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Noronha KJ, Lucas KN, Paradkar S, Edmonds J, Friedman S, Murray MA, Liu S, Sajed DP, Sachs C, Spurrier J, Raponi M, Liang J, Zeng H, Sundaram RK, Shuch B, Vasquez JC, Bindra RS. NAPRT Silencing in FH-Deficient Renal Cell Carcinoma Confers Therapeutic Vulnerabilities via NAD+ Depletion. Mol Cancer Res 2024; 22:973-988. [PMID: 38949523 PMCID: PMC11445649 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-23-1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC) is caused by loss of function mutations in fumarate hydratase (FH) and results in an aggressive subtype of renal cell carcinoma with limited treatment options. Loss of FH leads to accumulation of fumarate, an oncometabolite that disrupts multiple cellular processes and drives tumor progression. High levels of fumarate inhibit alpha ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases, including the ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes, and can lead to global DNA hypermethylation. Here, we report patterns of hypermethylation in FH-mutant cell lines and tumor samples are associated with the silencing of nicotinate phosphoribosyl transferase (NAPRT), a rate-limiting enzyme in the Preiss-Handler pathway of NAD+ biosynthesis, in a subset of HLRCC cases. NAPRT is hypermethylated at a CpG island in the promoter in cell line models and patient samples, resulting in loss of NAPRT expression. We find that FH-deficient RCC models with loss of NAPRT expression, as well as other oncometabolite-producing cancer models that silence NAPRT, are extremely sensitive to nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase inhibitors (NAMPTi). NAPRT silencing was also associated with synergistic tumor cell killing with PARP inhibitors and NAMPTis, which was associated with effects on PAR-mediated DNA repair. Overall, our findings indicate that NAPRT silencing can be targeted in oncometabolite-producing cancers and elucidates how oncometabolite-associated hypermethylation can impact diverse cellular processes and lead to therapeutically relevant vulnerabilities in cancer cells. Implications: NAPRT is a novel biomarker for targeting NAD+ metabolism in FH-deficient HLRCCs with NAMPTis alone and targeting DNA repair processes with the combination of NAMPTis and PARP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn J Noronha
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Karlie N Lucas
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sateja Paradkar
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Joseph Edmonds
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sam Friedman
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Matthew A Murray
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Samantha Liu
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Dipti P Sajed
- Department of Pathology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chana Sachs
- Department of Pathology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | - Jiayu Liang
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Hao Zeng
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Ranjini K Sundaram
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Brian Shuch
- Institute of Urologic Oncology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Juan C Vasquez
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ranjit S Bindra
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
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2
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Bai Y, Dai C, Chen N, Zhou X, Li H, Xu Q, Xu Y. Plasma-activated medium exerts tumor-specific inhibitory effect on hepatocellular carcinoma via disruption of the salvage pathway. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2024; 75:91-101. [PMID: 39345287 PMCID: PMC11425076 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.23-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma has high fatality and poor prognosis. For curing hepatocellular carcinoma, the demand for effective therapeutic reagents with low toxicity is urgent. Herein, we investigated plasma-activated medium, an emerging reagent obtained via irradiation of cell-free medium with cold atmospheric plasma. Plasma-activated medium exerts inhibitory effect on many types of tumor cells with little toxicity to non-cancerous cells. In present study, we verified the tumor-specific inhibition of plasma-activated medium on hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Under the effect of plasma-activated medium, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and loss of intracellular NAD+ and ATP were detected inside cells, suggesting an energy depletion. Through investigating the salvage pathway which synthesizes NAD+ and maintains the respiratory chain in hepatocellular carcinoma, we found that the energy failure was resulted by the blockage of the salvage pathway. Moreover, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the salvage pathway, was determined as an important target to be inactivated by the effect of plasma-activated medium. Additionally, the blockage of the salvage pathway activates AMPKα and suppresses mTOR pathway, which reinforces the cell growth inhibition. Overall, our findings demonstrated that the disruption of functions of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase and the salvage pathway contribute to the tumor-specific cytotoxicity of plasma-activated medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bai
- Anhui Academy of Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical College, Gongwan Road 15, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Chenwei Dai
- Anhui Academy of Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical College, Gongwan Road 15, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Nini Chen
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Changjiang 130, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiuhong Zhou
- Anhui Academy of Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical College, Gongwan Road 15, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Hua Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical College, Furong Road 632, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Qinghua Xu
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fanhua Road 12560, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Anhui Academy of Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical College, Gongwan Road 15, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
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3
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Ye BJ, Li DF, Li XY, Hao JL, Liu DJ, Yu H, Zhang CD. Methylation synthetic lethality: Exploiting selective drug targets for cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2024; 597:217010. [PMID: 38849016 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.217010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
In cancer, synthetic lethality refers to the drug-induced inactivation of one gene and the inhibition of another in cancer cells by a drug, resulting in the death of only cancer cells; however, this effect is not present in normal cells, leading to targeted killing of cancer cells. Recent intensive epigenetic research has revealed that aberrant epigenetic changes are more frequently observed than gene mutations in certain cancers. Recently, numerous studies have reported various methylation synthetic lethal combinations involving DNA damage repair genes, metabolic pathway genes, and paralogs with significant results in cellular models, some of which have already entered clinical trials with promising results. This review systematically introduces the advantages of methylation synthetic lethality and describes the lethal mechanisms of methylation synthetic lethal combinations that have recently demonstrated success in cellular models. Furthermore, we discuss the future opportunities and challenges of methylation synthetic lethality in targeted anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Jie Ye
- Clinical Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China
| | - Di-Fei Li
- Clinical Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China
| | - Xin-Yun Li
- Clinical Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China
| | - Jia-Lin Hao
- Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China
| | - Di-Jie Liu
- Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China
| | - Hang Yu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China
| | - Chun-Dong Zhang
- Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China; Department of Surgical Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China.
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4
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Ozgencil F, Gunindi HB, Eren G. Dual-targeted NAMPT inhibitors as a progressive strategy for cancer therapy. Bioorg Chem 2024; 149:107509. [PMID: 38824699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
In mammals, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is a crucial enzyme in the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) synthesis pathway catalyzing the condensation of nicotinamide (NAM) with 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) to produce nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN). Given the pivotal role of NAD+ in a range of cellular functions, including DNA synthesis, redox reactions, cytokine generation, metabolism, and aging, NAMPT has become a promising target for many diseases, notably cancer. Therefore, various NAMPT inhibitors have been reported and classified as first and second-generation based on their chemical structures and design strategies, dual-targeted being one. However, most NAMPT inhibitors suffer from several limitations, such as dose-dependent toxicity and poor pharmacokinetic properties. Consequently, there is no clinically approved NAMPT inhibitor. Hence, research on discovering more effective and less toxic dual-targeted NAMPT inhibitors with desirable pharmacokinetic properties has drawn attention recently. This review summarizes the previously reported dual-targeted NAMPT inhibitors, focusing on their design strategies and advantages over the single-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikriye Ozgencil
- SIRTeam Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Habibe Beyza Gunindi
- SIRTeam Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Gokcen Eren
- SIRTeam Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Türkiye.
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Murray MA, Noronha KJ, Wang Y, Friedman AP, Paradkar S, Suh HW, Sundaram RK, Brenner C, Saltzman W, Bindra RS. Exploiting Metabolic Defects in Glioma with Nanoparticle-Encapsulated NAMPT Inhibitors. Mol Cancer Ther 2024; 23:1176-1187. [PMID: 38691846 PMCID: PMC11292319 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-24-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The treatment of primary central nervous system tumors is challenging due to the blood-brain barrier and complex mutational profiles, which is associated with low survival rates. However, recent studies have identified common mutations in gliomas [isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-wild-type and mutant, WHO grades II-IV; with grade IV tumors referred to as glioblastomas (GBM)]. These mutations drive epigenetic changes, leading to promoter methylation at the nicotinic acid phosphoribosyl transferase (NAPRT) gene locus, which encodes an enzyme involved in generating NAD+. Importantly, NAPRT silencing introduces a therapeutic vulnerability to inhibitors targeting another NAD+ biogenesis enzyme, nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (NAMPT), rationalizing a treatment for these malignancies. Multiple systemically administered NAMPT inhibitors (NAMPTi) have been developed and tested in clinical trials, but dose-limiting toxicities-including bone marrow suppression and retinal toxicity-have limited their efficacy. Here, we report a novel approach for the treatment of NAPRT-silenced GBMs using nanoparticle (NP)-encapsulated NAMPTis administered by convection-enhanced delivery (CED). We demonstrate that GMX1778 (a NAMPTi) can be formulated in degradable polymer NPs with retention of potency for NAMPT inhibition and anticancer activity in vitro, plus sustained drug release in vitro and in vivo. Direct injection of these drugs via CED into the brain is associated with reduced retinal toxicity compared with systemic administration. Finally, we show that CED of NP-encapsulated GMX1778 to NAPRT-silenced intracranial GBM xenografts in mice exhibit significant tumor growth delay and extends survival. These data support an approach to treat gliomas harboring defects in NAD+ metabolism using CED of NP-encapsulated NAMPTis to greatly improve the therapeutic index and treatment efficacy for this class of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Murray
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Katelyn J. Noronha
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Yazhe Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Anna P. Friedman
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Sateja Paradkar
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Hee-Won Suh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire.
| | - Ranjini K. Sundaram
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Charles Brenner
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Metabolism, City of Hope, Duarte, California.
| | - W.M. Saltzman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Ranjit S. Bindra
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
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Zhu X, Li Y, Liu H, Wang Y, Sun R, Jiang Z, Hou C, Hou X, Huang S, Zhang H, Wang H, Jiang B, Yang X, Xu B, Fan G. NAMPT-targeting PROTAC and nicotinic acid co-administration elicit safe and robust anti-tumor efficacy in NAPRT-deficient pan-cancers. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:1203-1218.e17. [PMID: 38906111 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2024.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) catalyzes the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), making it a potential target for cancer therapy. Two challenges hinder its translation in the clinic: targeting the extracellular form of NAMPT (eNAMPT) remains insufficient, and side effects are observed in normal tissues. We previously utilized proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) to develop two compounds capable of simultaneously degrading iNAMPT and eNAMPT. Unfortunately, the pharmacokinetic properties were inadequate, and toxicities similar to those associated with traditional inhibitors arose. We have developed a next-generation PROTAC molecule 632005 to address these challenges, demonstrating exceptional target selectivity and bioavailability, improved in vivo exposure, extended half-life, and reduced clearance rate. When combined with nicotinic acid, 632005 exhibits safety and robust efficacy in treating NAPRT-deficient pan-cancers, including xenograft models with hematologic malignancy and prostate cancer and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models with liver cancer. Our findings provide clinical references for patient selection and treatment strategies involving NAMPT-targeting PROTACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Zhu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ye Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Haixia Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuetong Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Renhong Sun
- Gluetacs Therapeutics (Shanghai) Co, Ltd, Building 20, Lane 218, Haiji Road 6, Pudong District, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chun Hou
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xianyu Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Suming Huang
- The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital of China Welfare Institute, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital of China Welfare Institute, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Haopeng Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Biao Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaobao Yang
- Gluetacs Therapeutics (Shanghai) Co, Ltd, Building 20, Lane 218, Haiji Road 6, Pudong District, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Gaofeng Fan
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai 201210, China.
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Perryman R, Chau TW, De-Felice J, O’Neill K, Syed N. Distinct Capabilities in NAD Metabolism Mediate Resistance to NAMPT Inhibition in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2054. [PMID: 38893173 PMCID: PMC11171005 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16112054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) cells require high levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to fuel metabolic reactions, regulate their cell cycle and support DNA repair in response to chemotherapy and radiation. Inhibition of a key enzyme in NAD biosynthesis, NAMPT, has demonstrated significant anti-neoplastic activity. Here, we sought to characterise NAD biosynthetic pathways in GBM to determine resistance mechanisms to NAD inhibitors. GBM cells were treated with the NAMPT inhibitor FK866 with and without NAD precursors, and were analysed by qPCR, Western blot and proliferation assays (monolayer and spheroid). We also measured changes in the cell cycle, apoptosis, NAD/NADH levels and energy production. We performed orthoptic xenograft experiments in athymic nude mice to test the efficacy of FK866 in combination with temozolomide (TMZ). We show that the expression of key genes involved in NAD biosynthesis is highly variable across GBM tumours. FK866 inhibits proliferation, reduces NAD levels and limits oxidative metabolism, leading to G2/M cell cycle arrest; however, this can be reversed by supplementation with specific NAD precursors. Furthermore, FK866 potentiates the effects of radiation and TMZ in vitro and in vivo. NAMPT inhibitors should be considered for the treatment of GBM, with patients stratified based on their expression of key enzymes in other NAD biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Perryman
- John Fulcher Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK (K.O.)
| | | | | | | | - Nelofer Syed
- John Fulcher Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK (K.O.)
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Ghanem MS, Caffa I, Monacelli F, Nencioni A. Inhibitors of NAD + Production in Cancer Treatment: State of the Art and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2092. [PMID: 38396769 PMCID: PMC10889166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The addiction of tumors to elevated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels is a hallmark of cancer metabolism. Obstructing NAD+ biosynthesis in tumors is a new and promising antineoplastic strategy. Inhibitors developed against nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), the main enzyme in NAD+ production from nicotinamide, elicited robust anticancer activity in preclinical models but not in patients, implying that other NAD+-biosynthetic pathways are also active in tumors and provide sufficient NAD+ amounts despite NAMPT obstruction. Recent studies show that NAD+ biosynthesis through the so-called "Preiss-Handler (PH) pathway", which utilizes nicotinate as a precursor, actively operates in many tumors and accounts for tumor resistance to NAMPT inhibitors. The PH pathway consists of three sequential enzymatic steps that are catalyzed by nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRT), nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferases (NMNATs), and NAD+ synthetase (NADSYN1). Here, we focus on these enzymes as emerging targets in cancer drug discovery, summarizing their reported inhibitors and describing their current or potential exploitation as anticancer agents. Finally, we also focus on additional NAD+-producing enzymes acting in alternative NAD+-producing routes that could also be relevant in tumors and thus become viable targets for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa S. Ghanem
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (I.C.); (F.M.)
| | - Irene Caffa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (I.C.); (F.M.)
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Fiammetta Monacelli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (I.C.); (F.M.)
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Alessio Nencioni
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (I.C.); (F.M.)
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
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Yong J, Cai S, Zeng Z. Targeting NAD + metabolism: dual roles in cancer treatment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1269896. [PMID: 38116009 PMCID: PMC10728650 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1269896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is indispensable for various oxidation-reduction reactions in mammalian cells, particularly during energy production. Malignant cells increase the expression levels of NAD+ biosynthesis enzymes for rapid proliferation and biomass production. Furthermore, mounting proof has indicated that NAD-degrading enzymes (NADases) play a role in creating the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Interestingly, both inhibiting NAD+ synthesis and targeting NADase have positive implications for cancer treatment. Here we summarize the detrimental outcomes of increased NAD+ production, the functions of NAD+ metabolic enzymes in creating an immunosuppressive TME, and discuss the progress and clinical translational potential of inhibitors for NAD+ synthesis and therapies targeting NADase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Yong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Research Unit of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songqing Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Research Unit of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaolei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Research Unit of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Gelmi MC, Gezgin G, van der Velden PA, Luyten GPM, Luk SJ, Heemskerk MHM, Jager MJ. PRAME Expression: A Target for Cancer Immunotherapy and a Prognostic Factor in Uveal Melanoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:36. [PMID: 38149971 PMCID: PMC10755595 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.15.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Uveal melanoma (UM) is a rare disease with a high mortality, and new therapeutic options are being investigated. Preferentially Expressed Antigen in Melanoma (PRAME) is a cancer testis antigen, expressed in the testis, but also in cancers, including uveal melanoma. PRAME is considered a target for immune therapy in several cancers, and PRAME-specific T cell clones have been shown to kill UM cells. Methods We studied the literature on PRAME expression in hematological and solid malignancies, including UM, and its role as a target for immunotherapy. The distribution of tumor features was compared between PRAME-high and PRAME-low UM in a 64-patient cohort from the Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC) and in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort of 80 cases and differential gene expression analysis was performed in the LUMC cohort. Results PRAME is expressed in many malignancies, it is frequently associated with a negative prognosis, and can be the target of T cell receptor (TCR)-transduced T cells, a promising treatment option with high avidity and safety. In UM, PRAME is expressed in 26% to 45% of cases and is correlated with a worse prognosis. In the LUMC and the TCGA cohorts, high PRAME expression was associated with larger diameter, higher Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) stage, more frequent gain of chromosome 8q, and an inflammatory phenotype. Conclusions We confirm that PRAME is associated with poor prognosis in UM and has a strong connection with extra copies of 8q. We show that PRAME-specific immunotherapy in an adjuvant setting is promising in treatment of malignancies, including UM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Gelmi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gulçin Gezgin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Sietse J. Luk
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Martine J. Jager
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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11
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McKay-Corkum GB, Collins VJ, Yeung C, Ito T, Issaq SH, Holland D, Vulikh K, Zhang Y, Lee U, Lei H, Mendoza A, Shern JF, Yohe ME, Yamamoto K, Wilson K, Ji J, Karim BO, Thomas CJ, Krishna MC, Neckers LM, Heske CM. Inhibition of NAD+-Dependent Metabolic Processes Induces Cellular Necrosis and Tumor Regression in Rhabdomyosarcoma Models. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:4479-4491. [PMID: 37616468 PMCID: PMC10841338 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Deregulated metabolism in cancer cells represents a vulnerability that may be therapeutically exploited to benefit patients. One such target is nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), the rate-limiting enzyme in the NAD+ salvage pathway. NAMPT is necessary for efficient NAD+ production and may be exploited in cells with increased metabolic demands. We have identified NAMPT as a dependency in rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), a malignancy for which novel therapies are critically needed. Here we describe the effect of NAMPT inhibition on RMS proliferation and metabolism in vitro and in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Assays of proliferation and cell death were used to determine the effects of pharmacologic NAMPT inhibition in a panel of ten molecularly diverse RMS cell lines. Mechanism of the clinical NAMPTi OT-82 was determined using measures of NAD+ and downstream NAD+-dependent functions, including energy metabolism. We used orthotopic xenograft models to examine tolerability, efficacy, and drug mechanism in vivo. RESULTS Across all ten RMS cell lines, OT-82 depleted NAD+ and inhibited cell growth at concentrations ≤1 nmol/L. Significant impairment of glycolysis was a universal finding, with some cell lines also exhibiting diminished oxidative phosphorylation. Most cell lines experienced profound depletion of ATP with subsequent irreversible necrotic cell death. Importantly, loss of NAD and glycolytic activity were confirmed in orthotopic in vivo models, which exhibited complete tumor regressions with OT-82 treatment delivered on the clinical schedule. CONCLUSIONS RMS is highly vulnerable to NAMPT inhibition. These findings underscore the need for further clinical study of this class of agents for this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace B. McKay-Corkum
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Victor J. Collins
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Choh Yeung
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Takeshi Ito
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Sameer H. Issaq
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - David Holland
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Ksenia Vulikh
- Molecular Histopathology Lab, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Yiping Zhang
- National Clinical Target Validation Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Unsun Lee
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Haiyan Lei
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Arnulfo Mendoza
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Jack F. Shern
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Marielle E. Yohe
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Kazutoshi Yamamoto
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Kelli Wilson
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Jiuping Ji
- National Clinical Target Validation Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Baktiar O. Karim
- Molecular Histopathology Lab, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Craig J. Thomas
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Murali C. Krishna
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Leonard M. Neckers
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Christine M. Heske
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
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12
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Liang WW, Lu RJH, Jayasinghe RG, Foltz SM, Porta-Pardo E, Geffen Y, Wendl MC, Lazcano R, Kolodziejczak I, Song Y, Govindan A, Demicco EG, Li X, Li Y, Sethuraman S, Payne SH, Fenyö D, Rodriguez H, Wiznerowicz M, Shen H, Mani DR, Rodland KD, Lazar AJ, Robles AI, Ding L. Integrative multi-omic cancer profiling reveals DNA methylation patterns associated with therapeutic vulnerability and cell-of-origin. Cancer Cell 2023; 41:1567-1585.e7. [PMID: 37582362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation plays a critical role in establishing and maintaining cellular identity. However, it is frequently dysregulated during tumor development and is closely intertwined with other genetic alterations. Here, we leveraged multi-omic profiling of 687 tumors and matched non-involved adjacent tissues from the kidney, brain, pancreas, lung, head and neck, and endometrium to identify aberrant methylation associated with RNA and protein abundance changes and build a Pan-Cancer catalog. We uncovered lineage-specific epigenetic drivers including hypomethylated FGFR2 in endometrial cancer. We showed that hypermethylated STAT5A is associated with pervasive regulon downregulation and immune cell depletion, suggesting that epigenetic regulation of STAT5A expression constitutes a molecular switch for immunosuppression in squamous tumors. We further demonstrated that methylation subtype-enrichment information can explain cell-of-origin, intra-tumor heterogeneity, and tumor phenotypes. Overall, we identified cis-acting DNA methylation events that drive transcriptional and translational changes, shedding light on the tumor's epigenetic landscape and the role of its cell-of-origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wei Liang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 631110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Rita Jui-Hsien Lu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 631110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Reyka G Jayasinghe
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 631110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Steven M Foltz
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 631110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Eduard Porta-Pardo
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Spain; Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yifat Geffen
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Cancer Center and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael C Wendl
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Department of Mathematics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Rossana Lazcano
- Departments of Pathology & Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Iga Kolodziejczak
- International Institute for Molecular Oncology, 60-203 Poznań, Poland; Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Yizhe Song
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 631110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Akshay Govindan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 631110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Demicco
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 631110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Yize Li
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 631110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Sunantha Sethuraman
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 631110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Samuel H Payne
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - David Fenyö
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Henry Rodriguez
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Maciej Wiznerowicz
- International Institute for Molecular Oncology, 60-203 Poznań, Poland; Heliodor Swiecicki Clinical Hospital in Poznań, Ul. Przybyszewskiego 49, 60-355 Poznań, Poland; Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland
| | - Hui Shen
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - D R Mani
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Karin D Rodland
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97221, USA
| | - Alexander J Lazar
- Departments of Pathology & Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ana I Robles
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 631110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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13
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Tang H, Wang L, Wang T, Yang J, Zheng S, Tong J, Jiang S, Zhang X, Zhang K. Recent advances of targeting nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) for cancer drug discovery. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 258:115607. [PMID: 37413882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is the rate-limiting enzyme for the biosynthesis of NAD+ in the salvage pathway. NAMPT is overexpressed in various cancers, associating with a poor prognosis and tumor progression. Beyond cancer metabolism, recent evidence unravels additional roles of NAMPT in cancer biology, including DNA repair machinery, crosstalk with oncogenic signaling pathways, cancer cell stemness, and immune responses. NAMPT is a promising therapeutic target for cancer. However, first-generation NAMPT inhibitors exhibited limited efficacy and dose-limiting toxicities in clinical trials. Multiple strategies are being exploited to improve their efficacy and minimize toxic-side effects. This review discusses the biomarkers predictive of response to NAMPT inhibitors, and summarizes the most significant advances in the evolution of structurally distinct NAMPT inhibitors, the manipulation of targeted delivery technologies via antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), PhotoActivated ChemoTherapy (PACT) and the intratumoral delivery system, as well as the development and pharmacological outcomes of NAMPT degraders. Finally, a discussion of future perspectives and challenges in this area is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jiamei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Shuai Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jun Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Sheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Kuojun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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14
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Carreira ASA, Ravera S, Zucal C, Thongon N, Irene C, Astigiano C, Bertola N, Buongiorno A, Roccuzzo M, Bisio A, Pardini B, Nencioni A, Bruzzone S, Provenzani A. Mitochondrial rewiring drives metabolic adaptation to NAD(H) shortage in triple negative breast cancer cells. Neoplasia 2023; 41:100903. [PMID: 37148658 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2023.100903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is a key metabolic enzyme in NAD+ synthesis pathways and is found upregulated in several tumors, depicting NAD(H) lowering agents, like the NAMPT inhibitor FK866, as an appealing approach for anticancer therapy. Like other small molecules, FK866 triggers chemoresistance, observed in several cancer cellular models, which can prevent its clinical application. The molecular mechanisms sustaining the acquired of resistance to FK866 were studied in a model of triple negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231 parental - PAR), exposed to increasing concentrations of the small molecule (MDA-MB-231 resistant - RES). RES cells are not sensitive to verapamil or cyclosporin A, excluding a potential role of increased efflux pumps activity as a mechanism of resistance. Similarly, the silencing of the enzyme Nicotinamide Riboside Kinase 1 (NMRK1) in RES cells does not increase FK866 toxicity, excluding this pathway as a compensatory mechanism of NAD+ production. Instead, Seahorse metabolic analysis revealed an increased mitochondrial spare respiratory capacity in RES cells. These cells presented a higher mitochondrial mass compared to the FK866-sensitive counterparts, as well as an increased consumption of pyruvate and succinate for energy production. Interestingly, co-treatment of PAR cells with FK866 and the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) inhibitors UK5099 or rosiglitazone, as well as with the transient silencing of MPC2 but not of MPC1, induces a FK866-resistant phenotype. Taken together, these results unravel novel mechanisms of cell plasticity to counteract FK866 toxicity, that, besides the previously described LDHA dependency, rely on mitochondrial rewiring at functional and energetic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Ravera
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy; Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), Candiolo, Italy.
| | - Chiara Zucal
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
| | - Natthakan Thongon
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy; Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), Candiolo, Italy.
| | - Caffa Irene
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Cecilia Astigiano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Nadia Bertola
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Arianna Buongiorno
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
| | - Michela Roccuzzo
- Advanced Imaging Core Facility, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Bisio
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
| | - Barbara Pardini
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy; Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), Candiolo, Italy.
| | - Alessio Nencioni
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Santina Bruzzone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Provenzani
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
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15
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A Versatile Continuous Fluorometric Enzymatic Assay for Targeting Nicotinate Phosphoribosyltransferase. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28030961. [PMID: 36770640 PMCID: PMC9919730 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28030961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of a proper NAD+ pool is essential for cell survival, and tumor cells are particularly sensitive to changes in coenzyme levels. In this view, the inhibition of NAD+ biosynthesis is considered a promising therapeutic approach. Current research is mostly focused on targeting the enzymes nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) and nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRT), which regulate NAD+ biosynthesis from nicotinamide and nicotinic acid, respectively. In several types of cancer cells, both enzymes are relevant for NAD+ biosynthesis, with NAPRT being responsible for cell resistance to NAMPT inhibition. While potent NAMPT inhibitors have been developed, only a few weak NAPRT inhibitors have been identified so far, essentially due to the lack of an easy and fast screening assay. Here we present a continuous coupled fluorometric assay whereby the product of the NAPRT-catalyzed reaction is enzymatically converted to NADH, and NADH formation is measured fluorometrically. The assay can be adapted to screen compounds that interfere with NADH excitation and emission wavelengths by coupling NADH formation to the cycling reduction of resazurin to resorufin, which is monitored at longer wavelengths. The assay system was validated by confirming the inhibitory effect of some NA-related compounds on purified human recombinant NAPRT. In particular, 2-hydroxynicotinic acid, 2-amminonicotinic acid, 2-fluoronicotinic acid, pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid, and salicylic acid were confirmed as NAPRT inhibitors, with Ki ranging from 149 to 348 µM. Both 2-hydroxynicotinic acid and pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid were found to sensitize OVCAR-5 cells to the NAMPT inhibitor FK866 by decreasing viability and intracellular NAD+ levels.
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16
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Wang K, Ye K, Zhang X, Wang T, Qi Z, Wang Y, Jiang S, Zhang K. Dual Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) and Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) Inhibitors for the Treatment of Drug-Resistant Nonsmall-Cell Lung Cancer. J Med Chem 2023; 66:1027-1047. [PMID: 36595482 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Depleting NAD+ by blocking its biosynthesis has emerged as an attractive anticancer strategy. Simultaneous blockade of NAD+ production from the salvage and de novo synthesis pathways by targeting NAMPT and IDO1 could achieve more effective NAD+ reduction and, subsequently, more robust antitumor efficacy. Herein, we report the discovery of the first series of dual NAMPT and IDO1 inhibitors according to multitarget drug rationales. Compound 10e has good and balanced inhibitory potencies against NAMPT and IDO1, and significantly inhibits both proliferation and migration of a NSCLC cell line resistant to taxol and FK866 (A549/R cells). Compound 10e also displays potent antitumor efficacy in A549/R xenograft mouse models with no significant toxicity. Moreover, this compound enhances the susceptibility of A549/R cells to taxol in vitro and in vivo. This work provides an efficient approach to targeting NAD+ metabolism in the area of cancer therapy, especially in the context of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaizhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ke Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhihao Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Youjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Sheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Kuojun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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17
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Wei S, Wang W, Liu S, Sun B, Zeng Q, Wang G, Luo P, Zhang A. Genome-wide DNA methylation pattern in whole blood of patients with coal-burning arsenic poisoning. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 248:114323. [PMID: 36436256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to coal-burning arsenic leads to an increased risk of cancer, multi-systems damage and chronic diseases, with DNA methylation one potential mechanism of arsenic toxicity. There are few studies on genome-wide methylation in the coal-burning arsenic poisoning population. Illumina 850 K methylation beadchip is the most suitable technology for DNA methylation of epigenome-wide association analysis. This study used 850 K to detect changes in Genome-wide DNA methylation in whole blood samples of 12 patients with coal-burning arsenic poisoning ( Arsenic poisoning group) and four healthy control participants (Healthy control group). There is clearly abnormal genome-wide DNA methylation in coal-burning arsenic poisoning, with 647 significantly different methylation positions, 524 different methylation regions and 335 significantly different methylation genes in arsenic poisoning patients compared with healthy controls. Further functional analysis of Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes (KEGG) found 592 GO items and 131 KEGG pathways between patients of coal-burning arsenic poisoning and healthy control. Then, analysis of gene degree and combined-score identified NAPRT1, NT5C3B, NEDD4L, SLC22A3 and RAB11B as target genes. Further validation by qRT-PCR indicates that mRNA expression of five genes changes significantly in the arsenic poisoning group (n = 72) compared to the healthy control group (n = 72). These results showed the genome-wide methylation pattern and highlighted five critical genes within the coal-burning arsenic poisoning population that involve Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, Choline metabolism in cancer, and Ubiquitin mediated proteolysis. Next, the methylation profile of coal burning arsenic poisoning will be further excavation and the mechanism of coal burning arsenic poisoning will be further explored from five genes related pathways and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Wei
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiwen Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Baofei Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qibing Zeng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoze Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Wei Y, Xiang H, Zhang W. Review of various NAMPT inhibitors for the treatment of cancer. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:970553. [PMID: 36160449 PMCID: PMC9490061 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.970553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the NAD salvage pathway of mammalian cells and is overexpressed in numerous types of cancers. These include breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, glioma, and b-cell lymphoma. NAMPT is also known to impact the NAD and NADPH pool. Research has demonstrated that NAMPT can be inhibited. NAMPT inhibitors are diverse anticancer medicines with significant anti-tumor efficacy in ex vivo tumor models. A few notable NAMPT specific inhibitors which have been produced include FK866, CHS828, and OT-82. Despite encouraging preclinical evidence of the potential utility of NAMPT inhibitors in cancer models, early clinical trials have yielded only modest results, necessitating the adaptation of additional tactics to boost efficacy. This paper examines a number of cancer treatment methods which target NAMPT, including the usage of individual inhibitors, pharmacological combinations, dual inhibitors, and ADCs, all of which have demonstrated promising experimental or clinical results. We intend to contribute further ideas regarding the usage and development of NAMPT inhibitors in clinical therapy to advance the field of research on this intriguing target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Wei
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haotian Xiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenqiu Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Wenqiu Zhang,
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19
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Identification of NAPRT Inhibitors with Anti-Cancer Properties by In Silico Drug Discovery. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070848. [PMID: 35890147 PMCID: PMC9318686 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Depriving cancer cells of sufficient NAD levels, mainly through interfering with their NAD-producing capacity, has been conceived as a promising anti-cancer strategy. Numerous inhibitors of the NAD-producing enzyme, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), have been developed over the past two decades. However, their limited anti-cancer activity in clinical trials raised the possibility that cancer cells may also exploit alternative NAD-producing enzymes. Recent studies show the relevance of nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRT), the rate-limiting enzyme of the Preiss–Handler NAD-production pathway for a large group of human cancers. We demonstrated that the NAPRT inhibitor 2-hydroxynicotinic acid (2-HNA) cooperates with the NAMPT inhibitor FK866 in killing NAPRT-proficient cancer cells that were otherwise insensitive to FK866 alone. Despite this emerging relevance of NAPRT as a potential target in cancer therapy, very few NAPRT inhibitors exist. Starting from a high-throughput virtual screening approach, we were able to identify and annotate two additional chemical scaffolds that function as NAPRT inhibitors. These compounds show comparable anti-cancer activity to 2-HNA and improved predicted aqueous solubility, in addition to demonstrating favorable drug-like profiles.
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20
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Nicotinamide Riboside and Dihydronicotinic Acid Riboside Synergistically Increase Intracellular NAD+ by Generating Dihydronicotinamide Riboside. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132752. [PMID: 35807932 PMCID: PMC9269339 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Through evolution, eukaryote organisms have developed the ability to use different molecules as independent precursors to generate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), an essential molecule for life. However, whether these different precursors act in an additive or complementary manner is not truly well understood. Here, we have evaluated how combinations of different NAD+ precursors influence intracellular NAD+ levels. We identified dihydronicotinic acid riboside (NARH) as a new NAD+ precursor in hepatic cells. Second, we demonstrate how NARH, but not any other NAD+ precursor, can act synergistically with nicotinamide riboside (NR) to increase NAD+ levels in cultured cells and in mice. Finally, we demonstrate that the large increase in NAD+ prompted by the combination of these two precursors is due to their chemical interaction and conversion to dihydronicotinamide riboside (NRH). Altogether, this work demonstrates for the first time that NARH can act as a NAD+ precursor in mammalian cells and how different NAD+ precursors can interact and influence each other when co-administered.
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21
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NAPRT Expression Regulation Mechanisms: Novel Functions Predicted by a Bioinformatics Approach. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12122022. [PMID: 34946971 PMCID: PMC8700865 DOI: 10.3390/genes12122022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRT) gene has gained relevance in the research of cancer therapeutic strategies due to its main role as a NAD biosynthetic enzyme. NAD metabolism is an attractive target for the development of anti-cancer therapies, given the high energy requirements of proliferating cancer cells and NAD-dependent signaling. A few studies have shown that NAPRT expression varies in different cancer types, making it imperative to assess NAPRT expression and functionality status prior to the application of therapeutic strategies targeting NAD. In addition, the recent finding of NAPRT extracellular form (eNAPRT) suggested the involvement of NAPRT in inflammation and signaling. However, the mechanisms regulating NAPRT gene expression have never been thoroughly addressed. In this study, we searched for NAPRT gene expression regulatory mechanisms in transcription factors (TFs), RNA binding proteins (RBPs) and microRNA (miRNAs) databases. We identified several potential regulators of NAPRT transcription activation, downregulation and alternative splicing and performed GO and expression analyses. The results of the functional analysis of TFs, RBPs and miRNAs suggest new, unexpected functions for the NAPRT gene in cell differentiation, development and neuronal biology.
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22
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Wu J. Targeting nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide (NAD) in diffuse gliomas. Neuro Oncol 2021; 24:245-246. [PMID: 34919142 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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23
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Mitchell S, Zhang P, Cannon M, Beaver L, Lehman A, Harrington B, Sampath D, Byrd JC, Lapalombella R. Anti-tumor NAMPT inhibitor, KPT-9274, mediates gender-dependent murine anemia and nephrotoxicity by regulating SIRT3-mediated SOD deacetylation. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:101. [PMID: 34187548 PMCID: PMC8243474 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01107-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
KPT-9274 is a phase 1 first-in-class dual PAK4/NAMPT inhibitor for solid tumor and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It demonstrates pre-clinical efficacy toward a broad spectrum of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) subtypes by inhibiting NAMPT-dependent NAD+ production. NAMPT is the rate-limiting enzyme in the salvage metabolic pathway leading to NAD+ generation. Tumor cells which are deficient in de novo pathway enzyme NAPRT1 are addicted to NAMPT. In clinical trials, treatment with NAMPT inhibitors resulted in dose-limiting toxicities. In order to dissect the mechanism of toxicity, mice were treated with KPT-9274 and resulting toxicities were characterized histopathologically and biochemically. KPT-9274 treatment caused gender-dependent stomach and kidney injuries and anemia. Female mice treated with KPT-9274 had EPO deficiency and associated impaired erythropoiesis. KPT-9274 treatment suppressed SIRT3 expression and concomitantly upregulated acetyl-manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in IMCD3 cells, providing a mechanistic basis for observed kidney toxicity. Importantly, niacin supplementation mitigated KPT-9274-caused kidney injury and EPO deficiency without affecting its efficacy. Altogether, our study delineated the mechanism of KPT-9274-mediated toxicity and sheds light onto developing strategies to improve the tolerability of this important anti-AML inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaneice Mitchell
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, 455 OSUCCC, 410 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA USA
| | - Pu Zhang
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, 455 OSUCCC, 410 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Matthew Cannon
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, 455 OSUCCC, 410 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Larry Beaver
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, 455 OSUCCC, 410 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Amy Lehman
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Center for Biostatistics, Department of Bioinformatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Bonnie Harrington
- grid.17088.360000 0001 2150 1785College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI USA
| | - Deepa Sampath
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, 455 OSUCCC, 410 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - John C. Byrd
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, 455 OSUCCC, 410 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Rosa Lapalombella
- Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, 455 OSUCCC, 410 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Targeting the NAD Salvage Synthesis Pathway as a Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Osteosarcomas with Low NAPRT Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126273. [PMID: 34200964 PMCID: PMC8230647 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For osteosarcoma (OS), the most common primary malignant bone tumor, overall survival has hardly improved over the last four decades. Especially for metastatic OS, novel therapeutic targets are urgently needed. A hallmark of cancer is aberrant metabolism, which justifies targeting metabolic pathways as a promising therapeutic strategy. One of these metabolic pathways, the NAD+ synthesis pathway, can be considered as a potential target for OS treatment. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the classical salvage pathway for NAD+ synthesis, and NAMPT is overexpressed in OS. In this study, five OS cell lines were treated with the NAMPT inhibitor FK866, which was shown to decrease nuclei count in a 2D in vitro model without inducing caspase-driven apoptosis. The reduction in cell viability by FK866 was confirmed in a 3D model of OS cell lines (n = 3). Interestingly, only OS cells with low nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase domain containing 1 (NAPRT1) RNA expression were sensitive to NAMPT inhibition. Using a publicly available (Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments (TARGET)) and a previously published dataset, it was shown that in OS cell lines and primary tumors, low NAPRT1 RNA expression correlated with NAPRT1 methylation around the transcription start site. These results suggest that targeting NAMPT in osteosarcoma could be considered as a novel therapeutic strategy, where low NAPRT expression can serve as a biomarker for the selection of eligible patients.
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25
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Ghanem MS, Monacelli F, Nencioni A. Advances in NAD-Lowering Agents for Cancer Treatment. Nutrients 2021; 13:1665. [PMID: 34068917 PMCID: PMC8156468 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is an essential redox cofactor, but it also acts as a substrate for NAD-consuming enzymes, regulating cellular events such as DNA repair and gene expression. Since such processes are fundamental to support cancer cell survival and proliferation, sustained NAD production is a hallmark of many types of neoplasms. Depleting intratumor NAD levels, mainly through interference with the NAD-biosynthetic machinery, has emerged as a promising anti-cancer strategy. NAD can be generated from tryptophan or nicotinic acid. In addition, the "salvage pathway" of NAD production, which uses nicotinamide, a byproduct of NAD degradation, as a substrate, is also widely active in mammalian cells and appears to be highly exploited by a subset of human cancers. In fact, research has mainly focused on inhibiting the key enzyme of the latter NAD production route, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), leading to the identification of numerous inhibitors, including FK866 and CHS-828. Unfortunately, the clinical activity of these agents proved limited, suggesting that the approaches for targeting NAD production in tumors need to be refined. In this contribution, we highlight the recent advancements in this field, including an overview of the NAD-lowering compounds that have been reported so far and the related in vitro and in vivo studies. We also describe the key NAD-producing pathways and their regulation in cancer cells. Finally, we summarize the approaches that have been explored to optimize the therapeutic response to NAMPT inhibitors in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa S. Ghanem
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (M.S.G.); (F.M.)
| | - Fiammetta Monacelli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (M.S.G.); (F.M.)
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Alessio Nencioni
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (M.S.G.); (F.M.)
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
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26
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Discovery of novel candidates for anti-liposarcoma therapies by medium-scale high-throughput drug screening. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248140. [PMID: 33690666 PMCID: PMC7946228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of mesenchymal orphan cancers and new treatment alternatives beyond traditional chemotherapeutic regimes are much needed. So far, tumor mutation analysis has not led to significant treatment advances, and we have attempted to bypass this limitation by performing direct drug testing of a library of 353 anti-cancer compounds that are either FDA-approved, in clinical trial, or in advanced stages of preclinical development on a panel of 13 liposarcoma cell lines. We identified and validated six drugs, targeting different mechanisms and with good efficiency across the cell lines: MLN2238 –a proteasome inhibitor, GSK2126458 –a PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, JNJ-26481585 –a histone deacetylase inhibitor, triptolide–a multi-target drug, YM155 –a survivin inhibitor, and APO866 (FK866)–a nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase inhibitor. GR50s for those drugs were mostly in the nanomolar range, and in many cases below 10 nM. These drugs had long-lasting effect upon drug withdrawal, limited toxicity to normal cells and good efficacy also against tumor explants. Finally, we identified potential genomic biomarkers of their efficacy. Being approved or in clinical trials, these drugs are promising candidates for liposarcoma treatment.
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27
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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+): essential redox metabolite, co-substrate and an anti-cancer and anti-ageing therapeutic target. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:733-744. [PMID: 32573651 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and its reduced form NADH are essential coupled redox metabolites that primarily promote cellular oxidative (catabolic) metabolic reactions. This enables energy generation through glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration to support cell growth and survival. In addition, many key enzymes that regulate diverse cell functions ranging from gene expression to proteostasis require NAD+ as a co-substrate for their catalytic activity. This includes the NAD+-dependent sirtuin family of protein deacetylases and the PARP family of DNA repair enzymes. Whilst their vital activity consumes NAD+ which is cleaved to nicotinamide, several pathways exist for re-generating NAD+ and sustaining NAD+ homeostasis. However, there is growing evidence of perturbed NAD+ homeostasis and NAD+-regulated processes contributing to multiple disease states. NAD+ levels decline in the human brain and other organs with age and this is associated with neurodegeneration and other age-related diseases. Dietary supplementation with NAD+ precursors is being investigated to counteract this. Paradoxically, many cancers have increased dependency on NAD+. Clinical efforts to exploit this have so far shown limited success. Emerging new opportunities to exploit dysregulation of NAD+ metabolism in cancers are critically discussed. An update is also provided on other key NAD+ research including perturbation of the NAD+ salvage enzyme NAMPT in the context of the tumour microenvironment (TME), methodology to study subcellular NAD+ dynamics in real-time and the regulation of differentiation by competing NAD+ pools.
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28
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Trott JF, Abu Aboud O, McLaughlin B, Anderson KL, Modiano JF, Kim K, Jen KY, Senapedis W, Chang H, Landesman Y, Baloglu E, Pili R, Weiss RH. Anti-Cancer Activity of PAK4/NAMPT Inhibitor and Programmed Cell Death Protein-1 Antibody in Kidney Cancer. KIDNEY360 2020; 1:376-388. [PMID: 35224510 PMCID: PMC8809296 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0000282019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney cancer (or renal cell carcinoma, RCC) is the sixth most common malignancy in the United States and is increasing in incidence. Despite new therapies, including targeted therapies and immunotherapies, most RCCs are resistant to treatment. Thus, several laboratories have been evaluating new approaches to therapy, both with single agents as well as combinations. Although we have previously shown efficacy of the dual PAK4/nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) inhibitor KPT-9274, and the immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPI) have shown utility in the clinic, there has been no evaluation of this combination either clinically or in an immunocompetent animal model of kidney cancer. METHODS In this study, we use the renal cell adenocarcinoma (RENCA) model of spontaneous murine kidney cancer. Male BALB/cJ mice were injected subcutaneously with RENCA cells and, after tumors were palpable, they were treated with KPT-9274 and/or anti-programmed cell death 1 (PDCD1; PD1) antibody for 21 days. Tumors were measured and then removed at animal euthanasia for subsequent studies. RESULTS We demonstrate a significant decrease in allograft growth with the combination treatment of KPT-9274 and anti-PD1 antibody without significant weight loss by the animals. This is associated with decreased (MOUSE) Naprt expression, indicating dependence of these tumors on NAMPT in parallel to what we have observed in human RCC. Histology of the tumors showed substantial necrosis regardless of treatment condition, and flow cytometry of antibody-stained tumor cells revealed that the enhanced therapeutic effect of KPT-9274 and anti-PD1 antibody was not driven by infiltration of T cells into tumors. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the potential of the RENCA model for evaluating immunologic responses to KPT-9274 and checkpoint inhibitor (CPI) and suggests that therapy with this combination could improve efficacy in RCC beyond what is achievable with CPI alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine F. Trott
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Omran Abu Aboud
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Bridget McLaughlin
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Katie L. Anderson
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jaime F. Modiano
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Kuang-Yu Jen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - William Senapedis
- Research and Translational Development, Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., Newton, Massachusetts
| | - Hua Chang
- Research and Translational Development, Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., Newton, Massachusetts
| | - Yosef Landesman
- Research and Translational Development, Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., Newton, Massachusetts
| | - Erkan Baloglu
- Research and Translational Development, Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., Newton, Massachusetts
| | - Roberto Pili
- Simon Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Robert H. Weiss
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, California
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29
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Selective targeting of NAMPT by KPT-9274 in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood Adv 2020; 3:242-255. [PMID: 30692102 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018024182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment options for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remain extremely limited and associated with significant toxicity. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is involved in the generation of NAD+ and a potential therapeutic target in AML. We evaluated the effect of KPT-9274, a p21-activated kinase 4/NAMPT inhibitor that possesses a unique NAMPT-binding profile based on in silico modeling compared with earlier compounds pursued against this target. KPT-9274 elicited loss of mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis and induced apoptosis in AML subtypes independent of mutations and genomic abnormalities. These actions occurred mainly through the depletion of NAD+, whereas genetic knockdown of p21-activated kinase 4 did not induce cytotoxicity in AML cell lines or influence the cytotoxic effect of KPT-9274. KPT-9274 exposure reduced colony formation, increased blast differentiation, and diminished the frequency of leukemia-initiating cells from primary AML samples; KPT-9274 was minimally cytotoxic toward normal hematopoietic or immune cells. In addition, KPT-9274 improved overall survival in vivo in 2 different mouse models of AML and reduced tumor development in a patient-derived xenograft model of AML. Overall, KPT-9274 exhibited broad preclinical activity across a variety of AML subtypes and warrants further investigation as a potential therapeutic agent for AML.
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30
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Audrito V, Messana VG, Deaglio S. NAMPT and NAPRT: Two Metabolic Enzymes With Key Roles in Inflammation. Front Oncol 2020; 10:358. [PMID: 32266141 PMCID: PMC7096376 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) and nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRT) are two intracellular enzymes that catalyze the first step in the biosynthesis of NAD from nicotinamide and nicotinic acid, respectively. By fine tuning intracellular NAD levels, they are involved in the regulation/reprogramming of cellular metabolism and in the control of the activity of NAD-dependent enzymes, including sirtuins, PARPs, and NADases. However, during evolution they both acquired novel functions as extracellular endogenous mediators of inflammation. It is well-known that cellular stress and/or damage induce release in the extracellular milieu of endogenous molecules, called alarmins or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which modulate immune functions through binding pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and activate inflammatory responses. Increasing evidence suggests that extracellular (e)NAMPT and eNAPRT are novel soluble factors with cytokine/adipokine/DAMP-like actions. Elevated eNAMPT were reported in several metabolic and inflammatory disorders, including obesity, diabetes, and cancer, while eNAPRT is emerging as a biomarker of sepsis and septic shock. This review will discuss available data concerning the dual role of this unique family of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Audrito
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Gianluca Messana
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Deaglio
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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31
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Ye C, Qi L, Li X, Wang J, Yu J, Zhou B, Guo C, Chen J, Zheng S. Targeting the NAD + salvage pathway suppresses APC mutation-driven colorectal cancer growth and Wnt/β-catenin signaling via increasing Axin level. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:16. [PMID: 32005247 PMCID: PMC6995173 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-0513-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The role and mechanism of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) salvage pathway in cancer cell proliferation is poorly understood. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), which converts nicotinamide into NAD+, is the rate-limiting enzyme in the NAD+ salvage pathway. Here, we assessed the role of NAMPT in the proliferation of colorectal cancer. Methods Real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and analyses of datasets from Oncomine and Gene Expression Omnibus were conducted to assess the expression of NAMPT at the mRNA and protein levels in colorectal cancer. The Kaplan Meier plotter online tool was used to evaluate the prognostic role of NAMPT. Knockdown of NAMPT was performed to assess the role of NAMPT in colorectal cancer cell proliferation and tumorigenesis both in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of NAMPT was used to evaluate impact of NAMPT on colorectal cancer cell proliferation in vitro. NAD+ quantitation, immunofluorescence, dual luciferase assay and western blot were used to explore the mechanism of colorectal cancer proliferation. Transwell migration and invasion assays were conducted to assess the role of NAMPT in cell migration and invasion abilities of colorectal cancer cells. Results Our study indicated that the inhibition of NAMPT decreased proliferation capacity of colorectal cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Conversely, overexpression of NAMPT could promote cell proliferation in vitro. NAMPT inhibition induced β-catenin degradation by increasing Axin expression levels; this resulted in the inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and cell proliferation in colorectal cancer. The addition of nicotinamide mononucleotide, the enzymatic product of NAMPT, effectively reversed β-catenin protein degradation and inhibited growth. Similarly, the knockdown of Axin also decreased the cell death induced by the inhibition of NAMPT. In addition, we showed that colorectal cancer tissues harbored significantly higher levels of NAMPT than the levels harbored by paired normal tissues, especially in colorectal cancer stages I and II. And the overexpression of NAMPT was associated with unfavorable survival results. Conclusions Our findings reveal that NAMPT plays an important role in colorectal cancer proliferation via Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which could have vital implications for the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Ye
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lina Qi
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofen Li
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Abdominal Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ji Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310016, Hangzhou, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, 310016, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiekai Yu
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, Hangzhou, China
| | - Biting Zhou
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Guo
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiani Chen
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu Zheng
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, Hangzhou, China. .,Reseach Center for Air Pollution and Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, Hangzhou, China.
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32
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Heske CM. Beyond Energy Metabolism: Exploiting the Additional Roles of NAMPT for Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2020; 9:1514. [PMID: 32010616 PMCID: PMC6978772 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells have increased requirements for NAD+. Thus, many cancers exhibit an increased reliance on NAD+ production pathways. This dependence may be exploited therapeutically through pharmacological targeting of NAMPT, the rate-limiting enzyme in the NAD+ salvage pathway. Despite promising preclinical data using NAMPT inhibitors in cancer models, early NAMPT inhibitors showed limited efficacy in several early phase clinical trials, necessitating the identification of strategies, such as drug combinations, to enhance their efficacy. While the effect of NAMPT inhibitors on impairment of energy metabolism in cancer cells has been well-described, more recent insights have uncovered a number of additional targetable cellular processes that are impacted by inhibition of NAMPT. These include sirtuin function, DNA repair machinery, redox homeostasis, molecular signaling, cellular stemness, and immune processes. This review highlights the recent findings describing the effects of NAMPT inhibitors on the non-metabolic functions of malignant cells, with a focus on how this information can be leveraged clinically. Combining NAMPT inhibitors with other therapies that target NAD+-dependent processes or selecting tumors with specific vulnerabilities that can be co-targeted with NAMPT inhibitors may represent opportunities to exploit the multiple functions of this enzyme for greater therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Heske
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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33
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Bi J, Chowdhry S, Wu S, Zhang W, Masui K, Mischel PS. Altered cellular metabolism in gliomas - an emerging landscape of actionable co-dependency targets. Nat Rev Cancer 2020; 20:57-70. [PMID: 31806884 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-019-0226-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Altered cellular metabolism is a hallmark of gliomas. Propelled by a set of recent technological advances, new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying glioma metabolism are rapidly emerging. In this Review, we focus on the dynamic nature of glioma metabolism and how it is shaped by the interaction between tumour genotype and brain microenvironment. Recent advances integrating metabolomics with genomics are discussed, yielding new insight into the mechanisms that drive glioma pathogenesis. Studies that shed light on interactions between the tumour microenvironment and tumour genotype are highlighted, providing important clues as to how gliomas respond to and adapt to their changing tissue and biochemical contexts. Finally, a road map for the discovery of potential new glioma drug targets is suggested, with the goal of translating these new insights about glioma metabolism into clinical benefits for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Bi
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sudhir Chowdhry
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sihan Wu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kenta Masui
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Paul S Mischel
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Moores Cancer Center, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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34
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Effective targeting of NAMPT in patient-derived xenograft models of high-risk pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2019; 34:1524-1539. [PMID: 31848452 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0683-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis for children diagnosed with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) remains suboptimal, and more potent and less toxic treatments are urgently needed. We investigated the efficacy of a novel nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase inhibitor, OT-82, against a panel of patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) established from high-risk and poor outcome pediatric ALL cases. OT-82 was well-tolerated and demonstrated impressive single agent in vivo efficacy, achieving significant leukemia growth delay in 95% (20/21) and disease regression in 86% (18/21) of PDXs. In addition, OT-82 enhanced the efficacy of the established drugs cytarabine and dasatinib and, as a single agent, showed similar efficacy as an induction-type regimen combining three drugs used to treat pediatric ALL. OT-82 exerted its antileukemic action by depleting NAD+ and ATP, inhibiting the NAD+-requiring DNA damage repair enzyme PARP-1, increasing mitochondrial ROS levels and inducing DNA damage, culminating in apoptosis induction. OT-82 sensitivity was associated with the occurrence of mutations in major DNA damage response genes, while OT-82 resistance was characterized by high expression levels of CD38. In conclusion, our study provides evidence that OT-82, as a single agent, and in combination with established drugs, is a promising new therapeutic strategy for a broad spectrum of high-risk pediatric ALL for which improved therapies are urgently needed.
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35
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PAK4-NAMPT Dual Inhibition as a Novel Strategy for Therapy Resistant Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121902. [PMID: 31795447 PMCID: PMC6966587 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNET) remain an unmet clinical need. In this study, we show that targeting both nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) and p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) could become a synthetic lethal strategy for PNET. The expression of PAK4 and NAMPT was found to be higher in PNET tissue compared to normal cells. PAK4-NAMPT dual RNAi suppressed proliferation of PNET cell lines. Treatment with KPT-9274 (currently in a Phase I trial or analogs, PF3758309 (the PAK4 selective inhibitor) or FK866 (the NAMPT inhibitor)) suppressed the growth of PNET cell lines and synergized with the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors everolimus and INK-128. Molecular analysis of the combination treatment showed down-regulation of known everolimus resistance drivers. KPT-9274 suppressed NAD pool and ATP levels in PNET cell lines. Metabolomic profiling showed a statistically significant alteration in cellular energetic pathways. KPT-9274 given orally at 150 mg/kg 5 days/week for 4 weeks dramatically reduced PNET sub-cutaneous tumor growth. Residual tumor analysis demonstrated target engagement in vivo and recapitulated in vitro results. Our investigations demonstrate that PAK4 and NAMPT are two viable therapeutic targets in the difficult to treat PNET that warrant further clinical investigation.
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36
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Mudd SR, Voorbach MJ, Cheng D, Cheng M, Guo J, Gao W, Buchanan FG, Tse C, Wilsbacher J. Utilization of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography To Understand the Mechanism of Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase Inhibitors In Vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 371:583-589. [PMID: 31562200 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.259135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are highly dependent on NAD+/NADH produced via the nicotinamide salvage pathway. The rate-limiting enzyme in this pathway is the nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), which we have targeted with novel NAMPT inhibitors. NAMPT inhibition elicits depletion of total cellular NAD+ levels and ultimately cytotoxicity via depletion of cellular ATP levels. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose- positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) is a translational imaging tool to assess glucose utilization in tumors and normal tissue. We used FDG-PET to understand the timing of ATP depletion in vivo and better understand the pharmacology of NAMPT inhibitors. Because of the intimate relationship between cellular ATP levels and cell viability, we developed an in-depth understanding of our NAMPT inhibitor pharmacology and the relationship with changes in tumor FDG uptake. Taken together, we show that FDG-PET could be used as a biomarker in clinical studies to understand dose and provide proof of mechanism for NAMPT inhibitors. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Our imaging data suggest that tumor 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake can provide insight into the ATP status inside the tumor after nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) therapy, with a novel NAMPT inhibitor. Such an approach could be used clinically as a pharmacodynamic biomarker to help understand the implications of dose, schedule, rescue strategy, or other clinical biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jun Guo
- Abbvie, North Chicago, Illinois
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37
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Managò A, Audrito V, Mazzola F, Sorci L, Gaudino F, Gizzi K, Vitale N, Incarnato D, Minazzato G, Ianniello A, Varriale A, D'Auria S, Mengozzi G, Politano G, Oliviero S, Raffaelli N, Deaglio S. Extracellular nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase binds Toll like receptor 4 and mediates inflammation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4116. [PMID: 31511522 PMCID: PMC6739309 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are molecules that can be actively or passively released by injured tissues and that activate the immune system. Here we show that nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRT), detected by antibody-mediated assays and mass spectrometry, is an extracellular ligand for Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and a critical mediator of inflammation, acting as a DAMP. Exposure of human and mouse macrophages to NAPRT activates the inflammasome and NF-κB for secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, NAPRT enhances monocyte differentiation into macrophages by inducing macrophage colony-stimulating factor. These NAPRT-induced effects are independent of NAD-biosynthetic activity, but rely on NAPRT binding to TLR4. In line with our finding that NAPRT mediates endotoxin tolerance in vitro and in vivo, sera from patients with sepsis contain the highest levels of NAPRT, compared to patients with other chronic inflammatory conditions. Together, these data identify NAPRT as a endogenous ligand for TLR4 and a mediator of inflammation. The enzyme nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRT) mediates the rate-limiting step in NAD salvage pathway starting from nicotinic acid. Here the authors show that NAPRT can be detected extracellularly, binds to Toll like receptor 4, and activates NF-kB signaling and cytokine production in macrophage via NAD synthesis-independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Managò
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Mazzola
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Leonardo Sorci
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Division of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Federica Gaudino
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Nicoletta Vitale
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Danny Incarnato
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriele Minazzato
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alice Ianniello
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Giulio Mengozzi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Politano
- Department of Control and Computer Engineering, Polytechnic University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Salvatore Oliviero
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Nadia Raffaelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Silvia Deaglio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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38
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Fons NR, Sundaram RK, Breuer GA, Peng S, McLean RL, Kalathil AN, Schmidt MS, Carvalho DM, Mackay A, Jones C, Carcaboso ÁM, Nazarian J, Berens ME, Brenner C, Bindra RS. PPM1D mutations silence NAPRT gene expression and confer NAMPT inhibitor sensitivity in glioma. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3790. [PMID: 31439867 PMCID: PMC6706443 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11732-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric high-grade gliomas are among the deadliest of childhood cancers due to limited knowledge of early driving events in their gliomagenesis and the lack of effective therapies available. In this study, we investigate the oncogenic role of PPM1D, a protein phosphatase often found truncated in pediatric gliomas such as DIPG, and uncover a synthetic lethal interaction between PPM1D mutations and nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) inhibition. Specifically, we show that mutant PPM1D drives hypermethylation of CpG islands throughout the genome and promotes epigenetic silencing of nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRT), a key gene involved in NAD biosynthesis. Notably, PPM1D mutant cells are shown to be sensitive to NAMPT inhibitors in vitro and in vivo, within both engineered isogenic astrocytes and primary patient-derived model systems, suggesting the possible application of NAMPT inhibitors for the treatment of pediatric gliomas. Overall, our results reveal a promising approach for the targeting of PPM1D mutant tumors, and define a critical link between oncogenic driver mutations and NAD metabolism, which can be exploited for tumor-specific cell killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R Fons
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Ranjini K Sundaram
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Gregory A Breuer
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Sen Peng
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Ryan L McLean
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Aravind N Kalathil
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Mark S Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Diana M Carvalho
- Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Alan Mackay
- Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Chris Jones
- Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Javad Nazarian
- Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Michael E Berens
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
| | - Charles Brenner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Ranjit S Bindra
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA. .,Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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39
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Li XQ, Lei J, Mao LH, Wang QL, Xu F, Ran T, Zhou ZH, He S. NAMPT and NAPRT, Key Enzymes in NAD Salvage Synthesis Pathway, Are of Negative Prognostic Value in Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:736. [PMID: 31448236 PMCID: PMC6691178 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a profoundly important cofactor in redox reactions. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) and nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRT) are key enzymes for NAD salvage biosynthesis pathway, which reciprocally synthesize NAD to supply the main source of NAD biosythesis. However, the prognostic value of NAMPT and NAPRT in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains largely unknown. Our present study detected NAMPT and NAPRT protein expression in cancer and adjacent tissues from 261 CRC using immunohistochemical staining. We found that high expression of NAMPT or NAPRT was associated with vascular invasion, invasion depth and advanced TNM stage in CRC. High expression of NAMPT or NAPRT predicts short overall survival and disease-free survival time in CRC patients, which were further confirmed by public datasets. Furthermore, positive correlation between expression of NAMPT and NAPRT was revealed in CRC tissues and cell lines. NAPRThigh/NAMPThigh patients tended to have the shortest survival time. Using the TCGA RNA-sequencing data, we showed that gene amplification, mutation, and methylation of NAPRT are more common than NAMPT. On the other hand, NAMPT gene might be targeted by more miRNAs. Finally, genes that are correlated with NAPRT or NAMPT are enriched in different pathways. In conclusion, we found that high expression of NAMPT or NAPRT predicts poor prognosis of CRC patients, but the regulatory mechanism might be distinct from each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Lei
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin-Hong Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing-Liang Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Ran
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi-Hang Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Song He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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40
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Zhu Y, Liu J, Park J, Rai P, Zhai RG. Subcellular compartmentalization of NAD + and its role in cancer: A sereNADe of metabolic melodies. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 200:27-41. [PMID: 30974124 PMCID: PMC7010080 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential biomolecule involved in many critical processes. Its role as both a driver of energy production and a signaling molecule underscores its importance in health and disease. NAD+ signaling impacts multiple processes that are dysregulated in cancer, including DNA repair, cell proliferation, differentiation, redox regulation, and oxidative stress. Distribution of NAD+ is highly compartmentalized, with each subcellular NAD+ pool differentially regulated and preferentially involved in distinct NAD+-dependent signaling or metabolic events. Emerging evidence suggests that targeting NAD+ metabolism is likely to repress many specific mechanisms underlying tumor development and progression, including proliferation, survival, metabolic adaptations, invasive capabilities, heterotypic interactions with the tumor microenvironment, and stress response including notably DNA maintenance and repair. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of how compartmentalized NAD+ metabolism in mitochondria, nucleus, cytosol, and extracellular space impacts cancer formation and progression, along with a discussion of the therapeutic potential of NAD+-targeting drugs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China; Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China
| | - Joun Park
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Priyamvada Rai
- Department of Medicine/Medical Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Rong G Zhai
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China.
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41
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Audrito V, Managò A, Gaudino F, Deaglio S. Targeting metabolic reprogramming in metastatic melanoma: The key role of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT). Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 98:192-201. [PMID: 31059816 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells rewire their metabolism to support proliferation, growth and survival. In metastatic melanoma the BRAF oncogenic pathway is a master regulator of this process, highlighting the importance of metabolic reprogramming in the pathogenesis of this tumor and offering potential therapeutic approaches. Metabolic adaptation of melanoma cells generally requires increased amounts of NAD+, an essential redox cofactor in cellular metabolism and a signaling molecule. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is the most important NAD+ biosynthetic enzyme in mammalian cells and a direct target of the BRAF oncogenic signaling pathway. These findings suggest that NAMPT is an attractive new therapeutic target, particularly in combination strategies with BRAF or MEK inhibitors. Here we review current knowledge on how oncogenic signaling reprograms metabolism in BRAF-mutated melanoma, and discuss how NAMPT/NAD+ axis contributes to these processes. Lastly, we present evidence supporting a role of NAMPT as a novel therapeutic target in metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Audrito
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy.
| | - Antonella Managò
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Gaudino
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Deaglio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy.
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42
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Aberrations in DNA repair pathways in cancer and therapeutic significances. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 58:29-46. [PMID: 30922960 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells show various types of mutations and aberrant expression in genes involved in DNA repair responses. These alterations induce genome instability and promote carcinogenesis steps and cancer progression processes. These defects in DNA repair have also been considered as suitable targets for cancer therapies. A most effective target so far clinically demonstrated is "homologous recombination repair defect", such as BRCA1/2 mutations, shown to cause synthetic lethality with inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), which in turn is involved in DNA repair as well as multiple physiological processes. Different approaches targeting genomic instability, including immune therapy targeting mismatch-repair deficiency, have also recently been demonstrated to be promising strategies. In these DNA repair targeting-strategies, common issues could be how to optimize treatment and suppress/conquer the development of drug resistance. In this article, we review the extending framework of DNA repair response pathways and the potential impact of exploiting those defects on cancer treatments, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy and immune therapy.
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43
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Yaku K, Okabe K, Hikosaka K, Nakagawa T. NAD Metabolism in Cancer Therapeutics. Front Oncol 2018; 8:622. [PMID: 30631755 PMCID: PMC6315198 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells have a unique energy metabolism for sustaining rapid proliferation. The preference for anaerobic glycolysis under normal oxygen conditions is a unique trait of cancer metabolism and is designated as the Warburg effect. Enhanced glycolysis also supports the generation of nucleotides, amino acids, lipids, and folic acid as the building blocks for cancer cell division. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a co-enzyme that mediates redox reactions in a number of metabolic pathways, including glycolysis. Increased NAD levels enhance glycolysis and fuel cancer cells. In fact, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt), a rate-limiting enzyme for NAD synthesis in mammalian cells, is frequently amplified in several cancer cells. In addition, Nampt-specific inhibitors significantly deplete NAD levels and subsequently suppress cancer cell proliferation through inhibition of energy production pathways, such as glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. NAD also serves as a substrate for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), sirtuin, and NAD gylycohydrolase (CD38 and CD157); thus, NAD regulates DNA repair, gene expression, and stress response through these enzymes. Thus, NAD metabolism is implicated in cancer pathogenesis beyond energy metabolism and considered a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment. In this review, we present recent findings with respect to NAD metabolism and cancer pathogenesis. We also discuss the current and future perspectives regarding the therapeutics that target NAD metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yaku
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Keisuke Okabe
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.,First Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Keisuke Hikosaka
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakagawa
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.,Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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44
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Zhang W, Flemington EK, Deng HW, Zhang K. Epigenetically Silenced Candidate Tumor Suppressor Genes in Prostate Cancer: Identified by Modeling Methylation Stratification and Applied to Progression Prediction. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018; 28:198-207. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-18-0491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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45
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Lee J, Kim H, Lee JE, Shin SJ, Oh S, Kwon G, Kim H, Choi YY, White MA, Paik S, Cheong JH, Kim HS. Selective Cytotoxicity of the NAMPT Inhibitor FK866 Toward Gastric Cancer Cells With Markers of the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition, Due to Loss of NAPRT. Gastroenterology 2018; 155:799-814.e13. [PMID: 29775598 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Markers of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in gastric tumor tissues are associated with poor patient outcomes. We performed a screen to identify pharmacologic compounds that kill gastric cancer cells with EMT-associated gene expression patterns and investigate their mechanisms. METHODS We identified 29 gastric cancer cell lines with a gene expression signature previously associated with an EMT subtype, based on data from RNA sequence analyses, and confirmed the mesenchymal phenotypes of 7 lines (Hs746T, SNU1750, MKN1, SK4, SNU484, SNU668, and YCC11), based on invasive activity and protein markers. We screened 1,345 compounds for their ability to kill cells with the EMT signature compared with cell lines without this pattern. We tested the effects of identified compounds in BALB/c nude mice bearing GA077 tumors; mice were given intraperitoneal injections of the compound or vehicle (control) twice daily for 24 days and tumor growth was monitored. Proteins associated with the toxicity of the compounds were overexpressed in MKN1 and SNU484 cells or knocked down in MKN45 and SNU719 using small interfering RNAs. We performed immunohistochemical analyses of 942 gastric cancer tissues and investigated associations between EMT markers and protein expression patterns. RESULTS The nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase inhibitor FK866 killed 6 of 7 gastric cancer cell lines with EMT-associated gene expression signatures but not gastric cancer cells without this signature. The 6 EMT-subtype gastric cell lines expressed significantly low levels of nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRT), which makes the cells hypersensitive to nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase inhibition. Gastric cell lines that expressed higher levels of NAPRT, regardless of EMT markers, were sensitized to FK866 after knockdown of NAPRT, whereas overexpression of NAPRT in deficient EMT cell lines protected them from FK866-mediated toxicity. Administration of FK866 to nude mice with tumors grown from GA077 cells (human gastric cancer tumors of the EMT subtype) led to tumor regression in 2 weeks; FK866 did not affect tumors grown from MKN45 cells without the EMT expression signature. Loss of NAPRT might promote the EMT, because it stabilizes β-catenin. We correlated the EMT gene expression signature with lower levels of NAPRT in 942 gastric tumors from patients; we also found lower levels of NAPRT mRNA in colorectal, pancreatic, and lung adenocarcinoma tissues with the EMT gene expression signature. CONCLUSIONS FK866 selectively kills gastric cancer cells with an EMT gene expression signature by inhibiting nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase in cells with NAPRT deficiency. Loss of NAPRT expression, frequently through promoter hypermethylation, is observed in many gastric tumors of the EMT subtype. FK866 might be used to treat patients with tumors of this subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooyoung Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyosil Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Eun Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Jin Shin
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sejin Oh
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gino Kwon
- Graduate Program for Nanomedical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hakhyun Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Young Choi
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Michael A White
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Soonmyung Paik
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Cheong
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Hyun Seok Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Misner DL, Kauss MA, Singh J, Uppal H, Bruening-Wright A, Liederer BM, Lin T, McCray B, La N, Nguyen T, Sampath D, Dragovich PS, O'Brien T, Zabka TS. Cardiotoxicity Associated with Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase Inhibitors in Rodents and in Rat and Human-Derived Cells Lines. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2018; 17:307-318. [PMID: 27783203 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-016-9387-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is a pleiotropic protein that functions as an enzyme, cytokine, growth factor and hormone. As a target for oncology, NAMPT is particularly attractive, because it catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the salvage pathway to generate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), a universal energy- and signal-carrying molecule involved in cellular energy metabolism and many homeostatic functions. Inhibition of NAMPT generally results in NAD depletion, followed by ATP reduction and loss of cell viability. Herein, we describe NAMPT inhibitor (NAMPTi)-induced cardiac toxicity in rodents following short-term administration (2-7 days) of NAMPTi's. The cardiac toxicity was interpreted as a functional effect leading to congestive heart failure, characterized by sudden death, thoracic and abdominal effusion, and myocardial degeneration. Based on exposures in the initial in vivo safety rodent studies and cardiotoxicity observed, we conducted studies in rat and human in vitro cardiomyocyte cell systems. Based on those results, combined with human cell line potency data, we demonstrated the toxicity is both on-target and likely human relevant. This toxicity was mitigated in vitro by co-administration of nicotinic acid (NA), which can enable NAD production through the NAMPT-independent pathway; however, this resulted in only partial mitigation in in vivo studies. This work also highlights the usefulness and predictivity of in vitro cardiomyocyte assays using human cells to rank-order compounds against potency in cell-based pharmacology assays. Lastly, this work strengthens the correlation between cardiomyocyte cell viability and functionality, suggesting that these assays together may enable early assessment of cardiotoxicity in vitro prior to conduct of in vivo studies and potentially reduce subsequent attrition due to cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Misner
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, M/S 59, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| | - M A Kauss
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, M/S 59, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - J Singh
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, M/S 59, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - H Uppal
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, M/S 59, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | | | - B M Liederer
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, M/S 59, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - T Lin
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, M/S 59, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - B McCray
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, M/S 59, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - N La
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, M/S 59, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - T Nguyen
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, M/S 59, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - D Sampath
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, M/S 59, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - P S Dragovich
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, M/S 59, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - T O'Brien
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, M/S 59, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - T S Zabka
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, M/S 59, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
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Zhao G, Green CF, Hui YH, Prieto L, Shepard R, Dong S, Wang T, Tan B, Gong X, Kays L, Johnson RL, Wu W, Bhattachar S, Del Prado M, Gillig JR, Fernandez MC, Roth KD, Buchanan S, Kuo MS, Geeganage S, Burkholder TP. Discovery of a Highly Selective NAMPT Inhibitor That Demonstrates Robust Efficacy and Improved Retinal Toxicity with Nicotinic Acid Coadministration. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:2677-2688. [PMID: 29054982 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
NAMPT, an enzyme essential for NAD+ biosynthesis, has been extensively studied as an anticancer target for developing potential novel therapeutics. Several NAMPT inhibitors have been discovered, some of which have been subjected to clinical investigations. Yet, the on-target hematological and retinal toxicities have hampered their clinical development. In this study, we report the discovery of a unique NAMPT inhibitor, LSN3154567. This molecule is highly selective and has a potent and broad spectrum of anticancer activity. Its inhibitory activity can be rescued with nicotinic acid (NA) against the cell lines proficient, but not those deficient in NAPRT1, essential for converting NA to NAD+ LSN3154567 also exhibits robust efficacy in multiple tumor models deficient in NAPRT1. Importantly, this molecule when coadministered with NA does not cause observable retinal and hematological toxicities in the rodents, yet still retains robust efficacy. Thus, LSN3154567 has the potential to be further developed clinically into a novel cancer therapeutic. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(12); 2677-88. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genshi Zhao
- Cancer Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana.
| | - Colin F Green
- Toxicology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Yu-Hua Hui
- Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lourdes Prieto
- Discovery Chemistry Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Robert Shepard
- Cancer Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sucai Dong
- Cancer Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Tao Wang
- Cancer Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Bo Tan
- Toxicology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Xueqian Gong
- Cancer Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lisa Kays
- Cancer Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Robert L Johnson
- Toxicology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Cancer Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Shobha Bhattachar
- Product Design and Developability, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Miriam Del Prado
- Discovery Chemistry Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - James R Gillig
- Discovery Chemistry Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Maria-Carmen Fernandez
- Discovery Chemistry Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ken D Roth
- Discovery Chemistry Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sean Buchanan
- Cancer Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ming-Shang Kuo
- Discovery Chemistry Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sandaruwan Geeganage
- Cancer Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Timothy P Burkholder
- Discovery Chemistry Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Targeting the vulnerability to NAD + depletion in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2017; 32:616-625. [PMID: 28904384 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although substantial progress has been made in the treatment of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), the prognosis of patients with either refractory or relapsed B-ALL remains dismal. Novel therapeutic strategies are needed to improve the outcome of these patients. KPT-9274 is a novel dual inhibitor of p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) and nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT). PAK4 is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates a variety of fundamental cellular processes. NAMPT is a rate-limiting enzyme in the salvage biosynthesis pathway of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) that plays a vital role in energy metabolism. Here, we show that KPT-9274 strongly inhibits B-ALL cell growth regardless of cytogenetic abnormalities. We also demonstrate the potent in vivo efficacy and tolerability of KPT-9274 in a patient-derived xenograft murine model of B-ALL. Interestingly, although KPT-9274 is a dual PAK4/NAMPT inhibitor, B-ALL cell growth inhibition by KPT-9274 was largely abolished with nicotinic acid supplementation, indicating that the inhibitory effects on B-ALL cells are mainly exerted by NAD+ depletion through NAMPT inhibition. Moreover, we have found that the extreme susceptibility of B-ALL cells to NAMPT inhibition is related to the reduced cellular NAD+ reserve. NAD+ depletion may be a promising alternative approach to treating patients with B-ALL.
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Novel NAPRT specific antibody identifies small cell lung cancer and neuronal cancers as promising clinical indications for a NAMPT inhibitor/niacin co-administration strategy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:77846-77859. [PMID: 29100430 PMCID: PMC5652819 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells are particularly dependent on NAD+ due to higher rates of metabolism, DNA synthesis and repair. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase inhibitors (NAMPTis) inhibit NAD+ biosynthesis and represent promising new anti-cancer agents. However, clinical efficacy has been limited by toxicities demonstrating the need for drug combinations to broaden the therapeutic index. One potential combination involves niacin/NAMPTi co-administration. Niacin can rescue NAD+ biosynthesis through a parallel pathway that depends on nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRT) expression. Most normal tissues express NAPRT while a significant proportion of malignant cells do not, providing a possible selection marker for patients to achieve NAMPTi efficacy while minimizing toxicities. Here we identify and validate a novel highly NAPRT-specific monoclonal antibody (3C6D2) that detects functional NAPRT in paraffin embedded tissue sections by immunohistochemistry (IHC). NAPRT detection by 3C6D2 coincides with the ability of niacin to rescue cells from NAMPTi induced cytotoxicity in cell lines and animal xenograft models. 3C6D2 binds to an epitope that is unique to NAPRT among phosphoribosyltransferases. In a series of primary tumor samples from lung and brain cancer patients, we demonstrate that >70 % of human small cell lung carcinomas, glioblastomas and oligodendrogliomas lack NAPRT identifying them as potentially suitable indications for the NAMPT/niacin combination.
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50
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Peterse EFP, van den Akker BEWM, Niessen B, Oosting J, Suijker J, de Jong Y, Danen EHJ, Cleton-Jansen AM, Bovée JVMG. NAD Synthesis Pathway Interference Is a Viable Therapeutic Strategy for Chondrosarcoma. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:1714-1721. [PMID: 28860121 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) and nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRT) are rate-limiting enzymes in the NAD+ synthesis pathway. Chondrosarcoma is a malignant cartilage forming bone tumor, in which mutations altering isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 and -2 (IDH1 and IDH2) activity have been identified as potential driver mutations. Vulnerability for NAD+ depletion has been reported for IDH1/2-mutant cells. Here, the potency of NAMPT inhibitors as a treatment of chondrosarcoma was explored. Eleven chondrosarcoma cell lines were treated with NAMPT inhibitors, in which the effect on cell viability, colony formation, and 3D collagen invasion was assessed. The expression level of NAMPT and NAPRT transcripts in chondrosarcoma cells was determined by qRT-PCR. Methylation of the NAPRT promoter was evaluated using a previously published dataset of genome-wide methylation. In addition, a methylation dataset was used to determine methylation of the NAPRT promoter in 20 IDH1/2-mutated cartilage tumors. Chondrosarcoma cells showed a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability, 3D collagen invasion, and colony formation upon treatment with NAMPT inhibitors, in which nearly half of the cell lines demonstrated absolute IC50s in the low nanomolar range. Increasing IC50s correlated to increasing NAPRT expression levels and decreasing NAPRT promoter methylation. No correlation between IDH1/2 mutation status and sensitivity for NAMPT inhibitors was observed. Strikingly, higher methylation of the NAPRT promoter was observed in high-grade versus low-grade chondrosarcomas. In conclusion, this study identified NAMPT as a potential target for treatment of chondrosarcoma.Implications: Chondrosarcoma patients, especially those of high histologic grade with lower expression and hypermethylation of NAPRT, may benefit from inhibition of the NAD synthesis pathway. Mol Cancer Res; 15(12); 1714-21. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bertine Niessen
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Oosting
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Johnny Suijker
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Yvonne de Jong
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Erik H J Danen
- Division of Toxicology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Judith V M G Bovée
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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