1
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Sorenson CM, Gurel Z, Song YS, Peterson KD, Blodi BA, Sheibani N. Thrombospondin-1, BIM and CFH polymorphisms and response to anti-VEGF treatment in neovascular age- related macular degeneration patients. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297135. [PMID: 38408093 PMCID: PMC10896504 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a vision threatening disease in older adults. Anti-VEGF treatment is effective for the majority of neovascular AMD (nAMD) patients, although approximately 30% of nAMD patients have an incomplete response for unknown reasons. Here we assessed the contribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in key angioinflammatory regulatory genes in nAMD patients with an incomplete response compared to those responsive to anti-VEGF treatment. A total of 25 responsive and 30 nAMD patients with an incomplete response to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment were examined for known SNPs that impact the structure and function of thromobospondin-1 (TSP1), Bcl-2-interacting mediator of cell death (BIM) and complement factor H (CFH). Plasma levels of C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2/MCP1), TSP1 and VEGF were assessed by ELISA. Patients responsive to anti-VEGF treatment showed a significant increase in the TSP1 rs2228262 AA allele and a trend for the BIM (rs724710) CT allele. Consistent with previous reports, 42% of the patients responsive to anti-VEGF expressed the CC allele for CFH rs1061170. Although the CFH TT allele had similarly low prevalence in both groups, the TC allele tended to be more prevalent in patients with an incomplete response. Patients with an incomplete response also had increased plasma CCL2/MCP1 levels, consistent with the role increased inflammation has in the pathogenesis of nAMD. Our studies point to new tools to assess the potential responsiveness of nAMD patients to anti-VEGF treatment and suggest the potential use of anti-CCL2 for treatment of nAMD patients with an incomplete response to anti-VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Sorenson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Zafer Gurel
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Yong-Seok Song
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Kyle D Peterson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Statistics Core, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Barbara A Blodi
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Nader Sheibani
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
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2
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Zou L, Liu Z, Li X, Liu L, Zhu Y. Knockdown of G1P3 inhibits cell proliferation and enhances the cytotoxicity of dexamethasone in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Open Life Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Drug resistance contributes to treatment failure and relapse in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). G1P3 (also known as IFI6, interferon, alpha-inducible protein 6) has been regarded as an antiapoptotic protein in myeloma cells and contributes to chemoresistance in breast cancer. However, the role of G1P3 in the proliferation and chemosensitivity of ALL is largely unknown. Data from colony formation and bromo-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assays showed that siRNA-mediated downregulation of G1P3 repressed cell proliferation of glucocorticoids-resistant human leukemic cells (CEM-C1), while overexpression of G1P3 promoted the cell proliferation. Cell apoptosis of CEM-C1 was suppressed by G1P3 overexpression accompanied by a decrease in cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-9. Knockdown of G1P3 increased protein expression of cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-9 to promote the cell apoptosis of CEM-C1. Moreover, silencing of G1P3 reduced cell viability and promoted cell apoptosis of CEM-C1 exposed to dexamethasone. The proapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2 interacting mediator of cell death (Bim) was enhanced by the interference of G1P3 in CEM-C1. Silencing of Bim attenuated G1P3 interference-induced decrease in cell viability and increase in cell apoptosis in CEM-C1 exposed to dexamethasone. Conclusively, knockdown of G1P3 inhibited cell proliferation of ALL and sensitized glucocorticoid-resistant ALL cells to dexamethasone through upregulation of Bim-mediated cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zou
- Department of Blood Transfusion, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University , Zhanggong District , Ganzhou , Jiangxi Province, 341000 , China
| | - Zhirui Liu
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI), Nanchang University , Nanchang , Jiangxi Province, 330031 , China
| | - Xueer Li
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI), Nanchang University , Nanchang , Jiangxi Province, 330031 , China
| | - Liping Liu
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University , Ganzhou , Jiangxi Province, 341000 , China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University , Zhanggong District , Ganzhou , Jiangxi Province, 341000 , China
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI), School of Life Science, Nanchang University , Nanchang , Jiangxi Province, 330031 , China
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3
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Gagné V, Aubry-Morin A, Plesa M, Abaji R, Petrykey K, St-Onge P, Beaulieu P, Laverdière C, Alos N, Leclerc JM, Sallan SE, Neuberg D, Kutok JL, Silverman LB, Sinnett D, Krajinovic M. Genes identified through genome-wide association studies of osteonecrosis in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. Pharmacogenomics 2019; 20:1189-1197. [PMID: 31686588 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2019-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate top-ranking genes identified through genome-wide association studies for an association with corticosteroid-related osteonecrosis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) who received Dana-Farber Cancer Institute treatment protocols. Patients & methods: Lead SNPs from these studies, as well as other variants in the same genes, pooled from whole exome sequencing data, were analyzed for an association with osteonecrosis in childhood ALL patients from Quebec cohort. Top-ranking variants were verified in the replication patient group. Results: The analyses of variants in the ACP1-SH3YL1 locus derived from whole exome sequencing data showed an association of several correlated SNPs (rs11553746, rs2290911, rs7595075, rs2306060 and rs79716074). The rs79716074 defines *B haplotype of the APC1 gene, which is well known for its functional role. Conclusion: This study confirms implication of the ACP1 gene in the treatment-related osteonecrosis in childhood ALL and identifies novel, potentially causal variant of this complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Gagné
- Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Anne Aubry-Morin
- Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Maria Plesa
- Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Rachid Abaji
- Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Kateryna Petrykey
- Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Pascal St-Onge
- Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Patrick Beaulieu
- Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Caroline Laverdière
- Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Nathalie Alos
- Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Jean-Marie Leclerc
- Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Stephen E Sallan
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Donna Neuberg
- Department of Biostatistics & Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jeffery L Kutok
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lewis B Silverman
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel Sinnett
- Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Maja Krajinovic
- Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
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4
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Tsubaki M, Takeda T, Tomonari Y, Koumoto YI, Imano M, Satou T, Nishida S. Overexpression of HIF-1α contributes to melphalan resistance in multiple myeloma cells by activation of ERK1/2, Akt, and NF-κB. J Transl Med 2019; 99:72-84. [PMID: 30353128 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0114-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) commonly displays multidrug resistance and is associated with poor prognosis. Therefore, it is important to identify the mechanisms by which MM cells develop multidrug resistance. Our previous study showed that multidrug resistance is correlated with overexpression of multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) and Survivin, and downregulation of Bim expression in melphalan-resistant RPMI8226/L-PAM cells; however, the underlying mechanism of multidrug resistance remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism of multidrug resistance in melphalan-resistant cells. We found that RPMI8226/L-PAM and ARH-77/L-PAM cells showed increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and Akt, and nuclear localization of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). The combination of ERK1/2, Akt, and NF-κB inhibitors with melphalan reversed melphalan resistance via suppression of Survivin expression and enhanced Bim expression in melphalan-resistant cells. In addition, RPMI8226/L-PAM and ARH-77/L-PAM cells overexpressed hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) via activation of ERK1/2, Akt, and NF-κB. Moreover, suppression of HIF-1α by echinomycin or HIF-1α siRNA resensitized RPMI8226/L-PAM cells to melphalan through downregulation of Survivin expression and upregulation of Bim expression. These results indicate that enhanced Survivin expression and decreased Bim expression by HIF-1α via activation of ERK1/2, Akt, and NF-κB play a critical role in melphalan resistance. Our findings suggest that HIF-1α, ERK1/2, Akt, and NF-κB inhibitors are potentially useful as anti-MDR agents for the treatment of melphalan-resistant MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Tsubaki
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoya Takeda
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshika Tomonari
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Yu-Ichi Koumoto
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Motohiro Imano
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takao Satou
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shozo Nishida
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Japan.
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5
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Significance of genetic polymorphisms in hematological malignancies: implications of risk factors for prognosis and relapse. MEMO-MAGAZINE OF EUROPEAN MEDICAL ONCOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12254-018-0446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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6
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Soh SX, Siddiqui FJ, Allen JC, Kim GW, Lee JC, Yatabe Y, Soda M, Mano H, Soo RA, Chin TM, Ebi H, Yano S, Matsuo K, Niu X, Lu S, Isobe K, Lee JH, Yang JC, Zhao M, Zhou C, Lee JK, Lee SH, Lee JY, Ahn MJ, Tan TJ, Tan DS, Tan EH, Ong ST, Lim WT. A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data on the impact of the BIM deletion polymorphism on treatment outcomes in epidermal growth factor receptor mutant lung cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:41474-41486. [PMID: 28467813 PMCID: PMC5522319 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A germline deletion in the BIM (BCL2L11) gene has been shown to impair the apoptotic response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in vitro but its association with poor outcomes in TKI-treated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients remains unclear. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on both aggregate and individual patient data to address this issue. RESULTS In an aggregate data meta-analysis (n = 1429), the BIM deletion was associated with inferior PFS (HR = 1.51, 95%CI = 1.06-2.13, P = 0.02). Using individual patient data (n = 1200), we found a significant interaction between the deletion and ethnicity. Amongst non-Koreans, the deletion was an independent predictor of shorter PFS (Chinese: HR = 1.607, 95%CI = 1.251-2.065, P = 0.0002; Japanese: HR = 2.636, 95%CI = 1.603-4.335, P = 0.0001), and OS (HR = 1.457, 95% CI = 1.063-1.997, P = 0.019). In Kaplan-Meier analyses, the BIM deletion was associated with shorter survival in non-Koreans (PFS: 8.0 months v 11.1 months, P < 0.0005; OS: 25.7 v 30.0 months, P = 0.042). In Koreans, the BIM deletion was not predictive of PFS or OS. MATERIALS AND METHODS 10 published and 3 unpublished studies that reported survival outcomes in NSCLC patients stratified according to BIM deletion were identified from PubMed and Embase. Summary risk estimates were calculated from aggregate patient data using a random-effects model. For individual patient data, Kaplan-Meier analyses were supported by multivariate Cox regression to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for PFS and OS. CONCLUSIONS In selected populations, the BIM deletion is a significant predictor of shorter PFS and OS on EGFR-TKIs. Further studies to determine its effect on response to other BIM-dependent therapeutic agents are needed, so that alternative treatment strategies may be devised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila X Soh
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Fahad J Siddiqui
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Centre for Global Child Health, Sick Kids Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - John C Allen
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Go Woon Kim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Cheol Lee
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yasushi Yatabe
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Manabu Soda
- Department of Cellular Signaling, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mano
- Department of Cellular Signaling, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ross A Soo
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore.,Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tan-Min Chin
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore.,Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hiromichi Ebi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Seiji Yano
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Xiaomin Niu
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shun Lu
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kazutoshi Isobe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jih-Hsiang Lee
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - James C Yang
- Department of Oncology, Graduate Institute of Oncology and Cancer Research Centre, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mingchuan Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Caicun Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - June-Koo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Hoon Lee
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yun Lee
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Ju Ahn
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tira J Tan
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | - Daniel S Tan
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | - Eng-Huat Tan
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | - S Tiong Ong
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore.,Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Wan-Teck Lim
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
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7
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Plesa M, Gagné V, Glisovic S, Younan M, Sharif-Askari B, Laverdière C, Alos N, Leclerc JM, Sallan SE, Neuberg D, Kutok JL, Silverman LB, Sinnett D, Krajinovic M. Influence of BCL2L11 polymorphism on osteonecrosis during treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2017; 19:33-41. [PMID: 29282361 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-017-0002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Osteonecrosis (ON) is corticosteroid-related complication, reported in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We have previously found that polymorphisms in BCL2L11 gene coding for pro-apoptotic Bim protein influence reduction of overall survival (OS) in a corticosteroid (CS) dose-dependent manner in childhood ALL patients. The same set of SNPs was here investigated for an association with CS-related ON assessed retrospectively in 304 children with ALL from Quebec (QcALL cohort) who received Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI) ALL treatment protocols. Two-year cumulative incidence of symptomatic ON was 10.6%. Two BCL2L11 polymorphisms, the 891T>G (rs2241843) in all QcALL patients and 29201C>T (rs724710) in high-risk group were significantly associated with ON, P = 0.009 and P = 0.003, respectively. The association remained significant in multivariate model (HR891TT = 2.4, 95% CI 1.2-4.8, P = 0.01 and HR29201CC = 5.7, 95% CI 1.6-20.9, P = 0.008). Both polymorphisms influenced viability of dexamethasone treated lymphoblastoid cell lines (P ≤ 0.03). The 891T>G influenced Bim gamma isoform levels (0.03) and its association with ON was also confirmed in replication DFCI cohort (N = 168, P = 0.03). QcALL children had a high incidence of ON during therapy, which was highly associated with BCL2L11 polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Plesa
- Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vincent Gagné
- Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sanja Glisovic
- Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Melissa Younan
- Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bahram Sharif-Askari
- Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline Laverdière
- Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Alos
- Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Marie Leclerc
- Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephen E Sallan
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Donna Neuberg
- Department of Biostatistics & Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffery L Kutok
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lewis B Silverman
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Sinnett
- Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Maja Krajinovic
- Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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8
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Apoptosis signaling and BCL-2 pathways provide opportunities for novel targeted therapeutic strategies in hematologic malignances. Blood Rev 2017; 32:8-28. [PMID: 28802908 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is an essential biological process involved in tissue homeostasis and immunity. Aberrations of the two main apoptotic pathways, extrinsic and intrinsic, have been identified in hematological malignancies; many of these aberrations are associated with pathogenesis, prognosis and resistance to standard chemotherapeutic agents. Targeting components of the apoptotic pathways, especially the chief regulatory BCL-2 family in the intrinsic pathway, has proved to be a promising therapeutic approach for patients with hematological malignances, with the expectation of enhanced efficacy and reduced adverse events. Continuous investigations regarding the biological importance of each of the BCL-2 family components and the clinical rationale to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes, using either monotherapy or in combination with other targeted agents, have generated inspiring progress in the field. Genomic, epigenomic and biological analyses including BH3 profiling facilitate effective evaluation of treatment response, cancer recurrence and drug resistance. In this review, we summarize the biological features of each of the components in the BCL-2 apoptotic pathways, analyze the regulatory mechanisms and the pivotal roles of BCL-2 family members in the pathogenesis of major types of hematologic malignances, and evaluate the potential of apoptosis- and BCL-2-targeted strategies as effective approaches in anti-cancer therapies.
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9
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Xu JY, Luo JM. [Association between BIM gene and glucocorticoid resistance in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2017; 19:945-949. [PMID: 28774373 PMCID: PMC7390050 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common malignant hematological disease in childhood. Glucocorticoids are frequently used in the chemoradiotherapy regimen for ALL and can induce the apoptosis of ALL cells through several signaling pathways, but about 10% of ALL children have poor response to glucocorticoids. Studies have revealed that glucocorticoids induce the apoptosis of ALL cells by upregulating the expression of BIM gene, and BIM gene is associated with glucocorticoid resistance in childhood ALL. This article reviews the recent studies on glucocorticoid resistance in childhood ALL, especially the role of BIM and its expression products in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yun Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
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10
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ASXL1 and BIM germ line variants predict response and identify CML patients with the greatest risk of imatinib failure. Blood Adv 2017; 1:1369-1381. [PMID: 29296778 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017006825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Scoring systems used at diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), such as Sokal risk, provide important response prediction for patients treated with imatinib. However, the sensitivity and specificity of scoring systems could be enhanced for improved identification of patients with the highest risk. We aimed to identify genomic predictive biomarkers of imatinib response at diagnosis to aid selection of first-line therapy. Targeted amplicon sequencing was performed to determine the germ line variant profile in 517 and 79 patients treated with first-line imatinib and nilotinib, respectively. The Sokal score and ASXL1 rs4911231 and BIM rs686952 variants were independent predictors of early molecular response (MR), major MR, deep MRs (MR4 and MR4.5), and failure-free survival (FFS) with imatinib treatment. In contrast, the ASXL1 and BIM variants did not consistently predict MR or FFS with nilotinib treatment. In the imatinib-treated cohort, neither Sokal or the ASXL1 and BIM variants predicted overall survival (OS) or progression to accelerated phase or blast crisis (AP/BC). The Sokal risk score was combined with the ASXL1 and BIM variants in a classification tree model to predict imatinib response. The model distinguished an ultra-high-risk group, representing 10% of patients, that predicted inferior OS (88% vs 97%; P = .041), progression to AP/BC (12% vs 1%; P = .034), FFS (P < .001), and MRs (P < .001). The ultra-high-risk patients may be candidates for more potent or combination first-line therapy. These data suggest that germ line genetic variation contributes to the heterogeneity of response to imatinib and may contribute to a prognostic risk score that allows early optimization of therapy.
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Tanimoto A, Takeuchi S, Arai S, Fukuda K, Yamada T, Roca X, Ong ST, Yano S. Histone Deacetylase 3 Inhibition Overcomes BIM Deletion Polymorphism-Mediated Osimertinib Resistance in EGFR-Mutant Lung Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:3139-3149. [PMID: 27986747 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The BIM deletion polymorphism is associated with apoptosis resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKI), such as gefitinib and erlotinib, in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring EGFR mutations. Here, we investigated whether the BIM deletion polymorphism contributes to resistance against osimertinib, a third-generation EGFR-TKI. In addition, we determined the efficacy of a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, vorinostat, against this form of resistance and elucidated the underlying mechanism.Experimental Design: We used EGFR-mutated NSCLC cell lines, which were either heterozygous or homozygous for the BIM deletion polymorphism, to evaluate the effect of osimertinib in vitro and in vivo Protein expression was examined by Western blotting. Alternative splicing of BIM mRNA was analyzed by RT-PCR.Results:EGFR-mutated NSCLC cell lines with the BIM deletion polymorphism exhibited apoptosis resistance to osimertinib in a polymorphism dosage-dependent manner, and this resistance was overcome by combined use with vorinostat. Experiments with homozygous BIM deletion-positive cells revealed that vorinostat affected the alternative splicing of BIM mRNA in the deletion allele, increased the expression of active BIM protein, and thereby induced apoptosis in osimertinib-treated cells. These effects were mediated predominantly by HDAC3 inhibition. In xenograft models, combined use of vorinostat with osimertinib could regress tumors in EGFR-mutated NSCLC cells homozygous for the BIM deletion polymorphism. Moreover, this combination could induce apoptosis even when tumor cells acquired EGFR-T790M mutations.Conclusions: These findings indicate the importance of developing HDAC3-selective inhibitors, and their combined use with osimertinib, for treating EGFR-mutated lung cancers carrying the BIM deletion polymorphism. Clin Cancer Res; 23(12); 3139-49. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Tanimoto
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shinji Takeuchi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Sachiko Arai
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Koji Fukuda
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tadaaki Yamada
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Xavier Roca
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - S Tiong Ong
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Signature Research Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Seiji Yano
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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Venetoclax responses of pediatric ALL xenografts reveal sensitivity of MLL-rearranged leukemia. Blood 2016; 128:1382-95. [PMID: 27343252 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-03-707414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical success of the BCL-2-selective BH3-mimetic venetoclax in patients with poor prognosis chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) highlights the potential of targeting the BCL-2-regulated apoptotic pathway in previously untreatable lymphoid malignancies. By selectively inhibiting BCL-2, venetoclax circumvents the dose-limiting, BCL-XL-mediated thrombocytopenia of its less selective predecessor navitoclax, while enhancing efficacy in CLL. We have previously reported the potent sensitivity of many high-risk childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) xenografts to navitoclax. Given the superior tolerability of venetoclax, here we have investigated its efficacy in childhood ALL. We demonstrate that in contrast to the clear dependence of CLL on BCL-2 alone, effective antileukemic activity in the majority of ALL xenografts requires concurrent inhibition of both BCL-2 and BCL-XL We identify BCL-XL expression as a key predictor of poor response to venetoclax and demonstrate that concurrent inhibition of both BCL-2 and BCL-XL results in synergistic killing in the majority of ALL xenografts. A notable exception is mixed lineage leukemia-rearranged infant ALL, where venetoclax largely recapitulates the activity of navitoclax, identifying this subgroup of patients as potential candidates for clinical trials of venetoclax in childhood ALL. Conversely, our findings provide a clear basis for progressing navitoclax into trials ahead of venetoclax in other subgroups.
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13
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Jackson RK, Irving JAE, Veal GJ. Personalization of dexamethasone therapy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2016; 173:13-24. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna K. Jackson
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research; Newcastle University; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Julie A. E. Irving
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research; Newcastle University; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Gareth J. Veal
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research; Newcastle University; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
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Sionov RV, Vlahopoulos SA, Granot Z. Regulation of Bim in Health and Disease. Oncotarget 2015; 6:23058-134. [PMID: 26405162 PMCID: PMC4695108 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The BH3-only Bim protein is a major determinant for initiating the intrinsic apoptotic pathway under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Tight regulation of its expression and activity at the transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels together with the induction of alternatively spliced isoforms with different pro-apoptotic potential, ensure timely activation of Bim. Under physiological conditions, Bim is essential for shaping immune responses where its absence promotes autoimmunity, while too early Bim induction eliminates cytotoxic T cells prematurely, resulting in chronic inflammation and tumor progression. Enhanced Bim induction in neurons causes neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. Moreover, type I diabetes is promoted by genetically predisposed elevation of Bim in β-cells. On the contrary, cancer cells have developed mechanisms that suppress Bim expression necessary for tumor progression and metastasis. This review focuses on the intricate network regulating Bim activity and its involvement in physiological and pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Vogt Sionov
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Spiros A. Vlahopoulos
- First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Horemeio Research Laboratory, Thivon and Levadias, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Zvi Granot
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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15
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Ceppi F, Langlois-Pelletier C, Gagné V, Rousseau J, Ciolino C, De Lorenzo S, Kevin KM, Cijov D, Sallan SE, Silverman LB, Neuberg D, Kutok JL, Sinnett D, Laverdière C, Krajinovic M. Polymorphisms of the vincristine pathway and response to treatment in children with childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 15:1105-16. [PMID: 25084203 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.14.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vincristine (VCR) is a standard component in the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). VCR cytotoxicity is primarily due to its ability to disrupt the formation of microtubules of the mitotic spindle. PATIENTS & METHODS Seventeen polymorphisms in regulatory and coding regions of genes controlling VCR targets (TUBB1, MAP4, ACTG1 and CAPG) or potentially influencing VCR levels (ABCB1 and CYP3A5) were investigated for an association with peripheral neuropathy and outcome in childhood ALL patients. RESULTS High-grade neurotoxicity was more frequent in carriers of the A allele of synonymous (Ala310) G to A (rs1135989) variation in the ACTG1 gene. Substitution (rs4728709) in the promoter of the ABCB1 gene had a protective effect against lower grade neurotoxicity and C to A variation (rs3770102) located 17 nucleotides upstream from the transcription start site had a protective effect against high-grade neurotoxicity. Patients with the ABCB1 3435TT genotype had lower event-free survival; the association with event-free survival was not supported by the analysis in the replication patient set. CONCLUSION The polymorphisms in the ACTG1, CAPG and ABCB1 genes may modulate VCR-related neurotoxicity, whereas the risk of relapse seems not to be affected by the genes of the VCR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ceppi
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Chemin de la Côte-Ste-Catherine, Montréal, H3T 1C5, Québec, Canada
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16
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Correction: Bim Polymorphisms: Influence on Function and Response to Treatment in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Multi-agent chemotherapy overcomes glucocorticoid resistance conferred by a BIM deletion polymorphism in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103435. [PMID: 25090024 PMCID: PMC4121131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A broad range of anti-cancer agents, including glucocorticoids (GCs) and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), kill cells by upregulating the pro-apoptotic BCL2 family member, BIM. A common germline deletion in the BIM gene was recently shown to favor the production of non-apoptotic BIM isoforms, and to predict inferior responses in TKI-treated chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and EGFR-driven lung cancer patients. Given that both in vitro and in vivo GC resistance are predictive of adverse outcomes in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), we hypothesized that this polymorphism would mediate GC resistance, and serve as a biomarker of poor response in ALL. Accordingly, we used zinc finger nucleases to generate ALL cell lines with the BIM deletion, and confirmed the ability of the deletion to mediate GC resistance in vitro. In contrast to CML and lung cancer, the BIM deletion did not predict for poorer clinical outcome in a retrospective analysis of 411 pediatric ALL patients who were uniformly treated with GCs and chemotherapy. Underlying the lack of prognostic significance, we found that the chemotherapy agents used in our cohort (vincristine, L-asparaginase, and methotrexate) were each able to induce ALL cell death in a BIM-independent fashion, and resensitize BIM deletion-containing cells to GCs. Together, our work demonstrates how effective therapy can overcome intrinsic resistance in ALL patients, and suggests the potential of using combinations of drugs that work via divergent mechanisms of cell killing to surmount BIM deletion-mediated drug resistance in other cancers.
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Juan WC, Roca X, Ong ST. Identification of cis-acting elements and splicing factors involved in the regulation of BIM Pre-mRNA splicing. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95210. [PMID: 24743263 PMCID: PMC3990581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant changes in the expression of the pro-apoptotic protein, BCL-2-like 11 (BIM), can result in either impaired or excessive apoptosis, which can contribute to tumorigenesis and degenerative disorders, respectively. Altering BIM pre-mRNA splicing is an attractive approach to modulate apoptosis because BIM activity is partly determined by the alternative splicing of exons 3 or 4, whereby exon 3-containing transcripts are not apoptotic. Here we identified several cis-acting elements and splicing factors involved in BIM alternative splicing, as a step to better understand the regulation of BIM expression. We analyzed a recently discovered 2,903-bp deletion polymorphism within BIM intron 2 that biased splicing towards exon 3, and which also impaired BIM-dependent apoptosis. We found that this region harbors multiple redundant cis-acting elements that repress exon 3 inclusion. Furthermore, we have isolated a 23-nt intronic splicing silencer at the 3′ end of the deletion that is important for excluding exon 3. We also show that PTBP1 and hnRNP C repress exon 3 inclusion, and that downregulation of PTBP1 inhibited BIM-mediated apoptosis. Collectively, these findings start building our understanding of the cis-acting elements and splicing factors that regulate BIM alternative splicing, and also suggest potential approaches to alter BIM splicing for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Chun Juan
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Signature Research Programme, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xavier Roca
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (XR); (STO)
| | - S. Tiong Ong
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Signature Research Programme, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XR); (STO)
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Mohana-Kumaran N, Hill DS, Allen JD, Haass NK. Targeting the intrinsic apoptosis pathway as a strategy for melanoma therapy. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:525-39. [PMID: 24655414 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma drug resistance is often attributed to abrogation of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Targeting regulators of apoptosis is thus considered a promising approach to sensitizing melanomas to treatment. The development of small-molecule inhibitors that mimic natural antagonists of either antiapoptotic members of the BCL-2 family or the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), known as BH3- or SMAC-mimetics, respectively, are helping us to understand the mechanisms behind apoptotic resistance. Studies using BH3-mimetics indicate that the antiapoptotic BCL-2 protein MCL-1 and its antagonist NOXA are particularly important regulators of BCL-2 family signaling, while SMAC-mimetic studies show that both XIAP and the cIAPs must be targeted to effectively induce apoptosis of cancer cells. Although most solid tumors, including melanoma, are insensitive to these mimetic drugs as single agents, combinations with other therapeutics have yielded promising results, and tests combining them with BRAF-inhibitors, which have already revolutionized melanoma treatment, are a clear priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nethia Mohana-Kumaran
- The Centenary Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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Dulucq S, Laverdière C, Sinnett D, Krajinovic M. Pharmacogenetic considerations for acute lymphoblastic leukemia therapies. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 10:699-719. [PMID: 24673379 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.893294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Advances in our understanding of the pathobiology of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have led to risk-targeted treatment regimens and remarkable improvement in survival rates. Still, up to 20% of patients experience treatment failure due to drug resistance. Treatment-related toxicities are often life-threatening and are the primary cause of treatment interruption, while ALL survivors may develop complications due to exposure to chemotherapy and/or irradiation during a vulnerable period of development. Different factors may contribute to variable treatment outcomes including patient genetics that has been shown to play important role. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes candidate gene and genome-wide association studies that identified common polymorphisms underlying variability in treatment responses including a few studies addressing late effects of the treatment. Genetic variants influencing antileukemic drug effects or leukemic cell biology have been identified, including for example variants in folate-dependent enzymes, influx and efflux transporters, metabolizing enzymes, drug receptor or apoptotic proteins. EXPERT OPINION Many pharmacogenetic studies have been conducted in ALL and a variety of potential markers have been identified. Yet more comprehensive insight into genome variations influencing drug responses is needed. Whole exome/genome sequencing, careful study design, mechanistic explanation of association found and collaborative studies will ultimately lead to personalized treatment and improved therapeutic and health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Dulucq
- University Health Center Bordeaux, Heamatology Laboratory , Bordeaux , France
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