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Fukuda K, Takeuchi S, Arai S, Nanjo S, Sato S, Kotani H, Kita K, Nishiyama A, Sakaguchi H, Ohtsubo K, Yano S. Targeting WEE1 enhances the antitumor effect of KRAS-mutated non-small cell lung cancer harboring TP53 mutations. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101578. [PMID: 38776912 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The clinical development of Kirsten rat sarcoma virus (KRAS)-G12C inhibitors for the treatment of KRAS-mutant lung cancer is limited by the presence of co-mutations, intrinsic resistance, and the emergence of acquired resistance. Therefore, innovative strategies for enhancing apoptosis in KRAS-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are urgently needed. Through CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screening using a library of 746 crRNAs and drug screening with a custom library of 432 compounds, we discover that WEE1 kinase inhibitors are potent enhancers of apoptosis, particularly in KRAS-mutant NSCLC cells harboring TP53 mutations. Mechanistically, WEE1 inhibition promotes G2/M transition and reduces checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2) and Rad51 expression in the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway, which is associated with apoptosis and the repair of DNA double-strand breaks, leading to mitotic catastrophe. Notably, the combined inhibition of KRAS-G12C and WEE1 consistently suppresses tumor growth. Our results suggest targeting WEE1 as a promising therapeutic strategy for KRAS-mutated NSCLC with TP53 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Fukuda
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Shinji Takeuchi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Sachiko Arai
- Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shigeki Nanjo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shigeki Sato
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kotani
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kenji Kita
- Central Research Resource Branch, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nishiyama
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sakaguchi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Koshiro Ohtsubo
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Seiji Yano
- Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Keggenhoff FL, Castven D, Becker D, Stojkovic S, Castven J, Zimpel C, Straub BK, Gerber T, Langer H, Hähnel P, Kindler T, Fahrer J, O'Rourke CJ, Ehmer U, Saborowski A, Ma L, Wang XW, Gaiser T, Matter MS, Sina C, Derer S, Lee JS, Roessler S, Kaina B, Andersen JB, Galle PR, Marquardt JU. PARP-1 selectively impairs KRAS-driven phenotypic and molecular features in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Gut 2024:gutjnl-2023-331237. [PMID: 38857989 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-331237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is the second most common primary liver cancer with limited therapeutic options. KRAS mutations are among the most abundant genetic alterations in iCCA associated with poor clinical outcome and treatment response. Recent findings indicate that Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase1 (PARP-1) is implicated in KRAS-driven cancers, but its exact role in cholangiocarcinogenesis remains undefined. DESIGN PARP-1 inhibition was performed in patient-derived and established iCCA cells using RNAi, CRISPR/Cas9 and pharmacological inhibition in KRAS-mutant, non-mutant cells. In addition, Parp-1 knockout mice were combined with iCCA induction by hydrodynamic tail vein injection to evaluate an impact on phenotypic and molecular features of Kras-driven and Kras-wildtype iCCA. Clinical implications were confirmed in authentic human iCCA. RESULTS PARP-1 was significantly enhanced in KRAS-mutant human iCCA. PARP-1-based interventions preferentially impaired cell viability and tumourigenicity in human KRAS-mutant cell lines. Consistently, loss of Parp-1 provoked distinct phenotype in Kras/Tp53-induced versus Akt/Nicd-induced iCCA and abolished Kras-dependent cholangiocarcinogenesis. Transcriptome analyses confirmed preferential impairment of DNA damage response pathways and replicative stress response mediated by CHK1. Consistently, inhibition of CHK1 effectively reversed PARP-1 mediated effects. Finally, Parp-1 depletion induced molecular switch of KRAS-mutant iCCA recapitulating good prognostic human iCCA patients. CONCLUSION Our findings identify the novel prognostic and therapeutic role of PARP-1 in iCCA patients with activation of oncogenic KRAS signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike L Keggenhoff
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Darko Castven
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Diana Becker
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stojan Stojkovic
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jovana Castven
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Carolin Zimpel
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Beate K Straub
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Tissue Biobank of the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tiemo Gerber
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Harald Langer
- Cardiology Angiology, University Medical Centre, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Patricia Hähnel
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Kindler
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jörg Fahrer
- Department of Chemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Colm J O'Rourke
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Biotech Research & Innovation Centre, Kobenhavn, Denmark
| | - Ursula Ehmer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universitat, München, Germany
| | - Anna Saborowski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lichun Ma
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xin Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Liver Cancer Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Timo Gaiser
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Matthias S Matter
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Sina
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stefanie Derer
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ju-Seog Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stephanie Roessler
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Kaina
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jesper B Andersen
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Biotech Research & Innovation Centre, Kobenhavn, Denmark
| | - Peter R Galle
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jens U Marquardt
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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3
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Li LG, Peng XC, Yang ZY, Han N, Gou CL, Shi J, Yu LL, Chen NN, Yu TT, Li TF, Li XY, Hu J. Dihydroartemisinin-driven selective anti-lung cancer proliferation by binding to EGFR and inhibition of NRAS signaling pathway-induced DNA damage. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11704. [PMID: 38778121 PMCID: PMC11111767 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic agents can inhibit the proliferation of malignant cells due to their cytotoxicity, which is limited by collateral damage. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA), has a selective anti-cancer effect, whose target and mechanism remain uncovered. The present work aims to examine the selective inhibitory effect of DHA as well as the mechanisms involved. The findings revealed that the Lewis cell line (LLC) and A549 cell line (A549) had an extremely rapid proliferation rate compared with the 16HBE cell line (16HBE). LLC and A549 showed an increased expression of NRAS compared with 16HBE. Interestingly, DHA was found to inhibit the proliferation and facilitate the apoptosis of LLC and A549 with significant anti-cancer efficacy and down-regulation of NRAS. Results from molecular docking and cellular thermal shift assay revealed that DHA could bind to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) molecules, attenuating the EGF binding and thus driving the suppressive effect. LLC and A549 also exhibited obvious DNA damage in response to DHA. Further results demonstrated that over-expression of NRAS abated DHA-induced blockage of NRAS. Moreover, not only the DNA damage was impaired, but the proliferation of lung cancer cells was also revitalized while NRAS was over-expression. Taken together, DHA could induce selective anti-lung cancer efficacy through binding to EGFR and thereby abolishing the NRAS signaling pathway, thus leading to DNA damage, which provides a novel theoretical basis for phytomedicine molecular therapy of malignant tumors.
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Grants
- YC2022027, YC2023009 Innovative Research Program for Graduates of Hubei University of Medicine
- YC2022027, YC2023009 Innovative Research Program for Graduates of Hubei University of Medicine
- 202213249001, 202210929001, S202210929004, S202210929007, S202210929010 National Training Program of Innovation and Entrepreneurship for Undergraduates
- Q20222107, B2022128 Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Provincial Department of Education
- Q20222107, B2022128 Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Provincial Department of Education
- 2021-2025, 2023XKQT2 Advantages Discipline Group (Medicine) Project in Higher Education of Hubei Province
- 2023AFB837, 2022CFB994 Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province
- 2020QDJZR002, 2021QDJZR015, 2019QDJZR02, 2021QDJZR007, 2020QDJZR020 Cultivating Project for Young Scholar at Hubei University of Medicine
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Gen Li
- Shiyan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Nanoformulation ResearchHubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Chun Peng
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Pingle Orthopedic Hospital (Shenzhen Pingshan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Shenzhen, 518118, Guangzhou Province, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, Sinopharm DongFeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Yi Yang
- Shiyan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Nanoformulation ResearchHubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Han
- Shiyan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Nanoformulation ResearchHubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Long Gou
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Taihe Hospital of Shiyan, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Shi
- Shenzhen Stomatology Hospital (Pingshan) of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518000, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Li Yu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Dianjiang, Chongqing, 408300, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan-Nan Chen
- Shiyan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Nanoformulation ResearchHubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Ting Yu
- Shiyan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Nanoformulation ResearchHubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong-Fei Li
- Shiyan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Nanoformulation ResearchHubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xian-Yu Li
- Shiyan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Nanoformulation ResearchHubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Hu
- Shiyan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Nanoformulation ResearchHubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin road No. 30, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Somu P, Mohanty S, Basavegowda N, Yadav AK, Paul S, Baek KH. The Interplay between Heat Shock Proteins and Cancer Pathogenesis: A Novel Strategy for Cancer Therapeutics. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:638. [PMID: 38339390 PMCID: PMC10854888 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16030638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are developmentally conserved families of protein found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. HSPs are engaged in a diverse range of physiological processes, including molecular chaperone activity to assist the initial protein folding or promote the unfolding and refolding of misfolded intermediates to acquire the normal or native conformation and its translocation and prevent protein aggregation as well as in immunity, apoptosis, and autophagy. These molecular chaperonins are classified into various families according to their molecular size or weight, encompassing small HSPs (e.g., HSP10 and HSP27), HSP40, HSP60, HSP70, HSP90, and the category of large HSPs that include HSP100 and ClpB proteins. The overexpression of HSPs is induced to counteract cell stress at elevated levels in a variety of solid tumors, including anticancer chemotherapy, and is closely related to a worse prognosis and therapeutic resistance to cancer cells. HSPs are also involved in anti-apoptotic properties and are associated with processes of cancer progression and development, such as metastasis, invasion, and cell proliferation. This review outlines the previously mentioned HSPs and their significant involvement in diverse mechanisms of tumor advancement and metastasis, as well as their contribution to identifying potential targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathap Somu
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, School of Civil & Chemical Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Dehmi Kalan, Jaipur 303007, India;
| | - Sonali Mohanty
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, India;
| | - Nagaraj Basavegowda
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38451, Republic of Korea;
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung 413310, Taiwan;
- Department of Bioengineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 602105, India
| | - Subhankar Paul
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, India;
| | - Kwang-Hyun Baek
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38451, Republic of Korea;
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5
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Lee YS, Klomp JE, Stalnecker CA, Goodwin CM, Gao Y, Droby GN, Vaziri C, Bryant KL, Der CJ, Cox AD. VCP/p97, a pleiotropic protein regulator of the DNA damage response and proteostasis, is a potential therapeutic target in KRAS-mutant pancreatic cancer. Genes Cancer 2023; 14:30-49. [PMID: 36923647 PMCID: PMC10010283 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We and others have recently shown that proteins involved in the DNA damage response (DDR) are critical for KRAS-mutant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell growth in vitro. However, the CRISPR-Cas9 library that enabled us to identify these key proteins had limited representation of DDR-related genes. To further investigate the DDR in this context, we performed a comprehensive, DDR-focused CRISPR-Cas9 loss-of-function screen. This screen identified valosin-containing protein (VCP) as an essential gene in KRAS-mutant PDAC cell lines. We observed that genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of VCP limited cell growth and induced apoptotic death. Addressing the basis for VCP-dependent growth, we first evaluated the contribution of VCP to the DDR and found that loss of VCP resulted in accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks. We next addressed its role in proteostasis and found that loss of VCP caused accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins. We also found that loss of VCP increased autophagy. Therefore, we reasoned that inhibiting both VCP and autophagy could be an effective combination. Accordingly, we found that VCP inhibition synergized with the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine. We conclude that concurrent targeting of autophagy can enhance the efficacy of VCP inhibitors in KRAS-mutant PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye S. Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Klomp
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Clint A. Stalnecker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Craig M. Goodwin
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yanzhe Gao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Gaith N. Droby
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kirsten L. Bryant
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Channing J. Der
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Adrienne D. Cox
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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6
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DNA Damage Response in Cancer Therapy and Resistance: Challenges and Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314672. [PMID: 36499000 PMCID: PMC9735783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy is a common event among cancer patients and a reason why new cancer therapies and therapeutic strategies need to be in continuous investigation and development. DNA damage response (DDR) comprises several pathways that eliminate DNA damage to maintain genomic stability and integrity, but different types of cancers are associated with DDR machinery defects. Many improvements have been made in recent years, providing several drugs and therapeutic strategies for cancer patients, including those targeting the DDR pathways. Currently, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARP inhibitors) are the DDR inhibitors (DDRi) approved for several cancers, including breast, ovarian, pancreatic, and prostate cancer. However, PARPi resistance is a growing issue in clinical settings that increases disease relapse and aggravate patients' prognosis. Additionally, resistance to other DDRi is also being found and investigated. The resistance mechanisms to DDRi include reversion mutations, epigenetic modification, stabilization of the replication fork, and increased drug efflux. This review highlights the DDR pathways in cancer therapy, its role in the resistance to conventional treatments, and its exploitation for anticancer treatment. Biomarkers of treatment response, combination strategies with other anticancer agents, resistance mechanisms, and liabilities of treatment with DDR inhibitors are also discussed.
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7
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Darp R, Vittoria MA, Ganem NJ, Ceol CJ. Oncogenic BRAF induces whole-genome doubling through suppression of cytokinesis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4109. [PMID: 35840569 PMCID: PMC9287415 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31899-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanomas and other solid tumors commonly have increased ploidy, with near-tetraploid karyotypes being most frequently observed. Such karyotypes have been shown to arise through whole-genome doubling events that occur during early stages of tumor progression. The generation of tetraploid cells via whole-genome doubling is proposed to allow nascent tumor cells the ability to sample various pro-tumorigenic genomic configurations while avoiding the negative consequences that chromosomal gains or losses have in diploid cells. Whereas a high prevalence of whole-genome doubling events has been established, the means by which whole-genome doubling arises is unclear. Here, we find that BRAFV600E, the most common mutation in melanomas, can induce whole-genome doubling via cytokinesis failure in vitro and in a zebrafish melanoma model. Mechanistically, BRAFV600E causes decreased activation and localization of RhoA, a critical cytokinesis regulator. BRAFV600E activity during G1/S phases of the cell cycle is required to suppress cytokinesis. During G1/S, BRAFV600E activity causes inappropriate centriole amplification, which is linked in part to inhibition of RhoA and suppression of cytokinesis. Together these data suggest that common abnormalities of melanomas linked to tumorigenesis - amplified centrosomes and whole-genome doubling events - can be induced by oncogenic BRAF and other mutations that increase RAS/MAPK pathway activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revati Darp
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Program in Molecular Medicine, Worcester, MA, USA
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Cancer Biology, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Marc A Vittoria
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Neil J Ganem
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Craig J Ceol
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Program in Molecular Medicine, Worcester, MA, USA.
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Cancer Biology, Worcester, MA, USA.
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8
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Mutant RAS and the tumor microenvironment as dual therapeutic targets for advanced colorectal cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2022; 109:102433. [PMID: 35905558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2022.102433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
RAS genes are the most frequently mutated oncogenes in cancer. These mutations occur in roughly half of the patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). RAS mutant tumors are resistant to therapy with anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies. Therefore, patients with RAS mutant CRC currently have few effective therapy options. RAS mutations lead to constitutively active RAS GTPases, involved in multiple downstream signaling pathways. These alterations are associated with a tumor microenvironment (TME) that drives immune evasion and disease progression by mechanisms that remain incompletely understood. In this review, we focus on the available evidence in the literature explaining the potential effects of RAS mutations on the CRC microenvironment. Ongoing efforts to influence the TME by targeting mutant RAS and thereby sensitizing these tumors to immunotherapy will be discussed as well.
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Cáceres-Gutiérrez RE, Alfaro-Mora Y, Andonegui MA, Díaz-Chávez J, Herrera LA. The Influence of Oncogenic RAS on Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy Resistance Through DNA Repair Pathways. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:751367. [PMID: 35359456 PMCID: PMC8962660 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.751367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS oncogenes are chief tumorigenic drivers, and their mutation constitutes a universal predictor of poor outcome and treatment resistance. Despite more than 30 years of intensive research since the identification of the first RAS mutation, most attempts to therapeutically target RAS mutants have failed to reach the clinic. In fact, the first mutant RAS inhibitor, Sotorasib, was only approved by the FDA until 2021. However, since Sotorasib targets the KRAS G12C mutant with high specificity, relatively few patients will benefit from this therapy. On the other hand, indirect approaches to inhibit the RAS pathway have revealed very intricate cascades involving feedback loops impossible to overcome with currently available therapies. Some of these mechanisms play different roles along the multistep carcinogenic process. For instance, although mutant RAS increases replicative, metabolic and oxidative stress, adaptive responses alleviate these conditions to preserve cellular survival and avoid the onset of oncogene-induced senescence during tumorigenesis. The resulting rewiring of cellular mechanisms involves the DNA damage response and pathways associated with oxidative stress, which are co-opted by cancer cells to promote survival, proliferation, and chemo- and radioresistance. Nonetheless, these systems become so crucial to cancer cells that they can be exploited as specific tumor vulnerabilities. Here, we discuss key aspects of RAS biology and detail some of the mechanisms that mediate chemo- and radiotherapy resistance of mutant RAS cancers through the DNA repair pathways. We also discuss recent progress in therapeutic RAS targeting and propose future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo E. Cáceres-Gutiérrez
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yair Alfaro-Mora
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marco A. Andonegui
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Díaz-Chávez
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Luis A. Herrera, ; José Díaz-Chávez,
| | - Luis A. Herrera
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Luis A. Herrera, ; José Díaz-Chávez,
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10
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Redding A, Aplin AE, Grabocka E. RAS-mediated tumor stress adaptation and the targeting opportunities it presents. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:274360. [PMID: 35147163 PMCID: PMC8844456 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Cellular stress is known to function in synergistic cooperation with oncogenic mutations during tumorigenesis to drive cancer progression. Oncogenic RAS is a strong inducer of a variety of pro-tumorigenic cellular stresses, and also enhances the ability of cells to tolerate these stresses through multiple mechanisms. Many of these oncogenic, RAS-driven, stress-adaptive mechanisms have also been implicated in tolerance and resistance to chemotherapy and to therapies that target the RAS pathway. Understanding how oncogenic RAS shapes cellular stress adaptation and how this functions in drug resistance is of vital importance for identifying new therapeutic targets and therapeutic combinations to treat RAS-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Redding
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Andrew E. Aplin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Elda Grabocka
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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11
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Klomp JE, Lee YS, Goodwin CM, Papke B, Klomp JA, Waters AM, Stalnecker CA, DeLiberty JM, Drizyte-Miller K, Yang R, Diehl JN, Yin HH, Pierobon M, Baldelli E, Ryan MB, Li S, Peterson J, Smith AR, Neal JT, McCormick AK, Kuo CJ, Counter CM, Petricoin EF, Cox AD, Bryant KL, Der CJ. CHK1 protects oncogenic KRAS-expressing cells from DNA damage and is a target for pancreatic cancer treatment. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110060. [PMID: 34852220 PMCID: PMC8665414 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We apply genetic screens to delineate modulators of KRAS mutant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) sensitivity to ERK inhibitor treatment, and we identify components of the ATR-CHK1 DNA damage repair (DDR) pathway. Pharmacologic inhibition of CHK1 alone causes apoptotic growth suppression of both PDAC cell lines and organoids, which correlates with loss of MYC expression. CHK1 inhibition also activates ERK and AMPK and increases autophagy, providing a mechanistic basis for increased efficacy of concurrent CHK1 and ERK inhibition and/or autophagy inhibition with chloroquine. To assess how CHK1 inhibition-induced ERK activation promotes PDAC survival, we perform a CRISPR-Cas9 loss-of-function screen targeting direct/indirect ERK substrates and identify RIF1. A key component of non-homologous end joining repair, RIF1 suppression sensitizes PDAC cells to CHK1 inhibition-mediated apoptotic growth suppression. Furthermore, ERK inhibition alone decreases RIF1 expression and phenocopies RIF1 depletion. We conclude that concurrent DDR suppression enhances the efficacy of ERK and/or autophagy inhibitors in KRAS mutant PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Klomp
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ye S Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Craig M Goodwin
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Björn Papke
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jeff A Klomp
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Andrew M Waters
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Clint A Stalnecker
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jonathan M DeLiberty
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kristina Drizyte-Miller
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Runying Yang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - J Nathaniel Diehl
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hongwei H Yin
- Departments of Cancer and Cell Biology, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Mariaelena Pierobon
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Elisa Baldelli
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Meagan B Ryan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Siqi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Jackson Peterson
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Amber R Smith
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - James T Neal
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aaron K McCormick
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Calvin J Kuo
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christopher M Counter
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Emanuel F Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Adrienne D Cox
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kirsten L Bryant
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Channing J Der
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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12
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Shi J, Xiong Z, Wang K, Yuan C, Huang Y, Xiao W, Meng X, Chen Z, Lv Q, Miao D, Liang H, Xu T, Xie K, Yang H, Zhang X. HIF2α promotes tumour growth in clear cell renal cell carcinoma by increasing the expression of NUDT1 to reduce oxidative stress. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e592. [PMID: 34841698 PMCID: PMC8567048 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The key role of hypoxia-inducible factor 2alpha (HIF2α) in the process of renal cancer has been confirmed. In the field of tumour research, oxidative stress is also considered to be an important influencing factor. However, the relationship and biological benefits of oxidative stress and HIF2α in ccRCC remain unclear. This research attempts to explore the effect of oxidative stress on the cancer-promoting effect of HIF2α in ccRCC and reveal its mechanism of action. METHODS The bioinformatics analysis for ccRCC is based on whole transcriptome sequencing and TCGA database. The detection of the expression level of related molecules is realised by western blot and PCR. The expression of Nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X-type motif 1 (NUDT1) was knocked down by lentiviral infection technology. The functional role of NUDT1 were further investigated by CCK8 assays, transwell assays and cell oxidative stress indicator detection. The exploration of related molecular mechanisms is realised by Luciferase assays and Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. RESULTS Molecular screening based on knockdown HIF2α sequencing data and oxidative stress related data sets showed that NUDT1 is considered to be an important molecule for the interaction of HIF2α with oxidative stress. Subsequent experimental results showed that NUDT1 can cooperate with HIF2α to promote the progression of ccRCC. And this biological effect was found to be caused by the oxidative stress regulated by NUDT1. Mechanistically, HIF2α transcription activates the expression of NUDT1, thereby inhibiting oxidative stress and promoting the progression of ccRCC. CONCLUSIONS This research clarified a novel mechanism by which HIF2α stabilises sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) through direct transcriptional activation of NUDT1, thereby inhibiting oxidative stress to promote the development of ccRCC. It provided the possibility for the selection of new therapeutic targets for ccRCC and the study of combination medication regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Shi
- Department of UrologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiP. R. China
- Institute of UrologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiP. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Xiong
- Department of UrologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiP. R. China
- Institute of UrologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiP. R. China
| | - Keshan Wang
- Department of UrologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiP. R. China
- Institute of UrologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiP. R. China
| | - Changfei Yuan
- Department of UrologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiP. R. China
- Institute of UrologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiP. R. China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of UrologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiP. R. China
- Institute of UrologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiP. R. China
| | - Wen Xiao
- Department of UrologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiP. R. China
- Institute of UrologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiP. R. China
| | - Xiangui Meng
- Department of UrologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiP. R. China
- Institute of UrologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiP. R. China
| | - Zhixian Chen
- Department of UrologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiP. R. China
- Institute of UrologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiP. R. China
| | - Qingyang Lv
- Department of UrologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiP. R. China
- Institute of UrologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiP. R. China
| | - Daojia Miao
- Department of UrologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiP. R. China
- Institute of UrologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiP. R. China
| | - Huageng Liang
- Department of UrologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiP. R. China
- Institute of UrologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiP. R. China
| | - Tianbo Xu
- Department of UrologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiP. R. China
- Institute of UrologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiP. R. China
| | - Kairu Xie
- Department of Pathogenic BiologySchool of Basic MedicineHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiP. R. China
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Department of Pathogenic BiologySchool of Basic MedicineHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiP. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of UrologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiP. R. China
- Institute of UrologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiP. R. China
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13
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Chen G, Zeng H, Li X, Liu J, Li Z, Xu R, Ma Y, Liu C, Xue B. Activation of G protein coupled estrogen receptor prevents chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis by inhibiting the DNA damage in crypt cell in an extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1- and 2- dependent manner. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:1034. [PMID: 34718327 PMCID: PMC8557214 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04325-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis (CIM) is a common adverse reaction to antineoplastic treatment with few appropriate, specific interventions. We aimed to identify the role of the G protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) in CIM and its mechanism. Adult male C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with 5-fluorouracil to establish the CIM model. The selective GPER agonist G-1 significantly inhibited weight loss and histological damage in CIM mice and restored mucosal barrier dysfunction, including improving the expression of ZO-1, increasing the number of goblet cells, and decreasing mucosal permeability. Moreover, G-1 treatment did not alter the antitumor effect of 5-fluorouracil. In the CIM model, G-1 therapy reduced the expression of proapoptotic protein and cyclin D1 and cyclin B1, reversed the changes in the number of TUNEL+ cells, Ki67+ and bromodeoxyuridine+ cells in crypts. The selective GPER antagonist G15 eliminated all of the above effects caused by G-1 on CIM, and application of G15 alone increased the severity of CIM. GPER was predominantly expressed in ileal crypts, and G-1 inhibited the DNA damage induced by 5-fluorouracil in vivo and vitro, as confirmed by the decrease in the number of γH2AX+ cells in the crypts and the comet assay results. Referring to the data from GEO dataset we verified GPER activation restored ERK1/2 activity in CIM and 5-fluorouracil-treated IEC-6 cells. Once the effects of G-1 on ERK1/2 activity were abolished with the ERK1/2 inhibitor PD0325901, the effects of G-1 on DNA damage both in vivo and in vitro were eliminated. Correspondingly, all of the manifestations of G-1 protection against CIM were inhibited by PD0325901, such as body weight and histological changes, the mucosal barrier, the apoptosis and proliferation of crypt cells. In conclusion, GPER activation prevents CIM by inhibiting crypt cell DNA damage in an ERK1/2-dependent manner, suggesting GPER might be a target preventing CIM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of basic medical science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Honghui Zeng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of basic medical science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xinyun Li
- The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jianbo Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of basic medical science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhao Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of basic medical science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Runze Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of basic medical science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuntao Ma
- Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chuanyong Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of basic medical science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bing Xue
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of basic medical science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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14
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Covell DG. Bioinformatic analysis linking genomic defects to chemosensitivity and mechanism of action. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0243336. [PMID: 33909629 PMCID: PMC8081165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A joint analysis of the NCI60 small molecule screening data, their genetically defective genes, and mechanisms of action (MOA) of FDA approved cancer drugs screened in the NCI60 is proposed for identifying links between chemosensitivity, genomic defects and MOA. Self-Organizing-Maps (SOMs) are used to organize the chemosensitivity data. Student's t-tests are used to identify SOM clusters with enhanced chemosensitivity for tumor cell lines with versus without genetically defective genes. Fisher's exact and chi-square tests are used to reveal instances where defective gene to chemosensitivity associations have enriched MOAs. The results of this analysis find a relatively small set of defective genes, inclusive of ABL1, AXL, BRAF, CDC25A, CDKN2A, IGF1R, KRAS, MECOM, MMP1, MYC, NOTCH1, NRAS, PIK3CG, PTK2, RPTOR, SPTBN1, STAT2, TNKS and ZHX2, as possible candidates for roles in chemosensitivity for compound MOAs that target primarily, but not exclusively, kinases, nucleic acid synthesis, protein synthesis, apoptosis and tubulin. These results find exploitable instances of enhanced chemosensitivity of compound MOA's for selected defective genes. Collectively these findings will advance the interpretation of pre-clinical screening data as well as contribute towards the goals of cancer drug discovery, development decision making, and explanation of drug mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Covell
- Information Technologies Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States of America
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15
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Targeting the DNA replication stress phenotype of KRAS mutant cancer cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3656. [PMID: 33574444 PMCID: PMC7878884 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83142-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutant KRAS is a common tumor driver and frequently confers resistance to anti-cancer treatments such as radiation. DNA replication stress in these tumors may constitute a therapeutic liability but is poorly understood. Here, using single-molecule DNA fiber analysis, we first characterized baseline replication stress in a panel of unperturbed isogenic and non-isogenic cancer cell lines. Correlating with the observed enhanced replication stress we found increased levels of cytosolic double-stranded DNA in KRAS mutant compared to wild-type cells. Yet, despite this phenotype replication stress-inducing agents failed to selectively impact KRAS mutant cells, which were protected by CHK1. Similarly, most exogenous stressors studied did not differentially augment cytosolic DNA accumulation in KRAS mutant compared to wild-type cells. However, we found that proton radiation was able to slow fork progression and preferentially induce fork stalling in KRAS mutant cells. Proton treatment also partly reversed the radioresistance associated with mutant KRAS. The cellular effects of protons in the presence of KRAS mutation clearly contrasted that of other drugs affecting replication, highlighting the unique nature of the underlying DNA damage caused by protons. Taken together, our findings provide insight into the replication stress response associated with mutated KRAS, which may ultimately yield novel therapeutic opportunities.
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16
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Agostini LC, Jain A, Shupp A, Nevler A, McCarthy G, Bussard KM, Yeo CJ, Brody JR. Combined Targeting of PARG and Wee1 Causes Decreased Cell Survival and DNA Damage in an S-Phase-Dependent Manner. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 19:207-214. [PMID: 33257507 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) pathway sets the stage for tumorigenesis and provides both an opportunity for drug efficacy and resistance. Therapeutic approaches to target the DDR pathway include aiming to increase the efficacy of cytotoxic chemotherapies and synergistic drug strategies to enhance DNA damage, and hence cell death. Here, we report the first preclinical evaluation of a novel synergistic approach by using both genetic and small-molecule inhibition methods of silencing the DDR-related protein, poly (ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG), and the checkpoint kinase inhibitor, Wee1, in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and colorectal carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that coinhibition of PARG and Wee1 synergistically decreased cell survival and increased DNA damage in an S-phase-dependent manner. IMPLICATIONS: In preclinical models, we demonstrate the efficacy and mechanism of action of targeting both PARG and Wee1 in PDAC and colorectal carcinoma cells. VISUAL OVERVIEW: http://mcr.aacrjournals.org/content/molcanres/19/2/207/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lebaron C Agostini
- The Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Aditi Jain
- The Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alison Shupp
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Avinoam Nevler
- The Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Grace McCarthy
- Brenden Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Departments of Surgery and Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Karen M Bussard
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Charles J Yeo
- The Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonathan R Brody
- Brenden Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Departments of Surgery and Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.
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17
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Hong Z, Zhang W, Ding D, Huang Z, Yan Y, Cao W, Pan Y, Hou X, Weroha SJ, Karnes RJ, Wang D, Wu Q, Wu D, Huang H. DNA Damage Promotes TMPRSS2-ERG Oncoprotein Destruction and Prostate Cancer Suppression via Signaling Converged by GSK3β and WEE1. Mol Cell 2020; 79:1008-1023.e4. [PMID: 32871104 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion occurs in approximately 50% of cases of prostate cancer (PCa), and the fusion product is a key driver of prostate oncogenesis. However, how to leverage cellular signaling to ablate TMPRSS2-ERG oncoprotein for PCa treatment remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that DNA damage induces proteasomal degradation of wild-type ERG and TMPRSS2-ERG oncoprotein through ERG threonine-187 and tyrosine-190 phosphorylation mediated by GSK3β and WEE1, respectively. The dual phosphorylation triggers ERG recognition and degradation by the E3 ubiquitin ligase FBW7 in a manner independent of a canonical degron. DNA damage-induced TMPRSS2-ERG degradation was abolished by cancer-associated PTEN deletion or GSK3β inactivation. Blockade of DNA damage-induced TMPRSS2-ERG oncoprotein degradation causes chemotherapy-resistant growth of fusion-positive PCa cells in culture and in mice. Our findings uncover a previously unrecognized TMPRSS2-ERG protein destruction mechanism and demonstrate that intact PTEN and GSK3β signaling are essential for effective targeting of ERG protein by genotoxic therapeutics in fusion-positive PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Hong
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Basic Medical College, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Donglin Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Zhenlin Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yuqian Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - William Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yunqian Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xiaonan Hou
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Saravut J Weroha
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - R Jeffrey Karnes
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Dejie Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Denglong Wu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China.
| | - Haojie Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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18
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Reduced replication origin licensing selectively kills KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer cells via mitotic catastrophe. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:499. [PMID: 32612138 PMCID: PMC7330027 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2704-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To unravel vulnerabilities of KRAS-mutant CRC cells, a shRNA-based screen specifically inhibiting MAPK pathway components and targets was performed in CaCo2 cells harboring conditional oncogenic KRASG12V. The custom-designed shRNA library comprised 121 selected genes, which were previously identified to be strongly regulated in response to MEK inhibition. The screen showed that CaCo2 cells expressing KRASG12V were sensitive to the suppression of the DNA replication licensing factor minichromosome maintenance complex component 7 (MCM7), whereas KRASwt CaCo2 cells were largely resistant to MCM7 suppression. Similar results were obtained in an isogenic DLD-1 cell culture model. Knockdown of MCM7 in a KRAS-mutant background led to replication stress as indicated by increased nuclear RPA focalization. Further investigation showed a significant increase in mitotic cells after simultaneous MCM7 knockdown and KRASG12V expression. The increased percentage of mitotic cells coincided with strongly increased DNA damage in mitosis. Taken together, the accumulation of DNA damage in mitotic cells is due to replication stress that remained unresolved, which results in mitotic catastrophe and cell death. In summary, the data show a vulnerability of KRAS-mutant cells towards suppression of MCM7 and suggest that inhibiting DNA replication licensing might be a viable strategy to target KRAS-mutant cancers.
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Erber J, Steiner JD, Isensee J, Lobbes LA, Toschka A, Beleggia F, Schmitt A, Kaiser RWJ, Siedek F, Persigehl T, Hucho T, Reinhardt HC. Dual Inhibition of GLUT1 and the ATR/CHK1 Kinase Axis Displays Synergistic Cytotoxicity in KRAS-Mutant Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2019; 79:4855-4868. [PMID: 31405847 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-3959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The advent of molecularly targeted therapeutic agents has opened a new era in cancer therapy. However, many tumors rely on nondruggable cancer-driving lesions. In addition, long-lasting clinical benefits from single-agent therapies rarely occur, as most of the tumors acquire resistance over time. The identification of targeted combination regimens interfering with signaling through oncogenically rewired pathways provides a promising approach to enhance efficacy of single-agent-targeted treatments. Moreover, combination drug therapies might overcome the emergence of drug resistance. Here, we performed a focused flow cytometry-based drug synergy screen and identified a novel synergistic interaction between GLUT1-mediated glucose transport and the cell-cycle checkpoint kinases ATR and CHK1. Combined inhibition of CHK1/GLUT1 or ATR/GLUT1 robustly induced apoptosis, particularly in RAS-mutant cancer cells. Mechanistically, combined inhibition of ATR/CHK1 and GLUT1 arrested sensitive cells in S-phase and led to the accumulation of genotoxic damage, particularly in S-phase. In vivo, simultaneous inhibition of ATR and GLUT1 significantly reduced tumor volume gain in an autochthonous mouse model of KrasG12D -driven soft tissue sarcoma. Taken together, these findings pave the way for combined inhibition of GLUT1 and ATR/CHK1 as a therapeutic approach for KRAS-driven cancers. SIGNIFICANCE: Dual targeting of the DNA damage response and glucose transport synergistically induces apoptosis in KRAS-mutant cancer, suggesting this combination treatment for clinical validation in KRAS-stratified tumor patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Erber
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Dusseldorf, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, CECAD, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Joachim D Steiner
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Dusseldorf, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, CECAD, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörg Isensee
- Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Leonard A Lobbes
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Dusseldorf, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, CECAD, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - André Toschka
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Dusseldorf, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, CECAD, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Filippo Beleggia
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Dusseldorf, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, CECAD, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna Schmitt
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Dusseldorf, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, CECAD, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rainer W J Kaiser
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, CECAD, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Florian Siedek
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thorsten Persigehl
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim Hucho
- Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans C Reinhardt
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Dusseldorf, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, CECAD, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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20
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Hu J, Zhang Z, Zhao L, Li L, Zuo W, Han L. High expression of RAD51 promotes DNA damage repair and survival in KRAS-mutant lung cancer cells. BMB Rep 2019. [PMID: 30638176 PMCID: PMC6443323 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2019.52.2.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RAD51 recombinase plays a critical role in homologous recombination and DNA damage repair. Here we showed that expression of RAD51 is frequently upregulated in lung cancer tumors compared with normal tissues and is associated with poor survival (hazard ratio (HR) = 2, P = 0.0009). Systematic investigation of lung cancer cell lines revealed higher expression of RAD51 in KRAS mutant (MT) cells compared to wildtype (WT) cells. We further showed that MT KRAS, but not WT KRAS, played a critical role in RAD51 overexpression via MYC. Moreover, our results revealed that KRAS MT cells are highly dependent on RAD51 for survival and depletion of RAD51 resulted in enhanced DNA double strand breaks, defective colony formation and cell death. Together, our results suggest that mutant KRAS promotes RAD51 expression to enhance DNA damage repair and lung cancer cell survival, suggesting that RAD51 may be an effective therapeutic target to overcome chemo/radioresistance in KRAS mutant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Hu
- Department of pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330039, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Daxing District People's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Cancer center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 10050, China
| | - Li Li
- Cancer center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 10050, China
| | - Wei Zuo
- Department of respiration, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330039, China
| | - Lei Han
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Daxing District People's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 102600, China
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21
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Rai P, Sobol RW. Mechanisms of MTH1 inhibition-induced DNA strand breaks: The slippery slope from the oxidized nucleotide pool to genotoxic damage. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 77:18-26. [PMID: 30852368 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Unlike normal tissues, tumor cells possess a propensity for genomic instability, resulting from elevated oxidant levels produced by oncogenic signaling and aberrant cellular metabolism. Thus, targeting mechanisms that protect cancer cells from the tumor-inhibitory consequences of their redox imbalance and spontaneous DNA-damaging events is expected to have broad-spectrum efficacy and a high therapeutic index. One critical mechanism for tumor cell protection from oxidant stress is the hydrolysis of oxidized nucleotides. Human MutT homolog 1 (MTH1), the mammalian nudix (nucleoside diphosphate X) pyrophosphatase (NUDT1), protects tumor cells from oxidative stress-induced genomic DNA damage by cleansing the nucleotide pool of oxidized purine nucleotides. Depletion or pharmacologic inhibition of MTH1 results in genomic DNA strand breaks in many cancer cells. However, the mechanisms underlying how oxidized nucleotides, thought mainly to be mutagenic rather than genotoxic, induce DNA strand breaks are largely unknown. Given the recent therapeutic interest in targeting MTH1, a better understanding of such mechanisms is crucial to its successful translation into the clinic and in identifying the molecular contexts under which its inhibition is likely to be beneficial. Here we provide a comprehensive perspective on MTH1 function and its importance in protecting genome integrity, in the context of tumor-associated oxidative stress and the mechanisms that likely lead to irreparable DNA strand breaks as a result of MTH1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyamvada Rai
- Department of Medicine/Division of Medical Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, United States; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, 33136, United States.
| | - Robert W Sobol
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL, 36604, United States.
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22
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Schmitt A, Feldmann G, Zander T, Reinhardt HC. Targeting Defects in the Cellular DNA Damage Response for the Treatment of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Oncol Res Treat 2018; 41:619-625. [DOI: 10.1159/000493401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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23
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Abstract
The genetic concept of synthetic lethality has now been validated clinically through the demonstrated efficacy of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors for the treatment of cancers in individuals with germline loss-of-function mutations in either BRCA1 or BRCA2. Three different PARP inhibitors have now been approved for the treatment of patients with BRCA-mutant ovarian cancer and one for those with BRCA-mutant breast cancer; these agents have also shown promising results in patients with BRCA-mutant prostate cancer. Here, we describe a number of other synthetic lethal interactions that have been discovered in cancer. We discuss some of the underlying principles that might increase the likelihood of clinical efficacy and how new computational and experimental approaches are now facilitating the discovery and validation of synthetic lethal interactions. Finally, we make suggestions on possible future directions and challenges facing researchers in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Ashworth
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Christopher J Lord
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
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24
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Aguirre AJ, Hahn WC. Synthetic Lethal Vulnerabilities in KRAS-Mutant Cancers. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a031518. [PMID: 29101114 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
KRAS is the most commonly mutated oncogene in human cancer. Most KRAS-mutant cancers depend on sustained expression and signaling of KRAS, thus making it a high-priority therapeutic target. Unfortunately, development of direct small molecule inhibitors of KRAS function has been challenging. An alternative therapeutic strategy for KRAS-mutant malignancies involves targeting codependent vulnerabilities or synthetic lethal partners that are preferentially essential in the setting of oncogenic KRAS. KRAS activates numerous effector pathways that mediate proliferation and survival signals. Moreover, cancer cells must cope with substantial oncogenic stress conferred by mutant KRAS. These oncogenic signaling pathways and compensatory coping mechanisms of KRAS-mutant cancer cells form the basis for synthetic lethal interactions. Here, we review the compendium of previously identified codependencies in KRAS-mutant cancers, including the results of numerous functional genetic screens aimed at identifying KRAS synthetic lethal targets. Importantly, many of these vulnerabilities may represent tractable therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Aguirre
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - William C Hahn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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25
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Minchom A, Aversa C, Lopez J. Dancing with the DNA damage response: next-generation anti-cancer therapeutic strategies. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2018; 10:1758835918786658. [PMID: 30023007 PMCID: PMC6047242 DOI: 10.1177/1758835918786658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of genomic stability is a critical determinant of cell survival and relies on the coordinated action of the DNA damage response (DDR), which orchestrates a network of cellular processes, including DNA replication, DNA repair and cell-cycle progression. In cancer, the critical balance between the loss of genomic stability in malignant cells and the DDR provides exciting therapeutic opportunities. Drugs targeting DDR pathways taking advantage of clinical synthetic lethality have already shown therapeutic benefit - for example, the PARP inhibitor olaparib has shown benefit in BRCA-mutant ovarian and breast cancer. Olaparib has also shown benefit in metastatic prostate cancer in DDR-defective patients, expanding the potential biomarker of response beyond BRCA. Other agents and combinations aiming to block the DDR while pushing damaged DNA through the cell cycle, including PARP, ATR, ATM, CHK and DNA-PK inhibitors, are in development. Emerging work is also uncovering how the DDR interacts intimately with the host immune response, including by activating the innate immune response, further suggesting that clinical applications together with immunotherapy may be beneficial. Here, we review recent considerations related to the DDR from a clinical standpoint, providing a framework to address future directions and clinical opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Minchom
- Drug Development Unit at Royal Marsden Hospital/ Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - Caterina Aversa
- Drug Development Unit at Royal Marsden Hospital/ Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - Juanita Lopez
- Drug Development Unit at Royal Marsden Hospital/Institute of Cancer Research, Downs Rd, Sutton, SM2 5PT, UK
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26
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Margetis N, Kouloukoussa M, Pavlou K, Vrakas S, Mariolis-Sapsakos T. K- ras Mutations as the Earliest Driving Force in a Subset of Colorectal Carcinomas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 31:527-542. [PMID: 28652417 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
K-ras oncogene is a key factor in colorectal cancer. Based on published and our data we propose that K-ras could be the oncogene responsible for the inactivation of the tumor-suppressor gene APC, currently considered as the initial step in colorectal tumorigenesis. K-ras fulfills the criteria of the oncogene-induced DNA damage model, as it can provoke well-established causes for inactivating tumor-suppressors, i.e. DNA double-strand breaks (causing allele deletion) and ROS production (responsible for point mutation). The model we propose is a variation of the currently existing model and hypothesizes that, in a subgroup of colorectal carcinomas, K-ras mutation may precede APC inactivation, representing the earliest driving force and, probably, an early biomarker of colorectal carcinogenesis. This observation is clinically useful, since it may modify the preventive colorectal cancer strategy, restricting numerically patients undergoing colonoscopies to those bearing K-ras mutation in their colorectum, either in benign polyps or the normal accompanying mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Margetis
- "Athens Euroclinic", Athens, Greece .,Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Myrsini Kouloukoussa
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Pavlou
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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27
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Fujimura K, Wang H, Watson F, Klemke RL. KRAS Oncoprotein Expression Is Regulated by a Self-Governing eIF5A-PEAK1 Feed-Forward Regulatory Loop. Cancer Res 2018; 78:1444-1456. [PMID: 29321164 PMCID: PMC5856625 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
There remains intense interest in tractable approaches to target or silence the KRAS oncoprotein as a rational therapeutic strategy to attack pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and other cancers that overexpress it. Here we provide evidence that accumulation of the KRAS oncoprotein is controlled by a self-regulating feed-forward regulatory loop that utilizes a unique hypusinated isoform of the translation elongation factor eIF5A and the tyrosine kinase PEAK1. Oncogenic activation of KRAS increased eIF5A-PEAK1 translational signaling, which in turn facilitated increased KRAS protein synthesis. Mechanistic investigations show that this feed-forward positive regulatory pathway was controlled by oncogenic KRAS-driven metabolic demands, operated independently of canonical mTOR signaling, and did not involve new KRAS gene transcription. Perturbing eIF5A-PEAK1 signaling, by genetic or pharmacologic strategies or by blocking glutamine synthesis, was sufficient to inhibit expression of KRAS, eIF5A, and PEAK1, to attenuate cancer cell growth and migration, and to block tumor formation in established preclinical mouse models of PDAC. Levels of KRAS, eIF5A, and PEAK1 protein increased during cancer progression with the highest levels of expression observed in metastatic cell populations. Combinatorial targeting of eIF5A hypusination and the RAS-ERK signaling pathway cooperated to attenuate KRAS expression and its downstream signaling along with cell growth in vitro and tumor formation in vivo Collectively, our findings highlight a new mechanistic strategy to attenuate KRAS expression as a therapeutic strategy to target PDAC and other human cancers driven by KRAS activation.Significance: These findings highlight a new mechanistic strategy to attenuate KRAS expression as a therapeutic strategy to target human cancers driven by KRAS activation. Cancer Res; 78(6); 1444-56. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Fujimura
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Huawei Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Felicia Watson
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Richard L Klemke
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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28
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Caiola E, Frapolli R, Tomanelli M, Valerio R, Iezzi A, Garassino MC, Broggini M, Marabese M. Wee1 inhibitor MK1775 sensitizes KRAS mutated NSCLC cells to sorafenib. Sci Rep 2018; 8:948. [PMID: 29343688 PMCID: PMC5772438 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18900-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) is a poorly chemosensitive tumor and targeted therapies are only used for about 15% of patients where a specific driving and druggable lesion is observed (EGFR, ALK, ROS). KRAS is one of the most frequently mutated genes in NSCLC and patients harboring these mutations do not benefit from specific treatments. Sorafenib, a multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor, was proposed as a potentially active drug in KRAS-mutated NSCLC patients, but clinical trials results were not conclusive. Here we show that the NSCLC cells’ response to sorafenib depends on the type of KRAS mutation. KRAS G12V cells respond less to sorafenib than the wild-type counterpart, in vitro and in vivo. To overcome this resistance, we used high-throughput screening with a siRNA library directed against 719 human kinases, and Wee1 was selected as a sorafenib response modulator. Inhibition of Wee1 by its specific inhibitor MK1775 in combination with sorafenib restored the KRAS mutated cells’ response to the multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor. This combination of the Wee1 inhibitor with sorafenib, if confirmed in models with different genetic backgrounds, might be worth investigating further as a new strategy for KRAS mutated NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Caiola
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Frapolli
- Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Tomanelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Rossana Valerio
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Iezzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Marina C Garassino
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Broggini
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Mirko Marabese
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy.
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29
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Welcker D, Jain M, Khurshid S, Jokić M, Höhne M, Schmitt A, Frommolt P, Niessen CM, Spiro J, Persigehl T, Wittersheim M, Büttner R, Fanciulli M, Schermer B, Reinhardt HC, Benzing T, Höpker K. AATF suppresses apoptosis, promotes proliferation and is critical for Kras-driven lung cancer. Oncogene 2018; 37:1503-1518. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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30
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Okazaki S, Schirripa M, Loupakis F, Cao S, Zhang W, Yang D, Ning Y, Berger MD, Miyamoto Y, Suenaga M, Iqubal S, Barzi A, Cremolini C, Falcone A, Battaglin F, Salvatore L, Borelli B, Helentjaris TG, Lenz HJ. Tandem repeat variation near the HIC1 (hypermethylated in cancer 1) promoter predicts outcome of oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer 2017; 123:4506-4514. [PMID: 28708932 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hypermethylated in cancer 1/sirtuin 1 (HIC1/SIRT1) axis plays an important role in regulating the nucleotide excision repair pathway, which is the main oxaliplatin-induced damage-repair system. On the basis of prior evidence that the variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) sequence located near the promoter lesion of HIC1 is associated with HIC1 gene expression, the authors tested the hypothesis that this VNTR is associated with clinical outcome in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer who receive oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy. METHODS Four independent cohorts were tested. Patients who received oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy served as the training cohort (n = 218), and those who received treatment without oxaliplatin served as the control cohort (n = 215). Two cohorts of patients who received oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy were used for validation studies (n = 176 and n = 73). The VNTR sequence near HIC1 was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction analysis and gel electrophoresis and was tested for associations with the response rate, progression-free survival, and overall survival. RESULTS In the training cohort, patients who harbored at least 5 tandem repeats (TRs) in both alleles had a significantly shorter PFS compared with those who had fewer than 4 TRs in at least 1 allele (9.5 vs 11.6 months; hazard ratio, 1.93; P = .012), and these findings remained statistically significant after multivariate analysis (hazard ratio, 2.00; 95% confidence interval, 1.13-3.54; P = .018). This preliminary association was confirmed in the validation cohort, and patients who had at least 5 TRs in both alleles had a worse PFS compared with the other cohort (7.9 vs 9.8 months; hazard ratio, 1.85; P = .044). CONCLUSIONS The current findings suggest that the VNTR sequence near HIC1 could be a predictive marker for oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer 2017;123:4506-14. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Okazaki
- Department of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Marta Schirripa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Medical Oncology 1, Veneto Institute of Oncology, Institute for Research and Health Care (IRCCS), Padova, Italy
| | - Fotios Loupakis
- Medical Oncology 1, Veneto Institute of Oncology, Institute for Research and Health Care (IRCCS), Padova, Italy
| | - Shu Cao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Wu Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dongyun Yang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yan Ning
- Department of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Martin D Berger
- Department of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yuji Miyamoto
- Department of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mitsukuni Suenaga
- Department of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Syma Iqubal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Afsaneh Barzi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chiara Cremolini
- Medical Oncology Unit 2, Pisa University Hospital, Tuscan Tumor Institute, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alfredo Falcone
- Medical Oncology Unit 2, Pisa University Hospital, Tuscan Tumor Institute, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Battaglin
- Medical Oncology 1, Veneto Institute of Oncology, Institute for Research and Health Care (IRCCS), Padova, Italy
| | - Lisa Salvatore
- Medical Oncology Unit 2, Pisa University Hospital, Tuscan Tumor Institute, Pisa, Italy
| | - Beatrice Borelli
- Medical Oncology Unit 2, Pisa University Hospital, Tuscan Tumor Institute, Pisa, Italy
| | - Timothy G Helentjaris
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Heinz-Josef Lenz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Ku BM, Bae YH, Koh J, Sun JM, Lee SH, Ahn JS, Park K, Ahn MJ. Mutational status of TP53 defines the efficacy of Wee1 inhibitor AZD1775 in KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:67526-67537. [PMID: 28978051 PMCID: PMC5620191 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
KRAS is frequently mutated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, direct targeting of KRAS has proven to be challenging, and inhibition of KRAS effectors has resulted in limited clinical efficacy. Wee1 kinase is an important regulator of the G2 checkpoint and is overexpressed in various cancers. Inhibition of Wee1 exerts anticancer effects as a monotherapy or in combination with DNA-damaging agents when cancer cells harbor TP53 mutations. However, its role in KRAS-mutant NSCLC, especially as a single agent, has not been explored. Here, we investigate the anticancer potential of Wee1 inhibitor AZD1775 as a monotherapy and uncover a possible cellular context underlying sensitivity to AZD1775. Our data show that treatment with AZD1775 significantly inhibited cell survival, growth, and proliferation of TP53-mutant (TP53MUT) compared to TP53 wild-type (TP53WT) in KRAS-mutant (KRASMUT) NSCLC cells. In KRASMUT/TP53MUT cells, AZD1775 treatment led to DNA damage, a decrease of survival signaling, and cell death by apoptosis. Interestingly, cell death through apoptosis was found to be heavily dependent on specific cellular genetic context, rather than inhibition of Wee1 kinase activity alone. In addition, AZD1775 treatment was well tolerated and displayed single-agent efficacy in a mouse xenograft model. This study provides rationale for inhibiting Wee1 using AZD1775 as a potential anticancer therapy against the TP53MUT subgroup of KRASMUT NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Mi Ku
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon-Hee Bae
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiae Koh
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Mu Sun
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se-Hoon Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Seok Ahn
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Keunchil Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-Ju Ahn
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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32
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Wang J, Yao X, Huang J. New tricks for human farnesyltransferase inhibitor: cancer and beyond. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:841-854. [PMID: 30108801 PMCID: PMC6072492 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00030h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human protein farnesyltransferase (FTase) catalyzes the addition of a C15-farnesyl lipid group to the cysteine residue located in the COOH-terminal tetrapeptide motif of a variety of important substrate proteins, including well-known Ras protein superfamily. The farnesylation of Ras protein is required both for its normal physiological function, and for the transforming capacity of its oncogenic mutants. Over the last several decades, FTase inhibitors (FTIs) were developed to disrupt the farnesylation of oncogenic Ras as anti-cancer agents, and some of them have entered cancer clinical investigation. On the other hand, some substrates of FTase were demonstrated to be related with other human diseases, including Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome, chronic hepatitis D, and cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we summarize the roles of FTase in malignant transformation, proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis of tumor cells, and the recently anticancer clinical research advances of FTIs. The therapeutic prospect of FTIs on several other human diseases is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design , School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China . ; Tel: (+86)21 64253681
| | - Xue Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design , School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China . ; Tel: (+86)21 64253681
| | - Jin Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design , School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China . ; Tel: (+86)21 64253681
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Brown JS, O'Carrigan B, Jackson SP, Yap TA. Targeting DNA Repair in Cancer: Beyond PARP Inhibitors. Cancer Discov 2017; 7:20-37. [PMID: 28003236 PMCID: PMC5300099 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-0860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Germline aberrations in critical DNA-repair and DNA damage-response (DDR) genes cause cancer predisposition, whereas various tumors harbor somatic mutations causing defective DDR/DNA repair. The concept of synthetic lethality can be exploited in such malignancies, as exemplified by approval of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors for treating BRCA1/2-mutated ovarian cancers. Herein, we detail how cellular DDR processes engage various proteins that sense DNA damage, initiate signaling pathways to promote cell-cycle checkpoint activation, trigger apoptosis, and coordinate DNA repair. We focus on novel therapeutic strategies targeting promising DDR targets and discuss challenges of patient selection and the development of rational drug combinations. SIGNIFICANCE Various inhibitors of DDR components are in preclinical and clinical development. A thorough understanding of DDR pathway complexities must now be combined with strategies and lessons learned from the successful registration of PARP inhibitors in order to fully exploit the potential of DDR inhibitors and to ensure their long-term clinical success. Cancer Discov; 7(1); 20-37. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen P Jackson
- The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy A Yap
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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34
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Ye X, Chan KC, Waters AM, Bess M, Harned A, Wei BR, Loncarek J, Luke BT, Orsburn BC, Hollinger BD, Stephens RM, Bagni R, Martinko A, Wells JA, Nissley DV, McCormick F, Whiteley G, Blonder J. Comparative proteomics of a model MCF10A-KRasG12V cell line reveals a distinct molecular signature of the KRasG12V cell surface. Oncotarget 2016; 7:86948-86971. [PMID: 27894102 PMCID: PMC5341332 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic Ras mutants play a major role in the etiology of most aggressive and deadly carcinomas in humans. In spite of continuous efforts, effective pharmacological treatments targeting oncogenic Ras isoforms have not been developed. Cell-surface proteins represent top therapeutic targets primarily due to their accessibility and susceptibility to different modes of cancer therapy. To expand the treatment options of cancers driven by oncogenic Ras, new targets need to be identified and characterized at the surface of cancer cells expressing oncogenic Ras mutants. Here, we describe a mass spectrometry-based method for molecular profiling of the cell surface using KRasG12V transfected MCF10A (MCF10A-KRasG12V) as a model cell line of constitutively activated KRas and native MCF10A cells transduced with an empty vector (EV) as control. An extensive molecular map of the KRas surface was achieved by applying, in parallel, targeted hydrazide-based cell-surface capturing technology and global shotgun membrane proteomics to identify the proteins on the KRasG12V surface. This method allowed for integrated proteomic analysis that identified more than 500 cell-surface proteins found unique or upregulated on the surface of MCF10A-KRasG12V cells. Multistep bioinformatic processing was employed to elucidate and prioritize targets for cross-validation. Scanning electron microscopy and phenotypic cancer cell assays revealed changes at the cell surface consistent with malignant epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation secondary to KRasG12V activation. Taken together, this dataset significantly expands the map of the KRasG12V surface and uncovers potential targets involved primarily in cell motility, cellular protrusion formation, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Ye
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - King C. Chan
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Andrew M. Waters
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Matthew Bess
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Adam Harned
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Bih-Rong Wei
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jadranka Loncarek
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Brian T. Luke
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Bradley D. Hollinger
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Robert M. Stephens
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Rachel Bagni
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Alex Martinko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-2517, USA
| | - James A. Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-2517, USA
| | - Dwight V. Nissley
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Frank McCormick
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94158-9001, USA
| | - Gordon Whiteley
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Josip Blonder
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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35
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Cui X, Jing X, Wu X, Wang Z, Li Q. Potential effect of smoking on semen quality through DNA damage and the downregulation of Chk1 in sperm. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:753-61. [PMID: 27221653 PMCID: PMC4918538 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have found that smoking is associated with decreased male fertility via altering the quality of semen. However, the mechanism by which cigarette smoking affects semen quality remains to be fully elucidated. Heavy smoking-induced DNA damage has been reported to correlate with abnormal spermatozoa and male infertility. It has been reported that, in response to DNA damage, activation of the checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) facilitates S and G2 checkpoint arrest. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression levels of Chk1 in sperm cells of smoking and non-smoking men, and to further examine the correlation between DNA fragmentation rates and the expression levels of Chk1 with smoking. The present study was performed on a cohort of 841 smoking men and 287 non-smoking men. In the investigation, sperm concentration, motility, viability, seminal plasma zinc concentration, acrosin activity and sperm DNA fragmentation were examined. The gene and protein expression levels of Chk1 were detected using reverse transcription quantitative-polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses, respectively. It was observed that the progressive motility of the sperm was significantly decreased in the moderate and heavy smoking groups, whereas no significant changes were observed in the mild smoking group. The sperm in the medium-term smoking group had significantly decreased progressive motility, and the semen concentration, sperm count and progressive motility vitality were markedly decreased in the long-term smoking group. Compared with the non-smoking group, the abnormal head rates in the heavy smoking group and long-term smoking group were significantly increased. The sperm viability and seminal plasma zinc concentration were markedly increased in the smoking group. Increased DNA fragmentation rates were found in the smoking group. The expression of Chk1 was significantly decreased in the smoking group, compared with the non-smoking group. Progressive motility and sperm concentration showed a nonlinear association with the relative mRNA expression of Chk1. However, an inverse association was found between DNA fragmentation rates and the progressive motility and sperm concentration. These data suggested that the decrease of semen quality caused by cigarette smoking was not only correlated with sperm DNA fragmentation rates, but was also correlated with a decline in the expressive level of Chk1. The expression of Chk1 was associated with DNA damage and apoptosis, the reduction of which may lead to decreased sperm repair and increased sperm apoptosis, with a subsequent effect on semen quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrong Cui
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Children's Hospital of Shanxi and Women Health Center of Shanxi, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Jing
- Clinical Laboratory, Shanxi Province People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, P.R. China
| | - Xueqing Wu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Children's Hospital of Shanxi and Women Health Center of Shanxi, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, P.R. China
| | - Zhenqiang Wang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Children's Hospital of Shanxi and Women Health Center of Shanxi, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Children's Hospital of Shanxi and Women Health Center of Shanxi, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, P.R. China
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Lee HS, Lee SH, Lee HJ, Chung MJ, Park JY, Park SW, Song SY, Bang S. Statin Use and Its Impact on Survival in Pancreatic Cancer Patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3607. [PMID: 27175667 PMCID: PMC4902509 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins are cholesterol-lowering medications that are associated with a number of signaling pathways involved in carcinogenesis. Recent observational studies raised the possibility that the use of statins may reduce overall mortality in various types of cancer. We investigated whether statins used after pancreatic cancer diagnosis are associated with longer survival in pancreatic cancer patients.We retrospectively analyzed data from 1761 patients newly diagnosed with pancreatic adenocarcinoma between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2014. We used the time-dependent Cox proportional hazards regression model to estimate mortality among pancreatic cancer patients according to statin use.Among the 1761 pancreatic cancer patients, 118 patients had used statins. During the study period, 1176 patients (66.7%) died. After adjusting for age, sex, location of cancer, cancer stage, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, alcohol use, body mass index, and CA 19-9, statin use was associated with a lower risk of cancer death (hazard ratio [HR], 0.780; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.617-0.986), especially among simvastatin users (HR, 0.554; 95% CI, 0.312-0.982) and atorvastatin users (HR, 0.636; 95% CI, 0.437-0.927). Subgroup analysis showed that overall survival was statistically significantly longer in patients with nonmetastatic pancreatic cancer (log-rank P = 0.024).We found that the use of simvastatin and atorvastatin after cancer diagnosis is associated with longer survival in patients with nonmetastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Seung Lee
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Wittenberg AD, Azar S, Klochendler A, Stolovich-Rain M, Avraham S, Birnbaum L, Binder Gallimidi A, Katz M, Dor Y, Meyuhas O. Phosphorylated Ribosomal Protein S6 Is Required for Akt-Driven Hyperplasia and Malignant Transformation, but Not for Hypertrophy, Aneuploidy and Hyperfunction of Pancreatic β-Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149995. [PMID: 26919188 PMCID: PMC4769037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutive expression of active Akt (Akttg) drives hyperplasia and hypertrophy of pancreatic β-cells, concomitantly with increased insulin secretion and improved glucose tolerance, and at a later stage the development of insulinoma. To determine which functions of Akt are mediated by ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6), an Akt effector, we generated mice that express constitutive Akt in β-cells in the background of unphosphorylatable ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6P-/-). rpS6 phosphorylation deficiency failed to block Akttg-induced hypertrophy and aneuploidy in β-cells, as well as the improved glucose homeostasis, indicating that Akt carries out these functions independently of rpS6 phosphorylation. In contrast, rpS6 phosphorylation deficiency efficiently restrained the reduction in nuclear localization of the cell cycle inhibitor p27, as well as the development of Akttg-driven hyperplasia and tumor formation in β-cells. In vitro experiments with Akttg and rpS6P-/-;Akttg fibroblasts demonstrated that rpS6 phosphorylation deficiency leads to reduced translation fidelity, which might underlie its anti-tumorigenic effect in the pancreas. However, the role of translation infidelity in tumor suppression cannot simply be inferred from this heterologous experimental model, as rpS6 phosphorylation deficiency unexpectedly elevated the resistance of Akttg fibroblasts to proteotoxic, genotoxic as well as autophagic stresses. In contrast, rpS6P-/- fibroblasts exhibited a higher sensitivity to these stresses upon constitutive expression of oncogenic Kras. The latter result provides a possible mechanistic explanation for the ability of rpS6 phosphorylation deficiency to enhance DNA damage and protect mice from Kras-induced neoplastic transformation in the exocrine pancreas. We propose that Akt1 and Kras exert their oncogenic properties through distinct mechanisms, even though both show addiction to rpS6 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avigail Dreazen Wittenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shahar Azar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Agnes Klochendler
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Miri Stolovich-Rain
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shlomit Avraham
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lea Birnbaum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adi Binder Gallimidi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Maximiliano Katz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yuval Dor
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Oded Meyuhas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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38
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Syljuåsen RG, Hasvold G, Hauge S, Helland Å. Targeting lung cancer through inhibition of checkpoint kinases. Front Genet 2015; 6:70. [PMID: 25774168 PMCID: PMC4343027 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of checkpoint kinases ATR, Chk1, and Wee1 are currently being tested in preclinical and clinical trials. Here, we review the basic principles behind the use of such inhibitors as anticancer agents, and particularly discuss their potential for treatment of lung cancer. As lung cancer is one of the most deadly cancers, new treatment strategies are highly needed. We discuss how checkpoint kinase inhibition in principle can lead to selective killing of lung cancer cells while sparing the surrounding normal tissues. Several features of lung cancer may potentially be exploited for targeting through inhibition of checkpoint kinases, including mutated p53, low ERCC1 levels, amplified Myc, tumor hypoxia and presence of lung cancer stem cells. Synergistic effects have also been reported between inhibitors of ATR/Chk1/Wee1 and conventional lung cancer treatments, such as gemcitabine, cisplatin, or radiation. Altogether, inhibitors of ATR, Chk1, and Wee1 are emerging as new cancer treatment agents, likely to be useful in lung cancer treatment. However, as lung tumors are very diverse, the inhibitors are unlikely to be effective in all patients, and more work is needed to determine how such inhibitors can be utilized in the most optimal ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi G Syljuåsen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo, Norway
| | - Grete Hasvold
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo, Norway
| | - Sissel Hauge
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo, Norway
| | - Åslaug Helland
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo, Norway ; Department of Oncology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo, Norway
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