitis, sporadic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) or other neoplasms. Somatic GNAS mutations (reported prevalence ≈ 66% of IPMNs) were measured using digital high-resolution melt-curve analysis and pyrosequencing. RESULTS GNAS mutations were detected in secretin-stimulated pancreatic juice samples of 50 of 78 familial and sporadic cases of IPMN(s) (64.1%), 15 of 33 (45.5%) with only diminutive cysts (<5 mm), but none of 57 disease controls. GNAS mutations were also detected in five of 123 screened subjects without a pancreatic cyst. Among 97 subjects who had serial pancreatic evaluations, GNAS mutations detected in baseline juice samples predicted subsequent emergence or increasing size of pancreatic cysts. CONCLUSION Duodenal collections of secretin-stimulated pancreatic juice from patients with IPMNs have a similar prevalence of mutant GNAS to primary IPMNs, indicating that these samples are an excellent source of mutant DNA from the pancreas. The detection of GNAS mutations before an IPMN is visible suggests that analysis of pancreatic juice has the potential to help in the risk stratification and surveillance of patients undergoing pancreatic screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuro Kanda
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions
| | - Spencer Knight
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions
| | | | | | | | | | - Ihab Kamel
- Department of Radiology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions
| | - Anne Marie Lennon
- Department of Medicine, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions
| | - Michael Borges
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions
| | - Angela Young
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions
| | - Sho Fujiwara
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions
| | - Junro Seike
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions
| | - James Eshleman
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions
- Department of Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions
| | - Ralph H. Hruban
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions
- Department of Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions
| | - Marcia Irene Canto
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions
- Department of Medicine, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions
| | - Michael Goggins
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions
- Department of Medicine, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions
- Department of Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions
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Mutant TP53 in duodenal samples of pancreatic juice from patients with pancreatic cancer or high-grade dysplasia. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 11. [PMID: 23200980 PMCID: PMC3600161 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Imaging tests can identify patients with pancreatic neoplastic cysts but not microscopic dysplasia. We investigated whether mutant TP53 can be detected in duodenal samples of secretin-stimulated pancreatic juice, and whether this assay can be used to screen for high-grade dysplasia and invasive pancreatic cancer. METHODS We determined the prevalence of mutant TP53 in microdissected pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanINs), intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs), and invasive adenocarcinomas. TP53 mutations were quantified by digital high-resolution melt-curve analysis and sequencing of secretin-stimulated pancreatic juice samples, collected from duodena of 180 subjects enrolled in Cancer of the Pancreas Screening trials; patients were enrolled because of familial and/or inherited predisposition to pancreatic cancer, or as controls. RESULTS TP53 mutations were identified in 9.1% of intermediate-grade IPMNs (2 of 22), 17.8% of PanIN-2 (8 of 45), 38.1% of high-grade IPMNs (8 of 21), 47.6% of PanIN-3 (10 of 21), and 75% of invasive pancreatic adenocarcinomas (15 of 20); no TP53 mutations were found in PanIN-1 lesions or low-grade IPMNs. TP53 mutations were detected in duodenal samples of pancreatic juice from 29 of 43 patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (67.4% sensitivity; 95% confidence interval, 0.52-0.80) and 4 of 8 patients with high-grade lesions (PanIN-3 and high-grade IPMN). No TP53 mutations were identified in samples from 58 controls or 55 screened individuals without evidence of advanced lesions. CONCLUSIONS We detected mutant TP53 in secretin-stimulated pancreatic juice samples collected from duodena of patients with high-grade dysplasia or invasive pancreatic cancer. Tests for mutant TP53 might be developed to improve the diagnosis of and screening for pancreatic cancer and high-grade dysplasia. Clinical Trial numbers: NCT00438906 and NCT00714701.
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Makohon-Moore A, Brosnan JA, Iacobuzio-Donahue CA. Pancreatic cancer genomics: insights and opportunities for clinical translation. Genome Med 2013; 5:26. [PMID: 23673020 PMCID: PMC4064313 DOI: 10.1186/gm430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly lethal tumor type for which there are few viable therapeutic options. It is also caused by the accumulation of mutations in a variety of genes. These genetic alterations can be grouped into those that accumulate during pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (precursor lesions) and thus are present in all cells of the infiltrating carcinoma, and those that accumulate specifically within the infiltrating carcinoma during subclonal evolution, resulting in genetic heterogeneity. Despite this heterogeneity there are nonetheless commonly altered cellular functions, such as pathways controlling the cell cycle, DNA damage repair, intracellular signaling and development, which could provide for a variety of drug targets. This review aims to summarize current knowledge of the genetics and genomics of pancreatic cancer from its inception to metastatic colonization, and to provide examples of how this information can be translated into the clinical setting for therapeutic benefit and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Makohon-Moore
- Graduate Program in Pathobiology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Jacqueline A Brosnan
- Graduate Program in Pathobiology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Christine A Iacobuzio-Donahue
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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Chang YF, Yu JS, Chang YT, Su LC, Wu CC, Chang YS, Lai CS, Chou C. The utility of a high-throughput scanning biosensor in the detection of the pancreatic cancer marker ULBP2. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 41:232-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
It is estimated that 5% to 10% of pancreatic cancer is familial. Although there is evidence of a major pancreatic cancer susceptibility gene, the majority of families with multiple cases of pancreatic cancer do not have an identifiable causative gene or syndrome. However, a subset of pancreatic cancer is attributable to known inherited cancer predisposition syndromes, including several hereditary breast cancer genes (BRCA1, BRCA2, and PALB2), CDKN2A, hereditary pancreatitis, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, and Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. In addition to explaining a proportion of familial pancreatic cancer, individuals with these conditions are at increased risk for pancreatic cancer. Relatives from familial pancreatic cancer kindreds without one of these identifiable syndromes may have as high as a 32-fold risk of pancreatic cancer, depending on the number of affected first-degree relatives. Such high-risk individuals may benefit from increased surveillance, and strategies for early detection of pancreatic cancer are under evaluation.
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26
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Arumugam T, Ramachandran V, Sun D, Peng Z, Pal A, Maxwell DS, Bornmann WG, Logsdon CD. Designing and developing S100P inhibitor 5-methyl cromolyn for pancreatic cancer therapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:654-62. [PMID: 23303403 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the antiallergic drug cromolyn blocks S100P interaction with its receptor receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE) and improves gemcitabine effectiveness in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, the concentration required to achieve its effectiveness was high (100 μmol/L). In this study, we designed and synthesized analogs of cromolyn and analyzed their effectiveness compared with the parent molecule. An ELISA was used to confirm the binding of S100P with RAGE and to test the effectiveness of the different analogs. Analog 5-methyl cromolyn (C5OH) blocked S100P binding as well as the increases in NF-κB activity, cell growth, and apoptosis normally caused by S100P. In vivo C5OH systemic delivery reduced NF-κB activity to a greater extent than cromolyn and at 10 times lesser dose (50 mg vs. 5 mg). Treatment of mice-bearing syngeneic PDAC tumors showed that C5OH treatment reduced both tumor growth and metastasis. C5OH treatment of nude mice bearing orthotopic highly aggressive pancreatic Mpanc96 cells increased the overall animal survival. Therefore, the cromolyn analog, C5OH, was found to be more efficient and potent than cromolyn as a therapeutic for PDAC.
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27
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Herreros-Villanueva M, Gironella M, Castells A, Bujanda L. Molecular markers in pancreatic cancer diagnosis. Clin Chim Acta 2013; 418:22-9. [PMID: 23305796 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents a fatal neoplasia with a high mortality rate. Effective early detection methods are needed since this is the best way to cure this disease. During the last several years, many investigations focused on determining relevant biomarkers that may be present during early stages of pancreatic tumor development. Although several biomarkers have been proposed for pancreatic cancer detection, the clinical applicability has been confusing. Currently, although CA19-9 is one test used, the sensitivity and specificity for the disease are less than optimal. Here, we review several new potential serum, plasma and stool markers that are currently under evaluation. Although these have not been sufficiently validated for routine clinical use, these markers could prove valuable with further investigations. We keep the hope that a combination of some of these novel biomarkers can be a useful tool for early PDAC diagnosis before image techniques and/or patient's symptoms reveal disease in an incurable state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Herreros-Villanueva
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Donostia/Instituto Biodonostia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, San Sebastián, Spain
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28
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Chan A, Diamandis EP, Blasutig IM. Strategies for discovering novel pancreatic cancer biomarkers. J Proteomics 2012; 81:126-34. [PMID: 23026552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in both men and women in Canada and the United States and has the most dismal survival rates among any solid malignancy. Most patients are diagnosed with pancreatic cancer once the disease has progressed into an advanced or metastatic stage, making the only curative approach of resection surgery impossible. The persistent delayed or missed diagnosis of pancreatic cancer can be attributed to the absence of early symptoms and the lack of efficient non-invasive screening or diagnostic tests in clinical practice. Given that earlier diagnosis is critical for ameliorating patients' survival rates, there is an urgent need for biomarkers with enough sensitivity and specificity to help diagnose pancreatic cancer early. Serological biomarkers provide a minimally invasive and efficient way of detecting pancreatic cancer, however, there is currently no marker with sufficient diagnostic sensitivity and specificity to identify early cancer patients. This review focuses on the classical tumor markers for PDAC as well as emerging markers. In addition, we will discuss an integrative proteomic approach used in our lab to identify a panel of biomarkers that have the potential to allow the early detection of PDAC.This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: From protein structures to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Chan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Pezzilli R, Fabbri D, Imbrogno A. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma screening: New perspectives. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:4973-7. [PMID: 23049204 PMCID: PMC3460322 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i36.4973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma accounts for more than 90% of all pancreatic cancers and its incidence has increased significantly worldwide. Patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma have a poor outcome and more than 95% of the people affected die from the disease within 12 mo after diagnosis. Surgery is the first-line treatment in the case of resectable neoplasm, but only 20% of patients are candidates for this approach. One of the reasons there are few candidates for surgery is that, during the early phases of the disease, the symptoms are poor or non-specific. Early diagnosis is of crucial importance to improve patient outcome; therefore, we are looking for a good screening test. The screening test must identify the disease in an early stage in order to be effective; having said this, a need exists to introduce the concept of “early” ductal adenocarcinoma. It has been reported that at least five additional years after the occurrence of the initiating mutation are required for the acquisition of metastatic ability of pancreatic adenocarcinoma and patients die an average of two years thereafter. We have reviewed the most recent literature in order to evaluate the present and future perspectives of screening programs of this deadly disease.
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Shukla HD, Vaitiekunas P, Cotter RJ. Advances in membrane proteomics and cancer biomarker discovery: current status and future perspective. Proteomics 2012; 12:3085-104. [PMID: 22890602 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Membrane proteomic analysis has been proven to be a promising tool for identifying new and specific biomarkers that can be used for prognosis and monitoring of various cancers. Membrane proteins are of great interest particularly those with functional domains exposed to the extracellular environment. Integral membrane proteins represent about one-third of the proteins encoded by the human genome and assume a variety of key biological functions, such as cell-to-cell communication, receptor-mediated signal transduction, selective transport, and pharmacological actions. More than two-thirds of membrane proteins are drug targets, highlighting their immensely important pharmaceutical significance. Most plasma membrane proteins and proteins from other cellular membranes have several PTMs; for example, glycosylation, phosphorylation, and nitrosylation, and moreover, PTMs of proteins are known to play a key role in tumor biology. These modifications often cause change in stoichiometry and microheterogeneity in a protein molecule, which is apparent during electrophoretic separation. Furthermore, the analysis of glyco- and phosphoproteome of cell membrane presents a number of challenges mainly due to their low abundance, their large dynamic range, and the inherent hydrophobicity of membrane proteins. Under pathological conditions, PTMs, such as phosphorylation and glycosylation are frequently altered and have been recognized as a potential source for disease biomarkers. Thus, their accurate differential expression analysis, along with differential PTM analysis is of paramount importance. Here we summarize the current status of membrane-based biomarkers in various cancers, and future perspective of membrane biomarker research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hem D Shukla
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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31
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Cruz-Monserrate Z, Abd-Elgaliel WR, Grote T, Deng D, Ji B, Arumugam T, Wang H, Tung CH, Logsdon CD. Detection of pancreatic cancer tumours and precursor lesions by cathepsin E activity in mouse models. Gut 2012; 61:1315-22. [PMID: 22068166 PMCID: PMC3966534 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-300544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the USA. Surgical resection is the only effective treatment; however, only 20% of patients are candidates for surgery. The ability to detect early PDAC would increase the availability of surgery and improve patient survival. This study assessed the feasibility of using the enzymatic activity of cathepsin E (Cath E), a protease highly and specifically expressed in PDAC, as a novel biomarker for the detection of pancreas-bearing pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) lesions and PDAC. METHODS Pancreas from normal, chronic pancreatitis and PDAC patients was assessed for Cath E expression by quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Human PDAC xenografts and genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) of PDAC were injected with a Cath E activity selective fluorescent probe and imaged using an optical imaging system. RESULTS The specificity of Cath E expression in PDAC patients and GEMM of pancreatic cancer was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. The novel probe for Cath E activity specifically detected PDAC in both human xenografts and GEMM in vivo. The Cath E sensitive probe was also able to detect pancreas with PanIN lesions in GEMM before tumour formation. CONCLUSIONS The elevated Cath E expression in PanIN and pancreatic tumours allowed in-vivo detection of human PDAC xenografts and imaging of pancreas with PanIN and PDAC tumours in GEMM. Our results support the usefulness of Cath E activity as a potential molecular target for PDAC and early detection imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wael R Abd-Elgaliel
- Department of Radiology, Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tobias Grote
- Department of Cancer Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Defeng Deng
- Department of Cancer Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Baoan Ji
- Department of Cancer Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Huamin Wang
- Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ching-Hsuan Tung
- Department of Radiology, Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Craig D Logsdon
- Department of Cancer Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA,GI Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD, Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Pini M, Rhodes DH, Castellanos KJ, Hall AR, Cabay RJ, Chennuri R, Grady EF, Fantuzzi G. Role of IL-6 in the resolution of pancreatitis in obese mice. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 91:957-66. [PMID: 22427681 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1211627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity increases severity of acute pancreatitis and risk of pancreatic cancer. Pancreatitis and obesity are associated with elevated IL-6, a cytokine involved in inflammation and tumorigenesis. We studied the role of IL-6 in the response of lean and obese mice to pancreatitis induced by IL-12 + IL-18. Lean and diet-induced obese (DIO) WT and IL-6 KO mice and ob/ob mice pretreated with anti-IL-6 antibodies were evaluated at Days 1, 7, and 15 after induction of pancreatitis. Prolonged elevation of IL-6 in serum and visceral adipose tissue was observed in DIO versus lean WT mice, whereas circulating sIL-6R declined in DIO but not lean mice with pancreatitis. The severe inflammation and lethality of DIO mice were also observed in IL-6 KO mice. However, the delayed resolution of neutrophil infiltration; sustained production of CXCL1, CXCL2, and CCL2; prolonged activation of STAT-3; and induction of MMP-7 in the pancreas, as well as heightened induction of serum amylase A of DIO mice, were blunted significantly in DIO IL-6 KO mice. In DIO mice, production of OPN and TIMP-1 was increased for a prolonged period, and this was mediated by IL-6 in the liver but not the pancreas. Results obtained in IL-6 KO mice were confirmed in ob/ob mice pretreated with anti-IL-6 antibodies. In conclusion, IL-6 does not contribute to the increased severity of pancreatitis of obese mice but participates in delayed recovery from acute inflammation and may favor development of a protumorigenic environment through prolonged activation of STAT-3, induction of MMP-7, and sustained production of chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pini
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE MicroRNA (miRNA) alterations are likely to contribute to the development of pancreatic cancer and may serve as markers for the early detection of pancreatic neoplasia. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To identify the miRNA alterations that arise during the development of pancreatic cancer, we determined the levels of 735 miRNAs in 34 pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanIN) and 15 normal pancreatic duct samples isolated by laser capture microdissection using TaqMan miRNA microarrays. Differential expression of selected miRNAs was confirmed by FISH analysis and by quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of selected candidate miRNAs in an independent set of PanIN and normal duct samples. RESULTS We identified 107 aberrantly expressed miRNAs in different PanIN grades compared with normal pancreatic duct samples and 35 aberrantly expressed miRNAs in PanIN-3 lesions compared with normal pancreatic duct samples. These differentially expressed miRNAs included those that have been previously identified as differentially expressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC; including miR-21, miR-200a/b/c, miR-216a/b, miR-217, miR-146a, miR-155, miR-182, miR-196b, miR-203, miR-222, miR-338-3p, miR-486-3p, etc.) as well as miRNAs not previously described as differentially expressed in these lesions (miR-125b, miR-296-5p, miR-183*, miR-603, miR-625/*, miR-708, etc.). miR-196b was the most selectively differentially expressed miRNA in PanIN-3 lesions. CONCLUSIONS Many miRNAs undergo aberrant expression in PanIN lesions and are likely to be important in the development of PDAC. The miRNAs, such as miR-196b, whose expression is limited to PanIN-3 lesions or pancreatic cancers could be useful as diagnostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yu
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ang Li
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Seung-Mo Hong
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ralph H. Hruban
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael Goggins
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Hong SM, Omura N, Vincent A, Li A, Knight S, Yu J, Hruban RH, Goggins M. Genome-wide CpG island profiling of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 18:700-12. [PMID: 22173550 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-1718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) are precursors to infiltrating pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. Widespread epigenetic alterations are characteristic of many cancers, yet few studies have systematically analyzed epigenetic alterations of neoplastic precursors. Our goal was to conduct genome-wide CpG island methylation profiling to identify aberrantly methylated loci in IPMNs. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We compared the CpG island methylation profiles of six IPMNs to normal primary pancreatic duct samples using methylation CpG island amplification (MCA) and Agilent CpG island microarray (MCAM) analysis. When selected 13 genes identified as differentially methylated by MCAM for methylation-specific PCR (MSP) analysis in an independent set of IPMNs and normal pancreas samples and conducted expression analysis of selected genes. RESULTS We identified 2,259 loci as differentially methylated in at least one of six IPMNs including 245 genes hypermethylated in IPMNs with high-grade dysplasia compared with normal pancreatic duct samples. Eleven of 13 genes evaluated by MSP were more commonly methylated in 61 IPMNs than in 43 normal pancreas samples. Several genes (BNIP3, PTCHD2, SOX17, NXPH1, EBF3) were significantly more likely to be methylated in IPMNs with high-grade than with low-grade dysplasia. One gene, SOX17, showed loss of protein expression by immunohistochemistry in 22% (19 of 88) of IPMNs. The most specific marker, BNIP3, was not methylated in any IPMNs with low-grade dysplasia or in normal pancreas samples. CONCLUSIONS IPMNs undergo extensive aberrant CpG island hypermethylation. The detection of genes selectively methylated in high-grade IPMNs such as BNIP3 may have use in the clinical evaluation of IPMNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Mo Hong
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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Yu J, Li A, Hong SM, Hruban RH, Goggins M. MicroRNA alterations of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias. Clin Cancer Res 2011. [PMID: 22114139 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr- 11-2347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE MicroRNA (miRNA) alterations are likely to contribute to the development of pancreatic cancer and may serve as markers for the early detection of pancreatic neoplasia. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To identify the miRNA alterations that arise during the development of pancreatic cancer, we determined the levels of 735 miRNAs in 34 pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanIN) and 15 normal pancreatic duct samples isolated by laser capture microdissection using TaqMan miRNA microarrays. Differential expression of selected miRNAs was confirmed by FISH analysis and by quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of selected candidate miRNAs in an independent set of PanIN and normal duct samples. RESULTS We identified 107 aberrantly expressed miRNAs in different PanIN grades compared with normal pancreatic duct samples and 35 aberrantly expressed miRNAs in PanIN-3 lesions compared with normal pancreatic duct samples. These differentially expressed miRNAs included those that have been previously identified as differentially expressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC; including miR-21, miR-200a/b/c, miR-216a/b, miR-217, miR-146a, miR-155, miR-182, miR-196b, miR-203, miR-222, miR-338-3p, miR-486-3p, etc.) as well as miRNAs not previously described as differentially expressed in these lesions (miR-125b, miR-296-5p, miR-183*, miR-603, miR-625/*, miR-708, etc.). miR-196b was the most selectively differentially expressed miRNA in PanIN-3 lesions. CONCLUSIONS Many miRNAs undergo aberrant expression in PanIN lesions and are likely to be important in the development of PDAC. The miRNAs, such as miR-196b, whose expression is limited to PanIN-3 lesions or pancreatic cancers could be useful as diagnostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yu
- Department of Pathology, Oncology, and Medicine, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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36
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Yu J, Li A, Hong SM, Hruban RH, Goggins M. MicroRNA alterations of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias. Clin Cancer Res 2011. [PMID: 22114139 DOI: 10.1158/1073-0432.ccr-1-2347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE MicroRNA (miRNA) alterations are likely to contribute to the development of pancreatic cancer and may serve as markers for the early detection of pancreatic neoplasia. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To identify the miRNA alterations that arise during the development of pancreatic cancer, we determined the levels of 735 miRNAs in 34 pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanIN) and 15 normal pancreatic duct samples isolated by laser capture microdissection using TaqMan miRNA microarrays. Differential expression of selected miRNAs was confirmed by FISH analysis and by quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of selected candidate miRNAs in an independent set of PanIN and normal duct samples. RESULTS We identified 107 aberrantly expressed miRNAs in different PanIN grades compared with normal pancreatic duct samples and 35 aberrantly expressed miRNAs in PanIN-3 lesions compared with normal pancreatic duct samples. These differentially expressed miRNAs included those that have been previously identified as differentially expressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC; including miR-21, miR-200a/b/c, miR-216a/b, miR-217, miR-146a, miR-155, miR-182, miR-196b, miR-203, miR-222, miR-338-3p, miR-486-3p, etc.) as well as miRNAs not previously described as differentially expressed in these lesions (miR-125b, miR-296-5p, miR-183*, miR-603, miR-625/*, miR-708, etc.). miR-196b was the most selectively differentially expressed miRNA in PanIN-3 lesions. CONCLUSIONS Many miRNAs undergo aberrant expression in PanIN lesions and are likely to be important in the development of PDAC. The miRNAs, such as miR-196b, whose expression is limited to PanIN-3 lesions or pancreatic cancers could be useful as diagnostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yu
- Department of Pathology, Oncology, and Medicine, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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37
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Brody JR, Witkiewicz AK, Yeo CJ. The past, present, and future of biomarkers: a need for molecular beacons for the clinical management of pancreatic cancer. Adv Surg 2011; 45:301-21. [PMID: 21954696 DOI: 10.1016/j.yasu.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Brody
- Department of Surgery, Jefferson Pancreas Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Nagathihalli NS, Nagaraju G. RAD51 as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2011; 1816:209-18. [PMID: 21807066 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is a very important therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. The failure of conventional and molecularly targeted chemotherapeutic regimes for the treatment of pancreatic cancer highlights a desperate need for novel therapeutic interventions. Chemotherapy often fails to eliminate all tumor cells because of intrinsic or acquired drug resistance, which is the most common cause of tumor recurrence. Overexpression of RAD51 protein, a key player in DNA repair/recombination has been observed in many cancer cells and its hyperexpression is implicated in drug resistance. Recent studies suggest that RAD51 overexpression contributes to the development, progression and drug resistance of pancreatic cancer cells. Here we provide a brief overview of the available pieces of evidence in support of the role of RAD51 in pancreatic tumorigenesis and drug resistance, and hypothesize that RAD51 could serve as a potential biomarker for diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. We discuss the possible involvement of RAD51 in the drug resistance associated with epithelial to mesenchymal transition and with cancer stem cells. Finally, we speculate that targeting RAD51 in pancreatic cancer cells may be a novel approach for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagaraj S Nagathihalli
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-6860, USA.
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Handra-Luca A, Hong SM, Walter K, Wolfgang C, Hruban R, Goggins M. Tumour epithelial vimentin expression and outcome of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. Br J Cancer 2011; 104:1296-302. [PMID: 21448168 PMCID: PMC3078601 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumour epithelial vimentin expression is a marker of mesenchymal differentiation and may be a useful marker of carcinomas with more aggressive behaviour. The aim of this study was to determine the extent and prognostic significance of vimentin expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. METHODS Vimentin expression was detected by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays of surgically resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas from 387 patients. The percentage of vimentin-immunolabelled neoplastic cells was correlated with outcome and with clinico-pathological factors using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox multivariate survival models. RESULTS In all, 45% of primary pancreatic adenocarcinomas contained neoplastic cells that expressed vimentin, and in 27.5% of the cancers >10% of cells expressed vimentin. Vimentin expression was correlated with poor histological differentiation. By both uni- and multivariate survival analysis, neoplastic vimentin expression (P<0.01, HR 1.52, 95% confidence interval 1.14-2.04) was an indicator of a shorter postsurgical survival independent of other clinico-pathological variables. CONCLUSION The presence of vimentin-expressing tumour epithelial cells in surgically resected pancreatic adenocarcinomas independently predicted a shorter postsurgical survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Handra-Luca
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The UFR SMBH Universite Paris 13/Nord Medecine APHP, Paris, France
| | - S-M Hong
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - K Walter
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - C Wolfgang
- Department of Surgery, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R Hruban
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M Goggins
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
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