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Lin J, Zhuo Y, Zhang Y, Liu R, Zhong W. Molecular predictors of metastasis in patients with prostate cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2023; 23:199-215. [PMID: 36860119 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2023.2187289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostate cancer is a serious threat to the health of older adults worldwide. The quality of life and survival time of patients sharply decline once metastasis occurs. Thus, early screening for prostate cancer is very advanced in developed countries. The detection methods used include Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) detection and digital rectal examination. However, the lack of universal access to early screening in some developing countries has resulted in an increased number of patients presenting with metastatic prostate cancer. In addition, the treatment methods for metastatic and localized prostate cancer are considerably different. In many patients, early-stage prostate cancer cells often metastasize due to delayed observation, negative PSA results, and delay in treatment time. Therefore, the identification of patients who are prone to metastasis is important for future clinical studies. AREAS COVERED this review introduced a large number of predictive molecules related to prostate cancer metastasis. These molecules involve the mutation and regulation of tumor cell genes, changes in the tumor microenvironment, and the liquid biopsy. EXPERT OPINION In next decade, PSMA PET/CT and liquid biopsy will be the excellent predicting tools, while 177 Lu- PSMA-RLT will be showed excellent anti-tumor efficacy in mPCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jundong Lin
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yangjia Zhuo
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yixun Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ren Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weide Zhong
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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2
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Xu C, Zhao S, Cai L. Epigenetic (De)regulation in Prostate Cancer. Cancer Treat Res 2023; 190:321-360. [PMID: 38113006 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-45654-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a heterogeneous disease exhibiting both genetic and epigenetic deregulations. Epigenetic alterations are defined as changes not based on DNA sequence, which include those of DNA methylation, histone modification, and chromatin remodeling. Androgen receptor (AR) is the main driver for PCa and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) remains a backbone treatment for patients with PCa; however, ADT resistance almost inevitably occurs and advanced diseases develop termed castration-resistant PCa (CRPC), due to both genetic and epigenetic changes. Due to the reversible nature of epigenetic modifications, inhibitors targeting epigenetic factors have become promising anti-cancer agents. In this chapter, we focus on recent studies about the dysregulation of epigenetic regulators crucially involved in the initiation, development, and progression of PCa and discuss the potential use of inhibitors targeting epigenetic modifiers for treatment of advanced PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Xu
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Ling Cai
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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Epigenetic Coregulation of Androgen Receptor Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1390:277-293. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-11836-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Kukkonen K, Taavitsainen S, Huhtala L, Uusi-Makela J, Granberg KJ, Nykter M, Urbanucci A. Chromatin and Epigenetic Dysregulation of Prostate Cancer Development, Progression, and Therapeutic Response. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3325. [PMID: 34283056 PMCID: PMC8268970 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of chromatin and epigenetics has been defined as the overarching cancer hallmark. By disrupting transcriptional regulation in normal cells and mediating tumor progression by promoting cancer cell plasticity, this process has the ability to mediate all defined hallmarks of cancer. In this review, we collect and assess evidence on the contribution of chromatin and epigenetic dysregulation in prostate cancer. We highlight important mechanisms leading to prostate carcinogenesis, the emergence of castration-resistance upon treatment with androgen deprivation therapy, and resistance to antiandrogens. We examine in particular the contribution of chromatin structure and epigenetics to cell lineage commitment, which is dysregulated during tumorigenesis, and cell plasticity, which is altered during tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konsta Kukkonen
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (K.K.); (S.T.); (L.H.); (J.U.-M.); (K.J.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Sinja Taavitsainen
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (K.K.); (S.T.); (L.H.); (J.U.-M.); (K.J.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Laura Huhtala
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (K.K.); (S.T.); (L.H.); (J.U.-M.); (K.J.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Joonas Uusi-Makela
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (K.K.); (S.T.); (L.H.); (J.U.-M.); (K.J.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Kirsi J. Granberg
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (K.K.); (S.T.); (L.H.); (J.U.-M.); (K.J.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Matti Nykter
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (K.K.); (S.T.); (L.H.); (J.U.-M.); (K.J.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Alfonso Urbanucci
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
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Feng J, Xu X, Fan X, Yi Q, Tang L. BAF57/SMARCE1 Interacting with Splicing Factor SRSF1 Regulates Mechanical Stress-Induced Alternative Splicing of Cyclin D1. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020306. [PMID: 33670012 PMCID: PMC7927079 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cyclin D1 regulates cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity of the cell cycle, and cyclin D1 alternative splicing generates a cyclin D1b isoform, acting as a mediator of aberrant cellular proliferation. As alternative splicing processes are sensitive to mechanical stimuli, whether the alternative splicing of cyclin D1 is regulated by mechanical stress and what kinds of factors may act as the regulator of mechano-induced alternative splicing remain unknown. Methods: The alternative splicing of Cyclin D1 was examined using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in osteoblast cell lines and keratinocyte cells loaded by a cyclic stretch. The expression of splicing factors and switching defective/sucrose non-fermenting (SWI/SNF) complex subunits were detected in stretched cells using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The protein interaction was tested by co-immunoprecipitation assay (Co-IP). Results:Cyclin D1 expression decreased with its splice variant upregulated in stretched cells. Serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1) and SWI/SNF complex subunit Brahma-related gene-1-associated factor 57 (BAF57), also named SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily E member 1 (SMARCE1), could respond to mechanical stimuli. Overexpression and knockdown experiments indicated the BAF57/SMARCE1 is probably a critical factor regulating the alternative splicing of cyclin D1. Co-IP showed an interaction between BAF57/SMARCE1 and SRSF1, implying a possible underlying mechanism of the regulator role of BAF57/SMARCE1 in the splicing process of cyclin D1. Conclusions: The splicing factor SRSF1 and BAF57/SMARCE1 are possibly responsible for the mechanical stress-induced alternative splicing of cyclin D1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401120, China; (J.F.); (X.X.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xichao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401120, China; (J.F.); (X.X.)
| | - Xin Fan
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 401120, China;
| | - Qian Yi
- Department of Physiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China;
| | - Liling Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401120, China; (J.F.); (X.X.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: 86-23-65102507
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Hartley A, Leung HY, Ahmad I. Targeting the BAF complex in advanced prostate cancer. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:173-181. [PMID: 32936685 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1821644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The BRG1/BRM associated factors (BAF) complex is a chromatin remodeling SWI/SNF which is mutated in 20% of cancers. This complex has many interchangeable subunits which may have oncogenic or tumor suppressor activity in a context-dependent manner. The BAF complex is mutated in 35-50% of metastatic prostate cancer (PC); however, its role in advanced disease is unclear. This review attempts to consolidate current knowledge of the BAF complex in PC and explore potential therapeutic approaches. AREAS COVERED This review covers the known roles of some BAF subunits, their alterations, and the models which best explain their mechanisms in driving PC. Following this, the authors provide their expert perspective on how this complex could be targeted in the future with a personalized medicine approach. EXPERT OPINION Personalized medicine would allow for patient stratification to exploit synthetic lethal strategies in targeting a mutated BAF complex as shown experimentally in other cancers. BAF dependency can also be targeted in patients stratified for other molecular markers such as BRG1 targeting in phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) deficient PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hartley
- Urology Research Group, CRUK Beatson Institute , Glasgow, UK
| | - Hing Y Leung
- Urology Research Group, CRUK Beatson Institute , Glasgow, UK
- Institue of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow, UK
| | - Imran Ahmad
- Urology Research Group, CRUK Beatson Institute , Glasgow, UK
- Institue of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow, UK
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7
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Liu Q, Pang J, Wang L, Huang Z, Xu J, Yang X, Xie Q, Huang Y, Tang T, Tong D, Liu G, Wang L, Zhang D, Ma Q, Xiao H, Lan W, Qin J, Jiang J. Histone demethylase PHF8 drives neuroendocrine prostate cancer progression by epigenetically upregulating FOXA2. J Pathol 2021; 253:106-118. [PMID: 33009820 PMCID: PMC7756255 DOI: 10.1002/path.5557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is a more aggressive subtype of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Although it is well established that PHF8 can enhance prostate cancer cell proliferation, whether PHF8 is involved in prostate cancer initiation and progression is relatively unclear. By comparing the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice with or without Phf8 knockout, we systemically examined the role of PHF8 in prostate cancer development. We found that PHF8 plays a minimum role in initiation and progression of adenocarcinoma. However, PHF8 is essential for NEPC because not only is PHF8 highly expressed in NEPC but also animals without Phf8 failed to develop NEPC. Mechanistically, PHF8 transcriptionally upregulates FOXA2 by demethylating and removing the repressive histone markers on the promoter region of the FOXA2 gene, and the upregulated FOXA2 subsequently regulates the expression of genes involved in NEPC development. Since both PHF8 and FOXA2 are highly expressed in NEPC tissues from patients or patient-derived xenografts, the levels of PHF8 and FOXA2 can either individually or in combination serve as NEPC biomarkers and targeting either PHF8 or FOXA2 could be potential therapeutic strategies for NEPC treatment. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/enzymology
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/secondary
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/genetics
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/secondary
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-beta/genetics
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-beta/metabolism
- Histone Demethylases/genetics
- Histone Demethylases/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Nude
- PC-3 Cells
- Prostatic Neoplasms/enzymology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Up-Regulation
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuli Liu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery ResearchDaping Hospital, Army Medical UniversityChongqingPR China
| | - Jian Pang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery ResearchDaping Hospital, Army Medical UniversityChongqingPR China
| | - Lin‐ang Wang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery ResearchDaping Hospital, Army Medical UniversityChongqingPR China
| | - Zhuowei Huang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery ResearchDaping Hospital, Army Medical UniversityChongqingPR China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery ResearchDaping Hospital, Army Medical UniversityChongqingPR China
| | - Xingxia Yang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery ResearchDaping Hospital, Army Medical UniversityChongqingPR China
| | - Qiubo Xie
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery ResearchDaping Hospital, Army Medical UniversityChongqingPR China
| | - Yiqiang Huang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery ResearchDaping Hospital, Army Medical UniversityChongqingPR China
| | - Tang Tang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery ResearchDaping Hospital, Army Medical UniversityChongqingPR China
| | - Dali Tong
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery ResearchDaping Hospital, Army Medical UniversityChongqingPR China
| | - Gaolei Liu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery ResearchDaping Hospital, Army Medical UniversityChongqingPR China
| | - Luofu Wang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery ResearchDaping Hospital, Army Medical UniversityChongqingPR China
| | - Dianzheng Zhang
- Department of Bio‐Medical SciencesPhiladelphia College of Osteopathic MedicinePhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Qiang Ma
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Surgery ResearchDaping Hospital, Army Medical UniversityChongqingPR China
| | - Hualiang Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Surgery ResearchDaping Hospital, Army Medical UniversityChongqingPR China
| | - Weihua Lan
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery ResearchDaping Hospital, Army Medical UniversityChongqingPR China
| | - Jun Qin
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery ResearchDaping Hospital, Army Medical UniversityChongqingPR China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiPR China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery ResearchDaping Hospital, Army Medical UniversityChongqingPR China
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8
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Chaturvedi AP, Dehm SM. Androgen Receptor Dependence. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1210:333-350. [PMID: 31900916 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32656-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Androgens and the androgen receptor (AR) play crucial roles in the biology of normal and diseased prostate tissue, including prostate cancer (PCa). This dependence is evidenced by the use of androgen depletion therapy (ADT) as the primary treatment for locally advanced, metastatic, or relapsed PCa. This dependence is further evidenced by the various mechanisms employed by PCa cells to re-activate the AR to circumvent the growth-inhibitory effects of ADT. Re-activation of the AR during ADT is central to the disease evolving into the lethal castration resistant PCa (CRPC) phenotype, which is responsible for nearly all PCa mortality. Thus, understanding the regulation of AR and AR signaling is important for understanding the development and progression of PCa. This understanding provides the foundation for development of newer approaches for targeting CRPC therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott M Dehm
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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9
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El Hadidy N, Uversky VN. Intrinsic Disorder of the BAF Complex: Roles in Chromatin Remodeling and Disease Development. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215260. [PMID: 31652801 PMCID: PMC6862534 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The two-meter-long DNA is compressed into chromatin in the nucleus of every cell, which serves as a significant barrier to transcription. Therefore, for processes such as replication and transcription to occur, the highly compacted chromatin must be relaxed, and the processes required for chromatin reorganization for the aim of replication or transcription are controlled by ATP-dependent nucleosome remodelers. One of the most highly studied remodelers of this kind is the BRG1- or BRM-associated factor complex (BAF complex, also known as SWItch/sucrose non-fermentable (SWI/SNF) complex), which is crucial for the regulation of gene expression and differentiation in eukaryotes. Chromatin remodeling complex BAF is characterized by a highly polymorphic structure, containing from four to 17 subunits encoded by 29 genes. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the role of BAF complex in chromatin remodeling and also to use literature mining and a set of computational and bioinformatics tools to analyze structural properties, intrinsic disorder predisposition, and functionalities of its subunits, along with the description of the relations of different BAF complex subunits to the pathogenesis of various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nashwa El Hadidy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC07, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC07, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
- Laboratory of New Methods in Biology, Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, 142290 Moscow Region, Russia.
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10
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Liu H, Zhao YR, Chen B, Ge Z, Huang JS. High expression of SMARCE1 predicts poor prognosis and promotes cell growth and metastasis in gastric cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:3493-3509. [PMID: 31118775 PMCID: PMC6498956 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s195137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most lethal cancers worldwide with a high risk for recurrence and metastasis. Therefore, further understanding of the metastatic mechanism and the development of treatment strategies are required. Although increasing evidence suggests that SWI/SNF Related, Matrix Associated, Actin Dependent Regulator of Chromatin, Subfamily E, Member 1 (SMARCE1) promotes cancer metastasis, its role in GC remains unclear. Materials and methods: GC samples (n=122) were used to investigate the association between SMARCE1 expression, patient clinicopathological features, and prognosis. The expression of SMARCE1 in GC tissues was measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. MGC-803 and AGS cells were transfected with lentivirus to upregulate or downregulate SMARCE1 expression. The roles of SMARCE1 in GC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were determined using Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, colony formation assay, wound healing, transwell migration, and invasion assay. Nude mice models were established to observe tumorigenesis. The specific mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor U0126 was utilized to verify the involved pathway. Results: SMARCE1 was highly expressed in GC tissues and cell lines. High expression of SMARCE1 was correlated with the malignant clinicopathological characteristics of GC patients, including tumor size, depth of invasion, degree of differentiation, lymph node involvement, and TNM stage (all P<0.05). Kaplan–Meier survival analysis revealed that high SMARCE1 expression predicted poor prognosis in GC patients (P<0.01). Moreover, SMARCE1 was an independent risk factor of poor prognosis (P<0.01). Functional study revealed that overexpression of SMARCE1 markedly promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of GC cells in vitro and tumorigenesis in vivo. Furthermore, SMARCE1 activated the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. U0126 significantly inhibited the SMARCE1-induced proliferation and mobility of GC cells. Conclusion: SMARCE1 promoted growth and metastasis of GC, indicating its potential usefulness as a prognostic biomarker and target for therapeutic intervention against this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Rong Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Ge
- Department of General Surgery, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang-Sheng Huang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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11
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Jin ML, Kim YW, Jeong KW. BAF53A regulates androgen receptor-mediated gene expression and proliferation in LNCaP cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 505:618-623. [PMID: 30278885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.09.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The actin-like protein of the SWI/SNF complex, BAF53A, regulates gene expression by the gene-specific chromatin remodeling of target genes. However, the function of BAF53A in the androgen receptor pathway in prostate cancer cells remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that BAF53A positively regulates the expression of endogenous AR target genes (e.g. PSA, TMPRSS2, FKBP5, and KLK2) in LNCaP cells. It functions as a coactivator in AR-mediated transcription by interacting with other nuclear receptor coactivators, such as p300 and FLII, and is associated with AR in the presence of dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The DHT-induced recruitment of BAF53A to the proximal and distal androgen response elements (AREs) of the PSA gene in the presence of BRG1 (but not BRM) was inhibited by an AR antagonist, suggesting the coactivator function of BAF53A in the SWI/SNF complex. Depletion of BAF53A in LNCaP cells resulted in a significant decrease in growth rate. Furthermore, the expression of BAF53A in prostate cancer tissue was significantly elevated, compared to that in normal prostate tissue, and correlated with the expression of AR, and BRG1, but not BRM. Therefore, our results suggested that BAF53A plays an important role in the expression of AR target genes in prostate cancer, and can be used clinically for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li Jin
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Woong Kim
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Won Jeong
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21936, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Liu Q, Tong D, Liu G, Gao J, Wang LA, Xu J, Yang X, Xie Q, Huang Y, Pang J, Wang L, He Y, Zhang D, Ma Q, Lan W, Jiang J. Metformin Inhibits Prostate Cancer Progression by Targeting Tumor-Associated Inflammatory Infiltration. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:5622-5634. [PMID: 30012567 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Inflammatory infiltration plays important roles in both carcinogenesis and metastasis. We are interested in understanding the inhibitory mechanism of metformin on tumor-associated inflammation in prostate cancer.Experimental Design: By using a transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) mouse model, in vitro macrophage migration assays, and patient samples, we examined the effect of metformin on tumor-associated inflammation during the initiation and after androgen deprivation therapy of prostate cancer.Results: Treating TRAMP mice with metformin delays prostate cancer progression from low-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia to high-grade PIN, undifferentiated to well-differentiated, and PIN to adenocarcinoma with concurrent inhibition of inflammatory infiltration evidenced by reduced recruitment of macrophages. Furthermore, metformin is capable of inhibiting the following processes: inflammatory infiltration after androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) induced by surgically castration in mice, bicalutamide treatment in patients, and hormone deprivation in LNCaP cells. Mechanistically, metformin represses inflammatory infiltration by downregulating both COX2 and PGE2 in tumor cells.Conclusions: Metformin is capable of repressing prostate cancer progression by inhibiting infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages, especially those induced by ADT, by inhibiting the COX2/PGE2 axis, suggesting that a combination of ADT with metformin could be a more efficient therapeutic strategy for prostate cancer treatment. Clin Cancer Res; 24(22); 5622-34. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuli Liu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Dali Tong
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Gaolei Liu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Lin-Ang Wang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xingxia Yang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Qiubo Xie
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yiqiang Huang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Jian Pang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Luofu Wang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yong He
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Dianzheng Zhang
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Qiang Ma
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Weihua Lan
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China.
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13
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Thangavel C, Perepelyuk M, Boopathi E, Liu Y, Polischak S, Deshpande DA, Rafiq K, Dicker AP, Knudsen KE, Shoyele SA, Den RB. Improvement in Therapeutic Efficacy and Reduction in Cellular Toxicity: Introduction of a Novel Anti-PSMA-Conjugated Hybrid Antiandrogen Nanoparticle. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:1778-1790. [PMID: 29616555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b01024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Second generation antiandrogens have improved overall survival for men with metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer; however, the antiandrogens result in suppression of androgen receptor (AR) activity in all tissues resulting in dose limiting toxicity. We sought to overcome this limitation through encapsulation in a prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-conjugated nanoparticle. We designed and characterized a novel nanoparticle containing an antiandrogen, enzalutamide. Selectivity and enhanced efficacy was achieved through coating the particle with PSMA. The PSMA-conjugated nanoparticle was internalized selectively in AR expressing prostate cancer cells. It did not elicit an inflammatory effect. The efficacy of enzalutamide was not compromised through insertion into the nanoparticle; in fact, lower systemic drug concentrations of enzalutamide resulted in comparable clinical activity. Normal muscle cells were not impacted by the PSMA-conjugated containing antiandrogen. This approach represents a novel strategy to increase the specificity and effectiveness of antiandrogen treatment for men with castrate resistant prostate cancer. The ability to deliver higher drug concentrations in prostate cancer cells may translate into improved clinical end points including overall survival.
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14
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Arnaud O, Le Loarer F, Tirode F. BAFfling pathologies: Alterations of BAF complexes in cancer. Cancer Lett 2018; 419:266-279. [PMID: 29374542 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To activate or repress specific genes, chromatin is constantly modified by chromatin-remodeling complexes. Among these complexes, the SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermenting (SWI/SNF) complex, also referred to as BRG1-Associated Factor (BAF) complex, moves the nucleosome along chromatin using energy provided by ATP hydrolysis. In mammalian organisms, the SWI/SNF complex is composed of 10-15 subunits, depending on cell type, and a defect in one of these subunits can have dramatic consequences. In this review we will focus on the alterations identified in the SWI/SNF (BAF) complex subunits that lead to cancerous pathologies. While SMARCB1 was the first mutated subunit to be reported in a majority of malignant rhabdoid tumors, the advent of next-generation sequencing allowed the discovery of mutations in various SWI/SNF subunits within a broad spectrum of cancers. In most cases, the mutation leads to a loss of expression or to a truncated subunit unable to perform its function. Even though it is now commonly acknowledged that approximately 20% of all cancers present a mutation in a SWI/SNF subunit, some cancers are associated to a specific alteration of a SWI/SNF subunit, which acts either as tumor suppressor genes or as oncogenes, and therefore constitute diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers. Consistently, therapeutic strategies targeting SWI/SNF subunits or the genes affected downstream have been revealed to treat cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophelie Arnaud
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | | | - Franck Tirode
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, F-69008, Lyon, France; Department of Translational Research and Innovation, Centre Léon Bérard, F-69008, Lyon, France.
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15
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Thangavel C, Boopathi E, Liu Y, McNair C, Haber A, Perepelyuk M, Bhardwaj A, Addya S, Ertel A, Shoyele S, Birbe R, Salvino JM, Dicker AP, Knudsen KE, Den RB. Therapeutic Challenge with a CDK 4/6 Inhibitor Induces an RB-Dependent SMAC-Mediated Apoptotic Response in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:1402-1414. [PMID: 29311118 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-2074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor (RB), a key regulator of cell-cycle progression and proliferation, is functionally suppressed in up to 50% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). RB function is exquisitely controlled by a series of proteins, including the CyclinD-CDK4/6 complex. In this study, we interrogated the capacity of a CDK4/6 inhibitor, palbociclib, to activate RB function.Experimental Design and Results: We employed multiple isogenic RB-proficient and -deficient NSCLC lines to interrogate the cytostatic and cytotoxic capacity of CDK 4/6 inhibition in vitro and in vivo We demonstrate that while short-term exposure to palbociclib induces cellular senescence, prolonged exposure results in inhibition of tumor growth. Mechanistically, CDK 4/6 inhibition induces a proapoptotic transcriptional program through suppression of IAPs FOXM1 and Survivin, while simultaneously augmenting expression of SMAC and caspase-3 in an RB-dependent manner.Conclusions: This study uncovers a novel function of RB activation to induce cellular apoptosis through therapeutic administration of a palbociclib and provides a rationale for the clinical evaluation of CDK 4/6 inhibitors in the treatment of patients with NSCLC. Clin Cancer Res; 24(6); 1402-14. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chellappagounder Thangavel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Ettickan Boopathi
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher McNair
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alex Haber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maryna Perepelyuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anshul Bhardwaj
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, X-ray Crystallography and Molecular Interactions, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sankar Addya
- Cancer Genomics, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Adam Ertel
- Cancer Genomics, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sunday Shoyele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ruth Birbe
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph M Salvino
- The Wistar Cancer Center Molecular Screening, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Adam P Dicker
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Cancer Genomics, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Karen E Knudsen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Cancer Genomics, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Urology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert B Den
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. .,Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Urology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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16
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Kumari S, Senapati D, Heemers HV. Rationale for the development of alternative forms of androgen deprivation therapy. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:R275-R295. [PMID: 28566530 PMCID: PMC5886376 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
With few exceptions, the almost 30,000 prostate cancer deaths annually in the United States are due to failure of androgen deprivation therapy. Androgen deprivation therapy prevents ligand-activation of the androgen receptor. Despite initial remission after androgen deprivation therapy, prostate cancer almost invariably progresses while continuing to rely on androgen receptor action. Androgen receptor's transcriptional output, which ultimately controls prostate cancer behavior, is an alternative therapeutic target, but its molecular regulation is poorly understood. Recent insights in the molecular mechanisms by which the androgen receptor controls transcription of its target genes are uncovering gene specificity as well as context-dependency. Heterogeneity in the androgen receptor's transcriptional output is reflected both in its recruitment to diverse cognate DNA binding motifs and in its preferential interaction with associated pioneering factors, other secondary transcription factors and coregulators at those sites. This variability suggests that multiple, distinct modes of androgen receptor action that regulate diverse aspects of prostate cancer biology and contribute differentially to prostate cancer's clinical progression are active simultaneously in prostate cancer cells. Recent progress in the development of peptidomimetics and small molecules, and application of Chem-Seq approaches indicate the feasibility for selective disruption of critical protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions in transcriptional complexes. Here, we review the recent literature on the different molecular mechanisms by which the androgen receptor transcriptionally controls prostate cancer progression, and we explore the potential to translate these insights into novel, more selective forms of therapies that may bypass prostate cancer's resistance to conventional androgen deprivation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Kumari
- Department of Cancer BiologyCleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Hannelore V Heemers
- Department of Cancer BiologyCleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of UrologyCleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Hematology/Medical OncologyCleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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17
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Abstract
Advances in mammography have sparked an exponential increase in the detection of early-stage breast lesions, most commonly ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). More than 50% of DCIS lesions are benign and will remain indolent, never progressing to invasive cancers. However, the factors that promote DCIS invasion remain poorly understood. Here, we show that SMARCE1 is required for the invasive progression of DCIS and other early-stage tumors. We show that SMARCE1 drives invasion by regulating the expression of secreted proteases that degrade basement membrane, an ECM barrier surrounding all epithelial tissues. In functional studies, SMARCE1 promotes invasion of in situ cancers growing within primary human mammary tissues and is also required for metastasis in vivo. Mechanistically, SMARCE1 drives invasion by forming a SWI/SNF-independent complex with the transcription factor ILF3. In patients diagnosed with early-stage cancers, SMARCE1 expression is a strong predictor of eventual relapse and metastasis. Collectively, these findings establish SMARCE1 as a key driver of invasive progression in early-stage tumors.
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18
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The HIF/PHF8/AR axis promotes prostate cancer progression. Oncogenesis 2016; 5:e283. [PMID: 27991916 PMCID: PMC5177772 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2016.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies provide strong evidence that the androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway remains active in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In this study, we demonstrate that plant homeo domain finger protein 8 (PHF8 )interacts with and functions as an essential histone demethylase activity-dependent AR coactivator. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the expression of PHF8 is induced by hypoxia in various prostate cancer cell lines. Knockdown of either hypoxia-inducible factor HIF2α or HIF1α almost completely abolished hypoxia-induced PHF8 expression. Importantly, we observed that PHF8 is highly expressed in clinical androgen deprived prostate cancer samples and expression of PHF8 correlates with increased levels of HIF1α and HIF2α. Moreover, elevated PHF8 is associated with higher grade prostate cancers and unfavorable outcomes. Our findings support a working model in which hypoxia in castrated prostate cancer activates HIF transcription factors which then induces PHF8 expression. The elevated PHF8 in turn promotes the AR signaling pathway and prostate cancer progression. Therefore, the HIF/PHF8/AR axis could serve as a potential biomarker for CRPC and is also a promising therapeutic target in combating CRPC.
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19
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Di Zazzo E, Galasso G, Giovannelli P, Di Donato M, Di Santi A, Cernera G, Rossi V, Abbondanza C, Moncharmont B, Sinisi AA, Castoria G, Migliaccio A. Prostate cancer stem cells: the role of androgen and estrogen receptors. Oncotarget 2016; 7:193-208. [PMID: 26506594 PMCID: PMC4807992 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in men, and androgen deprivation therapy still represents the primary treatment for prostate cancer patients. This approach, however, frequently fails and patients develop castration-resistant prostate cancer, which is almost untreatable. Cancer cells are characterized by a hierarchical organization, and stem/progenitor cells are endowed with tumor-initiating activity. Accumulating evidence indicates that prostate cancer stem cells lack the androgen receptor and are, indeed, resistant to androgen deprivation therapy. In contrast, these cells express classical (α and/or β) and novel (GPR30) estrogen receptors, which may represent new putative targets in prostate cancer treatment. In the present review, we discuss the still-debated mechanisms, both genomic and non-genomic, by which androgen and estradiol receptors (classical and novel) mediate the hormonal control of prostate cell stemness, transformation, and the continued growth of prostate cancer. Recent preclinical and clinical findings obtained using new androgen receptor antagonists, anti-estrogens, or compounds such as enhancers of androgen receptor degradation and peptides inhibiting non-genomic androgen functions are also presented. These new drugs will likely lead to significant advances in prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Di Zazzo
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Galasso
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Pia Giovannelli
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Marzia Di Donato
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Di Santi
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Gustavo Cernera
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Rossi
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Ciro Abbondanza
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Agostino Sinisi
- Endocrinology Section, Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Respiratory Diseases, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Castoria
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Antimo Migliaccio
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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20
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Giaccia AJ. A New Chromatin-Cytoskeleton Link in Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 14:1173-1175. [PMID: 27528705 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The set domain containing 2 (SETD2) histone methyltransferase, located at 3p2, specifically trimethylates lysine 36 of histone H3 (H3K36me3). H3K36me3 is an active mark involved in transcriptional elongation and RNA processing and a key regulator of DNA repair. In fact, SETD2 is the only methyltransferase that "writes" the H3K36me3 mark. Recent results from Park and colleagues have found a new role for SETD2 in the methylation of K40 of α-tubulin. Loss of SETD2 abolishes methylation of K40 of α-tubulin and results in a dysfunctional mitotic spindle and abnormalities in cytokinesis. Thus, SETD2 links chromatin and cytoskeleton homeostasis through its methyltransferase activity. These studies have important implications on the role of SETD2 mutations in promoting genomic instability and tumor progression. Mol Cancer Res; 14(12); 1173-5. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amato J Giaccia
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California.
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21
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Lomelí H, Castillo-Robles J. The developmental and pathogenic roles of BAF57, a special subunit of the BAF chromatin-remodeling complex. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:1555-69. [PMID: 27149204 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian SWI/SNF or BAF chromatin-remodeling complexes are polymorphic assemblies of homologous subunit families that remodel nucleosomes. BAF57 is a subunit of the BAF complexes; it is encoded only in higher eukaryotes and is present in all mammalian assemblies. Its main structural feature is a high-mobility group domain, the DNA-binding properties of which suggest that BAF57 may play topological roles as the BAF complex enters or exits the nucleosome. BAF57 displays specific interactions with a number of proteins outside the BAF complex. Through these interactions, it can accomplish specific functions. In the embryo, BAF57 is responsible for the silencing of the CD4 gene during T-cell differentiation, and during the repression of neuronal genes in non-neuronal cells, BAF57 interacts with the transcriptional corepressor, Co-REST, and facilitates repression. Extensive work has demonstrated a specific role of BAF57 in regulating the interactions between BAF and nuclear hormone receptors. Despite its involvement in oncogenic pathways, new generation sequencing studies do not support a prominent role for BAF57 in the initiation of cancer. On the other hand, evidence has emerged to support a role for BAF57 as a metastasis factor, a prognosis marker and a therapeutic target. In humans, BAF57 is associated with disease, as mutations in this gene predispose to important congenital disorders, including menigioma disease or the Coffin-Siris syndrome. In this article, we present an exhaustive analysis of the BAF57 molecular and biochemical properties, cellular functions, loss-of-function phenotypes in living organisms and pathological manifestations in cases of human mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Lomelí
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Jorge Castillo-Robles
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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22
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Hayes L, Weening A, Morey LM. Differential Effects of Estradiol and Bisphenol A on SET8 and SIRT1 Expression in Ovarian Cancer Cells. Dose Response 2016; 14:1559325816640682. [PMID: 27114721 PMCID: PMC4831029 DOI: 10.1177/1559325816640682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to estrogenic compounds has been shown to epigenetically reprogram the female reproductive tract and may contribute to ovarian cancer. The goal of this study was to compare the effect of estradiol or bisphenol A (BPA) on the expression of histone-modifying enzymes (HMEs) in ovarian cancer cells. Using 2 human ovarian cancer cell lines, we examined the expression of SET8, a histone methyltransferase, and SIRT1, a histone deacetylase, after exposure to estrogen or BPA. These experiments were carried out in complete media (fetal bovine serum) that contain natural hormones to understand the impact of additional exposure to estrogen or BPA on HME expression. We found differential expression of the HMEs in the different models examined and between the different compounds. Further, we determined that the changes in gene expression occurred via estrogen receptor signaling using the estrogen receptor antagonist, ICI 182,780 (fulvestrant).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hayes
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, USA
| | - Allison Weening
- Vermont Department of Health Laboratory, Colchester, VT, USA
| | - Lisa M. Morey
- Department of Biology, Canisius College, Buffalo, NY, USA
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23
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Epigenomic regulation of oncogenesis by chromatin remodeling. Oncogene 2016; 35:4423-36. [PMID: 26804164 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of the intricate gene expression program represents one of major driving factors for the development, progression and maintenance of human cancer, and is often associated with acquired therapeutic resistance. At the molecular level, cancerous phenotypes are the outcome of cellular functions of critical genes, regulatory interactions of histones and chromatin remodeling complexes in response to dynamic and persistent upstream signals. A large body of genetic and biochemical evidence suggests that the chromatin remodelers integrate the extracellular and cytoplasmic signals to control gene activity. Consequently, widespread dysregulation of chromatin remodelers and the resulting inappropriate expression of regulatory genes, together, lead to oncogenesis. We summarize the recent developments and current state of the dysregulation of the chromatin remodeling components as the driving mechanism underlying the growth and progression of human tumors. Because chromatin remodelers, modifying enzymes and protein-protein interactions participate in interpreting the epigenetic code, selective chromatin remodelers and bromodomains have emerged as new frontiers for pharmacological intervention to develop future anti-cancer strategies to be used either as single-agent or in combination therapies with chemotherapeutics or radiotherapy.
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24
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Mayes K, Qiu Z, Alhazmi A, Landry JW. ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes as novel targets for cancer therapy. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 121:183-233. [PMID: 24889532 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800249-0.00005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The progression to advanced stage cancer requires changes in many characteristics of a cell. These changes are usually initiated through spontaneous mutation. As a result of these mutations, gene expression is almost invariably altered allowing the cell to acquire tumor-promoting characteristics. These abnormal gene expression patterns are in part enabled by the posttranslational modification and remodeling of nucleosomes in chromatin. These chromatin modifications are established by a functionally diverse family of enzymes including histone and DNA-modifying complexes, histone deposition pathways, and chromatin remodeling complexes. Because the modifications these enzymes deposit are essential for maintaining tumor-promoting gene expression, they have recently attracted much interest as novel therapeutic targets. One class of enzyme that has not generated much interest is the chromatin remodeling complexes. In this review, we will present evidence from the literature that these enzymes have both causal and enabling roles in the transition to advanced stage cancers; as such, they should be seriously considered as high-value therapeutic targets. Previously published strategies for discovering small molecule regulators to these complexes are described. We close with thoughts on future research, the field should perform to further develop this potentially novel class of therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Mayes
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Zhijun Qiu
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Aiman Alhazmi
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Joseph W Landry
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) remains a leading cause of cancer-related death in the USA. While localized lesions are effectively treated through radical prostatectomy and/or radiation therapy, treatment for metastatic disease leverages the addiction of these tumors on the androgen receptor (AR) signaling axis for growth and disease progression. Though initially effective, tumors resistant to AR-directed therapeutics ultimately arise (a stage of the disease known as castration-resistant prostate cancer) and are responsible for PCa-specific mortality. Importantly, an abundance of clinical and preclinical evidence strongly implicates AR signaling cascades in the development of metastatic disease in both early and late stages, and thus a concerted effort has been made to delineate the AR-specific programs that facilitate progression to metastatic PCa. A multitude of downstream AR targets as well as critical AR cofactors have been identified which impinge upon both the AR pathway as well as associated metastatic phenotypes. This review will highlight the functional significance of these pathways to disseminated disease and define the molecular underpinnings behind these unique, AR-driven, metastatic signatures.
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26
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Burton K, Shaw L, Morey LM. Differential effect of estradiol and bisphenol A on Set8 and Sirt1 expression in prostate cancer. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:817-823. [PMID: 28962417 PMCID: PMC5598099 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to estrogenic compounds has been shown to epigenetically reprogram the prostate and may contribute to prostate cancer. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of physiological doses of estradiol and bisphenol A (BPA) on the expression of histone modifying enzymes (HMEs) in prostate cancer. Using two human prostate cancer cell lines we examined the expression of Set8, a histone methyltransferase, and Sirt1, a histone deacetylase, after exposure to estrogen or BPA. These experiments were carried out in the presence of natural hormones to understand the impact of additional exposure to estrogen or BPA on HME expression. We found differential expression of the HMEs in the different models and between the different compounds. Further, we determined that the changes in gene expression occurred via estrogen receptor signaling using the ER antagonist, ICI 182,780 (fulvestrant). Interestingly we found that the combination of ICI with estrogen or BPA greatly affected the expression of Set8, even when the hormone alone had no effect. This study demonstrates that the effects of estrogen and BPA on HME expression vary and that the presence of both the estrogen receptor and androgen receptor may be important for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Burton
- Department of Biology, Canisius College, Buffalo, NY 14208, United States
| | - Lisa Shaw
- Department of Biology, Canisius College, Buffalo, NY 14208, United States
| | - Lisa M Morey
- Department of Biology, Canisius College, Buffalo, NY 14208, United States
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Kang R, Chen R, Zhang Q, Hou W, Wu S, Cao L, Huang J, Yu Y, Fan XG, Yan Z, Sun X, Wang H, Wang Q, Tsung A, Billiar TR, Zeh HJ, Lotze MT, Tang D. HMGB1 in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2014; 40:1-116. [PMID: 25010388 PMCID: PMC4254084 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 683] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Complex genetic and physiological variations as well as environmental factors that drive emergence of chromosomal instability, development of unscheduled cell death, skewed differentiation, and altered metabolism are central to the pathogenesis of human diseases and disorders. Understanding the molecular bases for these processes is important for the development of new diagnostic biomarkers, and for identifying new therapeutic targets. In 1973, a group of non-histone nuclear proteins with high electrophoretic mobility was discovered and termed high-mobility group (HMG) proteins. The HMG proteins include three superfamilies termed HMGB, HMGN, and HMGA. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), the most abundant and well-studied HMG protein, senses and coordinates the cellular stress response and plays a critical role not only inside of the cell as a DNA chaperone, chromosome guardian, autophagy sustainer, and protector from apoptotic cell death, but also outside the cell as the prototypic damage associated molecular pattern molecule (DAMP). This DAMP, in conjunction with other factors, thus has cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor activity, orchestrating the inflammatory and immune response. All of these characteristics make HMGB1 a critical molecular target in multiple human diseases including infectious diseases, ischemia, immune disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancer. Indeed, a number of emergent strategies have been used to inhibit HMGB1 expression, release, and activity in vitro and in vivo. These include antibodies, peptide inhibitors, RNAi, anti-coagulants, endogenous hormones, various chemical compounds, HMGB1-receptor and signaling pathway inhibition, artificial DNAs, physical strategies including vagus nerve stimulation and other surgical approaches. Future work further investigating the details of HMGB1 localization, structure, post-translational modification, and identification of additional partners will undoubtedly uncover additional secrets regarding HMGB1's multiple functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
| | - Ruochan Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Qiuhong Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Wen Hou
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Sha Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Lizhi Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xue-Gong Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Zhengwen Yan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA; Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Xiaofang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Experimental Department of Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510510, China
| | - Haichao Wang
- Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Qingde Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Allan Tsung
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Herbert J Zeh
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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Ziaee S, Chung LWK. Induction of integrin α2 in a highly bone metastatic human prostate cancer cell line: roles of RANKL and AR under three-dimensional suspension culture. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:208. [PMID: 25200184 PMCID: PMC4171564 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer (PCa) bone metastasis can be markedly enhanced by increased receptor activator of NF kappa-B ligand (RANKL) expression in PCa cells. Molecular mechanisms that account for the increased predilection of PCa for bone include increased bone turnover, promotion of PCa cell growth and survival in the bone environment, and recruitment of bystander dormant cells to participate in bone metastasis. The current study tests the hypothesis that PCa cells acquire high adhesion to bone matrix proteins, which controls PCa bone colonization, under the RANKL/RANK and AR axes. Methods We used a highly bone metastatic RANKL-overexpressing LNCaP PCa cell line, LNCaPRANKL, as a model to pursue the molecular mechanisms underlying the increased adhesion of PCa cells to collagens. A three-dimensional (3-D) suspension PCa organoid model was developed. The functions of integrin α2 in cell adhesion and survival were evaluated by flow cytometry and western blot. AR expression and functionality were compared in 2-D monolayer versus 3-D suspension cultures using AR promoter- and PSA promoter-luciferase activity. AR role in cell adhesion was assessed using an adhesion assay. Results LNCaPRANKL cells were shown to adhere tightly to ColI matrix through increased α2 integrin expression. This increased adhesion, concomitant with activation of the FAK and Akt pathways, was further enhanced by culturing LNCaPRANKL cells in 3-D suspension. Under the influence of 3-D suspension culture, AR was restored in LNCaPRANKL cells via downregulation of AP-4 transcription factor, and supported increased α2 integrin expression and adhesion to ColI. Conclusion 3-D suspension culture and in vivo PCa tumor growth restore AR through downregulation of AP-4, enhancing integrin α2 expression and adhesion to ColI which is rich in bone matrices. The interactions of PCa with ColI, mediated by integrin α2 and AR expression, could be a key molecular event accounting for PCa bone metastasis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1476-4598-13-208) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leland W K Chung
- Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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Abstract
Genes encoding subunits of the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex constitute, collectively, one of the most frequently mutated targets in cancer. Although mutations in SWI/SNF genes are uncommon in prostate cancer, a new study shows that SChLAP1, a long noncoding RNA frequently expressed in aggressive prostate tumors, drives cancer by directly disrupting SNF5, a core subunit of the SWI/SNF complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Lee
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, the Division of Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and the Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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