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Chang WI, Honeyman JN, Zhang J, Lin C, Sharma A, Zhou L, Oliveira J, Tapinos N, Lulla RR, Prabhu VV, El-Deiry WS. Novel combination of imipridones and histone deacetylase inhibitors demonstrate cytotoxic effect through integrated stress response in pediatric solid tumors. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:6241-6255. [PMID: 38187038 PMCID: PMC10767354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a demonstrated need for new chemotherapy options in pediatric oncology, as pediatric solid tumors continue to plateau at 60% with event-free survival. Imipridones, a novel class of small molecules, represent a potential new therapeutic option, with promising pre-clinical data and emerging clinical trial data in adult malignancies. ONC201, ONC206, and ONC212 are imipridones showing pro-apoptotic anti-cancer response. Using cell viability assays, and protein immunoblotting, we were able to demonstrate single-agent efficacy of all 3 imipridones inducing cell death in pediatric solid tumor cell lines, including osteosarcoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, Ewing sarcoma (EWS), and neuroblastoma. ONC201 displayed IC50 values for non-H3K27M-mutated EWS cell lines ranging from 0.86 µM (SK-N-MC) to 2.76 µM (RD-ES), which were comparable to the range of IC50 values for H3K27M-mutated DIPG cells lines (range 1.06 to 1.56 µM). ONC212 demonstrated the highest potency in single-agent cell killing, followed by ONC206, and ONC201. Additionally, pediatric solid tumor cells were treated with single-agent therapy with histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) vorinostat, entinostat, and panobinostat, showing cell killing with all 3 HDACi drugs, with panobinostat showing the greatest potency. We demonstrate that dual-agent therapy with combinations of imipridones and HDACi lead to synergistic cell killing and apoptosis in all pediatric solid tumor cell lines tested, with ONC212 and panobinostat combinations demonstrating maximal potency. The imipridones induced the integrated stress response with ATF4 and TRAIL receptor upregulation, as well as reduced expression of ClpX. Hyperacetylation of H3K27 was associated with synergistic killing of tumor cells following exposure to imipridone plus HDAC inhibitor therapies. Our results introduce a novel class of small molecules to treat pediatric solid tumors in a precision medicine framework. Use of impridones in pediatric oncology is novel and shows promising pre-clinical efficacy in pediatric solid tumors, including in combination with HDAC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-I Chang
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Translational Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Cancer InstituteProvidence, RI, USA
| | - Joshua N Honeyman
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Translational Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Cancer InstituteProvidence, RI, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Translational Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Cancer InstituteProvidence, RI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
| | - Claire Lin
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Translational Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Cancer InstituteProvidence, RI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
| | - Aditi Sharma
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Translational Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
| | - Lanlan Zhou
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Translational Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Cancer InstituteProvidence, RI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
| | - Janice Oliveira
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Translational Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
| | - Nikos Tapinos
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Cancer InstituteProvidence, RI, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
| | - Rishi R Lulla
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Cancer InstituteProvidence, RI, USA
| | | | - Wafik S El-Deiry
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Translational Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Cancer InstituteProvidence, RI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Lifespan and Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
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Logotheti S, Papadaki E, Zolota V, Logothetis C, Vrahatis AG, Soundararajan R, Tzelepi V. Lineage Plasticity and Stemness Phenotypes in Prostate Cancer: Harnessing the Power of Integrated "Omics" Approaches to Explore Measurable Metrics. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4357. [PMID: 37686633 PMCID: PMC10486655 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15174357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa), the most frequent and second most lethal cancer type in men in developed countries, is a highly heterogeneous disease. PCa heterogeneity, therapy resistance, stemness, and lethal progression have been attributed to lineage plasticity, which refers to the ability of neoplastic cells to undergo phenotypic changes under microenvironmental pressures by switching between developmental cell states. What remains to be elucidated is how to identify measurements of lineage plasticity, how to implement them to inform preclinical and clinical research, and, further, how to classify patients and inform therapeutic strategies in the clinic. Recent research has highlighted the crucial role of next-generation sequencing technologies in identifying potential biomarkers associated with lineage plasticity. Here, we review the genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenetic events that have been described in PCa and highlight those with significance for lineage plasticity. We further focus on their relevance in PCa research and their benefits in PCa patient classification. Finally, we explore ways in which bioinformatic analyses can be used to determine lineage plasticity based on large omics analyses and algorithms that can shed light on upstream and downstream events. Most importantly, an integrated multiomics approach may soon allow for the identification of a lineage plasticity signature, which would revolutionize the molecular classification of PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souzana Logotheti
- Department of Pathology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (S.L.); (E.P.); (V.Z.)
| | - Eugenia Papadaki
- Department of Pathology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (S.L.); (E.P.); (V.Z.)
- Department of Informatics, Ionian University, 49100 Corfu, Greece;
| | - Vasiliki Zolota
- Department of Pathology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (S.L.); (E.P.); (V.Z.)
| | - Christopher Logothetis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | | | - Rama Soundararajan
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Vasiliki Tzelepi
- Department of Pathology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (S.L.); (E.P.); (V.Z.)
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Kong Y, Jiang C, Wei G, Sun K, Wang R, Qiu T. Small Molecule Inhibitors as Therapeutic Agents Targeting Oncogenic Fusion Proteins: Current Status and Clinical. Molecules 2023; 28:4672. [PMID: 37375228 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic fusion proteins, arising from chromosomal rearrangements, have emerged as prominent drivers of tumorigenesis and crucial therapeutic targets in cancer research. In recent years, the potential of small molecular inhibitors in selectively targeting fusion proteins has exhibited significant prospects, offering a novel approach to combat malignancies harboring these aberrant molecular entities. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of small molecular inhibitors as therapeutic agents for oncogenic fusion proteins. We discuss the rationale for targeting fusion proteins, elucidate the mechanism of action of inhibitors, assess the challenges associated with their utilization, and provide a summary of the clinical progress achieved thus far. The objective is to provide the medicinal community with current and pertinent information and to expedite the drug discovery programs in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Kong
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Caihong Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Guifeng Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Kai Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Ruijie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Ting Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
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Liu W, Yu M, Cheng S, Zhou X, Li J, Lu Y, Liu P, Ding S. tRNA-Derived RNA Fragments Are Novel Biomarkers for Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Tumor Subtypes in Prostate Cancer. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:981-999. [PMID: 36661724 PMCID: PMC9857875 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND tRNA-derived RNA fragments (tRFs) are a novel class of small ncRNA that are derived from precursor or mature tRNAs. Recently, the general relevance of their roles and clinical values in tumorigenesis, metastasis, and recurrence have been increasingly highlighted. However, there has been no specific systematic study to elucidate any potential clinical significance for these tRFs in prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD), one of the most common and malignant cancers that threatens male health worldwide. Here, we investigate the clinical value of 5'-tRFs in PRAD. METHODS Small RNA sequencing data were analyzed to discover new 5'-tRFs biomarkers for PRAD. Machine learning algorithms were used to identify 5'-tRF classifiers to distinguish PRAD tumors from normal tissues. LASSO and Cox regression analyses were used to construct 5'-tRF prognostic predictive models. NMF and consensus clustering analyses were performed on 5'-tRF profiles to identify molecular subtypes of PRAD. RESULTS The overall levels of 5'-tRFs were significantly upregulated in the PRAD tumor samples compared to their adjacent normal samples. tRF classifiers composed of 13 5'-tRFs achieved AUC values as high as 0.963, showing high sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing PRAD tumors from normal samples. Multiple 5'-tRFs were identified as being associated with the PRAD prognosis. The tRF score, defined by a set of eight 5'-tRFs, was highly predictive of survival in PRAD patients. The combination of tRF and Gleason scores showed a significantly better performance than the Gleason score alone, suggesting that 5'-tRFs can offer PRAD patients additional and improved prognostic information. Four molecular subtypes of the PRAD tumor were identified based on their 5'-tRF expression profiles. Genetically, these 5'-tRFs PRAD tumor subtypes exhibited distinct genomic landscapes in tumor cells. Clinically, they showed marked differences in survival and clinicopathological features. CONCLUSIONS 5'-tRFs are potential clinical biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and classification of tumor subtypes on a molecular level. These can help clinicians formulate personalized treatment plans for PRAD patients and may have similar potential applications for other disease types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weigang Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mengqian Yu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Diagnosis and Monitoring Research of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Sheng Cheng
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Xiaoxu Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women’s Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Diagnosis and Monitoring Research of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women’s Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Pengyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Diagnosis and Monitoring Research of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310013, China
- Department of Physiology and Center of Systems Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Shiping Ding
- Department of Cell Biology, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Wang C, Shi L, Yang S, Chang J, Liu W, Zeng J, Meng J, Zhang R, Xing D. Research progress on antitumor activity of XRP44X and analogues as microtubule targeting agents. Front Chem 2023; 11:1096666. [PMID: 36936533 PMCID: PMC10014799 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1096666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer threatens human health and life. Therefore, it is particularly important to develop safe and effective antitumor drugs. Microtubules, the main component of cytoskeleton, play an important role in maintaining cell morphology, mitosis, and signal transduction, which are one of important targets of antitumor drug research and development. Colchicine binding site inhibitors have dual effects of inhibiting proliferation and destroying blood vessels. In recent years, a series of inhibitors targeting this target have been studied and some progress has been made. XRP44X has a novel structure and overcomes some disadvantages of traditional inhibitors. It is also a multifunctional molecule that regulates not only the function of tubulin but also a variety of biological pathways. Therefore, the structure, synthesis, structure-activity relationship, and biological activity of XRP44X analogues reported in recent years were summarized in this paper, to provide a useful reference for the rational design of efficient colchicine binding site inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Chao Wang, ; Dongming Xing,
| | - Lingyu Shi
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shanbo Yang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Chang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Zeng
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingsen Meng
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Renshuai Zhang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dongming Xing
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Chao Wang, ; Dongming Xing,
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Zatzman M, Fuligni F, Ripsman R, Suwal T, Comitani F, Edward LM, Denroche R, Jang GH, Notta F, Gallinger S, Selvanathan SP, Toretsky JA, Hellmann MD, Tabori U, Huang A, Shlien A. Widespread hypertranscription in aggressive human cancers. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn0238. [PMID: 36417526 PMCID: PMC9683723 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cancers are often defined by the dysregulation of specific transcriptional programs; however, the importance of global transcriptional changes is less understood. Hypertranscription is the genome-wide increase in RNA output. Hypertranscription's prevalence, underlying drivers, and prognostic significance are undefined in primary human cancer. This is due, in part, to limitations of expression profiling methods, which assume equal RNA output between samples. Here, we developed a computational method to directly measure hypertranscription in 7494 human tumors, spanning 31 cancer types. Hypertranscription is ubiquitous across cancer, especially in aggressive disease. It defines patient subgroups with worse survival, even within well-established subtypes. Our data suggest that loss of transcriptional suppression underpins the hypertranscriptional phenotype. Single-cell analysis reveals hypertranscriptional clones, which dominate transcript production regardless of their size. Last, patients with hypertranscribed mutations have improved response to immune checkpoint therapy. Our results provide fundamental insights into gene dysregulation across human cancers and may prove useful in identifying patients who would benefit from novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Zatzman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fabio Fuligni
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan Ripsman
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tannu Suwal
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Federico Comitani
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa-Monique Edward
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rob Denroche
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gun Ho Jang
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Faiyaz Notta
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven Gallinger
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Wallace McCain Centre for Pancreatic Cancer, Department of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgical Oncology Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jeffrey A. Toretsky
- Departments of Oncology and Pediatrics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Matthew D. Hellmann
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Uri Tabori
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Annie Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam Shlien
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Gupta N, Song H, Wu W, Ponce RK, Lin YK, Kim JW, Small EJ, Feng FY, Huang FW, Okimoto RA. The CIC-ERF co-deletion underlies fusion-independent activation of ETS family member, ETV1, to drive prostate cancer progression. eLife 2022; 11:e77072. [PMID: 36383412 PMCID: PMC9668335 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human prostate cancer can result from chromosomal rearrangements that lead to aberrant ETS gene expression. The mechanisms that lead to fusion-independent ETS factor upregulation and prostate oncogenesis remain relatively unknown. Here, we show that two neighboring transcription factors, Capicua (CIC) and ETS2 repressor factor (ERF), which are co-deleted in human prostate tumors can drive prostate oncogenesis. Concurrent CIC and ERF loss commonly occur through focal genomic deletions at chromosome 19q13.2. Mechanistically, CIC and ERF co-bind the proximal regulatory element and mutually repress the ETS transcription factor, ETV1. Targeting ETV1 in CIC and ERF-deficient prostate cancer limits tumor growth. Thus, we have uncovered a fusion-independent mode of ETS transcriptional activation defined by concurrent loss of CIC and ERF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehal Gupta
- Department of Medicine, University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Hanbing Song
- Department of Medicine, University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Medicine, University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Rovingaile K Ponce
- Department of Medicine, University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Yone K Lin
- Department of Medicine, University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Ji Won Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Eric J Small
- Department of Medicine, University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoUnited States
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Felix Y Feng
- Department of Medicine, University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoUnited States
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Franklin W Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoUnited States
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Ross A Okimoto
- Department of Medicine, University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoUnited States
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoUnited States
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8
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Shen X, Zhou C, Feng H, Li J, Xia T, Cheng X, Zhao R, Zou D. ETV1 Positively Correlated With Immune Infiltration and Poor Clinical Prognosis in Colorectal Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:939806. [PMID: 35860243 PMCID: PMC9291282 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.939806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveNumerous studies recently suggested that the immune microenvironment could influence the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). These findings implied that the infiltration of immune cells could be a promising prognostic biomarker for CRC.MethodsFurthermore, the Oncomine database and R2 platform analysis were applied in our research to validate CRC clinical prognosis via expression levels of polyoma enhancer activator 3 (PEA3) members. We explored the correlation of ETV1, ETV4, and ETV5 with tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) in CRC tumor microenvironments via the Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to validate our CRC clinical data.ResultsOur findings indicated that the upregulation of PEA3 members including ETV1 and ETV5 was positively associated with poor prognosis in CRC patients. Meanwhile, ETV1 and ETV5 may play significant roles in the development progress of CRC. Furthermore, ETV1 tends to be associated with immune infiltration of CRC, especially with cancer-associated fibroblasts and M2 macrophages.ConclusionThese findings revealed that ETV1 and ETV5 played significant roles in the development of CRC. Moreover, ETV1 was significantly associated with the infiltration of cancer-associated fibroblasts and M2 macrophages in CRC. Targeting ETV1 can be a potential auspicious approach for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunhua Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoran Feng
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianxue Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Cheng, ; Ren Zhao, ; Duowu Zou,
| | - Ren Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Cheng, ; Ren Zhao, ; Duowu Zou,
| | - Duowu Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Cheng, ; Ren Zhao, ; Duowu Zou,
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Neveu B, Richer C, Cassart P, Caron M, Jimenez-Cortes C, St-Onge P, Fuchs C, Garnier N, Gobeil S, Sinnett D. Identification of new ETV6 modulators through a high-throughput functional screening. iScience 2022; 25:103858. [PMID: 35198911 PMCID: PMC8851229 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
ETV6 transcriptional activity is critical for proper blood cell development in the bone marrow. Despite the accumulating body of evidence linking ETV6 malfunction to hematological malignancies, its regulatory network remains unclear. To uncover genes that modulate ETV6 repressive transcriptional activity, we performed a specifically designed, unbiased genome-wide shRNA screen in pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Following an extensive validation process, we identified 13 shRNAs inducing overexpression of ETV6 transcriptional target genes. We showed that the silencing of AKIRIN1, COMMD9, DYRK4, JUNB, and SRP72 led to an abrogation of ETV6 repressive activity. We identified critical modulators of the ETV6 function which could participate in cellular transformation through the ETV6 transcriptional network. We develop a genome-wide shRNAs screen for ETV6 modulators The screen uncovered 13 novel putative ETV6 modulator genes The modulators demonstrated a broad impact on the ETV6 transcriptional network T-ALL cells results suggest modulators are conserved in other cellular contexts
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Neveu
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Chantal Richer
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Pauline Cassart
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Maxime Caron
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Camille Jimenez-Cortes
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Pascal St-Onge
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Claire Fuchs
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Nicolas Garnier
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Stéphane Gobeil
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Corresponding author
| | - Daniel Sinnett
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Corresponding author
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10
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Shrestha S, Lamattina A, Pacheco-Rodriguez G, Ng J, Liu X, Sonawane A, Imani J, Qiu W, Kosmas K, Louis P, Hentschel A, Steagall WK, Onishi R, Christou H, Henske EP, Glass K, Perrella MA, Moss J, Tantisira K, El-Chemaly S. ETV2 regulates PARP-1 binding protein to induce ER stress-mediated death in tuberin-deficient cells. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/5/e202201369. [PMID: 35181635 PMCID: PMC8860090 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare progressive disease, characterized by mutations in the tuberous sclerosis complex genes (TSC1 or TSC2) and hyperactivation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Here, we report that E26 transformation-specific (ETS) variant transcription factor 2 (ETV2) is a critical regulator of Tsc2-deficient cell survival. ETV2 nuclear localization in Tsc2-deficient cells is mTORC1-independent and is enhanced by spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibition. In the nucleus, ETV2 transcriptionally regulates poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 binding protein (PARPBP) mRNA and protein expression, partially reversing the observed down-regulation of PARPBP expression induced by mTORC1 blockade during treatment with both Syk and mTORC1 inhibitors. In addition, silencing Etv2 or Parpbp in Tsc2-deficient cells induced ER stress and increased cell death in vitro and in vivo. We also found ETV2 expression in human cells with loss of heterozygosity for TSC2, lending support to the translational relevance of our findings. In conclusion, we report a novel ETV2 signaling axis unique to Syk inhibition that promotes a cytocidal response in Tsc2-deficient cells and therefore maybe a potential alternative therapeutic target in LAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikshya Shrestha
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anthony Lamattina
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-Rodriguez
- Division of Intramural Research, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julie Ng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abhijeet Sonawane
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jewel Imani
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Weiliang Qiu
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kosmas Kosmas
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pierce Louis
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anne Hentschel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wendy K Steagall
- Division of Intramural Research, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rieko Onishi
- Division of Intramural Research, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Helen Christou
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Henske
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kimberly Glass
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark A Perrella
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joel Moss
- Division of Intramural Research, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kelan Tantisira
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Souheil El-Chemaly
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Radaeva M, Ton AT, Hsing M, Ban F, Cherkasov A. Drugging the 'undruggable'. Therapeutic targeting of protein-DNA interactions with the use of computer-aided drug discovery methods. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2660-2679. [PMID: 34332092 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) act as major oncodrivers in many cancers and are frequently regarded as high-value therapeutic targets. The functionality of TFs relies on direct protein-DNA interactions, which are notoriously difficult to target with small molecules. However, this prior view of the 'undruggability' of protein-DNA interfaces has shifted substantially in recent years, in part because of significant advances in computer-aided drug discovery (CADD). In this review, we highlight recent examples of successful CADD campaigns resulting in drug candidates that directly interfere with protein-DNA interactions of several key cancer TFs, including androgen receptor (AR), ETS-related gene (ERG), MYC, thymocyte selection-associated high mobility group box protein (TOX), topoisomerase II (TOP2), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Importantly, these findings open novel and compelling avenues for therapeutic targeting of over 1600 human TFs implicated in many conditions including and beyond cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Radaeva
- Vancouver Prostate Centre and the Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Anh-Tien Ton
- Vancouver Prostate Centre and the Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Michael Hsing
- Vancouver Prostate Centre and the Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Fuqiang Ban
- Vancouver Prostate Centre and the Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Artem Cherkasov
- Vancouver Prostate Centre and the Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada.
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12
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Gu ML, Zhou XX, Ren MT, Shi KD, Yu MS, Jiao WR, Wang YM, Zhong WX, Ji F. Blockage of ETS homologous factor inhibits the proliferation and invasion of gastric cancer cells through the c-Met pathway. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:7497-7512. [PMID: 33384550 PMCID: PMC7754554 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i47.7497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common and deadliest types of cancer worldwide due to its delayed diagnosis and high metastatic frequency, but its exact pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. ETS homologous factor (EHF) is an important member of the ETS family and contributes to the pathogenesis of multiple malignant tumors. To date, whether EHF participates in the development of GC via the c-Met signaling pathway remains unclear.
AIM To investigate the role and mechanism of EHF in the occurrence and development of GC.
METHODS The expression of EHF mRNA in GC tissues and cell lines was measured by quantitative PCR. Western blotting was performed to determine the protein expression of EHF, c-Met, and its downstream signal molecules. The EHF expression in GC tissues was further detected by immunohistochemical staining. To investigate the role of EHF in GC oncogenesis, small interfering RNA (siRNA) against EHF was transfected into GC cells. The cell proliferation of GC cells was determined by Cell Counting Kit-8 and colony formation assays. Flow cytometry was performed following Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) to identify apoptotic cells and PI staining to analyze the cell cycle. Cell migration and invasion were assessed by transwell assays.
RESULTS The data showed that EHF was upregulated in GC tissues and cell lines in which increased expression of c-Met was also observed. Silencing of EHF by siRNA reduced the proliferation of GC cells. Inhibition of EHF induced significant apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in GC cells. Cell migration and invasion were significantly inhibited. EHF silencing led to c-Met downregulation and further blocked the Ras/c-Raf/extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) pathway. Additionally, phosphatase and tensin homolog was upregulated and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta was deactivated. Moreover, inactivation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 was detected following EHF inhibition, leading to inhibition of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT).
CONCLUSION These results suggest that EHF plays a key role in cell proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, the cell cycle and EMT via the c-Met pathway. Therefore, EHF may serve as an antineoplastic target for the diagnosis and treatment of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Li Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xin-Xin Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Meng-Ting Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ke-Da Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mo-Sang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wen-Rui Jiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ya-Mei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu 322000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wei-Xiang Zhong
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Feng Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
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13
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Pederzoli F, Bandini M, Marandino L, Ali SM, Madison R, Chung J, Ross JS, Necchi A. Targetable gene fusions and aberrations in genitourinary oncology. Nat Rev Urol 2020; 17:613-625. [PMID: 33046892 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-020-00379-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gene fusions result from either structural chromosomal rearrangement or aberrations caused by splicing or transcriptional readthrough. The precise and distinctive presence of fusion genes in neoplastic tissues and their involvement in multiple pathways central to cancer development, growth and survival make them promising targets for personalized therapy. In genitourinary malignancies, rearrangements involving the E26 transformation-specific family of transcription factors have emerged as very frequent alterations in prostate cancer, especially the TMPRSS2-ERG fusion. In renal malignancies, Xp11 and t(6;11) translocations are hallmarks of a distinct pathological group of tumours described as microphthalmia-associated transcription factor family translocation-associated renal cell carcinomas. Novel druggable fusion events have been recognized in genitourinary malignancies, leading to the activation of several clinical trials. For instance, ALK-rearranged renal cell carcinomas have shown responses to alectinib and crizotinib. Erdafitinib has been tested for the treatment of FGFR-rearranged bladder cancer. Other anti-fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) compounds are showing promising results in the treatment of bladder cancer, including infigratinib and pemigatinib, and all are currently in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Pederzoli
- Urological Research Institute (URI), Unit of Urology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
| | - Marco Bandini
- Urological Research Institute (URI), Unit of Urology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Marandino
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Siraj M Ali
- Foundation Medicine Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Jon Chung
- Foundation Medicine Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Ross
- Foundation Medicine Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA.,Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Necchi
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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14
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Srivastava S, Nataraj NB, Sekar A, Ghosh S, Bornstein C, Drago-Garcia D, Roth L, Romaniello D, Marrocco I, David E, Gilad Y, Lauriola M, Rotkopf R, Kimchi A, Haga Y, Tsutsumi Y, Mirabeau O, Surdez D, Zinovyev A, Delattre O, Kovar H, Amit I, Yarden Y. ETS Proteins Bind with Glucocorticoid Receptors: Relevance for Treatment of Ewing Sarcoma. Cell Rep 2020; 29:104-117.e4. [PMID: 31577941 PMCID: PMC6899513 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) acts as a ubiquitous cortisol-dependent transcription factor (TF). To identify co-factors, we used protein-fragment complementation assays and found that GR recognizes FLI1 and additional ETS family proteins, TFs relaying proliferation and/or migration signals. Following steroid-dependent translocation of FLI1 and GR to the nucleus, the FLI1-specific domain (FLS) binds with GR and strongly enhances GR's transcriptional activity. This interaction has functional consequences in Ewing sarcoma (ES), childhood and adolescence bone malignancies driven by fusions between EWSR1 and FLI1. In vitro, GR knockdown inhibited the migration and proliferation of ES cells, and in animal models, antagonizing GR (or lowering cortisol) retarded both tumor growth and metastasis from bone to lung. Taken together, our findings offer mechanistic rationale for repurposing GR-targeting drugs for the treatment of patients with ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Srivastava
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Arunachalam Sekar
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Soma Ghosh
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Chamutal Bornstein
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Diana Drago-Garcia
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Lee Roth
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Donatella Romaniello
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ilaria Marrocco
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Eyal David
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yuval Gilad
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Mattia Lauriola
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ron Rotkopf
- Department of Biological Services, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Adi Kimchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yuya Haga
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuo Tsutsumi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Olivier Mirabeau
- PSL Research University, "Genetics and Biology of Cancers" Unit, INSERM U830 and Unité Génétique Somatique (UGS), Institut Curie Centre Hospitalier, Paris, France
| | - Didier Surdez
- PSL Research University, "Genetics and Biology of Cancers" Unit, INSERM U830 and Unité Génétique Somatique (UGS), Institut Curie Centre Hospitalier, Paris, France
| | - Andrei Zinovyev
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U900, Mines ParisTech, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Delattre
- PSL Research University, "Genetics and Biology of Cancers" Unit, INSERM U830 and Unité Génétique Somatique (UGS), Institut Curie Centre Hospitalier, Paris, France
| | - Heinrich Kovar
- Children's Cancer Research Institute Vienna, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung and Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ido Amit
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yosef Yarden
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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15
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Clonal evaluation of prostate cancer molecular heterogeneity in biopsy samples by dual immunohistochemistry and dual RNA in situ hybridization. Mod Pathol 2020; 33:1791-1801. [PMID: 32238875 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-020-0525-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is frequently multifocal. Although there may be morphological variation, the genetic underpinnings of each tumor are not clearly understood. To assess the inter and intra tumor molecular heterogeneity in prostate biopsy samples, we developed a combined immunohistochemistry and RNA in situ hybridization method for the simultaneous evaluation of ERG, SPINK1, ETV1, and ETV4. Screening of 601 biopsy cores from 120 consecutive patients revealed multiple alterations in a mutually exclusive manner in 37% of patients, suggesting multifocal tumors with considerable genetic differences. Furthermore, the incidence of molecular heterogeneity was higher in African Americans patients compared with Caucasian American patients. About 47% of the biopsy cores with discontinuous tumor foci showed clonal differences with distinct molecular aberrations. ERG positivity occurred in low-grade cancer, whereas ETV4 expression was observed mostly in high-grade cancer. Further studies revealed correlation between the incidence of molecular markers and clinical and pathologic findings, suggesting potential implications for diagnostic pathology practice, such as defining dominant tumor nodules and discriminating juxtaposed but molecularly different tumors of different grade patterns.
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16
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Zicari S, Sharma AL, Sahu G, Dubrovsky L, Sun L, Yue H, Jada T, Ochem A, Simon G, Bukrinsky M, Tyagi M. DNA dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) enhances HIV transcription by promoting RNA polymerase II activity and recruitment of transcription machinery at HIV LTR. Oncotarget 2020; 11:699-726. [PMID: 32133046 PMCID: PMC7041937 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite reductions in mortality from the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the presence of latent or transcriptionally silent proviruses prevents HIV cure/eradication. We have previously reported that DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) facilitates HIV transcription by interacting with the RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) complex recruited at HIV LTR. In this study, using different cell lines and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of HIV-infected patients, we found that DNA-PK stimulates HIV transcription at several stages, including initiation, pause-release and elongation. We are reporting for the first time that DNA-PK increases phosphorylation of RNAP II C-terminal domain (CTD) at serine 5 (Ser5) and serine 2 (Ser2) by directly catalyzing phosphorylation and by augmenting the recruitment of the positive transcription elongation factor (P-TEFb) at HIV LTR. Our findings suggest that DNA-PK expedites the establishment of euchromatin structure at HIV LTR. DNA-PK inhibition/knockdown leads to the severe impairment of HIV replication and reactivation of latent HIV provirus. DNA-PK promotes the recruitment of Tripartite motif-containing 28 (TRIM28) at LTR and assists the release of paused RNAP II through TRIM28 phosphorylation. These results provide the mechanisms through which DNA-PK controls the HIV gene expression and, likely, can be extended to cellular gene expression, including during cell malignancy, where the role of DNA-PK has been well-established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Zicari
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.,Section of Intercellular Interactions, Eunice-Kennedy National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Pediatric Medicine, The Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Adhikarimayum Lakhikumar Sharma
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Geetaram Sahu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC 20037, USA.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Larisa Dubrovsky
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC 20037, USA
| | - Lin Sun
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC 20037, USA
| | - Han Yue
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC 20037, USA
| | - Tejaswi Jada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC 20037, USA
| | - Alex Ochem
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Wernher and Beit Building (South), Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gary Simon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC 20037, USA
| | - Michael Bukrinsky
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC 20037, USA
| | - Mudit Tyagi
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC 20037, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC 20037, USA
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17
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Malik A, Srinivasan S, Batra J. A New Era of Prostate Cancer Precision Medicine. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1263. [PMID: 31850193 PMCID: PMC6901987 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common male cancer affecting Western society. Despite substantial advances in the exploration of prostate cancer biomarkers and treatment strategies, men are over diagnosed with inert prostate cancer, while there is also a substantial mortality from the invasive disease. Precision medicine is the management of treatment profiles across different cancers predicting therapies for individual cancer patients. With strategies including individual genomic profiling and targeting specific cancer pathways, precision medicine for prostate cancer has the potential to impose changes in clinical practices. Some of the recent advances in prostate cancer precision medicine comprise targeting gene fusions, genome editing tools, non-coding RNA biomarkers, and the promise of liquid tumor profiling. In this review, we will discuss these recent scientific advances to scale up these approaches and endeavors to overcome clinical barriers for prostate cancer precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Malik
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre–Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Srilakshmi Srinivasan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre–Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre–Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
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18
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Huilgol D, Venkataramani P, Nandi S, Bhattacharjee S. Transcription Factors That Govern Development and Disease: An Achilles Heel in Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E794. [PMID: 31614829 PMCID: PMC6826716 DOI: 10.3390/genes10100794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Development requires the careful orchestration of several biological events in order to create any structure and, eventually, to build an entire organism. On the other hand, the fate transformation of terminally differentiated cells is a consequence of erroneous development, and ultimately leads to cancer. In this review, we elaborate how development and cancer share several biological processes, including molecular controls. Transcription factors (TF) are at the helm of both these processes, among many others, and are evolutionarily conserved, ranging from yeast to humans. Here, we discuss four families of TFs that play a pivotal role and have been studied extensively in both embryonic development and cancer-high mobility group box (HMG), GATA, paired box (PAX) and basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) in the context of their role in development, cancer, and their conservation across several species. Finally, we review TFs as possible therapeutic targets for cancer and reflect on the importance of natural resistance against cancer in certain organisms, yielding knowledge regarding TF function and cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay Huilgol
- Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY 11724, USA.
| | | | - Saikat Nandi
- Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY 11724, USA.
| | - Sonali Bhattacharjee
- Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY 11724, USA.
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19
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Hutzen B, Ghonime M, Lee J, Mardis ER, Wang R, Lee DA, Cairo MS, Roberts RD, Cripe TP, Cassady KA. Immunotherapeutic Challenges for Pediatric Cancers. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2019; 15:38-48. [PMID: 31650024 PMCID: PMC6804520 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Solid tumors contain a mixture of malignant cells and non-malignant infiltrating cells that often create a chronic inflammatory and immunosuppressive microenvironment that restricts immunotherapeutic approaches. Although childhood and adult cancers share some similarities related to microenvironmental changes, pediatric cancers are unique, and adult cancer practices may not be wholly applicable to our pediatric patients. This review highlights the differences in tumorigenesis, viral infection, and immunologic response between children and adults that need to be considered when trying to apply experiences from experimental therapies in adult cancer patients to pediatric cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Hutzen
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mohammed Ghonime
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joel Lee
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Elaine R Mardis
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.,The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.,Institute for Genomic Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ruoning Wang
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.,The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Dean A Lee
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.,The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mitchell S Cairo
- Department of Pediatrics, Cancer and Blood Diseases Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Ryan D Roberts
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.,The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Timothy P Cripe
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.,The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kevin A Cassady
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.,The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.,Division of Pediatric Infection Diseases, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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20
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Characterization of a KLK2-FGFR2 fusion gene in two cases of metastatic prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2019; 22:624-632. [PMID: 31043681 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-019-0145-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling pathway is activated in multiple tumor types through gene amplifications, single base substitutions, or gene fusions. Multiple small molecule kinase inhibitors targeting FGFR are currently being evaluated in clinical trials for patients with FGFR chromosomal translocations. Patients with novel gene fusions involving FGFR may represent candidates for kinase inhibitors. METHODS A targeted RNA-sequencing assay identified a KLK2-FGFR2 fusion gene in two patients with metastatic prostate cancer. NIH3T3 cells were transduced to express the KLK2-FGFR2 fusion. Migration assays, Western blots, and drug sensitivity assays were performed to functionally characterize the fusion. RESULTS Expression of the KLK2-FGFR2 fusion protein in NIH3T3 cells induced a profound morphological change promoting enhanced migration and activation of downstream proteins in FGFR signaling pathways. The KLK2-FGFR2 fusion protein was determined to be highly sensitive to the selective FGFR inhibitors AZD-4547, BGJ398, JNJ-42756943, the irreversible inhibitor TAS-120, and the non-selective inhibitor Ponatinib. The KLK2-FGFR2 fusion did not exhibit sensitivity to the non-selective inhibitor Dovitinib. CONCLUSIONS Importantly, the KLK2-FGFR2 fusion represents a novel target for precision therapies and should be screened for in men with prostate cancer.
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21
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Hsing M, Wang Y, Rennie PS, Cox ME, Cherkasov A. ETS transcription factors as emerging drug targets in cancer. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:413-430. [PMID: 30927317 DOI: 10.1002/med.21575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ETS family of proteins consists of 28 transcription factors, many of which have been implicated in development and progression of a variety of cancers. While one family member, ERG, has been rigorously studied in the context of prostate cancer where it plays a critical role, other ETS factors keep emerging as potential hallmark oncodrivers. In recent years, numerous studies have reported initial discoveries of small molecule inhibitors of ETS proteins and opened novel avenues for ETS-directed cancer therapies. This review summarizes the state of the art data on therapeutic targeting of ETS family members and highlights the corresponding drug discovery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hsing
- Vancouver Prostate Centre and the Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Vancouver Prostate Centre and the Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paul S Rennie
- Vancouver Prostate Centre and the Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael E Cox
- Vancouver Prostate Centre and the Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Artem Cherkasov
- Vancouver Prostate Centre and the Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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22
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Cheng X, Jin Z, Ji X, Shen X, Feng H, Morgenlander W, Ou B, Wu H, Gao H, Ye F, Zhang Y, Peng Y, Liang J, Jiang Y, Zhang T, Qiu W, Lu X, Zhao R. ETS variant 5 promotes colorectal cancer angiogenesis by targeting platelet-derived growth factor BB. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:179-191. [PMID: 30650178 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
ETS transcription factors play important roles in tumor cell invasion, differentiation and angiogenesis. In this study, we initially demonstrated that ETS translocation variant 5 (ETV5) is abnormally upregulated in colorectal cancer (CRC), is positively correlated with CRC tumor size, lymphatic metastasis and tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage and indicates shorter survival and disease-free survival in CRC patients. In vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that the downregulation of ETV5 could significantly suppress CRC cell proliferation. Moreover, overexpression of ETV5 could stimulate CRC angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo, which is consistent with RNA-seq results. Then, we identified platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) as a direct target of ETV5 that plays an important role in ETV5-mediated CRC angiogenesis through an angiogenesis antibody microarray. Additionally, PDGF-BB could activate VEGFA expression via the PDGFR-β/Src/STAT3 pathway in CRC cells and appeared to be positively correlated with ETV5 in CRC tissues. Finally, we revealed that ETV5 could bind directly to the promoter region of PDGF-BB and regulate its expression through ChIP and luciferase assays. Overall, our study suggested that the transcription factor ETV5 could stimulate CRC malignancy and promote CRC angiogenesis by directly targeting PDGF-BB. These findings suggest that EVT5 may be a potential new diagnostic and prognostic marker in CRC and that targeting ETV5 might be a potential therapeutic option for inhibiting CRC angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of General Surgery, Ruijin North Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijian Jin
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaopin Ji
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaonan Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoran Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - William Morgenlander
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
| | - Baochi Ou
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First people's hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoxuan Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoji Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Ye
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaqi Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Peng
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Juyong Liang
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yimei Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin North Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihua Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN.,Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Ren Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of General Surgery, Ruijin North Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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23
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Xu Z, Wang Y, Xiao ZG, Zou C, Zhang X, Wang Z, Wu D, Yu S, Chan FL. Nuclear receptor ERRα and transcription factor ERG form a reciprocal loop in the regulation of TMPRSS2:ERG fusion gene in prostate cancer. Oncogene 2018; 37:6259-6274. [PMID: 30042415 PMCID: PMC6265259 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0409-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The TMPRSS2:ERG (T:E) fusion gene is generally believed to be mainly regulated by the activated androgen receptor (AR) signaling in androgen-dependent prostate cancer. However, its persistent expression in castration-resistant and neuroendocrine prostate cancers implies that other transcription factors might also regulate its expression. Here, we showed that up-regulation of nuclear receptor estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα) was closely associated with the oncogenic transcription factor ERG expression in prostate cancer, and their increased coexpression patterns were closely associated with high Gleason scores and metastasis in patients. Both ERRα and ERG exhibited a positive expression correlation in a castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) xenograft model VCaP-CRPC. We showed that ERRα could directly transactivate T:E fusion gene in both AR-positive and -negative prostate cancer cells via both ERR-binding element- and AR-binding element-dependent manners. Ectopic T:E expression under ERRα regulation could promote both in vitro invasion and in vivo metastasis capacities of AR-negative prostatic cells. Intriguingly, ERG expressed by the T:E fusion could also transactivate the ERRα (ESRRA) gene. Hereby, ERRα and ERG can synergistically regulate each other and form a reciprocal regulatory loop to promote the advanced growth of prostate cancer. Inhibition of ERRα activity by ERRα inverse agonist could suppress T:E expression in prostate cancer cells, implicating that targeting ERRα could be a potential therapeutic strategy for treating the aggressive T:E-positive prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Yijishan Affiliated Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuliang Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhan Gang Xiao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chang Zou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Yijishan Affiliated Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Zhu Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dinglan Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shan Yu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Franky Leung Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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24
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Association of ERG/PTEN status with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer. Med Oncol 2018; 35:152. [PMID: 30291535 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-018-1212-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated a significant correlative relationship between PTEN deletion and ERG rearrangement, both in the development of clinically localized prostate cancers and metastases. Herein, we evaluate the cooperative role of ERG and PTEN in oncological outcomes after radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer. We evaluated ERG and PTEN status using three previously described cohorts. The first cohort included 235 clinically localized prostate cancer cases represented on tissue microarrays (TMA), evaluated using previously validated FISH assays for ERG and PTEN. The second cohort included 167 cases of clinically localized prostate cancer on TMAs evaluated for PTEN by FISH, and for PTEN and ERG by dual IHC. The third cohort comprised 59 clinically localized prostate cancer cases assessed by array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). Kaplan-Meir plots and long rank tests were used to assess the association of ERG and PTEN status with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer. Of the 317 cases eligible for analyses with evaluable ERG and PTEN status, 88 (27.8%) patients developed biochemical recurrence over a median follow-up of 5.7 years. Overall, 45% (142/317) of cases demonstrated ERG rearrangement and 20% (62/317) of cases demonstrated PTEN loss. Hemizygous and homozygous deletion of PTEN was seen in 10% (18/175) and 3% (5/175) of ERG-negative cases, respectively. In contrast, hemizygous and homozygous deletion of PTEN was seen in 11% (15/142) and 17% (24/123) of ERG-positive cases, respectively. PTEN loss (heterozygous or homozygous) was significantly associated with shorter time to biochemical recurrence compared to no PTEN loss (p < 0.001). However, ERG rearrangement versus no rearrangement was not associated with time to PSA recurrence (p = 0.15). Patients who exhibited ERG rearrangement and loss of PTEN had no significant difference in time to recurrence compared to patients with wild-type ERG and loss of PTEN (p = 0.30). Our findings confirm a mutual cooperative role of ERG and PTEN in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer, particularly for homozygous PTEN deletion. ERG did not stratify outcome either alone or in combination with PTEN in this cohort.
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25
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Frank S, Nelson P, Vasioukhin V. Recent advances in prostate cancer research: large-scale genomic analyses reveal novel driver mutations and DNA repair defects. F1000Res 2018; 7. [PMID: 30135717 PMCID: PMC6073096 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.14499.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a disease of mutated and misregulated genes. However, primary prostate tumors have relatively few mutations, and only three genes (
ERG,
PTEN, and
SPOP) are recurrently mutated in more than 10% of primary tumors. On the other hand, metastatic castration-resistant tumors have more mutations, but, with the exception of the androgen receptor gene (
AR), no single gene is altered in more than half of tumors. Structural genomic rearrangements are common, including
ERG fusions, copy gains involving the
MYC locus, and copy losses containing
PTEN. Overall, instead of being associated with a single dominant driver event, prostate tumors display various combinations of modifications in oncogenes and tumor suppressors. This review takes a broad look at the recent advances in PCa research, including understanding the genetic alterations that drive the disease and how specific mutations can sensitize tumors to potential therapies. We begin with an overview of the genomic landscape of primary and metastatic PCa, enabled by recent large-scale sequencing efforts. Advances in three-dimensional cell culture techniques and mouse models for PCa are also discussed, and particular emphasis is placed on the benefits of patient-derived xenograft models. We also review research into understanding how ETS fusions (in particular,
TMPRSS2-ERG) and
SPOP mutations contribute to tumor initiation. Next, we examine the recent findings on the prevalence of germline DNA repair mutations in about 12% of patients with metastatic disease and their potential benefit from the use of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors and immune modulation. Lastly, we discuss the recent increased prevalence of AR-negative tumors (neuroendocrine and double-negative) and the current state of immunotherapy in PCa. AR remains the primary clinical target for PCa therapies; however, it does not act alone, and better understanding of supporting mutations may help guide the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Frank
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Peter Nelson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Departments of Medicine and Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Valeri Vasioukhin
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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26
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McCrea EM, Lee DK, Sissung TM, Figg WD. Precision medicine applications in prostate cancer. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2018; 10:1758835918776920. [PMID: 29977347 PMCID: PMC6024288 DOI: 10.1177/1758835918776920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aided by developments in diagnostics and therapeutics, healthcare is increasingly moving toward precision medicine, in which treatment is customized to each individual. We discuss the relevance of precision medicine in prostate cancer, including gene targets, therapeutics and resistance mechanisms. We foresee precision medicine becoming an integral component of prostate cancer management to increase response to therapy and prolong survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edel M. McCrea
- Molecular Pharmacology Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel K. Lee
- Medical Oncology Service, and the Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tristan M. Sissung
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, Office of the Clinical Director, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William D. Figg
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, Office of the Clinical Director, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville Pike, Bldg 10/Room 5A01, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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27
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Mohamed AA, Xavier CP, Sukumar G, Tan SH, Ravindranath L, Seraj N, Kumar V, Sreenath T, McLeod DG, Petrovics G, Rosner IL, Srivastava M, Strovel J, Malhotra SV, LaRonde NA, Dobi A, Dalgard CL, Srivastava S. Identification of a Small Molecule That Selectively Inhibits ERG-Positive Cancer Cell Growth. Cancer Res 2018; 78:3659-3671. [PMID: 29712692 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic activation of the ETS-related gene (ERG) by recurrent gene fusions (predominantly TMPRSS2-ERG) is one of the most validated and prevalent genomic alterations present in early stages of prostate cancer. In this study, we screened small-molecule libraries for inhibition of ERG protein in TMPRSS2-ERG harboring VCaP prostate cancer cells using an In-Cell Western Assay with the highly specific ERG-MAb (9FY). Among a subset of promising candidates, 1-[2-Thiazolylazo]-2-naphthol (NSC139021, hereafter ERGi-USU) was identified and further characterized. ERGi-USU selectively inhibited growth of ERG-positive cancer cell lines with minimal effect on normal prostate or endothelial cells or ERG-negative tumor cell lines. Combination of ERGi-USU with enzalutamide showed additive effects in inhibiting growth of VCaP cells. A screen of kinases revealed that ERGi-USU directly bound the ribosomal biogenesis regulator atypical kinase RIOK2 and induced ribosomal stress signature. In vivo, ERGi-USU treatment inhibited growth of ERG-positive VCaP tumor xenografts with no apparent toxicity. Structure-activity-based derivatives of ERGi-USU recapitulated the ERG-selective activity of the parental compound. Taken together, ERGi-USU acts as a highly selective inhibitor for the growth of ERG-positive cancer cells and has potential for further development of ERG-targeted therapy of prostate cancer and other malignancies.Significance: A highly selective small-molecule inhibitor of ERG, a critical driver of early stages of prostate cancer, will be imperative for prostate cancer therapy. Cancer Res; 78(13); 3659-71. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Mohamed
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Charles P Xavier
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gauthaman Sukumar
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shyh-Han Tan
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lakshmi Ravindranath
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nishat Seraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Vineet Kumar
- Division of Radiation & Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Taduru Sreenath
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David G McLeod
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gyorgy Petrovics
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland.,John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Inger L Rosner
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland.,John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland.,Urology Service, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Meera Srivastava
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.,John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Sanjay V Malhotra
- Division of Radiation & Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Nicole A LaRonde
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Albert Dobi
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland.,John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Clifton L Dalgard
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland. .,John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shiv Srivastava
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland. .,John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
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28
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Müller AK, Föll M, Heckelmann B, Kiefer S, Werner M, Schilling O, Biniossek ML, Jilg CA, Drendel V. Proteomic Characterization of Prostate Cancer to Distinguish Nonmetastasizing and Metastasizing Primary Tumors and Lymph Node Metastases. Neoplasia 2018; 20:140-151. [PMID: 29248718 PMCID: PMC5735259 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Patients with metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) have a poorer prognosis than patients with organ-confined tumors. We strove to uncover the proteome signature of primary PCa and associated lymph node metastases (LNMs) in order to identify proteins that may indicate or potentially promote metastases formation. We performed a proteomic comparative profiling of PCa tissue from radical prostatectomy (RPE) of patients without nodal metastases or relapse at the time of surgical resection (n=5) to PCa tissue from RPE of patients who suffered from nodal relapse (n=5). For the latter group, we also included patient-matched tissue of the nodal metastases. All samples were formalin fixed and paraffin embedded. We identified and quantified more than 1200 proteins by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with subsequent label-free quantification. An increase of ribosomal or proteasomal proteins in LNM (compared to corresponding PCa) became apparent, while extracellular matrix components rather decreased. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) corroborated accumulation of poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase 1 and N-myc-downstream-regulated-gene 3, alpha/beta hydrolase domain-containing protein 11, and protein phosphatase slingshot homolog 3 in LNM. These findings strengthen the present interest in examining PARP inhibitors for the treatment of aggressive PCa. IHC also corroborated increased abundance of retinol dehydrogenase 11 in metastasized primary PCa compared to organ-confined PCa. Generally, metastasizing primary tumors were characterized by an enrichment of proteins involved in cellular lipid metabolic processes with concomitant decrease of cell adhesion proteins. This study highlights the usefulness of a combined proteomic-IHC approach to explore novel aspects in tumor biology. Our initial results open novel opportunities for follow-up studies.
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Key Words
- pca, prostate cancer
- lnm, lymph node metastasis
- tu, primary tumor
- rpe, radical prostatectomy
- lnd, lymph node dissection
- ffpe, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded
- ms, mass-spectrometry
- ihc, immunohistochemistry
- fc, fold change
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Müller
- Department of Pathology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Föll
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bianca Heckelmann
- Department of Pathology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Selina Kiefer
- Department of Pathology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Werner
- Department of Pathology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Martin L Biniossek
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cordula Annette Jilg
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Urology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Drendel
- Department of Pathology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
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29
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Ren H, Ren B, Zhang J, Zhang X, Li L, Meng L, Li Z, Li J, Gao Y, Ma X. Androgen enhances the activity of ETS-1 and promotes the proliferation of HCC cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:109271-109288. [PMID: 29312607 PMCID: PMC5752520 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of androgen receptor (AR) has been detected in hepatocellular cancer (HCC). However, there is no universal model detailing AR’s function and mechanism in HCC. This study’s results show that treatment with dihydrotestosterone (DHT), an endogenous androgen, promoted HCC cells’ proliferation and up-regulated the transcription factor activity of ETS-1 (E26 transformation specific sequence 1), which mediates the migration and invasion of cancer cells via protein-protein interaction between AR and ETS-1. Results from luciferase assays showed that ETS-1’s activity was significantly up-regulated following androgen treatment. AR mediated ETS-1’s DHT-induced transcription factor activity. A potential protein-protein interaction between ETS-1 and AR was identified via glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation assays. The mechanisms’ data indicated that enhancing AR activity increases ETS-1’s activity by modulating its cytoplasmic/nuclear translocation and recruiting ETS-1 to its target genes’ promoter. Moreover, while overexpression of AR significantly increased the proliferation or in vitro migration or invasion of HepG2 cells in the presence of androgen, inhibiting AR’s activity reduced these abilities. Thus, AR’s function as a novel ETS-1 co-activator or potentially therapeutic target of HCC has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ren
- Liver Transplantation and Research Center, 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Bo Ren
- Liver Transplantation and Research Center, 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jiabin Zhang
- Liver Transplantation and Research Center, 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Liver Transplantation and Research Center, 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Lixin Li
- Liver Transplantation and Research Center, 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Lingzhan Meng
- Liver Transplantation and Research Center, 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- Liver Transplantation and Research Center, 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jia Li
- Liver Transplantation and Research Center, 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yinjie Gao
- Liver Transplantation and Research Center, 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xuemei Ma
- Liver Transplantation and Research Center, 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
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30
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Dasgupta A, Trucco M, Rainusso N, Bernardi RJ, Shuck R, Kurenbekova L, Loeb DM, Yustein JT. Metabolic modulation of Ewing sarcoma cells inhibits tumor growth and stem cell properties. Oncotarget 2017; 8:77292-77308. [PMID: 29100387 PMCID: PMC5652780 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (EWS) is a highly aggressive and metabolically active malignant tumor. Metabolic activity can broadly be characterized by features of glycolytic activity and oxidative phosphorylation. We have further characterized metabolic features of EWS cells to identify potential therapeutic targets. EWS cells had significantly more glycolytic activity compared to their non-malignant counterparts. Thus, metabolic inhibitors of glycolysis such as 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) and of the mitochondrial respiratory pathway, such as metformin, were evaluated as potential therapeutic agents against a panel of EWS cell lines in vitro. Results indicate that 2DG alone or in combination with metformin was effective at inducing cell death in EWS cell lines. The predominant mechanism of cell death appears to be through stimulating apoptosis leading into necrosis with concomitant activation of AMPK-α. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the use of metabolic modulators can target putative EWS stem cells, both in vitro and in vivo, and potentially overcome chemotherapeutic resistance in EWS. Based on these data, clinical strategies using drugs targeting tumor cell metabolism present a viable therapeutic modality against EWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atreyi Dasgupta
- The Faris D. Virani Ewing Sarcoma Center at The Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Matteo Trucco
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Hematology-Oncology, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Nino Rainusso
- The Faris D. Virani Ewing Sarcoma Center at The Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ronald J Bernardi
- The Faris D. Virani Ewing Sarcoma Center at The Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ryan Shuck
- The Faris D. Virani Ewing Sarcoma Center at The Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lyazat Kurenbekova
- The Faris D. Virani Ewing Sarcoma Center at The Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David M Loeb
- Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Jason T Yustein
- The Faris D. Virani Ewing Sarcoma Center at The Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Integrative Molecular and Biological Sciences Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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31
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Taatjes DJ. Transcription Factor-Mediator Interfaces: Multiple and Multi-Valent. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:2996-2998. [PMID: 28716626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J Taatjes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
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32
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Sizemore GM, Pitarresi JR, Balakrishnan S, Ostrowski MC. The ETS family of oncogenic transcription factors in solid tumours. Nat Rev Cancer 2017; 17:337-351. [PMID: 28450705 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2017.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Findings over the past decade have identified aberrant activation of the ETS transcription factor family throughout all stages of tumorigenesis. Specifically in solid tumours, gene rearrangement and amplification, feed-forward growth factor signalling loops, formation of gain-of-function co-regulatory complexes and novel cis-acting mutations in ETS target gene promoters can result in increased ETS activity. In turn, pro-oncogenic ETS signalling enhances tumorigenesis through a broad mechanistic toolbox that includes lineage specification and self-renewal, DNA damage and genome instability, epigenetics and metabolism. This Review discusses these different mechanisms of ETS activation and subsequent oncogenic implications, as well as the clinical utility of ETS factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Sizemore
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, 598 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Jason R Pitarresi
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, 598 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Subhasree Balakrishnan
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, 598 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Michael C Ostrowski
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, 598 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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33
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Liu Y. The context of prostate cancer genomics in personalized medicine. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:3347-3353. [PMID: 28521441 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in males. Heterogeneous genomic aberrations may lead to prostate cancer onset, progression and metastasis. This heterogeneity also contributes to the variety in cancer risk and outcomes, different drug responses and progression, observed between individual patients. Classical prognostic factors, including prostate-specific antigen, Gleason Score and clinical tumor staging, are not sufficient to portray the complexity of a clinically relevant cancer diagnosis, risk prognosis, treatment choice and therapy monitoring. There is a requirement for novel genetic biomarkers in order to understand the oncogenic heterogeneity in a patient-personalized clinical setting and to improve the efficacy of risk prognosis and treatment choice. A number of biomarkers and gene panels have been established from patient sample cohort studies. These previous studies have provided distinct information to the investigation of heterogeneous malignancy in prostate cancer, which aids in clinical decision-making. Biomarker-guided therapies may facilitate the effective selection of drugs during early treatment; therefore, are beneficial to the individual patient. A non-invasive approach allows for convenient and repeated sampling to screen for cancer and monitor treatment response without the requirement for invasive tissue biopsies. With the current availability of numerous advanced technologies, reliable detection of the minimal tumor residues present following treatment may become clinical practice and, therefore, inform further in the field of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Liu
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 76, Sweden
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34
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Inhibiting DNA-PK CS radiosensitizes human osteosarcoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 486:307-313. [PMID: 28300555 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma survival rate has not improved over the past three decades, and the debilitating side effects of the surgical treatment suggest the need for alternative local control approaches. Radiotherapy is largely ineffective in osteosarcoma, indicating a potential role for radiosensitizers. Blocking DNA repair, particularly by inhibiting the catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKCS), is an attractive option for the radiosensitization of osteosarcoma. In this study, the expression of DNA-PKCS in osteosarcoma tissue specimens and cell lines was examined. Moreover, the small molecule DNA-PKCS inhibitor, KU60648, was investigated as a radiosensitizing strategy for osteosarcoma cells in vitro. DNA-PKCS was consistently expressed in the osteosarcoma tissue specimens and cell lines studied. Additionally, KU60648 effectively sensitized two of those osteosarcoma cell lines (143B cells by 1.5-fold and U2OS cells by 2.5-fold). KU60648 co-treatment also altered cell cycle distribution and enhanced DNA damage. Cell accumulation at the G2/M transition point increased by 55% and 45%, while the percentage of cells with >20 γH2AX foci were enhanced by 59% and 107% for 143B and U2OS cells, respectively. These results indicate that the DNA-PKCS inhibitor, KU60648, is a promising radiosensitizing agent for osteosarcoma.
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35
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Fisher KW, Zhang S, Wang M, Montironi R, Wang L, Baldrige LA, Wang JY, MacLennan GT, Williamson SR, Lopez-Beltran A, Cheng L. TMPRSS2-ERGgene fusion is rare compared to PTENdeletions in stage T1a prostate cancer. Mol Carcinog 2017; 56:814-820. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt W. Fisher
- Department of Pathology; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis Indiana
| | - Shaobo Zhang
- Department of Pathology; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis Indiana
| | - Mingsheng Wang
- Department of Pathology; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis Indiana
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Department of Urology; Institute of Pathological Anatomy and Histopathology; Polytechnic University of the Marche Region (Ancona); United Hospitals; Ancona Italy
| | - Lisha Wang
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Lee A. Baldrige
- Department of Pathology; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis Indiana
| | - Jonas Y. Wang
- Department of Pathology; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis Indiana
| | - Gregory T. MacLennan
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio
| | - Sean R. Williamson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Henry Ford Health System; Detroit Michigan
- Josephine Ford Cancer Institute; Henry Ford Health System; Detroit Michigan
- Department of Pathology; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit Michigan
| | - Antonio Lopez-Beltran
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Surgery, Cordoba University Spain and Champalimaud Clinical Center; Cordoba University; Lisbon Portugal
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis Indiana
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36
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Spratt DE, Zumsteg ZS, Feng FY, Tomlins SA. Translational and clinical implications of the genetic landscape of prostate cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2016; 13:597-610. [PMID: 27245282 PMCID: PMC5030163 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several years, analyses of data from high-throughput studies have elucidated many fundamental insights into prostate cancer biology. These insights include the identification of molecular alterations and subtypes that drive tumour progression, recurrent aberrations in signalling pathways, the existence of substantial intertumoural and intratumoural heterogeneity, Darwinian evolution in response to therapeutic pressures and the complicated multidirectional patterns of spread between primary tumours and metastatic sites. However, these concepts have not yet been fully translated into clinical tools to improve prognostication, prediction and personalization of treatment of patients with prostate cancer. The current and future clinical implications of 'omics' level knowledge is not only revolutionizing our understanding of prostate cancer biology, but is also shaping ongoing, and future clinical investigations and practice. In this Review, we summarize these advances, and the remaining challenges surrounding tumour heterogeneity and the ability to overcome treatment resistance are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Spratt
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Zachary S Zumsteg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, West Hollywood, CA 90048, USA
| | - Felix Y Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1524 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Scott A Tomlins
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1524 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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37
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Direct inhibition of c-Myc-Max heterodimers by celastrol and celastrol-inspired triterpenoids. Oncotarget 2016; 6:32380-95. [PMID: 26474287 PMCID: PMC4741700 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Many oncogenic signals originate from abnormal protein-protein interactions that are potential targets for small molecule inhibitors. However, the therapeutic disruption of these interactions has proved elusive. We report here that the naturally-occurring triterpenoid celastrol is an inhibitor of the c-Myc (Myc) oncoprotein, which is over-expressed in many human cancers. Most Myc inhibitors prevent the association between Myc and its obligate heterodimerization partner Max via their respective bHLH-ZIP domains. In contrast, we show that celastrol binds to and alters the quaternary structure of the pre-formed dimer and abrogates its DNA binding. Celastrol contains a reactive quinone methide group that promiscuously forms Michael adducts with numerous target proteins and other free sulfhydryl-containing molecules. Interestingly, triterpenoid derivatives lacking the quinone methide showed enhanced specificity and potency against Myc. As with other Myc inhibitors, these analogs rapidly reduced the abundance of Myc protein and provoked a global energy crisis marked by ATP depletion, neutral lipid accumulation, AMP-activated protein kinase activation, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. They also inhibited the proliferation of numerous established human cancer cell lines as well as primary myeloma explants that were otherwise resistant to JQ1, a potent indirect Myc inhibitor. N-Myc amplified neuroblastoma cells showed similar responses and, in additional, underwent neuronal differentiation. These studies indicate that certain pharmacologically undesirable properties of celastrol such as Michael adduct formation can be eliminated while increasing selectivity and potency toward Myc and N-Myc. This, together with their low in vivo toxicity, provides a strong rationale for pursuing the development of additional Myc-specific triterpenoid derivatives.
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38
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Wang YQ, Wang PY, Wang YT, Yang GF, Zhang A, Miao ZH. An Update on Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 (PARP-1) Inhibitors: Opportunities and Challenges in Cancer Therapy. J Med Chem 2016; 59:9575-9598. [PMID: 27416328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a critical DNA repair enzyme in the base excision repair pathway. Inhibitors of this enzyme comprise a new type of anticancer drug that selectively kills cancer cells by targeting homologous recombination repair defects. Since 2010, important advances have been achieved in PARP-1 inhibitors. Specifically, the approval of olaparib in 2014 for the treatment of ovarian cancer with BRCA mutations validated PARP-1 as an anticancer target and established its clinical importance in cancer therapy. Here, we provide an update on PARP-1 inhibitors, focusing on breakthroughs in their clinical applications and investigations into relevant mechanisms of action, biomarkers, and drug resistance. We also provide an update on the design strategies and the structural types of PARP-1 inhibitors. Opportunities and challenges in PARP-1 inhibitors for cancer therapy will be discussed based on the above advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Qing Wang
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ping-Yuan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and Synthetic Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Lu, Building 3, Room 426, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China.,Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yu-Ting Wang
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and Synthetic Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Lu, Building 3, Room 426, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ze-Hong Miao
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203, China
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39
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Semenchenko K, Wasylyk C, Cheung H, Tourrette Y, Maas P, Schalken JA, van der Pluijm G, Wasylyk B. XRP44X, an Inhibitor of Ras/Erk Activation of the Transcription Factor Elk3, Inhibits Tumour Growth and Metastasis in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159531. [PMID: 27427904 PMCID: PMC4948895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors have an important role in cancer but are difficult targets for the development of tumour therapies. These factors include the Ets family, and in this study Elk3 that is activated by Ras oncogene /Erk signalling, and is involved in angiogenesis, malignant progression and epithelial-mesenchymal type processes. We previously described the identification and in-vitro characterisation of an inhibitor of Ras / Erk activation of Elk3 that also affects microtubules, XRP44X. We now report an initial characterisation of the effects of XRP44X in-vivo on tumour growth and metastasis in three preclinical models mouse models, subcutaneous xenografts, intra-cardiac injection-bone metastasis and the TRAMP transgenic mouse model of prostate cancer progression. XRP44X inhibits tumour growth and metastasis, with limited toxicity. Tumours from XRP44X-treated animals have decreased expression of genes containing Elk3-like binding motifs in their promoters, Elk3 protein and phosphorylated Elk3, suggesting that perhaps XRP44X acts in part by inhibiting the activity of Elk3. Further studies are now warranted to develop XRP44X for tumour therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostyantyn Semenchenko
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Christine Wasylyk
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Henry Cheung
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yves Tourrette
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Peter Maas
- SPECS, Kluyverweg 6, 2629 HT Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jack A Schalken
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bohdan Wasylyk
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
- * E-mail:
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Latysheva NS, Babu MM. Discovering and understanding oncogenic gene fusions through data intensive computational approaches. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:4487-503. [PMID: 27105842 PMCID: PMC4889949 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although gene fusions have been recognized as important drivers of cancer for decades, our understanding of the prevalence and function of gene fusions has been revolutionized by the rise of next-generation sequencing, advances in bioinformatics theory and an increasing capacity for large-scale computational biology. The computational work on gene fusions has been vastly diverse, and the present state of the literature is fragmented. It will be fruitful to merge three camps of gene fusion bioinformatics that appear to rarely cross over: (i) data-intensive computational work characterizing the molecular biology of gene fusions; (ii) development research on fusion detection tools, candidate fusion prioritization algorithms and dedicated fusion databases and (iii) clinical research that seeks to either therapeutically target fusion transcripts and proteins or leverages advances in detection tools to perform large-scale surveys of gene fusion landscapes in specific cancer types. In this review, we unify these different-yet highly complementary and symbiotic-approaches with the view that increased synergy will catalyze advancements in gene fusion identification, characterization and significance evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha S Latysheva
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - M Madan Babu
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
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Mertens F, Antonescu CR, Mitelman F. Gene fusions in soft tissue tumors: Recurrent and overlapping pathogenetic themes. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2015; 55:291-310. [PMID: 26684580 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene fusions have been described in approximately one-third of soft tissue tumors (STT); of the 142 different fusions that have been reported, more than half are recurrent in the same histologic subtype. These gene fusions constitute pivotal driver mutations, and detailed studies of their cellular effects have provided important knowledge about pathogenetic mechanisms in STT. Furthermore, most fusions are strongly associated with a particular histotype, serving as ideal molecular diagnostic markers. In recent years, it has also become apparent that some chimeric proteins, directly or indirectly, constitute excellent treatment targets, making the detection of gene fusions in STT ever more important. Indeed, pharmacological treatment of STT displaying fusions that activate protein kinases, such as ALK and ROS1, or growth factors, such as PDGFB, is already in clinical use. However, the vast majority (52/78) of recurrent gene fusions create structurally altered and/or deregulated transcription factors, and a small but growing subset develops through rearranged chromatin regulators. The present review provides an overview of the spectrum of currently recognized gene fusions in STT, and, on the basis of the protein class involved, the mechanisms by which they exert their oncogenic effect are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Mertens
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University and Regional Laboratories, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Felix Mitelman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University and Regional Laboratories, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Cao P, Feng F, Dong G, Yu C, Feng S, Song E, Shi G, Liang Y, Liang G. Estrogen receptor α enhances the transcriptional activity of ETS-1 and promotes the proliferation, migration and invasion of neuroblastoma cell in a ligand dependent manner. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:491. [PMID: 26122040 PMCID: PMC4486695 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1495-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well known that estrogen receptor α (ERα) participates in the pathogenic progress of breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. In neuroblastoma cells and related cancer clinical specimens, moreover, the ectopic expression of ERα has been identified. However, the detailed function of ERα in the proliferation of neuroblastoma cell is yet unclear. METHODS The transcriptional activity of ETS-1 (E26 transformation specific sequence 1) was measured by luciferase analysis. Western blot assays and Real-time RT-PCR were used to examine the expression of ERα, ETS-1 and its targeted genes. The protein-protein interaction between ERα and ETS-1 was determined by co-IP and GST-Pull down assays. The accumulation of ETS-1 in nuclear was detected by western blot assays, and the recruitment of ETS-1 to its targeted gene's promoter was tested by ChIP assays. Moreover, SH-SY5Y cells' proliferation, anchor-independent growth, migration and invasion were quantified using the MTT, soft agar or Trans-well assay, respectively. RESULTS The transcriptional activity of ETS-1 was significantly increased following estrogen treatment, and this effect was related to ligand-mediated activation of ERα. The interaction between the ERα and ETS-1 was identified, and enhancement of ERα activation would up-regulate the ETS-1 transcription factor activity via modulating its cytoplasm/nucleus translocation and the recruitment of ETS-1 to its target gene's promoter. Furthermore, treatment of estrogen increased proliferation, migration and invasion of neuroblastoma cells, whereas the antagonist of ERα reduced those effects. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we provided evidences that activation of ERα promoted neuroblastoma cells proliferation and up-regulated the transcriptional activity of ETS-1. By investigating the role of ERα in the ETS-1 activity regulation, we demonstrated that ERα may be a novel ETS-1 co-activator and thus a potential therapeutic target in human neuroblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang Northern Hospital, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110016, PR China.
| | - Fan Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang Northern Hospital, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110016, PR China.
| | - Guofu Dong
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Military Medical Science Academy of the Chinese PLA, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing City, 100850, PR China.
| | - Chunyong Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang Northern Hospital, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110016, PR China.
| | - Sizhe Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang Northern Hospital, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110016, PR China.
| | - Erlin Song
- Department of Urology, General Hospital of the Chinese PLA, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing City, 100853, PR China. .,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, PR China.
| | - Guobing Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang Northern Hospital, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110016, PR China.
| | - Yong Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang Northern Hospital, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110016, PR China.
| | - Guobiao Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang Northern Hospital, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110016, PR China.
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Abstract
Structural chromosome rearrangements may result in the exchange of coding or regulatory DNA sequences between genes. Many such gene fusions are strong driver mutations in neoplasia and have provided fundamental insights into the disease mechanisms that are involved in tumorigenesis. The close association between the type of gene fusion and the tumour phenotype makes gene fusions ideal for diagnostic purposes, enabling the subclassification of otherwise seemingly identical disease entities. In addition, many gene fusions add important information for risk stratification, and increasing numbers of chimeric proteins encoded by the gene fusions serve as specific targets for treatment, resulting in dramatically improved patient outcomes. In this Timeline article, we describe the spectrum of gene fusions in cancer and how the methods to identify them have evolved, and also discuss conceptual implications of current, sequencing-based approaches for detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Mertens
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Bertil Johansson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Thoas Fioretos
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Felix Mitelman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
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Luo JH, Liu S, Zuo ZH, Chen R, Tseng GC, Yu YP. Discovery and Classification of Fusion Transcripts in Prostate Cancer and Normal Prostate Tissue. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:1834-45. [PMID: 25963990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fusion transcript formation is one of the fundamental mechanisms that drives the development of prostate cancer. Because of the advance of high-throughput parallel sequencing, many fusion transcripts have been discovered. However, the discovery rate of fusion transcripts specific for prostate cancer is lagging behind the discoveries made on chromosome abnormalities of prostate cancer. Recent analyses suggest that many fusion transcripts are present in both benign and cancerous tissues. Some of these fusion transcripts likely represent important components of normal gene expression in cells. It is necessary to identify the criteria and features of fusion transcripts that are specific for cancer. In this review, we discuss optimization of RNA sequencing depth for fusion transcript discovery and the characteristics of fusion transcripts in normal prostate tissues and prostate cancer. We also propose a new classification of cancer-specific fusion transcripts on the basis of their tail gene fusion protein product and the roles that these fusions may play in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hua Luo
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Silvia Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ze-Hua Zuo
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - George C Tseng
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yan P Yu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Craig MP, Grajevskaja V, Liao HK, Balciuniene J, Ekker SC, Park JS, Essner JJ, Balciunas D, Sumanas S. Etv2 and fli1b function together as key regulators of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:865-76. [PMID: 25722433 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The E26 transformation-specific domain transcription factor Etv2/Etsrp/ER71 is a master regulator of vascular endothelial differentiation during vasculogenesis, although its later role in sprouting angiogenesis remains unknown. Here, we investigated in the zebrafish model a role for Etv2 and related E26 transformation-specific factors, Fli1a and Fli1b in developmental angiogenesis. APPROACH AND RESULTS Zebrafish fli1a and fli1b mutants were obtained using transposon-mediated gene trap approach. Individual fli1a and fli1b homozygous mutant embryos display normal vascular patterning, yet the angiogenic recovery observed in older etv2 mutant embryos does not occur in embryos lacking both etv2 and fli1b. Etv2 and fli1b double-deficient embryos fail to form any angiogenic sprouts and show greatly increased apoptosis throughout the axial vasculature. In contrast, fli1a mutation did not affect the recovery of etv2 mutant phenotype. Overexpression analyses indicate that both etv2 and fli1b, but not fli1a, induce the expression of multiple vascular markers and of each other. Temporal inhibition of Etv2 function using photoactivatable morpholinos indicates that the function of Etv2 and Fli1b during angiogenesis is independent from the early requirement of Etv2 during vasculogenesis. RNA-Seq analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation suggest that Etv2 and Fli1b share the same transcriptional targets and bind to the same E26 transformation-specific sites. CONCLUSIONS Our data argue that there are 2 phases of early vascular development with distinct requirements of E26 transformation-specific transcription factors. Etv2 alone is required for early vasculogenesis, whereas Etv2 and Fli1b function redundantly during late vasculogenesis and early embryonic angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Craig
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH (M.P.C.); Division of Developmental Biology (M.P.C., J.-S.P.), Department of Pediatrics (S.S.), Department of Pediatric Urology (J.-S.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (V.G., J.B., D.B.); Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames (H.-K.L., J.J.E.); Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania (V.G.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.C.E.)
| | - Viktorija Grajevskaja
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH (M.P.C.); Division of Developmental Biology (M.P.C., J.-S.P.), Department of Pediatrics (S.S.), Department of Pediatric Urology (J.-S.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (V.G., J.B., D.B.); Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames (H.-K.L., J.J.E.); Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania (V.G.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.C.E.)
| | - Hsin-Kai Liao
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH (M.P.C.); Division of Developmental Biology (M.P.C., J.-S.P.), Department of Pediatrics (S.S.), Department of Pediatric Urology (J.-S.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (V.G., J.B., D.B.); Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames (H.-K.L., J.J.E.); Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania (V.G.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.C.E.)
| | - Jorune Balciuniene
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH (M.P.C.); Division of Developmental Biology (M.P.C., J.-S.P.), Department of Pediatrics (S.S.), Department of Pediatric Urology (J.-S.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (V.G., J.B., D.B.); Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames (H.-K.L., J.J.E.); Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania (V.G.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.C.E.)
| | - Stephen C Ekker
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH (M.P.C.); Division of Developmental Biology (M.P.C., J.-S.P.), Department of Pediatrics (S.S.), Department of Pediatric Urology (J.-S.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (V.G., J.B., D.B.); Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames (H.-K.L., J.J.E.); Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania (V.G.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.C.E.)
| | - Joo-Seop Park
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH (M.P.C.); Division of Developmental Biology (M.P.C., J.-S.P.), Department of Pediatrics (S.S.), Department of Pediatric Urology (J.-S.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (V.G., J.B., D.B.); Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames (H.-K.L., J.J.E.); Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania (V.G.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.C.E.)
| | - Jeffrey J Essner
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH (M.P.C.); Division of Developmental Biology (M.P.C., J.-S.P.), Department of Pediatrics (S.S.), Department of Pediatric Urology (J.-S.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (V.G., J.B., D.B.); Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames (H.-K.L., J.J.E.); Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania (V.G.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.C.E.)
| | - Darius Balciunas
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH (M.P.C.); Division of Developmental Biology (M.P.C., J.-S.P.), Department of Pediatrics (S.S.), Department of Pediatric Urology (J.-S.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (V.G., J.B., D.B.); Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames (H.-K.L., J.J.E.); Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania (V.G.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.C.E.)
| | - Saulius Sumanas
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH (M.P.C.); Division of Developmental Biology (M.P.C., J.-S.P.), Department of Pediatrics (S.S.), Department of Pediatric Urology (J.-S.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (V.G., J.B., D.B.); Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames (H.-K.L., J.J.E.); Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania (V.G.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.C.E.).
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