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Giordano G, Tucciarello C, Merlini A, Cutrupi S, Pignochino Y. Targeting the EphA2 pathway: could it be the way for bone sarcomas? Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:433. [PMID: 39252029 PMCID: PMC11382444 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01811-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone sarcomas are malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin. Complete surgical resection is the cornerstone of multidisciplinary treatment. However, advanced, unresectable forms remain incurable. A crucial step towards addressing this challenge involves comprehending the molecular mechanisms underpinning tumor progression and metastasis, laying the groundwork for innovative precision medicine-based interventions. We previously showed that tyrosine kinase receptor Ephrin Type-A Receptor 2 (EphA2) is overexpressed in bone sarcomas. EphA2 is a key oncofetal protein implicated in metastasis, self-renewal, and chemoresistance. Molecular, genetic, biochemical, and pharmacological approaches have been developed to target EphA2 and its signaling pathway aiming to interfere with its tumor-promoting effects or as a carrier for drug delivery. This review synthesizes the main functions of EphA2 and their relevance in bone sarcomas, providing strategies devised to leverage this receptor for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, with a focus on its applicability in the three most common bone sarcoma histotypes: osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Giordano
- Sarcoma Unit, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo, TO, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Cristina Tucciarello
- Sarcoma Unit, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo, TO, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Alessandra Merlini
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Santina Cutrupi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Ymera Pignochino
- Sarcoma Unit, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo, TO, Italy.
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy.
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Colaco JC, Suresh B, Kaushal K, Singh V, Ramakrishna S. The Role of Deubiquitinating Enzymes in Primary Bone Cancer. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-024-01254-y. [PMID: 39177860 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-024-01254-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Bone is a living, intricate, and dynamic tissue providing locomotion and protection of the body. It also performs hematopoiesis and mineral homeostasis. Osteosarcoma (OS), Ewing sarcoma (ES), and chondrosarcoma (CS) are primary bone cancers. OS and ES mostly develop in younger individuals, and CS generally develops in adults. Ubiquitination regulates numerous cellular processes. The deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) detach the ubiquitin molecules from the ubiquitin labeled substrate, altering ubiquitinated protein functions and regulating protein stability via various signaling pathways. Protein homeostasis and bone remodeling are both crucially influenced by the UPS. Recently, there have been several reports on DUBs involved in bone homeostasis and various bone disorders through the regulation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts via NF-κB, Wnt/β-catenin, TRAF6, TGFβ, ERK1/2, and PI3K/Akt pathways. However, DUBs regulating function in bone homeostasis is still in its infancy. Here, we summarized several recent identifications on DUBs, with a focus on their role in bone cancer progression. Therefore, the study attempts to summarize association with the expression level of DUBs as key factors driving bone cancers and also provide new insights on DUBs as key pharmacologic targets for bone cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jencia Carminha Colaco
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Bharathi Suresh
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Kamini Kaushal
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Vijai Singh
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, 382715, India.
| | - Suresh Ramakrishna
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea.
- College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea.
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Duan H, Li J, Ma J, Chen T, Zhang H, Shang G. Global research development of chondrosarcoma from 2003 to 2022: a bibliometric analysis. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1431958. [PMID: 39156101 PMCID: PMC11327078 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1431958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Chondrosarcomas are common primary malignant bone tumors; however, comprehensive bibliometric analysis in this field has not yet been conducted. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the research hotspots and trends in the field of chondrosarcoma through bibliometric analysis to help researchers understand the current status and direction of research in the field. Methods Articles and reviews related to chondrosarcoma published between 2003 and 2022 were retrieved from the Web of Science. Countries, institutions, authors, journals, references, and keywords in this field were visualized and analyzed using CtieSpace and VOSviewer software. Results Between 2003 and 2022, 4,149 relevant articles were found. The number of articles published on chondrosarcoma has increased significantly annually, mainly from 569 institutions in China and the United States, and 81 in other countries. In total, 904 authors participated in the publication of studies related to chondrosarcomas. Over the past 20 years, articles on chondrosarcoma have been published in 958 academic journals, with Skeletal Radiology having the highest number of publications. Furthermore, keywords such as "gene expression," "radiotherapy," "experience," and "apoptosis" have been popular in recent years. Conclusion Over the past 20 years, the global trend in chondrosarcoma research has primarily been clinical research, with basic research as a supplement. In the future, communication and exchange between countries and institutions should be strengthened. Further, the future main research hotspots in the field of chondrosarcoma include mutated genes and signaling pathways, precision surgical treatment, proton therapy, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and other aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Guanning Shang
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Yin J, Ren P. New advances in the treatment of chondrosarcoma under the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. J Cancer Res Ther 2024; 20:522-530. [PMID: 38687921 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_2269_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bone sarcomas encompass a group of spontaneous mesenchymal malignancies, among which osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and chordoma are the most common subtypes. Chondrosarcoma, a relatively prevalent malignant bone tumor that originates from chondrocytes, is characterized by endogenous cartilage ossification within the tumor tissue. Despite the use of aggressive treatment approaches involving extensive surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy for patients with osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and chordoma, limited improvements in patient outcomes have been observed. Furthermore, resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy has been observed in chondrosarcoma and chordoma cases. Consequently, novel therapeutic approaches for bone sarcomas, including chondrosarcoma, need to be uncovered. Recently, the emergence of immunotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors has garnered attention given their clinical success in various diverse types of cancer, thereby prompting investigations into their potential for managing chondrosarcoma. Considering that circumvention of immune surveillance is considered a key factor in the malignant progression of tumors and that immune checkpoints play an important role in modulating antitumor immune effects, blockers or inhibitors targeting these immune checkpoints have become effective therapeutic tools for patients with tumors. One such checkpoint receptor implicated in this process is programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1). The association between PD-1 and programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and cancer progression in humans has been extensively studied, highlighting their remarkable potential as biomarkers for cancer treatment. This review comprehensively examines available studies on current chondrosarcoma treatments and advancements in anti-PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy for chondrosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Yin
- Trauma Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Agosti E, Zeppieri M, Antonietti S, Ius T, Fontanella MM, Panciani PP. Advancing the Management of Skull Base Chondrosarcomas: A Systematic Review of Targeted Therapies. J Pers Med 2024; 14:261. [PMID: 38541003 PMCID: PMC10971225 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14030261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Chondrosarcomas rank as the second most common primary bone malignancy. Characterized by the production of a cartilaginous matrix, these tumors typically exhibit resistance to both radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy (CT), resulting in overall poor outcomes: a high rate of mortality, especially among children and adolescents. Due to the considerable resistance to current conventional therapies such as surgery, CT, and RT, there is an urgent need to identify factors contributing to resistance and discover new strategies for optimal treatment. Over the past decade, researchers have delved into the dysregulation of genes associated with tumor development and therapy resistance to identify potential therapeutic targets for overcoming resistance. Recent studies have suggested several promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets for chondrosarcoma, including isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1/2) and COL2A1. Molecule-targeting agents and immunotherapies have demonstrated favorable antitumor activity in clinical studies involving patients with advanced chondrosarcomas. In this systematic review, we delineate the clinical features of chondrosarcoma and provide a summary of gene dysregulation and mutation associated with tumor development, as well as targeted therapies as a promising molecular approach. Finally, we analyze the probable role of the tumor microenvironment in chondrosarcoma drug resistance. Methods: A systematic search was conducted across major medical databases (PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library) up to 10 November 2023. The search strategy utilized relevant Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms and keywords related to “chondrosarcomas”, “target therapies”, “immunotherapies”, and “outcomes”. The studies included in this review consist of randomized controlled trials, non-randomized controlled trials, and cohort studies reporting on the use of target therapies for the treatment of chondrosarcoma in human subjects. Results: Of the initial 279 articles identified, 40 articles were included in the article. The exclusion of 140 articles was due to reasons such as irrelevance, non-reporting of selected results, systematic literature review or meta-analysis, and lack of details on the method/results. Three tables highlighted clinical studies, preclinical studies, and ongoing clinical trials, encompassing 13, 7, and 20 studies, respectively. For the clinical study, a range of molecular targets, such as death receptors 4/5 (DR4 and DR5) (15%), platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha or -beta (PDGFR-α, PDGFR-β) (31%), were investigated. Adverse events were mainly constitutional symptoms emphasizing that to improve therapy tolerance, careful observation and tailored management are essential. Preclinical studies analyzed various molecular targets such as DR4/5 (28.6%) and COX-2 (28.6%). The prevalent indicator of antitumoral activity was the apoptotic rate of both a single agent (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand: TRAIL) and double agents (TRAIL-DOX, TRAIL-MG132). Ongoing clinical trials, the majority in Phase II (53.9%), highlighted possible therapeutic strategies such as IDH1 inhibitors and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors (30.8%). Conclusions: The present review offers a comprehensive analysis of targeted therapeutics for skull base chondrosarcomas, highlighting a complex landscape characterized by a range of treatment approaches and new opportunities for tailored interventions. The combination of results from molecular research and clinical trials emphasizes the necessity for specialized treatment strategies and the complexity of chondrosarcoma biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Agosti
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Piazza Spedali Civili 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (E.A.)
| | - Marco Zeppieri
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, p.le S. Maria della Misericordia 15, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Sara Antonietti
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Piazza Spedali Civili 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (E.A.)
| | - Tamara Ius
- Neurosurgery Unit, Head-Neck and NeuroScience Department, University Hospital of Udine, p.le S. Maria della Misericordia 15, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Marco Maria Fontanella
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Piazza Spedali Civili 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (E.A.)
| | - Pier Paolo Panciani
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Piazza Spedali Civili 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (E.A.)
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El Beaino M, Hoda ST, Eldeib AJ, Masrouha K. Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma: Diagnostic Controversies and Emerging Therapeutic Targets. Curr Oncol Rep 2023; 25:1117-1126. [PMID: 37603119 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-023-01441-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The pathogenesis of dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma is controversial, and no genetic abnormality has consistently been identified in the disease. Focusing on the diagnostic challenges encountered in dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma, the following review aims at summarizing the tumor's active neoplastic pathways while highlighting therapeutic modalities that could potentially be explored to enhance patient survivorship. RECENT FINDINGS Owing to the challenging examination of small needle biopsy sampling as well as the disease's overlapping morphological and immunohistochemical features with other bone and soft-tissue sarcomas, the diagnosis of dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma can be problematic. While combined doxorubicin- and cisplatin-based regimens remain the first-line systemic chemotherapy in the disease, ~50% of tumors carry EXT1/2 or IDH1/2 mutations, advancing EXT or IDH inhibitors as potential alternative therapies, respectively. Despite systemic chemotherapy, dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma remains an aggressive tumor with dismal prognosis and limited survival. A multidisciplinary collaboration across multiple cancer centers is warranted to yield an accurate diagnosis, understand the disease's underlying pathogenesis, develop adequate treatment, and improve patient survivorship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc El Beaino
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
- School of Public Health, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
| | - Syed T Hoda
- Department of Surgical Pathology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ahmed J Eldeib
- Department of General Surgery, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Karim Masrouha
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
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Peretz Soroka H, Vora T, Noujaim J, Marcoux N, Cohen‐Gogo S, Alcindor T, Holloway C, Rodrigues C, Karachiwala H, Alvi S, Lee U, Cheng S, Banerji S, Oberoi S, Feng X, Smrke A, Simmons C, Razak AA, Gupta AA. Real-world experience of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in children, adolescents and adults with relapsed or refractory bone tumours: A Canadian Sarcoma Research and Clinical Collaboration (CanSaRCC) study. Cancer Med 2023; 12:18872-18881. [PMID: 37724607 PMCID: PMC10557866 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We conducted a retrospective multi-centre study to assess the real-world outcome of regorafenib (REGO) and cabozantinib (CABO) in recurrent/refractory bone tumours (BTs) including osteosarcoma (OST), Ewing sarcoma (EWS) and chondrosarcoma (CS)/extra-skeletal mesenchymal CS (ESMC). METHODS After regulatory approval, data from patients with recurrent BT (11 institutions) were extracted from CanSaRCC (Canadian Sarcoma Research and Clinical Collaboration) database. Patient characteristics, treatment and outcomes were collected. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS From July 2018 to May 2022, 66 patients received REGO or CABO; 39 OST, 18 EWS, 4 CS and 5 ESMC. Median age was 27.8 years (range 12-76); median starting dose was 60 mg for CABO (n = 37, range 40-60) and 120 mg for REGO (n = 29, range 40-160). Twenty-eight (42.4%) patients required dose reduction: hand-foot syndrome 7 (10.6%), nausea/vomiting 1 (1.5%), diarrhoea 1 (1.5%), 2 elevated LFTs (3%), elevated bilirubin 1 (1.5%) and mucositis 1 (1.5%). The median OS for patients with OST, EWS, CS and ESMC was 8.5 months (n = 39, 95% CI 7-13.1); 13.4 months (n = 18, 95% CI 3.4-27.2), 8.1 (n = 4, 95% CI 4.1-9.3) and 18.2 (n = 5, 95% CI (10.4-na), respectively. Median PFS for OST, EWS, CS and ECMS was 3.5 (n = 39, 95% CI 2.8-5), 3.9 (n = 18, 95% CI 2.1-5.9), 5.53 (n = 4. 95% CI 2.13-NA) and 11.4 (n = 5, 95% CI 1.83-14.7), respectively. Age, line of therapy, REGO versus CABO, or time from diagnosis to initiation of TKI were not associated with PFS on univariable analysis. CONCLUSION Our real-world data show that TKIs have meaningful activity in recurrent BT with acceptable toxicities when started at modified dosing. Inclusion of TKIs in earlier lines of treatment and/or maintenance therapy could be questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagit Peretz Soroka
- Division of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Tushar Vora
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick ChildrenUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Jonathan Noujaim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Hôpital Maisonneuve RosemontUniversity of MontrealMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Nicolas Marcoux
- Division of Hematology‐OncologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de QuébecQuebecCanada
| | - Sarah Cohen‐Gogo
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick ChildrenUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Thierry Alcindor
- Division of Medical OncologyMcGill University Health CentreMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Caroline Holloway
- Division of Radiation Oncology, BC CancerUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Caroline Rodrigues
- Division of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Hatim Karachiwala
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cross Cancer InstituteAlberta Health ServicesEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Saima Alvi
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/OncologyJim Pattison Children's Hospital SaskatoonSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Ursula Lee
- Division of Medical Oncology, BC CancerUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Sylvia Cheng
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMTB.C. Children's Hospital, BC CancerVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Shantanu Banerji
- Department of Pediatric Hematology‐Oncology, CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Rady Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
| | - Sapna Oberoi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology‐Oncology, CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Rady Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
| | - Xiaolan Feng
- Division of Medical Oncology, BC CancerUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Alannah Smrke
- Division of Medical Oncology, BC CancerUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Christine Simmons
- Division of Medical Oncology, BC CancerUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Albiruni Abdul Razak
- Division of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mount Sinai HospitalUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Abha A. Gupta
- Division of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick ChildrenUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
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Zając W, Dróżdż J, Kisielewska W, Karwowska W, Dudzisz-Śledź M, Zając AE, Borkowska A, Szumera-Ciećkiewicz A, Szostakowski B, Rutkowski P, Czarnecka AM. Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma from Molecular Pathology to Current Treatment and Clinical Trials. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3924. [PMID: 37568740 PMCID: PMC10417069 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma (DDCS) is a rare subtype of chondrosarcoma, a primary cartilaginous malignant neoplasm. It accounts for up to 1-2% of all chondrosarcomas and is generally associated with one of the poorest prognoses among all chondrosarcomas with the highest risk of metastasis. The 5-year survival rates range from 7% to 24%. DDCS may develop at any age, but the average presentation age is over 50. The most common locations are the femur, pelvis humerus, scapula, rib, and tibia. The standard treatment for localised disease is surgical resection. Most patients are diagnosed in unresectable and advanced stages, and chemotherapy for localised and metastatic dedifferentiated DDCS follows protocols used for osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Zając
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland (M.D.-Ś.); (A.E.Z.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (P.R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Julia Dróżdż
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland (M.D.-Ś.); (A.E.Z.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (P.R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Weronika Kisielewska
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland (M.D.-Ś.); (A.E.Z.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (P.R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Weronika Karwowska
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland (M.D.-Ś.); (A.E.Z.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (P.R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Dudzisz-Śledź
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland (M.D.-Ś.); (A.E.Z.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Agnieszka E. Zając
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland (M.D.-Ś.); (A.E.Z.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Aneta Borkowska
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland (M.D.-Ś.); (A.E.Z.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Anna Szumera-Ciećkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, Maria Sklodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Bartłomiej Szostakowski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland (M.D.-Ś.); (A.E.Z.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Piotr Rutkowski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland (M.D.-Ś.); (A.E.Z.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Anna M. Czarnecka
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland (M.D.-Ś.); (A.E.Z.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (P.R.)
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Zhang Q, Yang Y, You X, Ju Y, Zhang Q, Sun T, Liu W. Comprehensive genomic analysis of primary bone sarcomas reveals different genetic patterns compared with soft tissue sarcomas. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1173275. [PMID: 37546405 PMCID: PMC10401477 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1173275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sarcomas are classified into two types, bone sarcoma and soft tissue sarcoma (STS), which account for approximately 1% of adult solid malignancies and 20% of pediatric solid malignancies. There exist more than 50 subtypes within the two types of sarcoma. Each subtype is highly diverse and characterized by significant variations in morphology and phenotypes. Understanding tumor molecular genetics is helpful in improving the diagnostic accuracy of tumors that have been difficult to classify based on morphology alone or that have overlapping morphological features. The different molecular characteristics of bone sarcoma and STS in China remain poorly understood. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze genomic landscapes and actionable genomic alterations (GAs) as well as tumor mutational burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression among Chinese individuals diagnosed with primary bone sarcomas and STS. Methods This retrospective study included 145 patients with primary bone sarcomas (n = 75) and STS (n = 70), who were categorized based on the 2020 World Health Organization classification system. Results Patients diagnosed with bone sarcomas were significantly younger than those diagnosed with STS (p < 0.01). The top 10 frequently altered genes in bone sarcoma and STS were TP53, CDKN2A, CDKN2B, MAP3K1, LRP1B, MDM2, RB1, PTEN, MYC, and CDK4.The EWSR1 fusions exhibited statistically significant differences (p < 0.01) between primary bone sarcoma and STS in terms of their altered genes. Based on the actionable genes defined by OncoKB, actionable GAs was found in 30.7% (23/75) of the patients with bone sarcomas and 35.7% (25/70) of those with STS. There were 4.0% (3/75) patients with bone sarcoma and 4.3% (3/70) patients with STS exhibited high tumor mutational burden (TMB-H) (TMB ≥ 10). There was only one patient with STS exhibited MSI-L, while the remaining cases were microsatellite stable. The positive rate of PD-L1 expression was slightly higher in STS (35.2%) than in bone sarcoma (33.3%), however, this difference did not reach statistical significance. The expression of PD-L1 in STS patients was associated with a poorer prognosis (p = 0.007). Patients with STS had a better prognosis than those with bone sarcoma, but the observed difference did not attain statistical significance (p = 0.21). Amplification of MET and MYC genes were negatively correlated with clinical prognosis in bone tumors (p<0.01). Discussion In conclusion, bone sarcoma and STS have significantly different clinical and molecular characteristics, suggesting that it is vital to diagnose accurately for clinical treatment. Additionally, comprehensive genetic landscape can provide novel treatment perspectives for primary bone sarcoma and STS. Taking TMB, MSI, PD-L1 expression, and OncoKB definition together into consideration, there are still many patients who have the potential to respond to targeted therapy or immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Beijing Ji Shui Tan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongkun Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Beijing Ji Shui Tan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xia You
- The Medical Department, Jiangsu Simcere Diagnostics Co., Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Nanjing Simcere Medical Laboratory Science Co., Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The State Key Lab of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug Development, Jiangsu Simcere Diagnostics Co., Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongzhi Ju
- The Medical Department, Jiangsu Simcere Diagnostics Co., Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Nanjing Simcere Medical Laboratory Science Co., Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The State Key Lab of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug Development, Jiangsu Simcere Diagnostics Co., Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- The Medical Department, Jiangsu Simcere Diagnostics Co., Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Nanjing Simcere Medical Laboratory Science Co., Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The State Key Lab of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug Development, Jiangsu Simcere Diagnostics Co., Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tingting Sun
- The Medical Department, Jiangsu Simcere Diagnostics Co., Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Nanjing Simcere Medical Laboratory Science Co., Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The State Key Lab of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug Development, Jiangsu Simcere Diagnostics Co., Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weifeng Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Beijing Ji Shui Tan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
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10
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Venneker S, Bovée JVMG. IDH Mutations in Chondrosarcoma: Case Closed or Not? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3603. [PMID: 37509266 PMCID: PMC10377514 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcomas are malignant cartilage-producing tumours that frequently harbour isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and -2 (IDH) gene mutations. Several studies have confirmed that these mutations are key players in the early stages of cartilage tumour development, but their role in later stages remains ambiguous. The prognostic value of IDH mutations remains unclear and preclinical studies have not identified effective treatment modalities (in)directly targeting these mutations. In contrast, the IDH mutation status is a prognostic factor in other cancers, and IDH mutant inhibitors as well as therapeutic strategies targeting the underlying vulnerabilities induced by IDH mutations seem effective in these tumour types. This discrepancy in findings might be ascribed to a difference in tumour type, elevated D-2-hydroxyglutarate levels, and the type of in vitro model (endogenous vs. genetically modified) used in preclinical studies. Moreover, recent studies suggest that the (epi)genetic landscape in which the IDH mutation functions is an important factor to consider when investigating potential therapeutic strategies or patient outcomes. These findings imply that the dichotomy between IDH wildtype and mutant is too simplistic and additional subgroups indeed exist within chondrosarcoma. Future studies should focus on the identification, characterisation, and tailoring of treatments towards these biological subgroups within IDH wildtype and mutant chondrosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Venneker
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Judith V M G Bovée
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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11
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Wood GE, Graves LA, Rubin EM, Reed DR, Riedel RF, Strauss SJ. Bad to the Bone: Emerging Approaches to Aggressive Bone Sarcomas. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2023; 43:e390306. [PMID: 37220319 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_390306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Bone sarcomas are rare heterogeneous tumors that affect patients of all ages including children, adolescent young adults, and older adults. They include many aggressive subtypes and patient groups with poor outcomes, poor access to clinical trials, and lack of defined standard therapeutic strategies. Conventional chondrosarcoma remains a surgical disease, with no defined role for cytotoxic therapy and no approved targeted systemic therapies. Here, we discuss promising novel targets and strategies undergoing evaluation in clinical trials. Multiagent chemotherapy has greatly improved outcomes for patients with Ewing sarcoma (ES) and osteosarcoma, but management of those with high-risk or recurrent disease remains challenging and controversial. We describe the impact of international collaborative trials, such as the rEECur study, that aim to define optimal treatment strategies for those with recurrent, refractory ES, and evidence for high-dose chemotherapy with stem-cell support. We also discuss current and emerging strategies for other small round cell sarcomas, such as CIC-rearranged, BCOR-rearranged tumors, and the evaluation of emerging novel therapeutics and trial designs that may offer a new paradigm to improve survival in these aggressive tumors with notoriously bad (to the bone) outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina E Wood
- Department of Oncology, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, UCL Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laurie A Graves
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Elyssa M Rubin
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA
| | - Damon R Reed
- Department of Individualized Cancer Management, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Richard F Riedel
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC
| | - Sandra J Strauss
- Department of Oncology, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, UCL Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Gazendam A, Popovic S, Parasu N, Ghert M. Chondrosarcoma: A Clinical Review. J Clin Med 2023; 12:2506. [PMID: 37048590 PMCID: PMC10095313 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12072506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcomas are a diverse group of malignant cartilaginous matrix-producing neoplasms. Conventional chondrosarcomas are a continuum of disease based on the biologic activity of the tumor. The tumors range from the relatively biologically benign low-grade tumors or intermediate atypical cartilaginous tumors (ACTs), to malignant, aggressive high-grade tumors. The clinical presentation, radiographic and pathologic findings, treatments and outcomes vary significantly based on the histologic grade of the tumor. Chondrosarcomas present a diagnostic dilemma, particularly in the differentiation between high- and intermediate-grade tumors and that of low-grade tumors from benign enchondromas. A multidisciplinary team at a tertiary sarcoma centre allows for optimal care of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Gazendam
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Snezana Popovic
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Naveen Parasu
- Department of Radiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Michelle Ghert
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
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13
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Tlemsani C, Larousserie F, De Percin S, Audard V, Hadjadj D, Chen J, Biau D, Anract P, Terris B, Goldwasser F, Pasmant E, Boudou-Rouquette P. Biology and Management of High-Grade Chondrosarcoma: An Update on Targets and Treatment Options. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:1361. [PMID: 36674874 PMCID: PMC9862566 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview of histopathology, clinical presentation, molecular pathways, and potential new systemic treatments of high-grade chondrosarcomas (CS), including grade 2−3 conventional, dedifferentiated, and mesenchymal CS. The diagnosis of CS combines radiological and histological data in conjunction with patient clinical presentations. Conventional CS is the most frequent subtype of CS (85%) and represents about 25% of primary bone tumors in adults; they can be categorized according to their bone location into central, peripheral, and periosteal chondrosarcomas. Central and peripheral CS differ at the molecular level with either IDH1/2 mutations or EXT1/2 mutations, respectively. CDKN2A/B deletions are also frequent in conventional CS, as well as COL2A1 mutations. Dedifferentiated CS develops when low-grade conventional CS transforms into a high-grade sarcoma and most frequently exhibits features of osteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, or undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma. Their molecular characteristics are similar to conventional CS. Mesenchymal CS is a totally different pathological entity exhibiting recurrent translocations. Their clinical presentation and management are different too. The standard treatment of CSs is wide en-bloc resection. CS are relatively radiotherapy resistant; therefore, doses >60 Gy are needed in an attempt to achieve local control in unresectable tumors. Chemotherapy is possibly effective in mesenchymal chondrosarcoma and is of uncertain value in dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma. Due to resistance to standard anticancer agents, the prognosis is poor in patients with metastatic or unresectable chondrosarcomas. Recently, the refined characterization of the molecular profile, as well as the development of new treatments, allow new therapeutic options for these rare tumors. The efficiency of IDH1 inhibitors in other malignancies suggests that these inhibitors will be part of IDH1/2 mutated conventional CS management soon. Other treatment approaches, such as PIK3-AKT-mTOR inhibitors, cell cycle inhibitors, and epigenetic or immune modulators based on improving our understanding of CS molecular biology, are emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Tlemsani
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cochin Hospital, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
- INSERM U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Larousserie
- Department of Pathology, Cochin Hospital, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Sixtine De Percin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cochin Hospital, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Virginie Audard
- Department of Pathology, Cochin Hospital, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Djihad Hadjadj
- INSERM U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Jeanne Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cochin Hospital, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | - David Biau
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Cochin Hospital, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Anract
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Cochin Hospital, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Benoit Terris
- Department of Pathology, Cochin Hospital, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | - François Goldwasser
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cochin Hospital, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Eric Pasmant
- INSERM U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
- Department of Genetics, Cochin Hospital, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Pascaline Boudou-Rouquette
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cochin Hospital, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
- INSERM U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
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14
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Lin ZS, Chung CC, Liu YC, Chang CH, Liu HC, Liang YY, Huang TL, Chen TM, Lee CH, Tang CH, Hung MC, Chen YH. EZH2/hSULF1 axis mediates receptor tyrosine kinase signaling to shape cartilage tumor progression. eLife 2023; 12:79432. [PMID: 36622753 PMCID: PMC9829410 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcomas are primary cancers of cartilaginous tissue and capable of alteration to highly aggressive, metastatic, and treatment-refractory states, leading to a poor prognosis with a five-year survival rate at 11 months for dedifferentiated subtype. At present, the surgical resection of chondrosarcoma is the only effective treatment, and no other treatment options including targeted therapies, conventional chemotherapies, or immunotherapies are available for these patients. Here, we identify a signal pathway way involving EZH2/SULF1/cMET axis that contributes to malignancy of chondrosarcoma and provides a potential therapeutic option for the disease. A non-biased chromatin immunoprecipitation sequence, cDNA microarray analysis, and validation of chondrosarcoma cell lines identified sulfatase 1 (SULF1) as the top EZH2-targeted gene to regulate chondrosarcoma progression. Overexpressed EZH2 resulted in downregulation of SULF1 in chondrosarcoma cell lines, which in turn activated cMET pathway. Pharmaceutical inhibition of cMET or genetically silenced cMET pathway significantly retards the chondrosarcoma growth and extends mice survival. The regulation of EZH2/SULF1/cMET axis were further validated in patient samples with chondrosarcoma. The results not only established a signal pathway promoting malignancy of chondrosarcoma but also provided a therapeutic potential for further development of effective target therapy to treat chondrosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Shin Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Chiao-Chen Chung
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University HospitalTaichungTaiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Liu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University HospitalTaichungTaiwan
| | - Chu-Han Chang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University HospitalTaichungTaiwan
| | - Hui-Chia Liu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University HospitalTaichungTaiwan
| | - Yung-Yi Liang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Teng-Le Huang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, College of Medicine, China Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Tsung-Ming Chen
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung Marine UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Che-Hsin Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan,Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University HospitalTaichungTaiwan,Department of Biotechnology, Asia UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Ya-Huey Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan,Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University HospitalTaichungTaiwan
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15
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Albarrán V, Villamayor ML, Chamorro J, Rosero DI, Pozas J, San Román M, Calvo JC, Pérez de Aguado P, Moreno J, Guerrero P, González C, García de Quevedo C, Álvarez-Ballesteros P, Vaz MÁ. Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Recurrent and Unresectable Bone Sarcomas. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13784. [PMID: 36430263 PMCID: PMC9697271 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of rare tumors with a predominance in the young population. Few options of systemic treatment are available once they become unresectable and resistant to conventional chemotherapy. A better knowledge of the key role that tyrosine kinase receptors (VEGFR, RET, MET, AXL, PDGFR, KIT, FGFR, IGF-1R) may play in the pathogenesis of these tumors has led to the development of multi-target inhibitors (TKIs) that are progressively being incorporated into our therapeutic arsenal. Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most frequent primary bone tumor and several TKIs have demonstrated clinical benefit in phase II clinical trials (cabozantinib, regorafenib, apatinib, sorafenib, and lenvatinib). Although the development of TKIs for other primary bone tumors is less advanced, preclinical data and early trials have begun to show their potential benefit in advanced Ewing sarcoma (ES) and rarer bone tumors (chondrosarcoma, chordoma, giant cell tumor of bone, and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma). Previous reviews have mainly provided information on TKIs for OS and ES. We aim to summarize the existing knowledge regarding the use of TKIs in all bone sarcomas including the most recent studies as well as the potential synergistic effects of their combination with other systemic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Albarrán
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, 28034 Madrid, Spain
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16
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Rock A, Ali S, Chow WA. Systemic Therapy for Chondrosarcoma. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2022; 23:199-209. [PMID: 35190971 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-022-00951-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Clinical trial enrollment should be actively encouraged in all patients diagnosed with advanced, surgically unresectable chondrosarcoma (CS) due to the lack of consensus treatment recommendations. In the absence of an appropriate clinical trial, treatments are determined based on histologic subtype of CS with consideration given to targetable mutations (i.e., IDH1). Conventional CS is inherently resistant to cytotoxic chemotherapy and patients may benefit from antiangiogenic therapy including off-label use of pazopanib. Individuals harboring an IDH1 mutation may derive clinical benefit from ivosidenib, an IDH1 inhibitor. Upon progression and with functional status permitting, alternative options include mTOR inhibitors (sirolimus, temsirolimus) or other tyrosine kinase inhibitors (dasatinib), though no clear sequencing data exists. For dedifferentiated CS, conventional chemotherapies with osteosarcoma-like regimens are upfront options although prospective data is limited with minimal overall benefit. Alternative treatment options include immunotherapy with pembrolizumab or ivosidenib in IDH1-mutant, dedifferentiated CS, but questionable efficacy was observed in small sample sizes with either approach. In mesenchymal CS, treatment with Ewing sarcoma-like chemotherapy regimens may be considered, although data supporting its use is even more limited given its rarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Rock
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1000 W. Carson St, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
| | - Sana Ali
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1000 W. Carson St, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
| | - Warren A Chow
- University of California Irvine, 101 The City Drive South, Orange, CA, 92868, USA. .,UCI Health, 101 The City Drive South, Building 63, Room 412, ZOT 4061, Orange, CA, 92868, USA.
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17
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Truong D, Cherradi-Lamhamedi SE, Ludwig JA. Targeting the IGF/PI3K/mTOR Pathway and AXL/YAP1/TAZ pathways in Primary Bone Cancer. J Bone Oncol 2022; 33:100419. [PMID: 35251924 PMCID: PMC8892134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2022.100419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary bone cancers (PBC) belong to the family of mesenchymal tumors classified based on their cellular origin, extracellular matrix, genetic regulation, and epigenetic modification. The three major PBC types, Ewing sarcoma, osteosarcoma, and chondrosarcoma, are frequently aggressive tumors, highly metastatic, and typically occur in children and young adults. Despite their distinct origins and pathogenesis, these sarcoma subtypes rely upon common signaling pathways to promote tumor progression, metastasis, and survival. The IGF/PI3K/mTOR and AXL/YAP/TAZ pathways, in particular, have gained significant attention recently given their ties to oncogenesis, cell fate and differentiation, metastasis, and drug resistance. Naturally, these pathways – and their protein constituents – have caught the eye of the pharmaceutical industry, and a wide array of small molecule inhibitors and antibody drug-conjugates have emerged. Here, we review how the IGF/PI3K/mTOR and AXL/YAP/TAZ pathways promote PBC and highlight the drug candidates under clinical trial investigation.
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18
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Micaily I, Roche M, Ibrahim MY, Martinez-Outschoorn U, Mallick AB. Metabolic Pathways and Targets in Chondrosarcoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:772263. [PMID: 34938658 PMCID: PMC8685273 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.772263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcomas are the second most common primary bone malignancy. Chondrosarcomas are characterized by the production of cartilaginous matrix and are generally resistant to radiation and chemotherapy and the outcomes are overall poor. Hence, there is strong interest in determining mechanisms of cancer aggressiveness and therapeutic resistance in chondrosarcomas. There are metabolic alterations in chondrosarcoma that are linked to the epigenetic state and tumor microenvironment that drive treatment resistance. This review focuses on metabolic changes in chondrosarcoma, and the relationship between signaling via isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1 and IDH2), hedgehog, PI3K-mTOR-AKT, and SRC, as well as histone acetylation and angiogenesis. Also, potential treatment strategies targeting metabolism will be discussed including potential synergy with immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Micaily
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Megan Roche
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mohammad Y. Ibrahim
- Saint Francis Medical Center, Seton Hall University, Trenton, NJ, United States
| | | | - Atrayee Basu Mallick
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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19
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Pennington Z, Ehresman J, Pittman PD, Ahmed AK, Lubelski D, McCarthy EF, Goodwin CR, Sciubba DM. Chondrosarcoma of the spine: a narrative review. Spine J 2021; 21:2078-2096. [PMID: 33971325 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2021.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Chondrosarcoma is an uncommon primary bone tumor with an estimated incidence of 0.5 per 100,000 patient-years. Primary chondrosarcoma of the mobile spine and sacrum cumulatively account for less than 20% of all cases, most .commonly causing patients to present with focal pain with or without radiculopathy, or myelopathy secondary to neural element compression. Because of the rarity, patients benefit from multidisciplinary care at academic tertiary-care centers. Current standard-of-care consists of en bloc surgical resection with negative margins; for high grade lesions adjuvant focused radiation with ≥60 gray equivalents is taking an increased role in improving local control. Prognosis is dictated by lesion grade at the time of resection. Several groups have put forth survival calculators and epidemiological evidence suggests prognosis is quite good for lesions receiving R0 resection. Future efforts will be focused on identifying potential chemotherapeutic adjuvants and refining radiation treatments as a means of improving local control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach Pennington
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA 55905; Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA 21287.
| | - Jeff Ehresman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA 21287; Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ USA 85013.
| | - Patricia D Pittman
- Department of Neuropathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA 27710
| | - A Karim Ahmed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA 21287
| | - Daniel Lubelski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA 21287
| | - Edward F McCarthy
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA 21287
| | - C Rory Goodwin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA 27710
| | - Daniel M Sciubba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA 21287; Department of Neurosurgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra, Long Island Jewish Medical Center and North Shore University Hospital, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY USA 11030.
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20
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Fordham AM, Ekert PG, Fleuren EDG. Precision medicine and phosphoproteomics for the identification of novel targeted therapeutic avenues in sarcomas. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188613. [PMID: 34390800 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rapid advances in genomic technologies have enabled in-depth interrogation of cancer genomes, revealing novel and unexpected therapeutic targets in many cancer types. Identifying actionable dependencies in the diverse and heterogeneous group of sarcomas, particularly those that occur in children or adolescents and young adults (AYAs), remains especially challenging. These patients rarely harbor actionable genomic aberrations, no targeted agent is approved, and outcomes have remained poor for the past decades. This underlines a clear need to refine our methods for target identification. Phosphoproteomics studies in sarcoma showed the power of such analyses to capture novel actionable drivers that are not accompanied by mutational events or gene amplifications. This Review makes the case that incorporating phosphoproteomic molecular profiling alongside (functional) genomics technologies can significantly expand therapeutic target identification, and pinpoint drug mechanisms of action, in pediatric and AYA sarcoma patients. We explore the utility and prospects of phosphoproteomics in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh M Fordham
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul G Ekert
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia; School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Emmy D G Fleuren
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia; School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia.
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21
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Wang W, Yan T, Guo W, Niu J, Zhao Z, Sun K, Zhang H, Yu Y, Ren T. Constitutive GLI1 expression in chondrosarcoma is regulated by major vault protein via mTOR/S6K1 signaling cascade. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:2221-2237. [PMID: 33637972 PMCID: PMC8257592 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00749-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling plays a pivotal role in embryonic pattern formation and diverse aspects of the postnatal biological process. Perturbation of the hedgehog pathway and overexpression of GLI1, a downstream transcription factor in the hedgehog pathway, are highly relevant to several malignancies including chondrosarcoma (CS). We previously found that knocking down expression of GLI1 attenuates the disrupted Indian hedgehog (IHH) signal pathway and suppresses cell survival in human CS cells. However, the underlying mechanisms regulating the expression of GLI1 are still unknown. Here, we demonstrated the implication of GLI1 in SMO-independent pathways in CS cells. A GLI1 binding protein, major vault protein (MVP), was identified using the affinity purification method. MVP promoted the nuclear transport and stabilization of GLI1 by compromising the binding affinity of GLI1 with suppressor of fused homolog (SUFU) and increased GLI1 expression via mTOR/S6K1 signaling cascade. Functionally, knockdown of MVP suppressed cell growth and induced apoptosis. Simultaneous inhibition of MVP and GLI1 strongly inhibits the growth of CS in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, IHC results showed that MVP, GLI1, and P-p70S6K1 were highly expressed and positively correlated with each other in 71 human CS tissues. Overall, our findings revealed a novel regulating mechanism for HH-independent GLI1 expression and provide a rationale for combination therapy in patients with advanced CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Beijing, China
| | - Taiqiang Yan
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei Guo
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Beijing, China.
| | - Jianfang Niu
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqing Zhao
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Beijing, China
| | - Kunkun Sun
- Department of Pathology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Beijing, China
| | - Yiyang Yu
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Ren
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Beijing, China
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22
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Wong K, Ludwig L, Krijgsman O, Adams DJ, Wood GA, van der Weyden L. Comparison of the oncogenomic landscape of canine and feline hemangiosarcoma shows novel parallels with human angiosarcoma. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm049044. [PMID: 34296746 PMCID: PMC8319545 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiosarcoma (AS) is a highly aggressive tumor of blood and lymphatic vessels in humans that shares many similarities with spontaneously occurring hemangiosarcoma (HSA) in dogs and cats. To investigate the genetic suitability of HSA as a model for AS, we sequenced ∼1000 cancer genes in 41 cases of HSA and matched germline tissue: 15 canine visceral HSAs, 13 canine skin HSAs and 13 feline skin HSAs. Analysis of visceral HSAs from dogs presenting with concurrent splenic and cardiac neoplasms showed that the tumors were not independent primaries, consistent with the highly metastatic nature of HSA. Comparison of HSA to AS revealed that several driver genes were recurrently mutated in both species, such as TP53, PIK3CA, ATRX, GRIN2A and LRP1B. Similar to AS, a UV mutational signature was found in a subset of canine cutaneous HSAs and both species show differing mutational profiles between tissue sites. Our characterization of canine and feline HSA demonstrates many important parallels to AS and provides hope that future studies on these cancers will benefit of all three species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Wong
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Latasha Ludwig
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Oscar Krijgsman
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David J. Adams
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Geoffrey A. Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Esperança-Martins M, Fernandes I, Soares do Brito J, Macedo D, Vasques H, Serafim T, Costa L, Dias S. Sarcoma Metabolomics: Current Horizons and Future Perspectives. Cells 2021; 10:1432. [PMID: 34201149 PMCID: PMC8226523 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast array of metabolic adaptations that cancer cells are capable of assuming, not only support their biosynthetic activity, but also fulfill their bioenergetic demands and keep their intracellular reduction-oxidation (redox) balance. Spotlight has recently been placed on the energy metabolism reprogramming strategies employed by cancer cells to proliferate. Knowledge regarding soft tissue and bone sarcomas metabolome is relatively sparse. Further characterization of sarcoma metabolic landscape may pave the way for diagnostic refinement and new therapeutic target identification, with benefit to sarcoma patients. This review covers the state-of-the-art knowledge on cancer metabolomics and explores in detail the most recent evidence on soft tissue and bone sarcoma metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Esperança-Martins
- Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Santa Maria, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.F.); (L.C.)
- Vascular Biology & Cancer Microenvironment Lab, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; (T.S.); (S.D.)
- Translational Oncobiology Lab, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel Fernandes
- Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Santa Maria, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.F.); (L.C.)
- Translational Oncobiology Lab, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; (J.S.d.B.); (H.V.)
| | - Joaquim Soares do Brito
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; (J.S.d.B.); (H.V.)
- Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Hospital Santa Maria, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Daniela Macedo
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Lusíadas Lisboa, 1500-458 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Hugo Vasques
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; (J.S.d.B.); (H.V.)
- General Surgery Department, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Teresa Serafim
- Vascular Biology & Cancer Microenvironment Lab, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; (T.S.); (S.D.)
| | - Luís Costa
- Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Santa Maria, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.F.); (L.C.)
- Translational Oncobiology Lab, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; (J.S.d.B.); (H.V.)
| | - Sérgio Dias
- Vascular Biology & Cancer Microenvironment Lab, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; (T.S.); (S.D.)
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; (J.S.d.B.); (H.V.)
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24
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Differential expression of angiogenesis markers HSP70, HSP90, VEGF and pERK1/2 in both components of dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas. J Bone Oncol 2021; 29:100370. [PMID: 34094840 PMCID: PMC8167291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2021.100370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas (DDCS) are highly malignant bimorphic mesenchymal tumors with poor outcome and limited treatment options. Genes and proteins involved in angiogenesis play an important role in the development of invasion and metastasis. Immunohistochemical stains targeting HSP70, pERK1/2 and VEGFA were applied to a TMA containing 29 DDCS cases representing both tumor components. Higher expression of HSP70 and pERK1/2 was noted in the dedifferentiated component. RNA sequencing performed in 8 paired cases of DDCS comparing well differentiated and dedifferentiated components, showed higher expression of several HSP70 family members and HSP90 in the dedifferentiated component. Furthermore, high mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMAG2) and SET nuclear proto-oncogene demonstrated higher expression in the dedifferentiated component. Thus, the well differentiated and dedifferentiated components of DDCS are different, histologically and transcriptomically. The dedifferentiated component of DDCS shows higher expression of markers that are associated with malignant behavior. Some of these may represent future treatment targets.
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25
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Abstract
Bone tumors are a rare and heterogeneous group of neoplasms that occur in the bone. The diversity and considerable morphologic overlap of bone tumors with other mesenchymal and nonmesenchymal bone lesions can complicate diagnosis. Accurate histologic diagnosis is crucial for appropriate management and prognostication. Since the publication of the fourth edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of soft tissue and bone in 2013, significant advances have been made in our understanding of bone tumor molecular biology, classification, prognostication, and treatment. Detection of tumor-specific molecular alterations can facilitate the accurate diagnosis of histologically challenging cases. The fifth edition of the 2020 WHO classification of tumors of soft tissue and bone tumors provides an updated classification scheme and essential diagnostic criteria for bone tumors. Herein, we summarize these updates, focusing on major changes in each category of bone tumor, the newly described tumor entities and subtypes of existing tumor types, and newly described molecular and genetic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Hyuk Choi
- Department of Pathology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jae Y Ro
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Houston, TX
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26
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Zając A, Król SK, Rutkowski P, Czarnecka AM. Biological Heterogeneity of Chondrosarcoma: From (Epi) Genetics through Stemness and Deregulated Signaling to Immunophenotype. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1317. [PMID: 33804155 PMCID: PMC8001927 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcoma (ChS) is a primary malignant bone tumor. Due to its heterogeneity in clinical outcomes and resistance to chemo- and radiotherapies, there is a need to develop new potential therapies and molecular targets of drugs. Many genes and pathways are involved in in ChS progression. The most frequently mutated genes are isocitrate dehydrogenase ½ (IDH1/2), collagen type II alpha 1 chain (COL2A1), and TP53. Besides the point mutations in ChS, chromosomal aberrations, such as 12q13 (MDM2) amplification, the loss of 9p21 (CDKN21/p16/INK4A and INK4A-p14ARF), and several gene fusions, commonly occurring in sarcomas, have been found. ChS involves the hypermethylation of histone H3 and the decreased methylation of some transcription factors. In ChS progression, changes in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K-AKT-mTOR) and hedgehog pathways are known to play a role in tumor growth and chondrocyte proliferation. Due to recent discoveries regarding the potential of immunotherapy in many cancers, in this review we summarize the current state of knowledge concerning cellular markers of ChS and tumor-associated immune cells. This review compares the latest discoveries in ChS biology from gene alterations to specific cellular markers, including advanced molecular pathways and tumor microenvironment, which can help in discovering new potential checkpoints in inhibitory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Zając
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (A.Z.); (P.R.)
| | - Sylwia K. Król
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Piotr Rutkowski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (A.Z.); (P.R.)
| | - Anna M. Czarnecka
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (A.Z.); (P.R.)
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-176 Warsaw, Poland
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27
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A system-level approach identifies HIF-2α as a critical regulator of chondrosarcoma progression. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5023. [PMID: 33024108 PMCID: PMC7538956 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18817-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcomas, malignant cartilaginous neoplasms, are capable of transitioning to highly aggressive, metastatic, and treatment-refractory states, resulting in significant patient mortality. Here, we aim to uncover the transcriptional program directing such tumor progression in chondrosarcomas. We conduct weighted correlation network analysis to extract a characteristic gene module underlying chondrosarcoma malignancy. Hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α, encoded by EPAS1) is identified as an upstream regulator that governs the malignancy gene module. HIF-2α is upregulated in high-grade chondrosarcoma biopsies and EPAS1 gene amplification is associated with poor prognosis in chondrosarcoma patients. Using tumor xenograft mouse models, we demonstrate that HIF-2α confers chondrosarcomas the capacities required for tumor growth, local invasion, and metastasis. Meanwhile, pharmacological inhibition of HIF-2α, in conjunction with the chemotherapy agents, synergistically enhances chondrosarcoma cell apoptosis and abolishes malignant signatures of chondrosarcoma in mice. We expect that our insights into the pathogenesis of chondrosarcoma will provide guidelines for the development of molecular targeted therapeutics for chondrosarcoma. Chondrosarcomas are frequently aggressive, understanding the transcriptional changes associated with progression may help in developing new treatments. Here, the authors show that HIF-2α is increased in expression on progression and pharmacological inhibition of the protein together with chemotherapy is a useful strategy for controlling tumour growth in mice.
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28
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Roche ME, Lin Z, Whitaker-Menezes D, Zhan T, Szuhai K, Bovee JVMG, Abraham JA, Jiang W, Martinez-Outschoorn U, Basu-Mallick A. Translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane complex subunit 20 (TOMM20) facilitates cancer aggressiveness and therapeutic resistance in chondrosarcoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165962. [PMID: 32920118 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chondrosarcoma is the second most common primary bone malignancy, representing one fourth of all primary bone sarcomas. It is typically resistant to radiation and chemotherapy treatments. However, the molecular mechanisms that contribute to cancer aggressiveness in chondrosarcomas remain poorly characterized. Here, we studied the role of mitochondrial transporters in chondrosarcoma aggressiveness including chemotherapy resistance. Histological grade along with stage are the most important prognostic biomarkers in chondrosarcoma. We found that high-grade human chondrosarcoma tumors have higher expression of the mitochondrial protein, translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane complex subunit 20 (TOMM20), compared to low-grade tumors. TOMM20 overexpression in human chondrosarcoma cells induces chondrosarcoma tumor growth in vivo. TOMM20 drives proliferation, resistance to apoptosis and chemotherapy resistance. Also, TOMM20 induces markers of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metabolic reprogramming in these mesenchymal tumors. In conclusion, TOMM20 drives chondrosarcoma aggressiveness and resistance to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Roche
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Zhao Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Diana Whitaker-Menezes
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Tingting Zhan
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Biostatistics, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Karoly Szuhai
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University, the Netherlands
| | | | - John A Abraham
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Ubaldo Martinez-Outschoorn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA.
| | - Atrayee Basu-Mallick
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA.
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29
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Sweeney SP, Royer MC. NRAS Mutation Detected in a Melanoma With Chondroid Stroma: A Case Report With Molecular Evaluation and Literature Review of a Rare Form of Melanoma. Am J Dermatopathol 2020; 42:608-611. [PMID: 32701697 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000001608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma with cartilaginous differentiation is a rare histologic subtype that has been reported in the literature. It often presents clinically different than conventional melanomas and can be diagnostically challenging. Molecular alterations in previously reported cases have not been published. We present a case of melanoma with chondroid stroma from a 70-year-old man that was found to contain an NRAS mutation (c.182A>G (p.Q61R)) via Illumina TruSight Tumor 15 (TST15) next generation sequencing assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane P Sweeney
- Department of Pathology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD; and
| | - Michael C Royer
- Division of Dermatopathology, Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, MD
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30
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Vares G, Ahire V, Sunada S, Ho Kim E, Sai S, Chevalier F, Romeo PH, Yamamoto T, Nakajima T, Saintigny Y. A multimodal treatment of carbon ions irradiation, miRNA-34 and mTOR inhibitor specifically control high-grade chondrosarcoma cancer stem cells. Radiother Oncol 2020; 150:253-261. [PMID: 32717360 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2020.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE High-grade chondrosarcomas are chemo- and radio-resistant cartilage-forming tumors of bone that often relapse and metastase. Thus, new therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. MATERIAL AND METHODS Chondrosarcoma cells (CH-2879) were exposed to carbon-ion irradiation, combined with miR-34 mimic and/or rapamycin administration. The effects of treatment on cancer stem cells, stemness-associated phenotype, radioresistance and tumor-initiating properties were evaluated. RESULTS We show that high-grade chondrosarcoma cells contain a population of radioresistant cancer stem cells that can be targeted by a combination of carbon-ion therapy, miR-34 mimic administration and/or rapamycin treatment that triggers FOXO3 and miR-34 over-expression. mTOR inhibition by rapamycin triggered FOXO3 and miR-34, leading to KLF4 repression. CONCLUSION Our results show that particle therapy combined with molecular treatments effectively controls cancer stem cells and may overcome treatment resistance of high-grade chondrosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Vares
- Cell Signal Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Japan.
| | - Vidhula Ahire
- Research Laboratory and Open Facility for Radiation Biology with Accelerated Ions (LARIA), CEA/DRF/IBFJ/IRCM, Caen, France; Centre de Recherche sur les Ions, les Matériaux et la Photonique (CIMAP), Normandie Univ/ENSICAEN/UNICAEN/CEA/CNRS, Caen, France
| | - Shigeaki Sunada
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan; Department of Molecular Genetics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Japan
| | - Eun Ho Kim
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sei Sai
- Department of Charged Particle Therapy Research, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - François Chevalier
- Research Laboratory and Open Facility for Radiation Biology with Accelerated Ions (LARIA), CEA/DRF/IBFJ/IRCM, Caen, France; Centre de Recherche sur les Ions, les Matériaux et la Photonique (CIMAP), Normandie Univ/ENSICAEN/UNICAEN/CEA/CNRS, Caen, France
| | - Paul-Henri Romeo
- Research Laboratory on Repair and Transcription in Hematopoietic Stem Cells (LRTS), François Jacob Institute of Biology, CEA/DRF/IBFJ/IRCM, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Tadashi Yamamoto
- Cell Signal Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nakajima
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - Yannick Saintigny
- Research Laboratory and Open Facility for Radiation Biology with Accelerated Ions (LARIA), CEA/DRF/IBFJ/IRCM, Caen, France; Centre de Recherche sur les Ions, les Matériaux et la Photonique (CIMAP), Normandie Univ/ENSICAEN/UNICAEN/CEA/CNRS, Caen, France.
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31
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Non-Conventional Treatments for Conventional Chondrosarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071962. [PMID: 32707689 PMCID: PMC7409290 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcomas are the most common malignant tumors of the cartilage, are seen predominantly in adults, and have varied clinical behavior. The majority of them affect the medullary canal of long bones and pelvic bones. The prognosis of chondrosarcoma is closely related to histological grading; however, the grading is subject to interobserver variability. Conventional chondrosarcomas are overall considered to be chemotherapy- and radiation-resistant, resulting in limited treatment options. The majority of advanced conventional chondrosarcomas are treated with chemotherapy without any survival benefit. Recent studies have evaluated molecular genetic findings which have improved the understanding of chondrosarcoma biology. Newer therapeutic targets are desperately needed. In this review article, we explore ongoing clinical trials evaluating novel ways of treating advanced conventional chondrosarcoma.
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32
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Kim DH, Lee HS, Mun YH, Koh S, Park JS, Lee SM, Kang NW, Lee MY, Cho CW, Kim DD, Lee JY. An overview of chondrosarcoma with a focus on nanoscale therapeutics. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-020-00492-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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33
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Genomics and Therapeutic Vulnerabilities of Primary Bone Tumors. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040968. [PMID: 32295254 PMCID: PMC7227002 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma and chondrosarcoma are rare diseases but the most common primary tumors of bone. The genes directly involved in the sarcomagenesis, tumor progression and treatment responsiveness are not completely defined for these tumors, and the powerful discovery of genetic analysis is highly warranted in the view of improving the therapy and cure of patients. The review summarizes recent advances concerning the molecular and genetic background of these three neoplasms and, of their most common variants, highlights the putative therapeutic targets and the clinical trials that are presently active, and notes the fundamental issues that remain unanswered. In the era of personalized medicine, the rarity of sarcomas may not be the major obstacle, provided that each patient is studied extensively according to a road map that combines emerging genomic and functional approaches toward the selection of novel therapeutic strategies.
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34
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Roessner A, Smolle M, Schoeder V, Haybaeck J. [Cartilage tumors: morphology, genetics, and current aspects of target therapy]. DER PATHOLOGE 2020; 41:143-152. [PMID: 32060685 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-020-00752-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage tumors are a heterogeneous group of mesenchymal tumors whose common characteristic is the formation of a chondroblastic differentiated groundsubstance by the tumor cells. The basic features of their histological classification were already developed in the 1940s and supplemented by further entities in the following decades. Only in the past 10-15 years have fundamental new insights been gained through molecular genetic analysis. So, osteochondromas are characterized by alterations in the EXT1 and EXT2 genes. The description of mutations of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH 1 and 2) in chondromas and chondrosarcomas is particularly important. The mesenchymal chondrosarcoma is characterized by a fusion of the HEY1-NCOA2 genes. The molecular genetic alterations characteristic for the individual tumor entities are first of all an essential supplement for the differential diagnosis of radiologically and histologically difficult cases. They also provide the basis for the establishment of molecular target therapies for malignant chondrogenic tumors. This applies in particular to conventional chondrosarcoma, for which all approaches to chemo- and radiotherapy have proven to be ineffective. However, the use of target therapies is still in its beginnings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Roessner
- Institut für Pathologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Deutschland.
| | - Maria Smolle
- Universitätsklinik für Orthopädie und Traumatologie, Medizinische Universität Graz, Graz, Österreich
| | - Victor Schoeder
- Institut für Pathologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Deutschland
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Institut für Pathologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Deutschland.,Institut für Pathologie, Neuropathologie und Molekularpathologie, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Österreich.,Diagnostik und Forschungszentrum für Molekulare BioMedizin, Institut für Pathologie, Medizinische Universität Graz, Graz, Österreich
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35
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de Jong Y, Bennani F, van Oosterwijk JG, Alberti G, Baranski Z, Wijers-Koster P, Venneker S, Briaire-de Bruijn IH, van de Akker BE, Baelde H, Cleton-Jansen AM, van de Water B, Danen EH, Bovée JV. A screening-based approach identifies cell cycle regulators AURKA, CHK1 and PLK1 as targetable regulators of chondrosarcoma cell survival. J Bone Oncol 2019; 19:100268. [PMID: 31832331 PMCID: PMC6889735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2019.100268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcomas are malignant cartilage tumors that are relatively resistant towards conventional therapeutic approaches. Kinase inhibitors have been investigated and shown successful for several different cancer types. In this study we aimed at identifying kinase inhibitors that inhibit the survival of chondrosarcoma cells and thereby serve as new potential therapeutic strategies to treat chondrosarcoma patients. An siRNA screen targeting 779 different kinases was conducted in JJ012 chondrosarcoma cells in parallel with a compound screen consisting of 273 kinase inhibitors in JJ012, SW1353 and CH2879 chondrosarcoma cell lines. AURKA, CHK1 and PLK1 were identified as most promising targets and validated further in a more comprehensive panel of chondrosarcoma cell lines. Dose response curves were performed using tyrosine kinase inhibitors: MK-5108 (AURKA), LY2603618 (CHK1) and Volasertib (PLK1) using viability assays and cell cycle analysis. Apoptosis was measured at 24 h after treatment using a caspase 3/7 assay. Finally, chondrosarcoma patient samples (N = =34) were used to examine the correlation between AURKA, CHK1 and PLK1 RNA expression and documented patient survival. Dose dependent decreases in viability were observed in chondrosarcoma cell lines after treatment with MK-5108, LY2603618 and volasertib, with cell lines showing highest sensitivity to PLK1 inhibition. In addition increased sensitivity to conventional chemotherapy was observed after CHK1 inhibition in a subset of the cell lines. Interestingly, whereas AURKA and CHK1 were both expressed in chondrosarcoma patient samples, PLK1 expression was found to be low compared to normal cartilage. Analysis of patient samples revealed that high CHK1 RNA expression correlated with a worse overall survival. AURKA, CHK1 and PLK1 are identified as important survival genes in chondrosarcoma cell lines. Although further research is needed to validate these findings, inhibiting CHK1 seems to be the most promising potential therapeutic target for patients with chondrosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne de Jong
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9600, L1-Q, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Fairuz Bennani
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9600, L1-Q, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jolieke G. van Oosterwijk
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9600, L1-Q, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gaia Alberti
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9600, L1-Q, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Zuzanna Baranski
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Pauline Wijers-Koster
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9600, L1-Q, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sanne Venneker
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9600, L1-Q, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Inge H. Briaire-de Bruijn
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9600, L1-Q, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Brendy E. van de Akker
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9600, L1-Q, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Baelde
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9600, L1-Q, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Cleton-Jansen
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9600, L1-Q, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Bob van de Water
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Erik H.J. Danen
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Judith V.M.G. Bovée
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9600, L1-Q, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
- Corresponding author.
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36
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Venneker S, Szuhai K, Hogendoorn PCW, Bovée JVMG. Mutation-driven epigenetic alterations as a defining hallmark of central cartilaginous tumours, giant cell tumour of bone and chondroblastoma. Virchows Arch 2019; 476:135-146. [PMID: 31728625 PMCID: PMC6968983 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-019-02699-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recently, specific driver mutations were identified in chondroblastoma, giant cell tumour of bone and central cartilaginous tumours (specifically enchondroma and central chondrosarcoma), sharing the ability to induce genome-wide epigenetic alterations. In chondroblastoma and giant cell tumour of bone, the neoplastic mononuclear stromal-like cells frequently harbour specific point mutations in the genes encoding for histone H3.3 (H3F3A and H3F3B). The identification of these driver mutations has led to development of novel diagnostic tools to distinguish between chondroblastoma, giant cell tumour of bone and other giant cell containing tumours. From a biological perspective, these mutations induce several global and local alterations of the histone modification marks. Similar observations are made for central cartilaginous tumours, which frequently harbour specific point mutations in the metabolic enzymes IDH1 or IDH2. Besides an altered methylation pattern on histones, IDH mutations also induce a global DNA hypermethylation phenotype. In all of these tumour types, the mutation-driven epigenetic alterations lead to a highly altered transcriptome, resulting for instance in alterations in differentiation. These genomic alterations have diagnostic impact. Further research is needed to identify the genes and signalling pathways that are affected by the epigenetic alterations, which will hopefully lead to a better understanding of the biological mechanism underlying tumourigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Venneker
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karoly Szuhai
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Judith V M G Bovée
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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37
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Neradil J, Kyr M, Polaskova K, Kren L, Macigova P, Skoda J, Sterba J, Veselska R. Phospho-Protein Arrays as Effective Tools for Screening Possible Targets for Kinase Inhibitors and Their Use in Precision Pediatric Oncology. Front Oncol 2019; 9:930. [PMID: 31616636 PMCID: PMC6763615 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific targeting of signal transduction by low-molecular-weight inhibitors or monoclonal antibodies represents a very promising personalized treatment strategy in pediatric oncology. In this study, we present the successful and clinically relevant use of commercially available phospho-protein arrays for analyses of the phosphorylation profiles of a broad spectrum of receptor tyrosine kinases and their downstream signaling proteins in tumor tissue samples. Although these arrays were made for research purposes on human biological samples, they have already been used by several authors to profile various tumor types. Our study performed a systematic analysis of the advantages and pitfalls of the use of this method for personalized clinical medicine. In certain clinical cases and their series, we demonstrated the important aspects of data processing and evaluation, the use of phospho-protein arrays for single sample and serial sample analyses, and the validation of obtained results by immunohistochemistry, as well as the possibilities of this method for the hierarchical clustering of pediatric solid tumors. Our results clearly show that phospho-protein arrays are apparently useful for the clinical consideration of druggable molecular targets within a specific tumor. Thus, their potential validation for diagnostic purposes may substantially improve the personalized approach in the treatment of relapsed or refractory solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Neradil
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Brno, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Michal Kyr
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Brno, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Kristyna Polaskova
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Brno, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Leos Kren
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Brno, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Petra Macigova
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Brno, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jan Skoda
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Brno, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jaroslav Sterba
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Brno, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Renata Veselska
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Brno, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
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38
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de Jong Y, Ingola M, Briaire-de Bruijn IH, Kruisselbrink AB, Venneker S, Palubeckaite I, Heijs BPAM, Cleton-Jansen AM, Haas RLM, Bovée JVMG. Radiotherapy resistance in chondrosarcoma cells; a possible correlation with alterations in cell cycle related genes. Clin Sarcoma Res 2019; 9:9. [PMID: 31160965 PMCID: PMC6540537 DOI: 10.1186/s13569-019-0119-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Conventional chondrosarcomas are malignant cartilage tumors considered radioresistant. Nevertheless, retrospective series show a small but significant survival benefit for patients with locally advanced disease treated with radiotherapy. And, in daily practice when considered inoperable their irradiation is an accepted indication for proton beam radiotherapy. Therefore, we investigated the sensitivity of chondrosarcoma cell lines and -tissue samples towards radiotherapy and screened for biomarkers to identify predictors of radiosensitivity. Methods Proliferation and clonogenic assays were performed in chondrosarcoma cell lines after γ-radiation in combination with mutant IDH1 inhibitor AGI-5198. In addition, glutathione levels were measured using mass spectrometry. Chondrosarcoma tumor explants were irradiated after which γ-H2AX foci were counted. Mutation analysis was performed using the Ion AmpliSeq™ Cancer Hotspot Panel and immunohistochemical staining’s were performed for P-S6, LC-3B, P53, Bcl-2, Bcl-xl and Survivin. Results were correlated with the number of γ-H2AX foci. Results Chondrosarcoma cell lines were variably γ-radiation resistant. No difference in radiosensitivity, nor glutathione levels was observed after treatment with AGI-5198. Irradiated chondrosarcoma patient tissue presented a variable increase in γ-H2AX foci compared to non-radiated tissue. Samples were divided into two groups, high and low radioresistant, based on the amount of γ-H2AX foci. All four highly resistant tumors exhibited mutations in the pRb pathway, while none of the less radioresistant tumors showed mutations in these genes. Conclusions Chondrosarcoma cell lines as well as primary tumors are variably radioresistant, particularly in case of a defective Rb pathway. Whether selection for radiotherapy can be based upon an intact Rb pathway should be further investigated. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13569-019-0119-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne de Jong
- 1Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martha Ingola
- 2Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Inge H Briaire-de Bruijn
- 1Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alwine B Kruisselbrink
- 1Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne Venneker
- 1Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ieva Palubeckaite
- 1Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bram P A M Heijs
- 2Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Cleton-Jansen
- 1Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rick L M Haas
- 3Department of Radiation Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,4Department of Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judith V M G Bovée
- 1Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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39
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Meram AT, Alzubaidi Y, Cotelingam J, Ghali G, Lopez L, Coppola D, Shackelford R. Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyl Transferase Is Increased in Osteosarcomas and Chondrosarcomas Compared to Benign Bone and Cartilage. Anticancer Res 2019; 39:1761-1765. [PMID: 30952715 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.13282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Primary bone neoplasms include osteosarcomas (OS), chondrosarcomas (CS), and giant cell tumors (GCT). Nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (NAMPT) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide synthesis and is increased in multiple tumor types. In malignancies, NAMPT expression often correlates positively with tumor grade, chemotherapy resistance, and metastatic potential. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tissue microarray was used to examine NAMPT expression in benign bone and cartilage, GCTs, OS, and different CS grades. RESULTS For the first time, we showed that NAMPT expression was increased in GCTs and OS compared to benign bone, and in CS compared to benign cartilage. Its expression also increased with higher CS grade. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that NAMPT plays a role in bone sarcomas and GCTs, and its higher expression may contribute to increased tumor aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Meram
- Head and Neck Oncologic/Microvascular Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial/Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, U.S.A
| | - Yasir Alzubaidi
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, U.S.A
| | - James Cotelingam
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, U.S.A
| | - Ghali Ghali
- Head and Neck Oncologic/Microvascular Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial/Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, U.S.A
| | - Liurka Lopez
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, U.S.A
| | - Domenico Coppola
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, U.S.A
| | - Rodney Shackelford
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, U.S.A.
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Zhu JX, Xiao JR. SF2523 inhibits human chondrosarcoma cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 511:559-565. [PMID: 30824188 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.02.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Developing novel therapeutic agents against chondrosarcoma is important. SF2523 is a PI3K-Akt-mTOR and bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) dual inhibitor. Its activity in human chondrosarcoma cells is tested. Our results show that SF2523 potently inhibited survival, proliferation and migration, and induced apoptosis activation in SW1353 cells and primary human chondrosarcoma cells. The dual inhibitor was yet non-cytotoxic to the primary human osteoblasts and OB-6 osteoblastic cells. SF2523 blocked Akt-mTOR activation and downregulated BRD4-regulated genes (Bcl-2 and c-Myc) in chondrosarcoma cells. It was more efficient in killing chondrosarcoma cells than other established PI3K-Akt-mTOR and BRD4 inhibitors, including JQ1, perifosine and OSI-027. In vivo, intraperitoneal injection of SF2523 (30 mg/kg) potently inhibited subcutaneous SW1353 xenograft tumor growth in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Akt-mTOR inhibition as well as Bcl-2 and c-Myc downregulation were detected in SF2523-treated SW1353 tumor tissues. In conclusion, targeting PI3K-Akt-mTOR and BRD4 by SF2523 potently inhibited chondrosarcoma cell growth in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xue Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Ru Xiao
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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41
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Addie RD, de Jong Y, Alberti G, Kruisselbrink AB, Que I, Baelde H, Bovée JVMG. Exploration of the chondrosarcoma metabolome; the mTOR pathway as an important pro-survival pathway. J Bone Oncol 2019; 15:100222. [PMID: 30766792 PMCID: PMC6360255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2019.100222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chondrosarcomas are malignant cartilage-producing tumors showing mutations and changes in gene expression in metabolism related genes. In this study, we aimed to explore the metabolome and identify targetable metabolic vulnerabilities in chondrosarcoma. Methods A custom-designed metabolic compound screen containing 39 compounds targeting different metabolic pathways was performed in chondrosarcoma cell lines JJ012, SW1353 and CH2879. Based on the anti-proliferative activity, six compounds were selected for validation using real-time metabolic profiling. Two selected compounds (rapamycin and sapanisertib) were further explored for their effect on viability, apoptosis and metabolic dependency, in normoxia and hypoxia. In vivo efficacy of sapanisertib was tested in a chondrosarcoma orthotopic xenograft mouse model. Results Inhibitors of glutamine, glutathione, NAD synthesis and mTOR were effective in chondrosarcoma cells. Of the six compounds that were validated on the metabolic level, mTOR inhibitors rapamycin and sapanisertib showed the most consistent decrease in oxidative and glycolytic parameters. Chondrosarcoma cells were sensitive to mTORC1 inhibition using rapamycin. Inhibition of mTORC1 and mTORC2 using sapanisertib resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in viability in all chondrosarcoma cell lines. In addition, induction of apoptosis was observed in CH2879 after 24 h. Treatment of chondrosarcoma xenografts with sapanisertib slowed down tumor growth compared to control mice. Conclusions mTOR inhibition leads to a reduction of oxidative and glycolytic metabolism and decreased proliferation in chondrosarcoma cell lines. Although further research is needed, these findings suggest that mTOR inhibition might be a potential therapeutic option for patients with chondrosarcoma.
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Key Words
- ACT, Atypical cartilaginous tumor
- BLI, Bioluminescence imaging
- BSA, Bovine serum albumin
- BSO, Buthionine sulfoximine
- Chondrosarcoma
- D2HG, d-2-Hydroxyglutarate
- DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide
- ECAR, Extracellular acidification rate
- FBS, Fetal bovine serum
- FCCP, Carbonyl cyanide-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone
- FLI, Fluorescence imaging
- HIF, Hypoxia-inducible factor
- IDH, Isocitrate dehydrogenase
- Metabolism
- OCR, Oxygen consumption rate
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- Rapamycin
- mCT, Micro computed tomography
- mTOR, Mammalian target of rapamycin
- mTOR, Sapanisertib
- α-KG, α-ketoglutarate
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben D Addie
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Yvonne de Jong
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gaia Alberti
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ivo Que
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Baelde
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Judith V M G Bovée
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Abstract
Chondrosarcomas constitute a heterogeneous group of primary bone cancers characterized by hyaline cartilaginous neoplastic tissue. They are the second most common primary bone malignancy. The vast majority of chondrosarcomas are conventional chondrosarcomas, and most conventional chondrosarcomas are low- to intermediate-grade tumors (grade 1 or 2) which have indolent clinical behavior and low metastatic potential. Recurrence augurs a poor prognosis, as conventional chondrosarcomas are both radiation and chemotherapy resistant. Recent discoveries in the biology, genetics, and epigenetics of conventional chondrosarcomas have significantly advanced our understanding of the pathobiology of these tumors and offer insight into potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren A Chow
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
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43
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Stevens JW, Meyerholz DK, Neighbors JD, Morcuende JA. 5'-methylschweinfurthin G reduces chondrosarcoma tumor growth . J Orthop Res 2018; 36:1283-1293. [PMID: 28960476 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
New treatment options are urgently required in the field of chondrosarcoma, particularly of chondrosarcomas with a well-differentiated hyaline cartilage-like extracellular matrix (e.g., collagen II and proteoglycan-rich) phenotype, notoriously resistant to drug penetration, and having potential of progression towards higher grade. We investigated the feasibility of using 5'-methylschweinfurthin G (MeSG) as a tumor suppressor agent in the Swarm rat chondrosarcoma, an intermediate- to high-grade chondrosarcoma model, having a hyaline cartilage-like phenotype. Tumor cell culture studies were performed to identify their proliferative and cytotoxicity sensitivity to MeSG. Tumor burden mice were treated with MeSG and analyzed for tumor growth, morphology and regression. The chondrosarcoma tumor cells had a half maximum cytotoxicity concentration (IC50 ) of 35 nM MeSG; approximately 300-fold less than freshly isolated rat chondrocytes (IC50 of 11 µM). Multiple injections of MeSG (20 mg/kg, body weight) resulted in reduced/eliminated tumor growth over a 17-day period in mice, and an 83% reduction (p = 0.023) in tumor mass. Three out of ten MeSG treated mice had complete elimination of tumor. Tumors of treated mice had a decrease in chondrosarcoma cell proliferation (p = 0.012) and an increase in cell death (p = 0.030) compared with tumors of control mice. These findings in an animal model demonstrate the effectiveness of MeSG for treatment of rat chondrosarcomas, and may have the potential use as a therapeutic option for the difficult-to-treat intermediate-to high-grade hyaline cartilage-like chondrosarcoma. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1283-1293, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff W Stevens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, 500 Newton Road, 3160 ML, Iowa City, 52242, Iowa
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, 500 Newton Road, 1165 ML, Iowa City, 52242, Iowa
| | - Jeffery D Neighbors
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State Cancer Institute, 500 University Drive, CH72, Hershey, 17033, Pennsylvania
| | - José A Morcuende
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, 01023 JPP, Iowa City, 52242, Iowa
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44
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The role of metabolic enzymes in mesenchymal tumors and tumor syndromes: genetics, pathology, and molecular mechanisms. J Transl Med 2018; 98:414-426. [PMID: 29339836 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-017-0003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of mutations in genes encoding the metabolic enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and fumarate hydratase (FH) has expanded our understanding not only of altered metabolic pathways but also epigenetic dysregulation in cancer. IDH1/2 mutations occur in enchondromas and chondrosarcomas in patients with the non-hereditary enchondromatosis syndromes Ollier disease and Maffucci syndrome and in sporadic tumors. IDH1/2 mutations result in excess production of the oncometabolite (D)-2-hydroxyglutarate. In contrast, SDH and FH act as tumor suppressors and genomic inactivation results in succinate and fumarate accumulation, respectively. SDH deficiency may result from germline SDHA, SDHB, SDHC, or SDHD mutations and is found in autosomal-dominant familial paraganglioma/pheochromocytoma and Carney-Stratakis syndrome, describing the combination of paraganglioma and gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). In contrast, patients with the non-hereditary Carney triad, including paraganglioma, GIST, and pulmonary chondroma, usually lack germline SDH mutations and instead show epigenetic SDH complex inactivation through SDHC promoter methylation. Inactivating FH germline mutations are found in patients with hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) syndrome comprising benign cutaneous/uterine leiomyomas and renal cell carcinoma. Mutant IDH, SDH, and FH share common inhibition of α-ketoglutarate-dependent oxygenases such as the TET family of 5-methylcytosine hydroxylases preventing DNA demethylation, and Jumonji domain histone demethylases increasing histone methylation, which together inhibit cell differentiation. Ongoing studies aim to better characterize these complex alterations in cancer, the different clinical phenotypes, and variable penetrance of inherited and sporadic cancer predisposition syndromes. A better understanding of the roles of metabolic enzymes in cancer may foster the development of therapies that specifically target functional alterations in tumor cells in the future. Here, the physiologic functions of these metabolic enzymes, the mutational spectrum, and associated functional alterations will be discussed, with a focus on mesenchymal tumor predisposition syndromes.
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Targeting glutaminolysis in chondrosarcoma in context of the IDH1/2 mutation. Br J Cancer 2018; 118:1074-1083. [PMID: 29576625 PMCID: PMC5931088 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chondrosarcoma is a malignant cartilage-forming bone tumour in which mutations in IDH1 and IDH2 frequently occur. Previous studies suggest an increased dependency on glutaminolysis in IDH1/2 mutant cells, which resulted in clinical trials with the drugs CB-839, metformin and chloroquine. In this study, the preclinical rationale for using these drugs as a treatment for chondrosarcoma was evaluated. METHODS Expression of glutaminase was determined in 120 cartilage tumours by immunohistochemistry. Ten chondrosarcoma cell lines were treated with the metabolic compounds CB-849, metformin, phenformin (lipophilic analogue of metformin) and chloroquine. RESULTS A difference in glutaminase expression levels between the different tumour grades (p = 0.001, one-way ANOVA) was identified, with the highest expression observed in high-grade chondrosarcomas. Treatment with CB-839, metformin, phenformin or chloroquine revealed that chondrosarcoma cell lines are sensitive to glutaminolysis inhibition. Metformin and phenformin decreased mTOR activity in chondrosarcoma cells, and metformin decreased LC3B-II levels, which is counteracted by chloroquine. CONCLUSION Targeting glutaminolysis with CB-839, metformin, phenformin or chloroquine is a potential therapeutic strategy for a subset of high-grade chondrosarcomas, irrespective of the presence or absence of an IDH1/2 mutation.
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Kanbara K, Otsuki Y, Watanabe M, Yokoe S, Mori Y, Asahi M, Neo M. GABA B receptor regulates proliferation in the high-grade chondrosarcoma cell line OUMS-27 via apoptotic pathways. BMC Cancer 2018. [PMID: 29514603 PMCID: PMC5842535 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4149-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-grade chondrosarcoma, which has a high incidence of local recurrence and pulmonary metastasis despite surgical resection, is associated with poor prognosis. Therefore, new and effective adjuvant therapies are urgently required for this disease. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which acts as a neurotrophic factor during nervous system development, is related to the proliferation and migration of certain cancer cells. The GABAergic system, which is composed of GABA, the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and GABA receptors, has an important function in nerve growth and development of neural crest. Therefore, the GABAergic system may play important functional roles in the proliferation of chondrosarcoma cells, which are derived from neural crest cells. We examined the anti-tumor effects of the GABAergic system on a chondrosarcoma cell line. METHODS We evaluated the underlying mechanisms of the anti-tumor effects of the GABAergic system, such as the involvement of different signaling pathways, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest, in the high-grade chondrosarcoma cell line OUMS-27. In addition, we performed whole-cell patch-clamp recordings for Ca2+ currents and evaluated the changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration via Ca2+ channels, which are related to the GABAB receptor in high-grade chondrosarcoma cells. RESULTS The GABAB receptor antagonist CGP had anti-tumor effects on high-grade chondrosarcoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. The activities of caspase 3 and caspase 9 were significantly elevated in CGP-treated cells compared to in untreated cells. The activity of caspase 8 did not differ significantly between untreated cells and CGP-treated cells. However, caspase 8 tended to be up-regulated in CGP-treated cells. The GABAB receptor antagonist exhibited anti-tumor effects at the G1/S cell cycle checkpoint and induced apoptosis via dual inhibition of the PI3/Akt/mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways. Furthermore, the changes in intracellular Ca2+ via GABAB receptor-related Ca2+ channels inhibited the proliferation of high-grade chondrosarcoma cells by inducing and modulating apoptotic pathways. CONCLUSIONS The GABAB receptor antagonist may improve the prognosis of high-grade chondrosarcoma by exerting anti-tumor effects via different signaling pathways, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and Ca2+ channels in high-grade chondrosarcoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoto Kanbara
- Department of Orthopedics, Osaka Medical College Takatsuki, Daigaku-machi 2-7, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Otsuki
- President of Osaka Medical College, Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahito Watanabe
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kansai University of Welfare Sciences, Asahigaoka, Kashihara, Osaka, Japan
| | - Syunichi Yokoe
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Mori
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kansai University of Welfare Sciences, Asahigaoka, Kashihara, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michio Asahi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masashi Neo
- Department of Orthopedics, Osaka Medical College Takatsuki, Daigaku-machi 2-7, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
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Perut F, Sbrana FV, Avnet S, De Milito A, Baldini N. Spheroid-based 3D cell cultures identify salinomycin as a promising drug for the treatment of chondrosarcoma. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:2305-2312. [PMID: 29469166 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chondrosarcoma (CS) is a cartilage malignancy of adulthood that is treated by surgery alone, since chemotherapy is considered ineffective. Unfortunately, a large proportion of patients with CS develop lung metastases, and several die of the disease. In this study, we compared 3D-spheroid cultures and conventional cell monolayer models in order to identify the best way to select anticancer agents that could be effective for the systemic control of CS. Using SW1353 cells, we developed a three-dimensional (3D) in vitro culture model to mimic in vivo features of CS microenvironment and evaluated the efficacy of different drugs to modulate CS cell proliferation and survival in 2D versus 3D-cultures. Doxorubicin (DXR) and cisplatin, that are widely employed in sarcomas, were less effective on 3D-CS spheroids when compared to standard monolayer models, whereas treatment with the ionophore salinomycin (SAL) had a strong cytotoxic effect both on 2D and 3D-cultures. Furthermore, as demonstrated by the reduced viability and the enhanced DXR nuclear localization, SAL enhanced DXR cytotoxicity in 3D-CS spheroids also at sub-lethal doses. SAL activity on 3D-CS spheroids was mediated by a significant induction of apoptosis via caspase activation. This study demonstrates that preclinical tests significantly differ in monolayer and 3D cultures of CS cells. Using this approach, SAL, alone or, at sub-lethal concentrations, in combination with DXR, represents a promising agent for the systemic treatment of CS. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Perut
- Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Francesca V Sbrana
- Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, Bologna, 40136, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40123, Italy
| | - Sofia Avnet
- Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Angelo De Milito
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicola Baldini
- Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, Bologna, 40136, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40123, Italy
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Boehme KA, Schleicher SB, Traub F, Rolauffs B. Chondrosarcoma: A Rare Misfortune in Aging Human Cartilage? The Role of Stem and Progenitor Cells in Proliferation, Malignant Degeneration and Therapeutic Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010311. [PMID: 29361725 PMCID: PMC5796255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike other malignant bone tumors including osteosarcomas and Ewing sarcomas with a peak incidence in adolescents and young adults, conventional and dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas mainly affect people in the 4th to 7th decade of life. To date, the cell type of chondrosarcoma origin is not clearly defined. However, it seems that mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells (MSPC) in the bone marrow facing a pro-proliferative as well as predominantly chondrogenic differentiation milieu, as is implicated in early stage osteoarthritis (OA) at that age, are the source of chondrosarcoma genesis. But how can MSPC become malignant? Indeed, only one person in 1,000,000 will develop a chondrosarcoma, whereas the incidence of OA is a thousandfold higher. This means a rare coincidence of factors allowing escape from senescence and apoptosis together with induction of angiogenesis and migration is needed to generate a chondrosarcoma. At early stages, chondrosarcomas are still assumed to be an intermediate type of tumor which rarely metastasizes. Unfortunately, advanced stages show a pronounced resistance both against chemo- and radiation-therapy and frequently metastasize. In this review, we elucidate signaling pathways involved in the genesis and therapeutic resistance of chondrosarcomas with a focus on MSPC compared to signaling in articular cartilage (AC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Boehme
- G.E.R.N. Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Sabine B Schleicher
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Children's Hospital, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Frank Traub
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Bernd Rolauffs
- G.E.R.N. Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.
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de Andrea CE, San-Julian M, Bovée JVMG. Integrating Morphology and Genetics in the Diagnosis of Cartilage Tumors. Surg Pathol Clin 2017; 10:537-552. [PMID: 28797501 DOI: 10.1016/j.path.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage-forming tumors of bone are a heterogeneous group of tumors with different molecular mechanisms involved. Enchondromas are benign hyaline cartilage-forming tumors of medullary bone caused by mutations in IDH1 or IDH2. Osteochondromas are benign cartilage-capped bony projections at the surface of bone. IDH mutations are also found in dedifferentiated and periosteal chondrosarcoma. A recurrent HEY1-NCOA2 fusion characterizes mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. Molecular changes are increasingly used to improve diagnostic accuracy in chondrosarcomas. Detection of IDH mutations or HEY1-NCOA2 fusions has already proved their immense value, especially on small biopsy specimens or in case of unusual presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E de Andrea
- Department of Histology and Pathology, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Mikel San-Julian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, University Clinic of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Judith V M G Bovée
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, L1-Q, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The prognosis of patients with unresectable or metastatic chondrosarcoma of the bone is poor. Chondrosarcomas are in general resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This review discusses recent developments in the characterization of molecular pathways involved in the oncogenesis of chondrosarcoma that should be explored to improve prognosis of patients with advanced chondrosarcoma. RECENT FINDINGS The different oncogenic pathways for chondrosarcoma have become better defined. These include alterations in pathways such as isocitrate dehydrogenase mutation, hedgehog signalling, the retinoblastoma protein and p53 pathways, apoptosis and survival mechanisms, and several tyrosine kinases. These specific alterations can be employed for use in clinical interventions in advanced chondrosarcoma. SUMMARY As many different genetic alterations in chondrosarcoma have been identified, it is of the utmost importance to classify druggable targets that may improve the prognosis of chondrosarcoma patients. In recent years an increased number of trials evaluating targeted therapies are being conducted. As chondrosarcoma is an orphan disease consequently all studies are performed with small numbers of patients. The results of clinical studies so far have been largely disappointing. Therapeutic intervention studies of these new targets emerging from preclinical studies are of highest importance to improve prognosis of chondrosarcoma patients with advanced disease.
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