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Kimura TDC, Scarini JF, Lavareze L, Kowalski LP, Coutinho-Camillo CM, Krepischi ACV, Egal ESA, Altemani A, Mariano FV. MicroRNA copy number alterations in the malignant transformation of pleomorphic adenoma to carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma. Head Neck 2024; 46:985-1000. [PMID: 38482546 DOI: 10.1002/hed.27717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study used array comparative genomic hybridization to assess copy number alterations (CNAs) involving miRNA genes in pleomorphic adenoma (PA), recurrent pleomorphic adenoma (RPA), residual PA, and carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA). MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed 13 PA, 4 RPA, 29 CXPA, and 14 residual PA using Nexus Copy Number Discovery software. The miRNAs genes affected by CNAs were evaluated based on their expression patterns and subjected to pathway enrichment analysis. RESULTS Across the groups, we found 216 CNAs affecting 2261 miRNA genes, with 117 in PA, 59 in RPA, 846 in residual PA, and 2555 in CXPA. The chromosome 8 showed higher involvement in altered miRNAs in PAs and CXPA patients. Six miRNA genes were shared among all groups. Additionally, miR-21, miR-455-3p, miR-140, miR-320a, miR-383, miR-598, and miR-486 were prominent CNAs found and is implicated in carcinogenesis of several malignant tumors. These miRNAs regulate critical signaling pathways such as aerobic glycolysis, fatty acid biosynthesis, and cancer-related pathways. CONCLUSION This study was the first to explore CNAs in miRNA-encoding genes in the PA-CXPA sequence. The findings suggest the involvement of numerous miRNA genes in CXPA development and progression by regulating oncogenic signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita de Carvalho Kimura
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Figueira Scarini
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luccas Lavareze
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Paulo Kowalski
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Otorhinolaryngology, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Erika Said Abu Egal
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Biorepository and Molecular Pathology, University of Utah (UU), Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Albina Altemani
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Viviane Mariano
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Yao L, Feng M, Li XT, Gan WJ, Xu XT, Zhou YX. Clinical study of salivary gland malignant tumor with skull base metastasis. Br J Neurosurg 2024; 38:411-417. [PMID: 33641541 DOI: 10.1080/02688697.2021.1885616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the clinical performance, pathological characteristics, treatment and prognosis of salivary gland malignant tumor (SGMT) with skull base metastasis. METHODS Five SGMT patients with skull base metastasis were retrospectively studied. Major clinical symptoms included headache, facial paralysis, and ear hearing loss. Three patients had previous history of SGMT resection. All patients underwent preoperative computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Craniotomy was performed in three patients, and all the five patients underwent radiotherapy and chemotherapy. RESULTS Two patients were confirmed as having adenocarcinoma, one patient was pathologically confirmed to have squamous cell carcinoma, one patient had ductal carcinoma, and one patient had acinar cell carcinoma. One patient died after 2 years of treatment, and the remaining 4 patients were followed up for 6 ∼ 24 months, suggesting that the tumor size was not enlarged or showed no local recurrence. CONCLUSION SGMT with skull base metastasis is extremely rare, and due to similar imaging characteristics, it can be easily misdiagnosed as meningioma or schwannoma. Early diagnosis, extent of invasion, surgery and combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the prognostic factors of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital Affiliated to SooChow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Ming Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital Affiliated to SooChow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xue-Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital Affiliated to SooChow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Juan Gan
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital Affiliated to SooChow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Xu
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Hospital Affiliated to SooChow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - You-Xin Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brian and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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3
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El-Husseiny AA, Abdelmaksoud NM, Mageed SSA, Salman A, Zaki MB, El-Mahdy HA, Ismail A, Abd-Elmawla MA, El-Husseiny HM, Abulsoud AI, Elshaer SS, Elsakka EGE, Fathi D, El-Dakroury WA, Doghish AS. miRNAs orchestration of salivary gland cancer- Particular emphasis on diagnosis, progression, and drug resistance. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 248:154590. [PMID: 37295259 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer of the salivary glands is one of the five major types of head and neck cancer. Due to radioresistance and a strong propensity for metastasis, the survival rate for nonresectable malignant tumors is dismal. Hence, more research is needed on salivary cancer's pathophysiology, particularly at the molecular level. The microRNAs (miRNAs) are a type of noncoding RNA that controls as many as 30% of all genes that code for proteins at the posttranscriptional level. Signature miRNA expression profiles have been established in several cancer types, suggesting a role for miRNAs in the incidence and progression of human malignancies. Salivary cancer tissues were shown to have significantly aberrant levels of miRNAs compared to normal salivary gland tissues, supporting the hypothesis that miRNAs play a crucial role in the carcinogenesis of salivary gland cancer (SGC). Besides, several SGC research articles reported potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the miRNA-based treatment of this malignancy. In this review, we will explore the regulatory impact of miRNAs on the processes underlying the molecular pathology of SGC and provide an up-to-date summary of the literature on miRNAs that impacted this malignancy. We will eventually share information about their possible use as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic biomarkers in SGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A El-Husseiny
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City 11829, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nourhan M Abdelmaksoud
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
| | - Sherif S Abdel Mageed
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Aya Salman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City 11829, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Bakr Zaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Menoufia 32897, Egypt
| | - Hesham A El-Mahdy
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ismail
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mai A Abd-Elmawla
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hussein M El-Husseiny
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh, Elqaliobiya, 13736, Egypt; Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai Cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Ahmed I Abulsoud
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt.
| | - Shereen Saeid Elshaer
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr city, Cairo 11823, Egypt
| | - Elsayed G E Elsakka
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Doaa Fathi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
| | - Walaa A El-Dakroury
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Doghish
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt; Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt.
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4
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Abulsoud AI, Elshaer SS, El-Husseiny AA, Fathi D, Abdelmaksoud NM, Abdel Mageed SS, Salman A, Zaki MB, El-Mahdy HA, Ismail A, Elsakka EGE, Abd-Elmawla MA, El-Husseiny HM, Ibrahim WS, Doghish AS. The potential role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of salivary gland cancer - A Focus on signaling pathways interplay. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 247:154584. [PMID: 37267724 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Salivary gland cancer (SGC) is immensely heterogeneous, both in terms of its physical manifestation and its aggressiveness. Developing a novel diagnostic and prognostic detection method based on the noninvasive profiling of microribonucleic acids (miRs) could be a goal for the clinical management of these specific malignancies, sparing the patients' valuable time. miRs are promising candidates as prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets or factors that can advance the therapy of SGC due to their ability to posttranscriptionally regulate the expression of various genes involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, cell cycle, apoptosis, invasion, and angiogenesis. Depending on their biological function, many miRs may contribute to the development of SGC. Therefore, this article serves as an accelerated study guide for SGC and the biogenesis of miRs. Here, we shall list the miRs whose function in SGC pathogenesis has recently been determined with an emphasis on their potential applications as therapeutic targets. We will also offer a synopsis of the current state of knowledge about oncogenic and tumor suppressor miRs in relation to SGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed I Abulsoud
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
| | - Shereen Saeid Elshaer
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr city, Cairo 11823, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A El-Husseiny
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City 11829, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Doaa Fathi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
| | - Nourhan M Abdelmaksoud
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
| | - Sherif S Abdel Mageed
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Aya Salman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City 11829, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Bakr Zaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Menoufia 32897, Egypt
| | - Hesham A El-Mahdy
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Ismail
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Elsayed G E Elsakka
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mai A Abd-Elmawla
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hussein M El-Husseiny
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai Cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh, Elqaliobiya 13736, Egypt
| | - Wael S Ibrahim
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Doghish
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt; Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt.
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Zamarian V, Stefanello D, Ferrari R, Chiti LE, Grieco V, DallaCosta E, Ceciliani F, Lecchi C. Salivary miR-21 is a potential biomarker for canine mast cell tumors. Vet Pathol 2023; 60:47-51. [PMID: 36286075 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221128922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of noncoding RNA molecules playing a crucial role in tumor modulation targeting mRNA. This study aimed to validate the diagnostic potential of a panel of 3 miRNAs previously identified in canine mast cell tumors (MCTs), miR-21, miR-379, and miR-885, as markers of lymph node involvement in terms of histological absence (nonmetastatic: HN0; premetastatic: HN1) and presence (early-metastatic: HN2; overt-metastatic: HN3) of metastasis, in the saliva of mast cell tumor (MCT)-affected dogs by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Forty-seven saliva samples were analyzed: 36 from MCT-affected dogs (12 subcutaneous [3 HN0-1 and 9 HN2-3] and 24 cutaneous [9 HN0-1 and 15 HN2-3-MCT]) and 11 from healthy dogs. MCT-group effects were investigated using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The origin of the tumor affected the expression of salivary miR-21 (P = .011) with an increase in cases with subcutaneous MCTs compared with the healthy group (P = .0005) and those with cutaneous MCTs (P = .004). Salivary miR-21 was higher in the HN2-3 class compared with the healthy group (P = .004). Salivary miR-885 was not affected by the presence of MCT, while miR-379 was not detected in saliva. The diagnostic potential of salivary miR-21 in discriminating MCT-affected dogs from the healthy group (AUC = 0.8917), cutaneous from subcutaneous (AUC = 0.8111), and subcutaneous HN0-1 (AUC = 0.7250) and HN2-3 (AUC = 0.9750) classes from healthy samples was demonstrated by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Overall, salivary miR-21 was identified as a promising tool, representing a novel approach to detecting MCT-associated epigenetic alterations in a minimally invasive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Zamarian
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy.,IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milano, Italy
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MicroRNAs’ Crucial Role in Salivary Gland Cancers’ Onset and Prognosis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14215304. [PMID: 36358723 PMCID: PMC9657964 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Salivary gland cancers are incredibly heterogeneous, both in the physical onset and in the aggressiveness. Setting up a novel diagnostic and prognostic detection method based on the noninvasive microRNAs’ profiling might represent a goal for the clinical management of those particular malignancies, saving precious time for the patients. Abstract Salivary gland cancer (SGC) is an uncommon and heterogeneous disease that accounts for around 8.5% of all head and neck cancers. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) consist of a class of highly conserved, short, single-stranded segments (18–25 nucleotides) of noncoding RNA that represent key gene-transcription regulators in physiological and pathological human conditions. However, their role in SGC development and progression is not completely clear. This review aims to compile and summarize the recent findings on the topic, focusing on the prognostic and diagnostic value of the major modulated and validated microRNAs in SGC. Their differential expression could possibly aid the clinician in delivering an early diagnosis, therapeutic strategy and precision medicine.
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Kim H, Eun S, Jeong WJ, Ahn SH, Bae YJ, Lee JS, Kim H. Identification of differentially expressed microRNAs as potential biomarkers for carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13383. [PMID: 35927424 PMCID: PMC9352753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17740-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA) is a rare malignancy that transforms from PA. Early detection of the carcinoma by biopsy is difficult due to similar histopathology of the malignant and benign components. To address this, we investigated and compared the characteristic miRNA expression patterns across samples of the PA, carcinomatous portions (CA) of CXPA, as well as conventional PA. We selected 13 CXPA and 16 conventional PA FFPE samples, separated the PA and CA portions of CXPA samples and conducted miRNA profiling for each group. Among 13 transcripts that were differentially expressed between PA and CA of CXPA, eight miRNAs were up-regulated and five down-regulated in CA. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the up-regulated miRNAs were related to cancer progression and down-regulated ones to tumor suppression. Additionally, seven miRNAs were significantly up-regulated in PA of CXPA compared to conventional PA, although they are histopathologically similar. Almost all of these transcripts interacted with TP53, a well-known tumor suppressor. In conclusion, we identified differentially expressed miRNAs in PA and CA of CXPA, which were closely associated with TP53 and various cancer-related pathways. We also identified differentially expressed miRNAs in the PA of CXPA and conventional PA which may serve as potential biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojin Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Eun
- Department of Pathology, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Jin Jeong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Hyun Ahn
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Jung Bae
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Seob Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejin Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang S, Wang B, Zheng L, Fu Z, Fu Y, Huang W, Cheng A. Advances in research on microRNAs related to the invasion and metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 15:463-474. [PMID: 34126919 DOI: 10.2174/1874467214666210614150720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), which is associated with latent Epstein-Barr virus infection in most cases, is a unique epithelial malignancy arising from the nasopharyngeal mucosal lining. Accumulating evidence provides insights into the genetic and molecular aberrations that likely drive nasopharyngeal tumor development and progression. We review recent analyses of microRNAs (miRNAs), including Epstein-Barr virus-encoded miRNAs (EBV-encoded miRNAs) and dysregulated cellular miRNAs, that may be related to the metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The studies summarized herein have greatly expanded our knowledge of the molecular biology of NPC involving miRNAs, and they may provide new biological targets for clinical diagnosis and reveal the potential of microRNA therapeutics. However, much information remains to be uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShanShan Zhang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - BaiQi Wang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - LuLu Zheng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - ZhuQiong Fu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - YiTing Fu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - WeiGuo Huang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - AiLan Cheng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
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Dos Santos ES, Normando AGC, Scarini JF, Crescencio LR, de Lima-Souza RA, Mariano FV, Leme AFP. Diagnostic and prognostic value of miRNAs on salivary gland tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Maxillofac Surg 2021; 25:445-456. [PMID: 33666770 DOI: 10.1007/s10006-021-00952-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Different levels of miRNA expression have been described in salivary gland tumors as a potential diagnostic marker and predictor of survival. We systematically reviewed the literature to assess the diagnostic and prognostic value of miRNAs on salivary gland tumors. METHODS An electronic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases. In the meta-analysis, we assumed random-effects model with adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). For prognostic studies, the risk of bias was assessed by Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument (MAStARI) and Quality Assessment Tool for Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2) was utilized for diagnostic studies. RESULTS Gathered data from 1.131 patients in seven studies demonstrated that different levels of miRNA expression presented diagnostic and prognostic in SGTs. The meta-analysis showed that altered miRNA expression were associated with shortened survival (HR, 2.35, 95% CI, 1.77-3.10, P < .00001). For diagnostic meta-analysis, the overall pooled results for specificity and sensibility were 0.87-0.97 (95% CI, 0.72-1) and 0.68-0.91 (95% CI, 0.51-0.96), respectively. CONCLUSION MicroRNAs may be useful in prognostication of patients with SGTs; however, the diagnostic value of miRNAs in SGTs is still limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erison Santana Dos Santos
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ana Gabriela Costa Normando
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Figueira Scarini
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lívia Ramalho Crescencio
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda Viviane Mariano
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Franco Paes Leme
- Brazilian Bioscience National Laboratory, The Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campina, São Paulo, Brazil
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Pan H, Sun L, Wang W, Qin Z, Tang L, Gu X, Zhang J, He B. Serum long non-coding RNA LOC553103 as non-specific diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for common types of human cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 508:69-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Rosato AJ, Chen X, Tanaka Y, Farrer LA, Kranzler HR, Nunez YZ, Henderson DC, Gelernter J, Zhang H. Salivary microRNAs identified by small RNA sequencing and machine learning as potential biomarkers of alcohol dependence. Epigenomics 2019; 11:739-749. [PMID: 31140863 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2018-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Salivary miRNA can be easily accessible biomarkers of alcohol dependence (AD). Materials & methods: The miRNA transcriptome in the saliva of 56 African-Americans (AAs; 28 AD patients/28 controls) and 64 European-Americans (EAs; 32 AD patients/32 controls) was profiled using small RNA sequencing. Differentially expressed miRNAs were identified. Salivary miRNAs were used to predict the AD presence using machine learning with Random Forests. Results: Seven miRNAs were differentially expressed in AA AD patients, and five miRNAs were differentially expressed in EA AD patients. The AD prediction accuracy based on top five miRNAs (ranked by Gini index) was 79.1 and 72.2% in AAs and EAs, respectively. Conclusion: This study provided the first evidence that salivary miRNAs are AD biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Rosato
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Xiaochun Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Yoshiaki Tanaka
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Lindsay A Farrer
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.,Department of Epidemiology & Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Henry R Kranzler
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania & VISN4 MIRECC, Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yaira Z Nunez
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - David C Henderson
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.,Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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12
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Deng Y, Zhu Y, Wang H, Khadka VS, Hu L, Ai J, Dou Y, Li Y, Dai S, Mason CE, Wang Y, Jia W, Zhang J, Huang G, Jiang B. Ratio-Based Method To Identify True Biomarkers by Normalizing Circulating ncRNA Sequencing and Quantitative PCR Data. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6746-6753. [PMID: 31002238 PMCID: PMC6884007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that circulating noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) such as miRNAs are stable biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of human diseases. However, due to low concentrations of circulating ncRNAs in blood, data normalization in plasma/serum ncRNA experiments using next-generation sequencing and quantitative real time RT-qPCR is a challenge. We found that the current normalization methods based on synthetic external spiked-in controls or published endogenous miRNA controls are inappropriate as they are not stably expressed and therefore fail to reliably detect differentially expressed ncRNAs. Using the alternative of individual ncRNAs as biomarkers, we considered a ratio-based normalization method calculated taking the ratio of any two ncRNAs in the same sample and used the resulting ratios as biomarkers. We mathematically verified the method to be independent of spiked-in and internal controls, and more robust than existing reference control based normalization methods to identify differentially expressed ncRNAs as potential biomarkers for human diseases. Thus, the ratio-based method can solve the difficult normalization problem for circuiting ncRNA data to identify reliable biomarkers to meet real clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youping Deng
- Bioinformatics Core, Department of Complementary & Integrative Medicine, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, United States
| | - Yong Zhu
- National Center of Colorectal Disease, Nanjing Municipal Hospital of Chinese Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210001, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Vedbar S. Khadka
- Bioinformatics Core, Department of Complementary & Integrative Medicine, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, United States
| | - Ling Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430064, P. R. China
| | - Junmei Ai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Yuhong Dou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Shajing Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Shenzhen 518104, P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Shengming Dai
- Bioinformatics Core, Department of Complementary & Integrative Medicine, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, United States
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545005, P. R. China
| | - Christopher E. Mason
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Yunliang Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, P. R. China
| | - Wei Jia
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, United States
| | - Jicai Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shiyan Taihe Hospital, College of Biomedical Engineering, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P. R. China
| | - Gang Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, P. R. China
| | - Bin Jiang
- National Center of Colorectal Disease, Nanjing Municipal Hospital of Chinese Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210001, P. R. China
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13
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Salivary Exosomes as Nanocarriers for Cancer Biomarker Delivery. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12040654. [PMID: 30795593 PMCID: PMC6416587 DOI: 10.3390/ma12040654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human saliva is an ideal body fluid for developing non-invasive diagnostics. Saliva contains naturally-occurring nanoparticles with unique structural and biochemical characteristics. The salivary exosome, a nanoscale extracellular vesicle, has been identified as a highly informative nanovesicle with clinically-relevant information. Salivary exosomes have brought forth a pathway and mechanism by which cancer-derived biomarkers can be shuttled through the systemic circulation into the oral cavity. Despite such clinical potential, routine and reliable analyses of exosomes remain challenging due to their small sizes. Characterization of individual exosome nanostructures provides critical data for understanding their pathophysiological condition and diagnostic potential. In this review, we summarize a current array of discovered salivary biomarkers and nanostructural properties of salivary exosomes associated with specific cancers. In addition, we describe a novel electrochemical sensing technology, EFIRM (electric field-induced release and measurement), that advances saliva liquid biopsy, covering the current landscape of point-of-care saliva testing.
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14
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A microRNA signature for the differential diagnosis of salivary gland tumors. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210968. [PMID: 30682201 PMCID: PMC6347363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland tumors (SGTs) are rare tumors of the head and neck with different clinical behavior. Preoperative diagnosis, based on instrumental and cytologic examinations, is crucial for their correct management. The identification of molecular markers might improve the accuracy of pre-surgical diagnosis helping to plan the proper treatment especially when a definitive diagnosis based only on cytomorphology cannot be achieved. miRNAs appear to be new promising biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer. Studies concerning the useful of miRNA expression in clinical decision-making regarding SGTs remain limited and controversial.The expression of a panel of 798 miRNAs was investigated using Nanostring technology in 14 patients with malignant SGTs (6 mucoepidermoid carcinomas, 4 adenoid cystic carcinomas, 1 acinic cell carcinoma, 1 ductal carcinoma, 1 cystadenocarcinoma and 1 adenocarcinoma) and in 10 patients with benign SGTs (pleomorphic adenomas). The DNA Intelligent Analysis (DIANA)-miRPath v3.0 software was used to determinate the miRNA regulatory roles and to identify the controlled significant Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) molecular pathways. Forty six miRNAs were differentially expressed (False Discovery Rate—FDR<0.05) between malignant and benign SGTs. DIANA miRPath software revealed enriched pathways involved in cancer processes as well as tumorigenesis, cell proliferation, cell growth and survival, tumor suppressor expression, angiogenesis and tumor progression. Interestingly, clustering analysis showed that this signature of 46 miRNAs is able to differentiate the two analyzed groups. We found a correlation between histological diagnosis (benign or malignant) and miRNA expression profile.The molecular signature identified in this study might become an important preoperative diagnostic tool.
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15
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Andreasen S. Molecular features of adenoid cystic carcinoma with an emphasis on microRNA expression. APMIS 2018; 126 Suppl 140:7-57. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Andreasen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery; Zealand University Hospital; Køge Denmark
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16
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Human plasma and serum extracellular small RNA reference profiles and their clinical utility. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E5334-E5343. [PMID: 29777089 PMCID: PMC6003356 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1714397115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acids mediate storage and expression of genetic information. Extracellular DNA (exDNA) and exRNA are traces of nucleic acids released from cells into the extracellular environment. Their use as disease biomarkers has been limited by technical challenges in their isolation caused by abundant RNA- and DNA-degrading enzymes in biofluids. Using isolation protocols developed especially for biofluids, we generated plasma and serum exRNA reference profiles from 13 healthy volunteers over time and determined the effect of critical clinical parameters such as gender and fasting. Surprisingly, we encountered one participant with dramatically increased endocrine-origin exRNA contributions stable over 1 year and detectable in all of his samples, thereby demonstrating the robustness of this approach and the clinical potential of circulating RNAs as biomarkers. Circulating extracellular RNAs (exRNAs) have the potential to serve as biomarkers for a wide range of medical conditions. However, limitations in existing exRNA isolation methods and a lack of knowledge on parameters affecting exRNA variability in human samples may hinder their successful discovery and clinical implementation. Using combinations of denaturants, reducing agents, proteolysis, and revised organic extraction, we developed an automated, high-throughput approach for recovery of exRNAs and exDNA from the same biofluid sample. We applied this method to characterize exRNAs from 312 plasma and serum samples collected from 13 healthy volunteers at 12 time points over a 2-month period. Small RNA cDNA library sequencing identified nearly twofold increased epithelial-, muscle-, and neuroendocrine-cell–specific miRNAs in females, while fasting and hormonal cycle showed little effect. External standardization helped to detect quantitative differences in erythrocyte and platelet-specific miRNA contributions and in miRNA concentrations between biofluids. It also helped to identify a study participant with a unique exRNA phenotype featuring a miRNA signature of up to 20-fold elevated endocrine-cell–specific miRNAs and twofold elevated total miRNA concentrations stable for over 1 year. Collectively, these results demonstrate an efficient and quantitative method to discern exRNA phenotypes and suggest that plasma and serum RNA profiles are stable over months and can be routinely monitored in long-term clinical studies.
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17
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Rapado-González Ó, Majem B, Muinelo-Romay L, Álvarez-Castro A, Santamaría A, Gil-Moreno A, López-López R, Suárez-Cunqueiro MM. Human salivary microRNAs in Cancer. J Cancer 2018; 9:638-649. [PMID: 29556321 PMCID: PMC5858485 DOI: 10.7150/jca.21180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as excellent candidates for cancer biomarkers. Several recent studies have highlighted the potential use of saliva for the identification of miRNAs as novel biomarkers, which represents a great opportunity to improve diagnosis and monitor general health and disease. This review summarises the mechanisms of miRNAs deregulation in cancer, the value of targeting them with a therapeutic intention and the evidence of the potential clinical use of miRNAs expressed in saliva for the detection of different cancer types. We also provide a comprehensive review of the different methods for normalising the levels of specific miRNAs present in saliva, as this is a critical step in their analysis, and the challenge to validate salivary miRNAs as a reality to manage cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Rapado-González
- Department of Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, Medicine and Dentistry School, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS); Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Liquid Biopsy Analysis Unit, Translational Medical Oncology, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), CIBERONC, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Blanca Majem
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Lab, Biomedical Research Group in Gynecology, Vall Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Muinelo-Romay
- Liquid Biopsy Analysis Unit, Translational Medical Oncology, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), CIBERONC, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Álvarez-Castro
- Medical Digestive Service, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS); Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Anna Santamaría
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Lab, Biomedical Research Group in Gynecology, Vall Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Gil-Moreno
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Lab, Biomedical Research Group in Gynecology, Vall Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Gynecology Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael López-López
- Liquid Biopsy Analysis Unit, Translational Medical Oncology, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), CIBERONC, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Mercedes Suárez-Cunqueiro
- Department of Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, Medicine and Dentistry School, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS); Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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18
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Heinzelman P. Magnetic Particle-Based Immunoprecipitation of Nanoscale Extracellular Vesicles from Biofluids. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1740:85-107. [PMID: 29388138 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7652-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of nanoscale extracellular vesicles (nsEVs) present in blood, cell culture media, and other biofluids has shown tremendous promise in enabling the development of noninvasive blood-based clinical diagnostic tests, predicting and monitoring the efficacy of treatment programs, and providing molecular level insights into pathology that can enlighten new drug targets in the contexts of health conditions such as cancer and Alzheimer's Disease (AD). In this chapter, we present methods for using magnetic particle-based immunoprecipitation to enrich highly purified populations of nsEVs directly from plasma, serum, and other biofluids. These methods enable downstream analysis of nsEV protein and nucleic acid constituents in the contexts of both global omics profiling and quantification of individual protein or nucleic acid species of interest. Additionally, these methods allow the researcher to either enrich total nsEV populations or enrich nsEVs derived from a particular tissue type from the overall nsEV population. The methods described here are compatible with parallel processing of dozens of biofluid samples and can be valuable tools for enabling nsEV analyses that have high translational relevance in the development of both novel therapeutics and noninvasive diagnostic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pete Heinzelman
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic-Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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19
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Helmerhorst EJ, Dawes C, Oppenheim FG. The complexity of oral physiology and its impact on salivary diagnostics. Oral Dis 2017; 24:363-371. [PMID: 28922514 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Saliva contains biomarkers for systemic as well as oral diseases. This study was undertaken to assess the variability in the sources of such biomarkers (plasma, cells) and attempted to identify saliva deterioration markers in order to improve saliva diagnostic outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Inter- and intrasubject variations in salivary gingival crevicular fluid levels were determined by measuring salivary albumin and transferrin levels. The purity of collected glandular secretions was determined by bacterial culture, and the variability in epithelial cell numbers by cell counting and optical density measurement. Saliva sample deterioration markers were identified by RP-HPLC and LC-ESI-MS/MS. RESULTS Tenfold variations were observed in plasma-derived albumin and transferrin levels, emphasizing the need for biomarker normalization with respect to plasma contributions to saliva. Epithelial cell levels varied 50-fold in samples collected before and after a meal. Salivary fungal levels varied within subjects and among subjects from 0 to >1,000 colony-forming units per milliliter. In saliva samples incubated for various time intervals at 37°C, five peptides were identified that steadily increased in intensity over time and which could be explored as "deterioration markers." CONCLUSION Taking saliva characteristics appropriately into account will help realize the promise that this body fluid is suitable to be exploited for reliable healthcare monitoring and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Helmerhorst
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Dawes
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - F G Oppenheim
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Periodontology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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20
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Menke JM, Ahsan MS, Khoo SP. More Accurate Oral Cancer Screening with Fewer Salivary Biomarkers. BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2017; 9:1179299X17732007. [PMID: 29085239 PMCID: PMC5648090 DOI: 10.1177/1179299x17732007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Signal detection and Bayesian inferential tools were applied to salivary biomarkers to improve screening accuracy and efficiency in detecting oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Potential cancer biomarkers are identified by significant differences in assay concentrations, receiver operating characteristic areas under the curve (AUCs), sensitivity, and specificity. However, the end goal is to report to individual patients their risk of having disease given positive or negative test results. Likelihood ratios (LRs) and Bayes factors (BFs) estimate evidential support and compile biomarker information to optimize screening accuracy. In total, 26 of 77 biomarkers were mentioned as having been tested at least twice in 137 studies and published in 16 summary papers through 2014. Studies represented 10 212 OSCC and 25 645 healthy patients. The measure of biomarker and panel information value was number of biomarkers needed to approximate 100% positive predictive value (PPV). As few as 5 biomarkers could achieve nearly 100% PPV for a disease prevalence of 0.2% when biomarkers were ordered from highest to lowest LR. When sequentially interpreting biomarker tests, high specificity was more important than test sensitivity in achieving rapid convergence toward a high PPV. Biomarkers ranked from highest to lowest LR were more informative and easier to interpret than AUC or Youden index. The proposed method should be applied to more recently published biomarker data to test its screening value.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Shahidul Ahsan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Suan Phaik Khoo
- Department of Oral Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, School of Dentistry, International Medical University (IMU), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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21
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Saliva-Exosomics in Cancer: Molecular Characterization of Cancer-Derived Exosomes in Saliva. Enzymes 2017; 42:125-151. [PMID: 29054268 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin that are secreted by most cells and detected in saliva. Pathophysiological roles for salivary exosomes are beginning to be recognized in diseases including cancer, highlighting potential biomarkers and biological functions. Since early detection of cancer is vital for successful treatment, salivary exosomes would be advantageous in achieving a better survival rate due to their ready availability and noninvasiveness. The use of salivary exosomes may therefore be promising in the accurate detection of premalignant lesions and early-stage cancers, also for better our understanding of the molecular basis of tumorigenesis. In this chapter, we review our current knowledge of salivaomics, focusing on nucleic acids and proteins in saliva as potential cancer biomarkers. Since salivaomics is a rapidly evolving field, we hope to expand frameworks toward salivary exosomes, integrate new and existing information, and bridge salivaomics with other biomedical researches. Furthermore, we would like to coin the term "saliva-exosomics" as the next-generation salivaomics. Our goal in this chapter is to provide the most updated information on cancer-derived exosomes in the saliva as natural carriers of biomarkers and signaling molecules. Major advances include definitive structure analysis and molecular characterization of salivary exosomes. We also highlight the exosome biogenesis and cargo trafficking mechanisms in which recent animal studies have expanded our understanding of exosome-mediated transfer of cancer-derived products from distal tumor to salivary gland. The potential roles of the salivary exosomes in cancer progression and immune surveillance are also addressed.
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22
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Greither T, Vorwerk F, Kappler M, Bache M, Taubert H, Kuhnt T, Hey J, Eckert AW. Salivary miR-93 and miR-200a as post-radiotherapy biomarkers in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:1268-1275. [PMID: 28677748 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is the 6th most malignant tumor entity worldwide and has exhibited a 5-year mortality of approximately 50% for the last fifty years. For the therapy monitoring and successful management of this tumor entity new and easily accessible biomarkers are greatly needed. The aim of the study was to determine whether and to what extent microRNAs, a class of small regulatory RNAs, are detectable in saliva post-radiation therapy. The expression and feasibility as therapy monitoring marker of the microRNAs were analyzed by RT-qPCR in 83 saliva samples from 33 patients collected at several time points pre-, during and post-radiotherapy treatment. Ten head and neck squamous cell carcinoma- or radiation-associated microRNAs (miR-93, miR-125a, miR-142-3p, miR-200a, miR-203, miR-213, let-7a, let-7b, let-7g and let-7i) were analyzed. All were detectable to a different extent in the saliva of the patients. miR-93 and miR-200a were significantly higher expressed 12 months post-radiotherapy than at baseline (p=0.047 and p=0.036). These results point towards miR-93 and miR-200a as biomarkers for the treatment monitoring post-radiation of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Greither
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Freya Vorwerk
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University School of Dental Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kappler
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Matthias Bache
- Department of Radiotherapy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Helge Taubert
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Kuhnt
- Department of Imaging and Radiation Medicine, University Clinic of Radiotherapy Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jeremias Hey
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University School of Dental Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Alexander W Eckert
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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23
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Kulkarni V, Uttamani JR, Naqvi AR, Nares S. microRNAs: Emerging players in oral cancers and inflammatory disorders. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317698379. [PMID: 28459366 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317698379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Association of oral diseases and disorders with altered microRNA profiles is firmly recognized. These evidences support the potential use of microRNAs as therapeutic tools for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of various diseases. In this review, we highlight the association of altered microRNA signatures in oral cancers and oral inflammatory diseases. Advances in our ability to detect microRNAs in human sera and saliva further highlight their clinical value as potential biomarkers. We have discussed key mechanisms underlying microRNA dysregulation in pathological conditions. The use of microRNAs in diagnostics and their potential therapeutic value in the treatment of oral diseases are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Kulkarni
- 1 Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Juhi Raju Uttamani
- 1 Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Afsar Raza Naqvi
- 1 Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Salvador Nares
- 1 Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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24
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Zhang Y, Sun J, Lin CC, Abemayor E, Wang MB, Wong DTW. The emerging landscape of salivary diagnostics. Periodontol 2000 2017; 70:38-52. [PMID: 26662481 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Saliva contains a variety of biomolecules, including DNA, coding and noncoding RNA, proteins, metabolites and microbiota. The changes in the salivary levels of these molecular constituents can be used to develop markers for disease detection and risk assessment. Use of saliva as an early-detection tool is a promising approach because collection of saliva is easy and noninvasive. Here, we review recent developments in salivary diagnostics, accomplished using salivaomics approaches, including genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic and microbiomic technologies. Additionally, we illustrate the mechanisms of how diseases distal from the oral cavity can lead to the appearance of discriminatory biomarkers in saliva, and discuss the relevance of these markers for translational and clinical applications.
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25
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Xi X, Li T, Huang Y, Sun J, Zhu Y, Yang Y, Lu ZJ. RNA Biomarkers: Frontier of Precision Medicine for Cancer. Noncoding RNA 2017; 3:ncrna3010009. [PMID: 29657281 PMCID: PMC5832009 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna3010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As an essential part of central dogma, RNA delivers genetic and regulatory information and reflects cellular states. Based on high-throughput sequencing technologies, cumulating data show that various RNA molecules are able to serve as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases, for instance, cancer. In particular, detectable in various bio-fluids, such as serum, saliva and urine, extracellular RNAs (exRNAs) are emerging as non-invasive biomarkers for earlier cancer diagnosis, tumor progression monitor, and prediction of therapy response. In this review, we summarize the latest studies on various types of RNA biomarkers, especially extracellular RNAs, in cancer diagnosis and prognosis, and illustrate several well-known RNA biomarkers of clinical utility. In addition, we describe and discuss general procedures and issues in investigating exRNA biomarkers, and perspectives on utility of exRNAs in precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Xi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology and Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Tianxiao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology and Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yiming Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology and Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jiahui Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology and Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yumin Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology and Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology and Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Zhi John Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology and Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Altered expression of apoptosis-regulating miRNAs in salivary gland tumors suggests their involvement in salivary gland tumorigenesis. Virchows Arch 2016; 470:291-299. [PMID: 27981346 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-016-2049-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Salivary gland tumors comprise a heterogeneous group of lesions with different histological features and diverse clinical pathophysiology. They account for about 3% of all head and neck tumors. Apoptosis plays an important role during morphogenesis of glandular structures, including that of the salivary gland. Recent studies have demonstrated that several microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the control of apoptosis. The aim of the present study was to determine the expression of apoptosis-related miRNAs (miR-15a, miR-16, miR-17-5p, miR-20a, miR-21, miR-29, and miR-34) and their target mRNAs in 25 pleomorphic adenomas, 23 mucoepidermoid carcinomas, and 10 non-neoplastic salivary gland samples by real-time RT-PCR. We observed upregulation of miR-15a, miR-16, miR-17-5p, miR-21, miR-29, and miR-34a in pleomorphic adenomas. The expression of miR-21 and miR-34a was upregulated in 91 and 74% of mucoepidermoid carcinomas, respectively. Downregulation of miR-20a was observed in 75% of pleomorphic adenomas and in 57% of mucoepidermoid carcinomas. APAF1, BAX, BCL2, BID, CASP2, CASP8, DIABLO , and TP53 transcripts were upregulated in both tumor types. BAD transcripts were upregulated in pleomorphic adenomas. CASP3 and CASP6 transcripts were upregulated in mucoepidermoid carcinomas. BCL2, CASP2, CASP6, and CASP8 proteins were mostly absent in mucoepidermoid carcinomas but expressed in few cells in pleomorphic adenomas. Our study provides evidence of alterations in the expression of apoptosis-regulating miRNAs in salivary gland tumors, suggesting possible involvement of these microRNAs in salivary gland tumorigenesis.
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Ishikawa S, Sugimoto M, Kitabatake K, Sugano A, Nakamura M, Kaneko M, Ota S, Hiwatari K, Enomoto A, Soga T, Tomita M, Iino M. Identification of salivary metabolomic biomarkers for oral cancer screening. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31520. [PMID: 27539254 PMCID: PMC4990923 DOI: 10.1038/srep31520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore salivary metabolite biomarkers by profiling both saliva and tumor tissue samples for oral cancer screening. Paired tumor and control tissues were obtained from oral cancer patients and whole unstimulated saliva samples were collected from patients and healthy controls. The comprehensive metabolomic analysis for profiling hydrophilic metabolites was conducted using capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In total, 85 and 45 metabolites showed significant differences between tumor and matched control samples, and between salivary samples from oral cancer and controls, respectively (P < 0.05 correlated by false discovery rate); 17 metabolites showed consistent differences in both saliva and tissue-based comparisons. Of these, a combination of only two biomarkers yielded a high area under receiver operating characteristic curves (0.827; 95% confidence interval, 0.726-0.928, P < 0.0001) for discriminating oral cancers from controls. Various validation tests confirmed its high generalization ability. The demonstrated approach, integrating both saliva and tumor tissue metabolomics, helps eliminate pseudo-molecules that are coincidentally different between oral cancers and controls. These combined salivary metabolites could be the basis of a clinically feasible method of non-invasive oral cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Ishikawa
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sugimoto
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
- Department of Oral Science, Division of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Kitabatake
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Ayako Sugano
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Marina Nakamura
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Miku Kaneko
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Sana Ota
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Kana Hiwatari
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Ayame Enomoto
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Masaru Tomita
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Iino
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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MicroRNAs as Salivary Markers for Periodontal Diseases: A New Diagnostic Approach? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1027525. [PMID: 27429973 PMCID: PMC4939343 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1027525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to discuss current findings regarding the roles of miRNAs in periodontal diseases and the potential use of saliva as a diagnostic medium for corresponding miRNA investigations. For periodontal disease, investigations have been restricted to tissue samples and five miRNAs, that is, miR-142-3p, miR-146a, miR-155, miR-203, and miR-223, were repeatedly validated in vivo and in vitro by different validation methods. Particularly noticeable are the small sample sizes, different internal controls, and different case definitions of periodontitis in in vivo studies. Beside of that, the validated miRNAs are associated with inflammation and therefore with various diseases. Furthermore, several studies successfully explored the use of salivary miRNA species for the diagnosis of oral cancer. Different cancer types were investigated and heterogeneous methodology was used; moreover, no overlap of results was found. In conclusion, five miRNAs have consistently been reported for periodontitis; however, their disease specificity, detectability, and expression in saliva and their importance as noninvasive markers are questionable. In principle, a salivary miRNA diagnostic method seems feasible. However, standardized criteria and protocols for preanalytics, measurements, and analysis should be established to obtain comparable results across different studies.
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Larrea E, Sole C, Manterola L, Goicoechea I, Armesto M, Arestin M, Caffarel MM, Araujo AM, Araiz M, Fernandez-Mercado M, Lawrie CH. New Concepts in Cancer Biomarkers: Circulating miRNAs in Liquid Biopsies. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050627. [PMID: 27128908 PMCID: PMC4881453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The effective and efficient management of cancer patients relies upon early diagnosis and/or the monitoring of treatment, something that is often difficult to achieve using standard tissue biopsy techniques. Biological fluids such as blood hold great possibilities as a source of non-invasive cancer biomarkers that can act as surrogate markers to biopsy-based sampling. The non-invasive nature of these “liquid biopsies” ultimately means that cancer detection may be earlier and that the ability to monitor disease progression and/or treatment response represents a paradigm shift in the treatment of cancer patients. Below, we review one of the most promising classes of circulating cancer biomarkers: microRNAs (miRNAs). In particular, we will consider their history, the controversy surrounding their origin and biology, and, most importantly, the hurdles that remain to be overcome if they are really to become part of future clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Larrea
- Molecular Oncology, Biodonostia Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Carla Sole
- Molecular Oncology, Biodonostia Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Lorea Manterola
- Molecular Oncology, Biodonostia Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Ibai Goicoechea
- Molecular Oncology, Biodonostia Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - María Armesto
- Molecular Oncology, Biodonostia Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - María Arestin
- Molecular Oncology, Biodonostia Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - María M Caffarel
- Molecular Oncology, Biodonostia Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Angela M Araujo
- Molecular Oncology, Biodonostia Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - María Araiz
- Hematology Department, Donostia Hospital, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain.
| | | | - Charles H Lawrie
- Molecular Oncology, Biodonostia Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain.
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
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Mishra S, Saadat D, Kwon O, Lee Y, Choi WS, Kim JH, Yeo WH. Recent advances in salivary cancer diagnostics enabled by biosensors and bioelectronics. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 81:181-197. [PMID: 26946257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
There is a high demand for a non-invasive, rapid, and highly accurate tool for disease diagnostics. Recently, saliva based diagnostics for the detection of specific biomarkers has drawn significant attention since the sample extraction is simple, cost-effective, and precise. Compared to blood, saliva contains a similar variety of DNA, RNA, proteins, metabolites, and microbiota that can be compiled into a multiplex of cancer detection markers. The salivary diagnostic method holds great potential for early-stage cancer diagnostics without any complicated and expensive procedures. Here, we review various cancer biomarkers in saliva and compare the biomarkers efficacy with traditional diagnostics and state-of-the-art bioelectronics. We summarize biomarkers in four major groups: genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics/microbiota. Representative bioelectronic systems for each group are summarized based on various stages of a cancer. Systematic study of oxidative stress establishes the relationship between macromolecules and cancer biomarkers in saliva. We also introduce the most recent examples of salivary diagnostic electronics based on nanotechnologies that can offer rapid, yet highly accurate detection of biomarkers. A concluding section highlights areas of opportunity in the further development and applications of these technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saswat Mishra
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Darius Saadat
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA
| | - Ohjin Kwon
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Yongkuk Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Woon-Seop Choi
- School of Display Engineering, Hoseo University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA.
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; Center for Rehabilitation Science and Engineering, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Alemar B, Izetti P, Gregório C, Macedo GS, Castro MAA, Osvaldt AB, Matte U, Ashton-Prolla P. miRNA-21 and miRNA-34a Are Potential Minimally Invasive Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Pancreas 2016; 45:84-92. [PMID: 26262588 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most deadly cancers, and its diagnosis often requires invasive procedures. Deregulated miRNA expression has been described in patients with PDAC. In this study, we analyzed the expression levels of 6 miRNAs (miR-21, -34a, -155, -196a, -200b, and -376a involved in PDAC tumorigenesis) in serum and salivary samples to assess their potential role as circulating diagnostics biomarkers. METHODS Serum and salivary samples were collected from patients with PDAC and healthy controls, and miRNA levels were quantified using qRT-PCR. Twenty-four patients with PDAC and 10 healthy controls were recruited. RESULTS A significant difference between PDAC and healthy groups was observed for the expression of miR-21 and miR-34a (P < 0.001 and P = 0.001) in serum samples. Both miRNAs accurately discriminated between the 2 groups, with an area under the curve for miR-21 and miR-34a of 0.889 (P = 0.001) and 0.865 (P = 0.002), respectively. In general, the expression of miRNAs between salivary samples did not differ. CONCLUSIONS Serum miR-21 and miR-34a are potentially useful diagnostic biomarkers of PDAC. In addition, our results suggest that these miRNAs are not differentially expressed in saliva, making them unsuitable for use as noninvasive biomarkers for diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Alemar
- From the *Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; †Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental-Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre; ‡Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre; §Laboratório de Bioinformática e Biologia de Sistemas, Universidade Federal do Paraná; ∥Grupo de Vias Biliares e Pâncreas-Cirurgia do Aparelho Digestivo, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre; ¶Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Cirúrgicas; and #Unidade de Análises Moleculares e de Proteínas, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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He JJ, Ma J, Wang JL, Xu MJ, Zhu XQ. Analysis of miRNA expression profiling in mouse spleen affected by acute Toxoplasma gondii infection. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 37:137-42. [PMID: 26569573 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a worldwide prevalent pathogen that infects most of the warm-blood vertebrates. To investigate the regulation network of splenic miRNAs altered by acute infection with T. gondii, we herein investigated the changes of miRNA profile in mouse spleen via next generation sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. A total of 379 miRNAs was identified, 131 miRNAs of them were differentially expressed (including 97 upregulated and 34 downregulated miRNAs). 48 differentially expressed miRNAs had validated targets in the miRWalk2.0 database. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that the validated targets of differently expressed miRNAs were significantly enriched in gene transcription regulation. It suggested that T. gondii can modulate host gene expression through targeting to trans-regulation factors. The genes involved in apoptosis or anti-apoptosis were both targeted by differentially expressed miRNAs. The change of power balance between the miRNAs targeting host apoptosis genes and those regulating host anti-apoptosis genes contributes to the fate of host apoptosis process. Twelve pathways were significantly enriched in KEGG analysis with most of them being cancer related, including pathways in cancer, pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer, axon guidance, MAPK signaling pathway, focal adhesion, chronic myeloid leukemia, renal cell carcinoma, prostate cancer, glioma, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, and Wnt signaling pathway. Our study showed a changed miRNA regulation network in mouse spleen infected by T. gondii. These findings will be helpful for better understanding of miRNA regulation network in host-T. gondii interaction, revealing the relationship among T. gondii infection, gene regulation, apoptosis and cancer process alterations in infected spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410128, PR China
| | - Jin-Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - Min-Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China; College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642, PR China.
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, PR China.
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Matse JH, Yoshizawa J, Wang X, Elashoff D, Bolscher JGM, Veerman ECI, Leemans CR, Pegtel MD, Wong DTW, Bloemena E. Human Salivary Micro-RNA in Patients with Parotid Salivary Gland Neoplasms. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142264. [PMID: 26544193 PMCID: PMC4636154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, clinical examination, ultrasound scanning (with or without fine needle aspiration cytology), preoperative CT-scan and MRI are available for the differential diagnosis of parotid gland swelling. A preliminary non-invasive salivary diagnostic tool may be helpful in the clinical decision making process. Altered salivary micro-RNA (miRNA) expression levels have been observed in saliva from patients with various cancers. Therefore, we investigated miRNA expression levels in saliva samples from patients with a parotid gland neoplasm using Human miRNA cards in comparison to controls. RESULTS In the discovery phase, eight miRNAs were identified having different expression levels in patients compared to controls. In the validation phase, the differences in miRNA expression levels between patients and controls were confirmed for seven out of eight discovered miRNAs (p < 0.001). A combination of two miRNAs yielded a receiver-operator-characteristics curve with an AUC of 0.94 (95% CI: 0.87-1.00; sensitivity 91%; specificity 86%). Validation of discovered miRNAs in segregated collected parotid saliva revealed that expression of these miRNAs differ between whole saliva and parotid saliva. CONCLUSIONS A two miRNA combination can predict the presence of a parotid gland neoplasm. Furthermore, this study suggested that the identified, patient-specific, salivary miRNAs were not derived from the parotid gland itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes H. Matse
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology, VU University medical center / Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Oral Biochemistry ACTA, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janice Yoshizawa
- School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Statistics Core, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - David Elashoff
- Statistics Core, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jan G. M. Bolscher
- Department of Oral Biochemistry ACTA, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Enno C. I. Veerman
- Department of Oral Biochemistry ACTA, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C. René Leemans
- Department of Otolaryngology, VU University medical center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel D. Pegtel
- Department of Pathology, VU University medical center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David T. W. Wong
- School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Elisabeth Bloemena
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology, VU University medical center / Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, VU University medical center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Kao YY, Tu HF, Kao SY, Chang KW, Lin SC. The increase of oncogenic miRNA expression in tongue carcinogenesis of a mouse model. Oral Oncol 2015; 51:1103-12. [PMID: 26525105 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated the oncogenic miRNA level in the tissue and biofluids in the Nitroquinoline 1-Oxide (4NQO)-induced mouse tongue carcinogenesis model for potential diagnostic or therapeutic application. MATERIALS AND METHODS The histological examination, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, quantitative PCR analysis and bioinformatic algorithms were performed to unravel the signaling activation and miRNA expression in female murine samples. RESULTS The increase of miR-21 and miR-31 staining, and EGFR activation paralleled the severity of 4NQO-induced epithelial pathogenesis in tongue epithelium. A progressive increase of miR-21, miR-31 and miR-146a in both saliva and plasma samples was also noted. miR-31 was the earliest emerging miRNA in the saliva. The increase of plasma miR-146a, miR-184 and miR-372 was detectable early in the induction, and it was particularly eminent at the most advanced lesion state. The combined analysis of the multiple oncogenic miRNAs in the plasma signified a potent discriminative capacity between normal and pathological states. As the blockage of EGFR or AKT activation drastically reverted the miR-21, miR-31 and miR-146a expression induced by 4NQO in human oral carcinoma cell lines, the results implicated a mechanistic linkage of the oncogenic miRNAs' induction through EGFR/AKT activation. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we show the dysregulation of oncogenic miRNAs in murine tongue tumorigenesis, which simulates human counterparts. Increased multiple miRNAs in the biofluids may be valuable non-invasive markers in detecting oral carcinogenesis at an early stage. This animal model may also be useful for developing liquid biopsies and prevention strategies against oral carcinoma by abrogating EGFR or oncogenic miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yu Kao
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Feng Tu
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Yen Kao
- Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wei Chang
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Chun Lin
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Humeau M, Vignolle-Vidoni A, Sicard F, Martins F, Bournet B, Buscail L, Torrisani J, Cordelier P. Salivary MicroRNA in Pancreatic Cancer Patients. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130996. [PMID: 26121640 PMCID: PMC4486170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in Western countries, with the lowest 1-year survival rate among commonly diagnosed cancers. Reliable biomarkers for pancreatic cancer diagnosis are lacking and are urgently needed to allow for curative surgery. As microRNA (miRNA) recently emerged as candidate biomarkers for this disease, we explored in the present pilot study the differences in salivary microRNA profiles between patients with pancreatic tumors that are not eligible for surgery, precancerous lesions, inflammatory disease or cancer-free patients as a potential early diagnostic tool. Methods Whole saliva samples from patients with pancreatic cancer (n = 7), pancreatitis (n = 4), IPMN (n = 2), or healthy controls (n = 4) were obtained during endoscopic examination. After total RNA isolation, expression of 94 candidate miRNAs was screened by q(RT)PCR using Biomark Fluidgm. Human-derived pancreatic cancer cells were xenografted in athymic mice as an experimental model of pancreatic cancer. Results We identified hsa-miR-21, hsa-miR-23a, hsa-miR-23b and miR-29c as being significantly upregulated in saliva of pancreatic cancer patients compared to control, showing sensitivities of 71.4%, 85.7%, 85,7% and 57%, respectively and excellent specificity (100%). Interestingly, hsa-miR-23a and hsa-miR23b are overexpressed in the saliva of patients with pancreatic cancer precursor lesions. We found that hsa-miR-210 and let-7c are overexpressed in the saliva of patients with pancreatitis as compared to the control group, with sensitivity of 100% and 75%, and specificity of 100% and 80%, respectively. Last hsa-miR-216 was upregulated in cancer patients as compared to patients diagnosed with pancreatitis, with sensitivity of 50% and specificity of 100%. In experimental models of PDAC, salivary microRNA detection precedes systemic detection of cancer cells markers. Conclusions Our novel findings indicate that salivary miRNA are discriminatory in pancreatic cancer patients that are not eligible for surgery. In addition, we demonstrate in experimental models that salivary miRNA detection precedes systemic detection of cancer cells markers. This study stems for the use of salivary miRNA as biomarker for the early diagnosis of patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Humeau
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France
- Department of Surgery, CHU Toulouse- Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Alix Vignolle-Vidoni
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France
- Department of Gastroenterology, CHU Toulouse- Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Flavie Sicard
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Martins
- Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France
- INSERM U1048, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Barbara Bournet
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France
- Department of Gastroenterology, CHU Toulouse- Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Louis Buscail
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France
- Department of Gastroenterology, CHU Toulouse- Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Jérôme Torrisani
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Cordelier
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
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Fernandez-Mercado M, Manterola L, Larrea E, Goicoechea I, Arestin M, Armesto M, Otaegui D, Lawrie CH. The circulating transcriptome as a source of non-invasive cancer biomarkers: concepts and controversies of non-coding and coding RNA in body fluids. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:2307-23. [PMID: 26119132 PMCID: PMC4594673 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gold standard for cancer diagnosis remains the histological examination of affected tissue, obtained either by surgical excision, or radiologically guided biopsy. Such procedures however are expensive, not without risk to the patient, and require consistent evaluation by expert pathologists. Consequently, the search for non-invasive tools for the diagnosis and management of cancer has led to great interest in the field of circulating nucleic acids in plasma and serum. An additional benefit of blood-based testing is the ability to carry out screening and repeat sampling on patients undergoing therapy, or monitoring disease progression allowing for the development of a personalized approach to cancer patient management. Despite having been discovered over 60 years ago, the clear clinical potential of circulating nucleic acids, with the notable exception of prenatal diagnostic testing, has yet to translate into the clinic. The recent discovery of non-coding (nc) RNA (in particular micro(mi)RNAs) in the blood has provided fresh impetuous for the field. In this review, we discuss the potential of the circulating transcriptome (coding and ncRNA), as novel cancer biomarkers, the controversy surrounding their origin and biology, and most importantly the hurdles that remain to be overcome if they are really to become part of future clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorea Manterola
- Oncology Area, Biodonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Erika Larrea
- Oncology Area, Biodonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ibai Goicoechea
- Oncology Area, Biodonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - María Arestin
- Oncology Area, Biodonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - María Armesto
- Oncology Area, Biodonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - David Otaegui
- Multiple Sclerosis Group, Biodonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Charles H Lawrie
- Oncology Area, Biodonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain.,Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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Lin X, Lo HC, Wong DTW, Xiao X. Noncoding RNAs in human saliva as potential disease biomarkers. Front Genet 2015; 6:175. [PMID: 25999984 PMCID: PMC4423433 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhi Lin
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hsien-Chun Lo
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David T W Wong
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA ; School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Jonnson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xinshu Xiao
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Jonnson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Majem B, Rigau M, Reventós J, Wong DT. Non-coding RNAs in saliva: emerging biomarkers for molecular diagnostics. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:8676-98. [PMID: 25898412 PMCID: PMC4425103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16048676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Saliva is a complex body fluid that comprises secretions from the major and minor salivary glands, which are extensively supplied by blood. Therefore, molecules such as proteins, DNA, RNA, etc., present in plasma could be also present in saliva. Many studies have reported that saliva body fluid can be useful for discriminating several oral diseases, but also systemic diseases including cancer. Most of these studies revealed messenger RNA (mRNA) and proteomic biomarker signatures rather than specific non-coding RNA (ncRNA) profiles. NcRNAs are emerging as new regulators of diverse biological functions, playing an important role in oncogenesis and tumor progression. Indeed, the small size of these molecules makes them very stable in different body fluids and not as susceptible as mRNAs to degradation by ribonucleases (RNases). Therefore, the development of a non-invasive salivary test, based on ncRNAs profiles, could have a significant applicability to clinical practice, not only by reducing the cost of the health system, but also by benefitting the patient. Here, we summarize the current status and clinical implications of the ncRNAs present in human saliva as a source of biological information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Majem
- Research Unit in Biomedicine and Translational Oncology, Lab 209, Collserola Building, Vall Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) and University Hospital, Pg. Vall Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marina Rigau
- Research Unit in Biomedicine and Translational Oncology, Lab 209, Collserola Building, Vall Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) and University Hospital, Pg. Vall Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jaume Reventós
- Research Unit in Biomedicine and Translational Oncology, Lab 209, Collserola Building, Vall Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) and University Hospital, Pg. Vall Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
- IDIBELL-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute & Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - David T Wong
- Center for Oral/Head & Neck Oncology Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Wong DTW. Salivary extracellular noncoding RNA: emerging biomarkers for molecular diagnostics. Clin Ther 2015; 37:540-51. [PMID: 25795433 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Saliva is a complex body fluid that comprises secretions from the major and minor salivary glands, nourished by body's vasculature. Although many circulatory molecules (DNA, RNA, and proteins) can also be present in saliva, saliva harbors unique molecular constituents that can be discriminatory for oral and systemic disease screening and detection. Many studies have reported that salivary constituents can discriminate oral diseases (oral cancer and Sjögren's syndrome) and also systemic diseases (lung cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, and ovarian cancer). Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are emerging new regulators of diverse biological functions, playing important roles in oncogenesis and tumor progression. Indeed, the short size of these molecules makes them stable in different body fluids such as urine, blood, and saliva, being not as susceptible as mRNAs to degradation by RNases. Here, the current status and clinical implications of the ncRNAs present in human saliva are reviewed for translational applications and basic biological research. The development of noninvasive salivary test (based on ncRNAs profiles) for disease detection could have effective applications into the clinical context with a translational significance as emerging molecular biomarkers for non-invasively disease detection, not only by reducing the cost to the health care system but also by benefitting patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T W Wong
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry; Jonnson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine; School of Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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Khanna P, Walt DR. Salivary diagnostics using a portable point-of-service platform: a review. Clin Ther 2015; 37:498-504. [PMID: 25732629 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Clinical diagnostics can be improved by faster and more accessible disease detection. Our laboratory has developed a point-of-service (POS) device capable of rapid, sensitive, automated, and multiplexed biomarker detection that uses human saliva instead of other biofluids. Here, we review the technology that led to the development of this POS device. This POS technology can advance clinical diagnostics by saving time because of faster diagnosis, saving money because of a shorter hospital stay, and ultimately improving clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prarthana Khanna
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
| | - David R Walt
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts.
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Lau HC, Lee IK, Ko PW, Lee HW, Huh JS, Cho WJ, Lim JO. Non-invasive screening for Alzheimer's disease by sensing salivary sugar using Drosophila cells expressing gustatory receptor (Gr5a) immobilized on an extended gate ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (EG-ISFET) biosensor. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117810. [PMID: 25714733 PMCID: PMC4340960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Body fluids are often used as specimens for medical diagnosis. With the advent of advanced analytical techniques in biotechnology, the diagnostic potential of saliva has been the focus of many studies. We recently reported the presence of excess salivary sugars, in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In the present study, we developed a highly sensitive, cell-based biosensor to detect trehalose levels in patient saliva. The developed biosensor relies on the overexpression of sugar sensitive gustatory receptors (Gr5a) in Drosophila cells to detect the salivary trehalose. The cell-based biosensor was built on the foundation of an improved extended gate ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (EG-ISFET). Using an EG-ISFET, instead of a traditional ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET), resulted in an increase in the sensitivity and reliability of detection. The biosensor was designed with the gate terminals segregated from the conventional ISFET device. This design allows the construction of an independent reference and sensing region for simultaneous and accurate measurements of samples from controls and patients respectively. To investigate the efficacy of the cell-based biosensor for AD screening, we collected 20 saliva samples from each of the following groups: participants diagnosed with AD, participants diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease (PD), and a control group composed of healthy individuals. We then studied the response generated from the interaction of the salivary trehalose of the saliva samples and the Gr5a in the immobilized cells on an EG-ISFET sensor. The cell-based biosensor significantly distinguished salivary sugar, trehalose of the AD group from the PD and control groups. Based on these findings, we propose that salivary trehalose, might be a potential biomarker for AD and could be detected using our cell-based EG-ISFET biosensor. The cell-based EG-ISFET biosensor provides a sensitive and direct approach for salivary sugar detection and may be used in the future as a screening method for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chong Lau
- Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Ho-Won Lee
- Department of Neurology, Kyungpook National University Hospital Medical Centre, Chilgok, Korea
| | - Jeung-Soo Huh
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Won-Ju Cho
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Ok Lim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Schaefer JS, Attumi T, Opekun AR, Abraham B, Hou J, Shelby H, Graham DY, Streckfus C, Klein JR. MicroRNA signatures differentiate Crohn's disease from ulcerative colitis. BMC Immunol 2015; 16:5. [PMID: 25886994 PMCID: PMC4335694 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-015-0069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Excessive and inappropriate immune responses are the hallmark of several autoimmune disorders, including the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD): Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). A complex etiology involving both environmental and genetic factors influences IBD pathogenesis. The role of microRNAs (miRNAs), noncoding RNAs involved in regulating numerous biological processes, to IBD pathology, in terms of initiation and progression, remains ill-defined. In the present study, we evaluated the relationship between colon, peripheral blood, and saliva whole miRNome expression in IBD patients and non-inflammatory bowel disease (non-IBD) controls to identify miRNAs that could discriminate CD from UC. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to validate and assess miRNA expression. Results Microarray analysis demonstrated that upwards of twenty six miRNAs were changed in CD and UC colon biopsies relative to the non-IBD controls. CD was associated with the differential expression of 10 miRNAs while UC was associated with 6 miRNAs in matched colon tissues. CD was associated with altered expression of 6 miRNAs while UC was associated with 9 miRNAs in whole blood. Expression of miR-101 in CD patients and miR-21, miR-31, miR-142-3p, and miR-142-5p in UC patients were altered in saliva. Conclusions Our results suggest that there is specific miRNA expression patterns associated with UC versus CD in three separate tissue/body fluids (colon, blood, and saliva). Further, the aberrant miRNA expression profiles indicate that miRNAs may be contributory to IBD pathogenesis, or at least reflect the underlying inflammation. Scrutinizing miRNA expression in saliva and blood samples may be beneficial in monitoring or diagnosing disease in IBD patients. A panel of miRNAs (miR-19a, miR-21, miR-31, miR-101, miR-146a, and miR-375) may be used as markers to identify and discriminate between CD and UC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12865-015-0069-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Schaefer
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.
| | - Taraq Attumi
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. .,Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Antone R Opekun
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. .,Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Bincy Abraham
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. .,Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Jason Hou
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. .,VA HSR&D Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Harold Shelby
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. .,Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - David Y Graham
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. .,VA HSR&D Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Charles Streckfus
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.
| | - John R Klein
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.
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Igaz I, Igaz P. Diagnostic Relevance of microRNAs in Other Body Fluids Including Urine, Feces, and Saliva. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2015; 106:245-252. [PMID: 26608207 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0955-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Beside blood-borne circulating miRNAs, miRNAs have been identified in other body fluid and excrements including stool, bile, saliva, and urine. Given the direct link of these body fluids to certain organs, their analysis for potential diagnostic miRNA markers is plausible. Several independent findings underline the potential utility of stool-derived miRNAs in the diagnosis of colorectal and pancreatic cancer. Given the difficulties in the diagnosis of cholangiocellular cancer, biliary miRNAs might be envisaged as useful markers. Several miRNAs have been identified in the saliva that could be associated with diseases, including tumors of the oral cavity. The urinary pool of miRNAs could be exploited for the diagnosis of urinary tract diseases and some appear to enable early diagnosis. In this chapter, we present findings supporting the potential diagnostic utility of fecal, biliary, salivary, and urinary miRNAs focusing mostly on tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Igaz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Szt Imre Teaching Hospital Budapest, Tétényi str. 12-16, 1115, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Peter Igaz
- 2nd Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Xie Z, Yin X, Gong B, Nie W, Wu B, Zhang X, Huang J, Zhang P, Zhou Z, Li Z. Salivary microRNAs show potential as a noninvasive biomarker for detecting resectable pancreatic cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014; 8:165-73. [PMID: 25538087 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Early surgery is vital in the treatment of pancreatic cancer, which is often fatal. However, there is currently no useful noninvasive biomarker to screen for pancreatic cancer. Studies have documented that many salivary molecules can be used to detect systemic diseases. We investigated whether salivary miRNAs are useful biomarkers for detecting resectable pancreatic cancer. Using an Agilent microarray, salivary miRNAs were profiled from saliva samples of 8 patients with resectable pancreatic cancer and 8 healthy controls. Candidate biomarkers identified in the profiles were subjected to validation using quantitative PCR and an independent sample set of 40 patients with pancreatic cancer, 20 with benign pancreatic tumors (BPT), and 40 healthy controls. The validated salivary miRNA biomarkers were evaluated within three discriminatory categories: pancreatic cancer versus healthy control, pancreatic cancer versus BPT, and pancreatic cancer versus noncancer (healthy control + BPT). miR-3679-5p showed significant downregulation in the pancreatic cancer group within the three categories (P = 0.008, 0.007, and 0.002, respectively), whereas miR-940 showed significant upregulation in pancreatic cancer (P = 0.006, 0.004, and 0.0001, respectively). Logistic regression models combining the two salivary miRNAs were able to distinguish resectable pancreatic cancer within the three categories, showing sensitivities of 72.5%, 62.5%, and 70.0% and specificities of 70.0%, 80.0%, and 70.0%, respectively. Salivary miR-3679-5p and miR-940 possess good discriminatory power to detect resectable pancreatic cancer, with reasonable specificity and sensitivity. This report provides a new method for the early detection of pancreatic cancer and other systemic diseases by assessing salivary miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China. Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bo Gong
- Graduate School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wenjing Nie
- Graduate School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xuchao Zhang
- Department of Biochip, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Physical Examination Center of East Ward, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Pingyou Zhang
- Physical Examination Center of East Ward, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zijun Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China.
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Agarwal S, Parashar D, Gupta N, Jagadish N, Thakar A, Suri V, Kumar R, Gupta A, Ansari AS, Lohiya NK, Suri A. Sperm associated antigen 9 ( SPAG9) expression and humoral response in benign and malignant salivary gland tumors. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e974382. [PMID: 25941602 DOI: 10.4161/2162402x.2014.974382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland cancers are highly aggressive epithelial tumor associated with metastatic potential and high mortality. The tumors are biologically diverse and are of various histotypes. Besides, the detection and diagnosis is a major problem of salivary gland cancer for available treatment modalities. In the present study, we have investigated the association of sperm associated antigen 9 (SPAG9) expression with salivary gland tumor (SGT). Clinical specimens of benign (n = 16) and malignant tumors (n = 86) were examined for the SPAG9 expression. In addition, the sera and adjacent non-cancerous tissues (n = 72) from available patients were obtained. Our in situ RNA hybridization and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis revealed significant difference (p = 0.0001) in SPAG9 gene and protein expression in benign (63%) and malignant tumor (84%) specimens. Further, significant association was also observed between SPAG9 expression and malignant tumors (P = 0.05). A cut-off value of >10% cells expressing SPAG9 protein designated as positive in IHC, predicted presence of malignant SGT with 83.72% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% PPV and 83.72% NPV. Humoral response against SPAG9 protein was generated in 68% of SGT patients. A cut-off value of 0.212 OD for anti-SPAG9 antibodies in ELISA predicted presence of malignant SGT with 69.23% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% PPV and 78.94% NPV. Collectively, our data suggests that the majority of SGT show significant difference and association among benign and malignant tumors for SPAG9 gene and protein expression and also exhibit humoral response against SPAG9 protein. Hence, SPAG9 may be developed as a biomarker for detection and diagnosis of salivary gland tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Agarwal
- Cancer Microarray; Genes and Proteins Laboratory; National Institute of Immunology; Aruna Asaf Ali Marg ; New Delhi, India
| | - Deepak Parashar
- Cancer Microarray; Genes and Proteins Laboratory; National Institute of Immunology; Aruna Asaf Ali Marg ; New Delhi, India
| | - Namita Gupta
- Cancer Microarray; Genes and Proteins Laboratory; National Institute of Immunology; Aruna Asaf Ali Marg ; New Delhi, India
| | - Nirmala Jagadish
- Cancer Microarray; Genes and Proteins Laboratory; National Institute of Immunology; Aruna Asaf Ali Marg ; New Delhi, India
| | - Alok Thakar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences ; New Delhi, India
| | - Vaishali Suri
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences ; New Delhi, India
| | - Rajive Kumar
- Institute of Rotary Cancer Hospital; All India Institute of Medical Sciences ; New Delhi, India
| | - Anju Gupta
- NMC Imaging and Diagnostic Centre; Vidyasagar Institute of Mental Health and Neuro-Sciences ; New Delhi, India
| | - Abdul S Ansari
- Department of Zoology; Centre for Advanced Studies; University of Rajasthan ; Jaipur, India
| | - Nirmal Kumar Lohiya
- Department of Zoology; Centre for Advanced Studies; University of Rajasthan ; Jaipur, India
| | - Anil Suri
- Cancer Microarray; Genes and Proteins Laboratory; National Institute of Immunology; Aruna Asaf Ali Marg ; New Delhi, India
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Zhang G, Zong J, Lin S, Verhoeven RJA, Tong S, Chen Y, Ji M, Cheng W, Tsao SW, Lung M, Pan J, Chen H. Circulating Epstein-Barr virus microRNAs miR-BART7 and miR-BART13 as biomarkers for nasopharyngeal carcinoma diagnosis and treatment. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:E301-12. [PMID: 25213622 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
More than 75% of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients have already developed local or regional spread at diagnosis, which hampers effective treatment and results in a poor prognosis. It is essential to characterize more sensitive and specific biomarkers for screening of high risk individuals and assessment of NPC treatment effectiveness. NPC is an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) associated tumor in which only a few viral proteins but more than 20 BamHI A rightward transcripts (BART) microRNAs are detected, at abundant levels. We hypothesized that these BART microRNAs may be novel biomarkers for NPC. Systematic analysis of EBV BART microRNA expression profiles in EBV latently infected Mutu I and Mutu III cell lines, EBV-harboring NPC and noncancerous NP cells found that miR-BART3, miR-BART7 and miR-BART13 microRNAs are highly expressed and regularly secreted into the extracellular environment of NPC cells. These BART microRNAs were evaluated for used as potential NPC biomarkers. Analysis of plasma specimens obtained from NPC patients (n = 89), and healthy (n = 28) and non-NPC tumor patient controls (n = 18) found levels of both miR-BART7 and miR-BART13, but not miR-BART3, to be distinctly presence among NPC patients, with elevated levels being particularly apparent among patients with advanced disease. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis combining miR-BART7 and miR-BART13 levels produces a 90% predictive value for the presence of NPC. Analysis of 41 NPC patients before and after radiotherapy showed that miR-BART7 and miR-BART13, but not miR-BART3, were diminished after treatment. These results indicate that EBV microRNAs, miR-BART7 and miR-BART13, may constitute useful new serological biomarkers for diagnosis of NPC and prediction of treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaohong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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Bragazzi NL, Pechkova E, Nicolini C. Proteomics and Proteogenomics Approaches for Oral Diseases. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2014; 95:125-62. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800453-1.00004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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