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Taguchi A, Yoshimoto D, Kusakabe M, Baba S, Kawata A, Miyamoto Y, Mori M, Sone K, Hirota Y, Osuga Y. Impact of human papillomavirus types on uterine cervical neoplasia. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2024. [PMID: 38852606 DOI: 10.1111/jog.15995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a major cause of cervical cancer. As the natural history of HPV-associated cervical lesions is HPV genotype-dependent, it is important to understand the characteristics of these genotypes and to manage them accordingly. Among high-risk HPVs, HPV16 and 18 are particularly aggressive, together accounting for 70% of HPV genotypes detected in cervical cancer. Other than HPV16 and 18, HPV31, 33, 35, 45, 52, and 58 are also at a high risk of progression to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)3 or higher. Recent studies have shown that the natural history of HPV16, 18, 52, and 58, which are frequently detected in Japan, depends on the HPV genotype. For example, HPV16 tends to progress in a stepwise fashion from CIN1 to CIN3, while HPV52 and 58 are more likely to persist in the CIN1 to CIN2 state. Among the high-risk HPVs, HPV18 has some peculiar characteristics different from those of other high-risk HPV types; the detection rate in precancerous lesions is much lower than those of other high-risk HPVs, and it is frequently detected in highly malignant adenocarcinoma and small cell carcinoma. Recent findings demonstrate that HPV18 may be characterized by latent infection and carcinogenesis in stem cell-like cells. In this context, this review outlines the natural history of HPV-infected cervical lesions and the characteristics of each HPV genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Taguchi
- Laboratory of Human Single Cell Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yoshimoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Misako Kusakabe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Baba
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Kawata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Miyamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayuyo Mori
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenbun Sone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hirota
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Osuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Wang Y, Qiu H, Lin R, Hong W, Lu J, Ling H, Sun X, Yang C. Advancements in the Understanding of Small-Cell Neuroendocrine Cervical Cancer: Where We Stand and What Lies Ahead. J Pers Med 2024; 14:462. [PMID: 38793044 PMCID: PMC11122604 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14050462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Small-cell neuroendocrine cervical carcinoma (SCNCC) is a rare yet aggressive gynecological malignancy associated with dismal clinical outcomes. Its rarity has led to a limited number of retrospective studies and an absence of prospective research, posing significant challenges for evidence-based treatment approaches. As a result, most gynecologic oncology centers have limited experience with this tumor, emphasizing the urgent need for a comprehensive review and summary. This article systematically reviews the pathogenesis, immunohistochemical and molecular characteristics, prognostic factors, and clinical management of gynecologic SCNCC. We specifically focused on reviewing the distinct genomic characteristics of SCNCC identified via next-generation sequencing technologies, including loss of heterozygosity (LOH), somatic mutations, structural variations (SVs), and microRNA alterations. The identification of these actionable genomic events offers promise for discovering new molecular targets for drug development and enhancing therapeutic outcomes. Additionally, we delve deeper into key clinical challenges, such as determining the optimal treatment modality between chemoradiation and surgery for International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage I phase patients within a precision stratification framework, as well as the role of targeted therapy within the homologous recombination (HR) pathway, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) in the management of SCNCC. Finally, we anticipate the utilization of multiple SCNCC models, including cancer tissue-originated spheroid (CTOS) lines and patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), to decipher driver events and develop individualized therapeutic strategies for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Hangzhou 310006, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hui Qiu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Rongjie Lin
- Department of Radiotherapy, West China Xiamen Hospital of Sichuan University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Weiwei Hong
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Jiahao Lu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Huan Ling
- Department of Ultrasound in Gynecology and Obstetrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiaoge Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 750306, China
| | - Chunxu Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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Cuomo R, Rozen WM, Pentangelo P, Ceccaroni A, Alfano C, Seth I. Human Papillomavirus-Associated Giant Clear Cell Acanthoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Rare Case Report and Literature Review. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2482. [PMID: 38731009 PMCID: PMC11084788 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13092482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Clear cell acanthoma (CCA) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) represent distinct entities within dermatological oncology, each posing unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. CCA is a rare, benign epidermal growth, often not associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, whereas SCC, a more aggressive form of skin cancer, has been linked to both ultraviolet (UV) exposure and HPV. Understanding the co-occurrence of these conditions in a single patient can enhance diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic outcomes. We report a 64-year-old male who underwent an operation for a verruciform lesion in the right groin, which was diagnosed as HPV-positive CCA alongside keratinised SCC. A literature search across January 2024 revealed limited evidence directly linking HPV to CCA, suggesting a need for further investigation. The speculative association between HPV and CCA warrants deeper exploration, especially considering the potential for HPV to contribute to lesion development through indirect mechanisms. The coexistence of CCA and SCC in an elderly patient presents a unique clinical scenario. This emphasises the need for vigilant diagnosis and tailored treatment strategies, highlighting the gap in understanding the pathogenesis of CCA, particularly its potential association with HPV. Further research is crucial for elucidating the complex interactions governing these conditions and for developing targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cuomo
- Plastic Surgery Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Warren M. Rozen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peninsula Health, Melbourne, VIC 3199, Australia
| | - Paola Pentangelo
- Plastic Surgery Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ceccaroni
- Plastic Surgery Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Carmine Alfano
- Plastic Surgery Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Ishith Seth
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peninsula Health, Melbourne, VIC 3199, Australia
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Sastre-Garau X, Estrada-Virrueta L, Radvanyi F. HPV DNA Integration at Actionable Cancer-Related Genes Loci in HPV-Associated Carcinomas. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1584. [PMID: 38672666 PMCID: PMC11048798 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In HPV-associated carcinomas, some examples of cancer-related genes altered by viral insertion and corresponding to potential therapeutic targets have been described, but no quantitative assessment of these events, including poorly recurrent targets, has been reported to date. To document these occurrences, we built and analyzed a database comprised of 1455 cases, including HPV genotypes and tumor localizations. Host DNA sequences targeted by viral integration were classified as "non-recurrent" (one single reported case; 838 loci), "weakly recurrent" (two reported cases; 82 loci), and highly recurrent (≥3 cases; 43 loci). Whereas the overall rate of cancer-related target genes was 3.3% in the Gencode database, this rate increased to 6.5% in "non-recurrent", 11.4% in "weakly recurrent", and 40.1% in "highly recurrent" genes targeted by integration (p = 4.9 × 10-4). This rate was also significantly higher in tumors associated with high-risk HPV16/18/45 than other genotypes. Among the genes targeted by HPV insertion, 30.2% corresponded to direct or indirect druggable targets, a rate rising to 50% in "highly recurrent" targets. Using data from the literature and the DepMap 23Q4 release database, we found that genes targeted by viral insertion could be new candidates potentially involved in HPV-associated oncogenesis. A more systematic characterization of HPV/host fusion DNA sequences in HPV-associated cancers should provide a better knowledge of HPV-driven carcinogenesis and favor the development of personalize patient treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Sastre-Garau
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, 40, Avenue de Verdun, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Lilia Estrada-Virrueta
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 75005 Paris, France; (L.E.-V.); (F.R.)
| | - François Radvanyi
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 75005 Paris, France; (L.E.-V.); (F.R.)
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Alsufyani D. Evidence of zoonotic pathogens through biophysically induced genomic variance. Q Rev Biophys 2024; 57:e2. [PMID: 38477116 DOI: 10.1017/s0033583524000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Zoonoses are infectious agents that are transmissible between animals and humans. Up to 60% of known infectious diseases and 75% of emergent diseases are zoonotic. Genomic variation between homeostatic populations provides a novel window into the effect of environmental pathogens on allelic distributions within the populations. Genodynamics is a biophysical approach utilizing developed metrics on biallelic single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that can be used to quantify the adaptive influences due to pathogens. A genomic free energy that is minimized when overall population health is optimized describes the influence of environmental agents upon genomic variation. A double-blind exploration of over 100 thousand SNPs searching for smooth functional dependencies upon four zoonotic pathogens carried by four possible hosts amidst populations that live in their ancestral environments has been conducted. Exemplars that infectious agents can have significant adaptive influence on human populations are presented. One discussed SNP is likely associated with both adaptive and innate immune regulation. The adaptive response of another SNP suggests an intriguing connection between zoonoses and human cancers. The adaptive forces of the presented pathogens upon the human genome have been quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniah Alsufyani
- College of Sciences and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Cui X, Li Y, Zhang C, Qi Y, Sun Y, Li W. Multiple HPV integration mode in the cell lines based on long-reads sequencing. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1294146. [PMID: 38169727 PMCID: PMC10758443 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1294146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The integration of human papillomavirus (HPV) is closely related to the occurrence of cervical cancer. However, little is known about the complete state of HPV integration into the host genome. Methods In this study, three HPV-positive cell lines, HeLa, SiHa, and CaSki, were subjected to NANOPORE long-read sequencing to detect HPV integration. Analysis of viral integration patterns using independently developed software (HPV-TSD) yielded multiple complete integration patterns for the three HPV cell lines. Results We found distinct differences between the integration patterns of HPV18 and HPV16. Furthermore, the integration characteristics of the viruses were significantly different, even though they all belonged to HPV16 integration. The HPV integration in the CaSki cells was relatively complex. The HPV18 integration status in HeLa cells was the dominant, whereas the percentage of integrated HPV 16 in SiHa and CaSki cells was significantly lower. In addition, the virus sequences in the HeLa cells were incomplete and existed in an integrated state. We also identified a large number of tandem repeats in HPV16 and HPV18 integration. Our study not only clarified the feasibility of high-throughput long-read sequencing in the study of HPV integration, but also explored a variety of HPV integration models, and confirmed that viral integration is an important form of HPV in cell lines. Conclusion Elucidating HPV integration patterns will provide critical guidance for developing a detection algorithm for HPV integration, as well as the application of virus integration in clinical practice and drug research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Cui
- Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | | | - Chuanpeng Zhang
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Yanwei Qi
- School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Weiyang Li
- Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
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Jin Y, Wang Z, Huang S, Liu C, Wu X, Wang H. Identify and validate circadian regulators as potential prognostic markers and immune infiltrates in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19939. [PMID: 37968308 PMCID: PMC10651996 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46560-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a heterogeneity pathological malignant cancer with leading causes of morbidity and mortality. EGFR inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors have become novel treatments. However, the mechanism still remained uncertain. Several studies have confirmed that the circadian rhythms induce multiple malignancies developing. We utilized multi-omics analysis to demonstrate the crosstalk between circadian clock genes and tumor microenvironment in HNSCC. Firstly, we performed the LASSO Cox regression analysis based on the 16 important clock genes. A 7-gene risk model was successfully established in TCGA and validated in GEO datasets. Next, CIBERSORT and ESTIMATE methods were performed to display the immune landscape of high risk and low risk groups, and the results showed that high abundance of mast cells activated, dendritic cells activated and neutrophils were positively correlated with poor OS. To further identify hub genes, Kaplan Meier plot was applied in all TCGA and GEO datasets and two hub genes (PER2, and PER3) were identified, especially PER3, which was found strongly associated with immune score, PDCD1, CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in HNSCCC. Moreover, to explore the innate mechanism of circadian-induced pathway, we constructed a circadian-related ceRNA regulatory network containing 34 lncRNAs, 3 miRNAs and 4 core circadian genes. In-vitro experiments also verified that Per2 or Per3 could suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of HNSC. This study unraveled the association between PER3 and prognosis in patients with HNSC and the innate mechanism remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Zhanwang Wang
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Siwei Huang
- School of Humanities and Management, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Xiangwei Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
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Wang W, Zhang F, Li Y, Chen B, Gu Y, Shan Y, Li Y, Chen W, Jin Y, Pan L. Whole exome sequencing identifies common mutational landscape of cervix and endometrium small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1182029. [PMID: 37920164 PMCID: PMC10618670 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1182029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Primary small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the cervix and endometrium are rare gynecological malignancies with limited treatment options. This study aimed to improve the understanding of the carcinogenesis process and identify potential therapeutic targets for these two tumor types by constructing the mutational landscape at the whole exome level. Methods Primary tumor tissues and their matched blood samples were obtained from 10 patients with small cell cervical neuroendocrine carcinoma (NECC) and five patients with small cell endometrial neuroendocrine carcinoma (NECE). Whole exome sequencing was performed to construct the somatic mutation profiles. Mutational signature and recurrent mutated gene analysis were used to identify tumor subtypes and common carcinogenesis processes. Results Based on the burden of different mutational signatures, the NECCs in this work can be divided into two subtypes, including the mismatch repair deficiency like (dMMR-like) type (4/10) and the high spontaneous deamination type (6/10). Components of the PI3K/AKT signaling and RAS signaling were exclusively mutated in these two subtypes, respectively. The integration of human papillomavirus made a limited contribution to tumorigenesis in NECC (20%). The dysfunction of the mismatch repair system and microsatellite instability are the major features of NECE. PI3K/AKT, JAK/STAT signaling, and chromatin remodeling activity were the common mutated pathways in NECE. PIK3CA, WNK2, and KMT2B underwent mutations in both the dMMR-like subtype of NECC (50% - 75%) and in NECE (60% - 80%) specimens, while exhibiting infrequent mutational occurrences in publicly available data pertaining to neuroendocrine carcinomas of the lung or bladder (< 10%). Conclusion We identified the two subtypes of NECC with distinct mutated pathways and potential therapy targets. The dMMR-like type NECC and NECE may share a similar carcinogenesis process that include dysfunction of PI3K/AKT signaling, cell cycle, antiapoptotic processes, and chromatin remodeling activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric and Gynecologic Diseases, Beijing, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fifth People’s Hospital of Ningxia, Shizuishan, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric and Gynecologic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Gu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric and Gynecologic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Shan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric and Gynecologic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yaping Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fifth People’s Hospital of Ningxia, Shizuishan, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric and Gynecologic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Lingya Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric and Gynecologic Diseases, Beijing, China
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Kumarasamy G, Ismail MN, Tuan Sharif SE, Desire C, Mittal P, Hoffmann P, Kaur G. Protein Profiling in Human Papillomavirus-Associated Cervical Carcinogenesis: Cornulin as a Biomarker for Disease Progression. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:3603-3627. [PMID: 37185759 PMCID: PMC10137006 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45040235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly 90% of cervical cancers are linked to human papillomavirus (HPV). Uncovering the protein signatures in each histological phase of cervical oncogenesis provides a path to biomarker discovery. The proteomes extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues of the normal cervix, HPV16/18-associated squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were compared using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). A total of 3597 proteins were identified, with 589, 550, and 1570 proteins unique to the normal cervix, SIL, and SCC groups, respectively, while 332 proteins overlapped between the three groups. In the transition from normal cervix to SIL, all 39 differentially expressed proteins were downregulated, while all 51 proteins discovered were upregulated in SIL to SCC. The binding process was the top molecular function, while chromatin silencing in the SIL vs. normal group, and nucleosome assembly in SCC vs. SIL groups was the top biological process. The PI3 kinase pathway appears crucial in initiating neoplastic transformation, while viral carcinogenesis and necroptosis are important for cell proliferation, migration, and metastasis in cervical cancer development. Annexin A2 and cornulin were selected for validation based on LC-MS results. The former was downregulated in the SIL vs. normal cervix and upregulated in the progression from SIL to SCC. In contrast, cornulin exhibited the highest expression in the normal cervix and lowest in SCC. Although other proteins, such as histones, collagen, and vimentin, were differentially expressed, their ubiquitous expression in most cells precluded further analysis. Immunohistochemical analysis of tissue microarrays found no significant difference in Annexin A2 expression between the groups. Conversely, cornulin exhibited the strongest expression in the normal cervix and lowest in SCC, supporting its role as a tumor suppressor and potential biomarker for disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaayathri Kumarasamy
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nazri Ismail
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre (ABrC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Sharifah Emilia Tuan Sharif
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Christopher Desire
- Clinical Health Sciences, University of South Australia, City West Campus, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Parul Mittal
- Clinical Health Sciences, University of South Australia, City West Campus, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Peter Hoffmann
- Clinical Health Sciences, University of South Australia, City West Campus, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Gurjeet Kaur
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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10
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Liu M, Han Z, Zhi Y, Ruan Y, Cao G, Wang G, Xu X, Mu J, Kang J, Dai F, Wen X, Zhang Q, Li F. Long-read sequencing reveals oncogenic mechanism of HPV-human fusion transcripts in cervical cancer. Transl Res 2023; 253:80-94. [PMID: 36223881 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Integration of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) into the host genome is a crucial event for the development of cervical cancer, however, the underlying mechanism of HPV integration-driven carcinogenesis remains unknown. Here, we performed long-read RNA sequencing on 12 high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) and cervical cancer patients, including 3 pairs of cervical cancer and corresponding para-cancerous tissue samples to investigate the full-length landscape of cross-species genome integrations. In addition to massive unannotated isoforms, transcriptional regulatory events, and gene chimerism, more importantly, we found that HPV-human fusion events were prevalent in HPV-associated cervical cancers. Combined with the genome data, we revealed the existence of a universal transcription pattern in these fusion events, whereby structurally similar fusion transcripts were generated by specific splicing in E6 and a canonical splicing donor site in E1 linking to various human splicing acceptors. Highly expressed HPV-human fusion transcripts, eg, HPV16 E6*I-E7-E1SD880-human gene, were the key driver of cervical carcinogenesis, which could trigger overexpression of E6*I and E7, and destroy the transcription of tumor suppressor genes CMAHP, TP63 and P3H2. Finally, evidence from in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrates that the novel read-through fusion gene mRNA, E1-CMAHP (E1C, formed by the integration of HPV58 E1 with CMAHP), existed in the fusion transcript can promote malignant transformation of cervical epithelial cells via regulating downstream oncogenes to participate in various biological processes. Taken together, we reveal a previously unknown mechanism of HPV integration-driven carcinogenesis and provide a novel target for the diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqiang Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Zhi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yetian Ruan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangxu Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangxue Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinxin Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianbing Mu
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Jiuhong Kang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangping Dai
- Genome-decoding Biomedical Technology Co., Ltd, Nantong, China
| | - Xuejun Wen
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Qingfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Clinical Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Research, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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11
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Gupta AK, Kumar M. An integrative approach toward identification and analysis of therapeutic targets involved in HPV pathogenesis with a focus on carcinomas. Cancer Biomark 2023; 36:31-52. [PMID: 36245368 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-210413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent infection of high-risk HPVs is known to cause diverse carcinomas, mainly cervical, oropharyngeal, penile, etc. However, efficient treatment is still lacking. OBJECTIVE Identify and analyze potential therapeutic targets involved in HPV oncogenesis and repurposing drug candidates. METHODS Integrative analyses were performed on the compendium of 1887 HPV infection-associated or integration-driven disrupted genes cataloged from the Open Targets Platform and HPVbase resource. Potential target genes are prioritized using STRING, Cytoscape, cytoHubba, and MCODE. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis are performed. Further, TCGA cancer genomic data of CESC and HNSCC is analyzed. Moreover, regulatory networks are also deduced by employing NetworkAnalyst. RESULTS We have implemented a unique approach for identifying and prioritizing druggable targets and repurposing drug candidates against HPV oncogenesis. Overall, hundred key genes with 44 core targets were prioritized with transcription factors (TFs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) regulators pertinent to HPV pathogenesis. Genomic alteration profiling further substantiated our findings. Among identified druggable targets, TP53, NOTCH1, PIK3CA, EP300, CREBBP, EGFR, ERBB2, PTEN, and FN1 are frequently mutated in CESC and HNSCC. Furthermore, PIK3CA, CCND1, RFC4, KAT5, MYC, PTK2, EGFR, and ERBB2 show significant copy number gain, and FN1, CHEK1, CUL1, EZH2, NRAS, and H2AFX was marked for the substantial copy number loss in both carcinomas. Likewise, under-explored relevant regulators, i.e., TFs (HINFP, ARID3A, NFATC2, NKX3-2, EN1) and miRNAs (has-mir-98-5p, has-mir-24-3p, has-mir-192-5p, has-mir-519d-3p) is also identified. CONCLUSIONS We have identified potential therapeutic targets, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulators to explicate HPV pathogenesis as well as potential repurposing drug candidates. This study would aid in biomarker and drug discovery against HPV-mediated carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Gupta
- Virology Unit and Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Chandigarh, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Virology Unit and Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Chandigarh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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12
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Wang C, Bai R, Liu Y, Wang K, Wang Y, Yang J, Cai H, Yang P. Multi-region sequencing depicts intratumor heterogeneity and clonal evolution in cervical cancer. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 40:78. [PMID: 36635412 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01942-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a heterogeneous malignancy mainly caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). While a few studies have revealed heterogeneity of cervical cancer in chromosome levels, the correlation between genetic heterogeneity and HPV integration in cervical cancer remains unknown. Here, we applied multi-region whole-exome sequencing and HPV integration analysis to explore intratumor heterogeneity in cervical cancer. We sequenced 20 tumor regions and 5 adjacent normal tissues from 5 cervical cancer patients, analysis based on somatic mutations and somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs) levels were performed. Variable heterogeneity was observed between the five patients with different tumor stages and HPV infection statuses. We found HPV integration has a positive effect on somatic mutation burden, but the relation to SCNAs remains unclear. Frequently mutated genes in cervical cancer were identified as trunk events, such as FBXW7, PIK3CA, FAT1 in somatic mutations and TP63, MECOM, PIK3CA, TBL1XR1 in SCNAs. New potential driver genes in cervical cancer were summarized including POU2F2, TCF7 and UBE2A. The SCNAs level has potential relation with tumor stage, and Signature 3 related to homologous recombination deficiency may be the appropriate biomarker in advanced cervical cancer. Mutation signature analysis also revealed a potential pattern that APOBEC-associated signature occurs in early stage and signatures associated with DNA damage repair arise at the later stage of cervical cancer evolution. In a conclusion, our study provides insights into the potential relationship between HPV infection and tumor heterogeneity. Those results enhanced our understanding of tumorigenesis and progression in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Center of Growth, Metabolism, and Aging, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Rui Bai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832008, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832008, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Center of Growth, Metabolism, and Aging, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Center of Growth, Metabolism, and Aging, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Center of Growth, Metabolism, and Aging, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Haoyang Cai
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Center of Growth, Metabolism, and Aging, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832008, China.
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13
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Huang Y, Zou D, Guo M, He M, He H, Li X, Zheng Q, Li Q, Mao Z. HPV and radiosensitivity of cervical cancer: a narrative review. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:1405. [PMID: 36660629 PMCID: PMC9843372 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-5930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective Cervical cancer (CC), the most common gynecological malignancy, is divided into two categories: human papillomavirus-related [HPV positive (HPV+)] and non-HPV-related [HPV negative (HPV-)]. Compared with HPV- CC, HPV+ CC has better radiosensitivity and prognosis. We conducted a literature search and summarized relevant studies to explore the detailed mechanisms by which HPV+ improves the prognosis of CC compared to HPV-. Methods PubMed was used to search the literature on human papillomavirus, cervical cancer, and radiotherapy up to June 2022. Key Content and Findings Compared with HPV- CC, HPV+ CC has better radiotherapy outcomes and better prognosis. HPV improves the radiotherapy sensitivity of CC by inhibiting damaged DNA repair, increasing cell cycle arrest, reducing hypoxia, increasing cellular immune response, and other mechanisms. However, the effect of HPV on radiotherapy sensitivity of CC is not consistent and is affected by HPV type, viral load, and many other factors. Partial HPV+ CCs, due to hypoxia and other factors, are resistant to radiotherapy and have a poor prognosis. HPV- CC has poor radiotherapy sensitivity and poor prognosis. With the spread of the vaccine, HPV- CC will gradually increase, which is a cause for concern. Conclusions The radiosensitivity was significantly increased in patients with HPV+ CC, compared to HPV- patients. HPV improves the radiotherapy sensitivity of cervical cancer through a number of pathways. Meanwhile, the relationship between HPV and radiotherapy sensitivity is influenced by a number of factors. Some HPV+ CCs showed radiotherapy resistance, and HPV- CCs deserve further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Huang
- Department of Gynecological Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongling Zou
- Department of Gynecological Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingfang Guo
- Department of Gynecological Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Misi He
- Department of Gynecological Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao He
- Department of Gynecological Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiuying Li
- Department of Gynecological Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Zheng
- Department of Gynecological Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiaoling Li
- Department of Gynecological Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zejia Mao
- Department of Gynecological Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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14
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Direct Comparison of HPV16 Viral Genomic Integration, Copy Loss, and Structural Variants in Oropharyngeal and Uterine Cervical Cancers Reveal Distinct Relationships to E2 Disruption and Somatic Alteration. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184488. [PMID: 36139648 PMCID: PMC9496734 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx caused by HPV type 16 (HPV16+ OPSCC) is the most common HPV-associated malignancy in the USA and has many molecular differences from uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma (UCSCC). Our understanding of HPV oncogenesis relied on studies of UCSCC revealing a consensus model reliant on HPV integration with a loss of E2. Here, we compare patterns of HPV integration in UCSCC and OPSCC by analysis of affinity capture sequencing of the HPV16 genome in 104 OPSCC and 44 UCSCC tumors. These cohorts were contemporaneously sequenced using an identical strategy. Integration was identified using discordant read pair clustering and assembly-based approaches. Viral integration sites, structural variants, and copy losses were examined. While large-scale deep losses of HPV16 genes were common in UCSCC and were associated with E2 loss, deep copy losses of the HPV16 genome were infrequent in HPV16+ OPSCC. Similarly, structural variants within HPV16 favored E2 loss in UCSCC but not OPSCC. HPV16 integration sites were non-random, with recurrent integration hot-spots identified. OPSCC tumors had many more integration sites per tumor when compared to UCSCC and had more integration sites in genomic regions with high gene density. These data show that viral integration and E2 disruption are distinct in UCSCC and OPSCC. Our findings also add to growing literature suggesting that HPV tumorigenesis in OPSCC does not follow the model developed based on UCSCC.
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15
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Wang H, Jiang Y, Jin H, Wang C. ERBB2 promoter demethylation and immune cell infiltration promote a poor prognosis for cancer patients. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1012138. [PMID: 36172165 PMCID: PMC9511046 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1012138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2 (ERBB2) expression is a critical factor for the prognosis of various cancers. ERBB2 enrichment indicates a poor prognosis in some cancer types but could be a favorable prognostic factor in others. Methods We analyzed DNA methylation, mRNA, protein, immune cell infiltration, and related signaling pathways using TIMER2.0, GEPIA2, STRING, and UALCAN portal datasets in tumor tissues of diverse cancer types and their matched normal tissues. Results ERBB2 promoter demethylation increases transcript protein amplification and promotes a poor prognosis for cancer patients. ERBB2 gain-of-function procures immune cell infiltration for tumor growth and drives away T regulatory cells, which suppress or downregulate induction and proliferation of effector T cells. The downstream signaling pathways, such as tumor proliferation, ECM-related genes, and degradation of ECM, are involved in ERBB2 gene demethylation and immune activation in cancer progression. Conclusion ERBB2 gene demethylation leads to a poor prognosis in cancer patients, which is strongly influenced by the composition and abundance of tumor immune cell infiltration. ERBB2 demethylation could be used in clinical practice to identify immune profiles and direct therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongting Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Drug Research and Development Center, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Screening and Re-Evaluation of Active Compounds of Herbal Medicines in Southern Anhui, Wuhu, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Wuhu, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Hongting Wang, ; Cunqin Wang,
| | - Yongxu Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Drug Research and Development Center, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Huanhuan Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Drug Research and Development Center, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Screening and Re-Evaluation of Active Compounds of Herbal Medicines in Southern Anhui, Wuhu, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Wuhu, China
| | - Cunqin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Drug Research and Development Center, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Screening and Re-Evaluation of Active Compounds of Herbal Medicines in Southern Anhui, Wuhu, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Wuhu, China
- *Correspondence: Hongting Wang, ; Cunqin Wang,
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16
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Løvestad AH, Repesa A, Costanzi JM, Lagström S, Christiansen IK, Rounge TB, Ambur OH. Differences in integration frequencies and APOBEC3 profiles of five high-risk HPV types adheres to phylogeny. Tumour Virus Res 2022; 14:200247. [PMID: 36100161 PMCID: PMC9485212 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2022.200247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is responsible for almost all cases of cervical cancers, and HPV16 and HPV18 associated with the majority of these. These types differ in the proportion of viral minor nucleotide variants (MNVs) caused by APOBEC3 mutagenesis as well as integration frequencies. Whether these traits extend to other types remains uncertain. This study aimed to investigate and compare genomic variability and chromosomal integration in the two phylogenetically distinct Alpha-7 and Alpha-9 clades of carcinogenic HPV types. The TaME-seq protocol was employed to sequence cervical cell samples positive for HPV31, HPV33 or HPV45 and combine these with data from a previous study on HPV16 and HPV18. APOBEC3 mutation signatures were found in Alpha-9 (HPV16/31/33) but not in Alpha-7 (HPV18/45). HPV45 had significantly more MNVs compared to the other types. Alpha-7 had higher integration frequency compared to Alpha-9. An increase in integration frequency with increased diagnostic severity was found for Alpha-7. The results highlight important differences and broaden our understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind cervical cancer induced by high-risk HPV types from the Alpha-7 and Alpha-9 clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hesselberg Løvestad
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Adina Repesa
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jean-Marc Costanzi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Sonja Lagström
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway,Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Irene Kraus Christiansen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway,Department of Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital and University of Oslo, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Trine B. Rounge
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway,Centre for Bioinformatics, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Corresponding author. Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole Herman Ambur
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway,Corresponding authors.
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17
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Bhide S. Circulating Human Papillomavirus DNA as a Marker of Minimally Residual Disease After Surgery for Oropharyngeal Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2022; 113:539-541. [PMID: 35777398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shreerang Bhide
- Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
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18
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Wei E, Reisinger A, Li J, French LE, Clanner-Engelshofen B, Reinholz M. Integration of scRNA-Seq and TCGA RNA-Seq to Analyze the Heterogeneity of HPV+ and HPV- Cervical Cancer Immune Cells and Establish Molecular Risk Models. Front Oncol 2022; 12:860900. [PMID: 35719936 PMCID: PMC9198569 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.860900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous studies support that Human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause cervical cancer. However, few studies have surveyed the heterogeneity of HPV infected or uninfected (HPV+ and HPV-) cervical cancer (CESC) patients. Integration of scRNA-seq and TCGA data to analyze the heterogeneity of HPV+ and HPV- cervical cancer patients on a single-cell level could improve understanding of the cellular mechanisms during HPV-induced cervical cancer. Methods CESC scRNA-seq data obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and the Seurat, Monocle3 package were used for scRNA-seq data analysis. The ESTIMATE package was used for single-sample gene immune score, CIBERSORT package was used to identify immune scores of cells, and the “WGCNA” package for the weighted correlation network analysis. Univariate Cox and LASSO regression were performed to establish survival and relapse signatures. KEGG and GO analyses were performed for the signature gene. Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis was used for Pan-cancer analysis. Results In the HPV+ CESC group, CD8+ T cells and B cells were down-regulated, whereas T reg cells, CD4+ T cells, and epithelial cells were up-regulated according to scRNA-seq data. Survival analysis of TCGA-CESC revealed that increased expression of naive B cells or CD8+ T cells favors the survival probability of CESC patients. WGCNA, univariate Cox, and LASSO Cox regression established a 9-genes survival signature and a 7-gene relapse model. Pan-cancer analysis identified IKZF3, FOXP3, and JAK3 had a similar distribution and effects in HPV-associated HNSC. Conclusion Analysis of scRNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq of HPV+ and HPV- CESC samples revealed heterogeneity from transcriptional state to immune infiltration. Survival and relapse models were adjusted according to the heterogeneity of HPV+ and HPV- CESC immune cells to assess the prognostic risk accurately. Hub genes represent similar protection in HPV- associated HNSC while showing irrelevant to other potential HPV-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdong Wei
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU) Munich, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Amin Reisinger
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU) Munich, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Jiahua Li
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU) Munich, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Lars E French
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU) Munich, University Hospital, Munich, Germany.,Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery , Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Benjamin Clanner-Engelshofen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU) Munich, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Reinholz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU) Munich, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
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19
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Mateus D, Wiedlocha A. FGF–FGFR signaling promotes the development of invasive cervical cancer. FEBS J 2022; 289:3419-3421. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.16384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Duarte Mateus
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology Institute for Cancer Research The Norwegian Radium Hospital Oslo University Hospital Montebello Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming Institute of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo Montebello Norway
| | - Antoni Wiedlocha
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology Institute for Cancer Research The Norwegian Radium Hospital Oslo University Hospital Montebello Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming Institute of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo Montebello Norway
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20
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Xie S, Ding B, Wang S, Zhang X, Yan W, Xia Q, Meng D, Shen S, Yu B, Liu H, Hu J, Wang S. Construction of hypoxia-immune-related prognostic model and targeted therapeutic strategies for cervical cancer. Int Immunol 2022; 34:379-394. [PMID: 35561666 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that hypoxia and immunity play important roles in tumorigenesis and development. However, the hypoxia-immune-related prognostic risk model has not been established in cervical cancer (CC). We aimed to construct a hypoxia-immune-based prognostic risk model with potential application in CC patient prognosis and predicting response to targeted therapy. The RNA-seq data and corresponding clinical information were retrieved from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Hypoxia and immune status of CC patients were evaluated using the Consensus Clustering method and single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA), respectively. The univariate Cox regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and multivariate Cox regression were applied to establish the prognostic risk model of CC. The chemotherapy response for six chemotherapeutic agents of each CC patient was calculated according to the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer (GDSC). And the Connectivity Map (CMap) database was performed to screen candidate small molecule drugs. In this study, we identified 7 gene signatures (P4HA2, MSMO1, EGLN1, ZNF316, IKZF3, ISCU, MYO1B) with prognostic values. And the survival time of patients with low-risk was significantly longer than those with high-risk. Meanwhile, CC patients in the high-risk group yielded higher sensitivity to five chemotherapeutic agents. And we listed ten candidate small-molecules drugs that exhibited a high correlation with the prognosis of cervical cancer. Thus, the prognostic model can accurately predict the prognosis of patients with CC and may be helpful for the development of new hypoxia-immune prognostic markers and therapeutic strategies for CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Ding
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjing Yan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianqian Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Siyuan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bingjia Yu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haohan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shizhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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21
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Long-read sequencing unveils high-resolution HPV integration and its oncogenic progression in cervical cancer. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2563. [PMID: 35538075 PMCID: PMC9091225 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30190-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Integration of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA into the human genome is considered as a key event in cervical carcinogenesis. Here, we perform comprehensive characterization of large-range virus-human integration events in 16 HPV16-positive cervical tumors using the Nanopore long-read sequencing technology. Four distinct integration types characterized by the integrated HPV DNA segments are identified with Type B being particularly notable as lacking E6/E7 genes. We further demonstrate that multiple clonal integration events are involved in the use of shared breakpoints, the induction of inter-chromosomal translocations and the formation of extrachromosomal circular virus-human hybrid structures. Combined with the corresponding RNA-seq data, we highlight LINC00290, LINC02500 and LENG9 as potential driver genes in cervical cancer. Finally, we reveal the spatial relationship of HPV integration and its various structural variations as well as their functional consequences in cervical cancer. These findings provide insight into HPV integration and its oncogenic progression in cervical cancer. The molecular mechanisms underlying cervical carcinogenesis following integration of HPV DNA into the human genome remain elusive. Here, the authors perform long-read sequencing in 16 HPV16-positive cervical tumors and identify distinct integration types, structural variations and potential driver genes.
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22
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Zhang L, Nan F, Yang L, Dong Y, Tian Y. Differentially expressed
EREG
and
SPP1
are independent prognostic markers in cervical squamous cell carcinoma. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2022; 48:1848-1858. [PMID: 35491469 DOI: 10.1111/jog.15265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Jinan China
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Binzhou Medical University Hospital Binzhou China
| | - Fangfang Nan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Binzhou Medical University Hospital Binzhou China
| | - Lijuan Yang
- Cancer Research Institute Binzhou Medical University Hospital Binzhou China
| | - Yanjun Dong
- Department of Radiology Binzhou Medical University Hospital Binzhou China
| | - Yongjie Tian
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Jinan China
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23
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Regauer S, Reich O, Kashofer K. Cervical Precancers Originate From Infected Proliferating Reserve Cells: A Comparative Histologic and Genetic Study of Thin and Thick High-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions. Am J Surg Pathol 2022; 46:519-527. [PMID: 34619706 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced invasive cervical squamous cell cancer (SCC) develop via high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL). In contrast to classic thick HSIL, thin HSIL (≤9 cell layers) are poorly documented. This study compares histology, HPV genotypes, and aberrations in 50 cancer genes of 45 thin HSIL to 45 thick HSIL, 20 pT1a SCC, and 40 ≥pT1b SCC. Thin HSIL arose from proliferating reserve cells within endocervical epithelium or immature metaplasia throughout the transformation zone after infection with high-risk HPV genotypes (36/45; 80%), and 20% non-high-risk HPV genotypes compared with 2.5% thick HSIL, pT1a SCC, and ≥pT1b SCC. Thin HSIL were multifocal proliferations with varying epithelial thickness between 1 and 2 to 9 cell layers, with occasional transitions to thick HSIL or concomitant lesions of thick HSIL. Overall, 40% thin HSIL were located distant to and most thick HSIL occurred near or at the squamocolumnar junction. Only 20% thick HSIL showed koilocytosis. All HSIL lacked somatic gene mutations, compared with 30% pT1a and 55%≥pT1b SCC. Overrepresented rare germline variants in the MET, JAK3, and FGFR3 genes occurred in all patient groups. In summary, thin and thick HSIL arose independently of somatic gene mutations. The maturation level of the squamous epithelium at the time of transforming infection determines if a thick HSIL develops directly from HPV-infected proliferating reserve cells via thin HSIL or in stratified glycogenated squamous epithelium via low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. These observations raise doubts about the biological relevance of separation into thin and thick HSIL. The oncogenic potential of HPV genotypes but also germline variants may influence the natural history.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olaf Reich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
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24
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Li YS, Ren HC, Cao JH. Correlation of SARS‑CoV‑2 to cancer: Carcinogenic or anticancer? (Review). Int J Oncol 2022; 60:42. [PMID: 35234272 PMCID: PMC8923649 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2022.5332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is highly infectious and pathogenic. Among patients with severe SARS-CoV-2-caused by corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19), those complicated with malignant tumor are vulnerable to COVID-19 due to compromised immune function caused by tumor depletion, malnutrition and anti-tumor treatment. Cancer is closely related to the risk of severe illness and mortality in patients with COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 could promote tumor progression and stimulate metabolism switching in tumor cells to initiate tumor metabolic modes with higher productivity efficiency, such as glycolysis, for facilitating the massive replication of SARS-CoV-2. However, it has been shown that infection with SARS-CoV-2 leads to a delay in tumor progression of patients with natural killer cell (NK cell) lymphoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma, while SARS-CoV-2 elicited anti-tumor immune response may exert a potential oncolytic role in lymphoma patients. The present review briefly summarized potential carcinogenicity and oncolytic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 as well as strategies to protect patients with cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Shuang Li
- Intravenous Drug Administration Center, Department of Pharmacy, The Third People's Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266041, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Cheng Ren
- Intravenous Drug Administration Center, Department of Pharmacy, The Third People's Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266041, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Hua Cao
- Intravenous Drug Administration Center, Department of Pharmacy, The Third People's Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266041, P.R. China
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25
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Yang S, Zhao Q, Tang L, Chen Z, Wu Z, Li K, Lin R, Chen Y, Ou D, Zhou L, Xu J, Qin Q. Whole Genome Assembly of Human Papillomavirus by Nanopore Long-Read Sequencing. Front Genet 2022; 12:798608. [PMID: 35058971 PMCID: PMC8764290 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.798608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a causal agent for most cervical cancers. The physical status of the HPV genome in these cancers could be episomal, integrated, or both. HPV integration could serve as a biomarker for clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Although whole-genome sequencing by next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, such as the Illumina sequencing platform, have been used for detecting integrated HPV genome in cervical cancer, it faces challenges of analyzing long repeats and translocated sequences. In contrast, Oxford nanopore sequencing technology can generate ultra-long reads, which could be a very useful tool for determining HPV genome sequence and its physical status in cervical cancer. As a proof of concept, in this study, we completed whole genome sequencing from a cervical cancer tissue and a CaSki cell line with Oxford Nanopore Technologies. From the cervical cancer tissue, a 7,894 bp-long HPV35 genomic sequence was assembled from 678 reads at 97-fold coverage of HPV genome, sharing 99.96% identity with the HPV sequence obtained by Sanger sequencing. A 7904 bp-long HPV16 genomic sequence was assembled from data generated from the CaSki cell line at 3857-fold coverage, sharing 99.99% identity with the reference genome (NCBI: U89348). Intriguingly, long reads generated by nanopore sequencing directly revealed chimeric cellular-viral sequences and concatemeric genomic sequences, leading to the discovery of 448 unique integration breakpoints in the CaSki cell line and 60 breakpoints in the cervical cancer sample. Taken together, nanopore sequencing is a unique tool to identify HPV sequences and would shed light on the physical status of HPV genome in its associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaibing Yang
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Qianqian Zhao
- Computational Systems Biology Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Lihua Tang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zejia Chen
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zhaoting Wu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Kaixin Li
- Undergraduate Program of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Ruoru Lin
- Undergraduate Program of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Undergraduate Program of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Danlin Ou
- Undergraduate Program of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jianzhen Xu
- Computational Systems Biology Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Qingsong Qin
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Shantou, China
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26
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Mahmood HTNA, Tomas Bort E, Walker AJ, Grose RP, Chioni AM. FGF signalling facilitates cervical cancer progression. FEBS J 2021; 289:3440-3456. [PMID: 34951738 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers in women worldwide. While cervical cancer is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), not all females infected with HPV develop the disease, suggesting that other factors might facilitate its progression. Growing evidence supports the involvement of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) axis in several cancers, including gynecological. However, for cervical cancer, the molecular mechanisms that underpin the disease remain poorly understood, including the role of FGFR signaling. The aim of this study was to investigate FGF(R) signaling in cervical cancer through bioinformatic analysis of cell line and patient data and through detailed expression profiling, manipulation of the FGFR axis, and downstream phenotypic analysis in cell lines (HeLa, SiHa, and CaSki). Expression (protein and mRNA) analysis demonstrated that FGFR1b/c, FGFR2b/c, FGFR4, FGF2, FGF4, and FGF7 were expressed in all three lines. Interestingly, FGFR1 and 2 localized to the nucleus, supporting that nuclear FGFRs could act as transcription factors. Importantly, 2D and 3D cell cultures demonstrated that FGFR activation can facilitate cell functions correlated with invasive disease. Collectively, this study supports an association between FGFR signaling and cervical cancer progression, laying the foundations for the development of therapeutic approaches targeting FGFR in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Tomas Bort
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Anthony J Walker
- School of Life Sciences Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - Richard P Grose
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Athina-Myrto Chioni
- School of Life Sciences Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
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27
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Exome sequencing reveals candidate mutations implicated in sinonasal carcinoma and malignant transformation of sinonasal inverted papilloma. Oral Oncol 2021; 124:105663. [PMID: 34915258 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2021.105663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We explored somatic mutations in dysplastic sinonasal inverted papilloma (SNIP), SNIP with concomitant sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SNSCC), and SNSCC without preceding SNIP. Ten SNIP and SNSCC samples were analyzed with exome sequencing and tested for human papillomavirus. The identified mutations were compared to the most frequently mutated genes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in the COSMIC database. Exome sequencing data were also analyzed for mutations not previously linked to SNSCC. Seven of the most commonly mutated genes in HNSCC and SNSCC in COSMIC harbored mutations in our data. In addition, we identified mutations in 23 genes that are likely to contribute to SNIP and SNSCC oncogenesis.
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28
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Genome-Wide Profiling Reveals HPV Integration Pattern and Activated Carcinogenic Pathways in Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13236104. [PMID: 34885212 PMCID: PMC8657281 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13236104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) has been regarded as an HPV-related cancer for a long time. However, the integration pattern and carcinogenic pathways of HPV in PSCC remain unclear. The results of this study provide insights into the HPV-related carcinogenic mechanism in PSCC, which may be less prone to involvement in the traditional E6/E7 carcinogenic process, and are characterized by effects on the host genome, which result in the inactivation of tumor suppressors (CADM2, etc.) and the activation of oncogenes (KLF5, etc.), thus activating oncogenic signaling pathways (MAPK, JAK/STAT, etc.). This study could enhance our understanding of HPV integration and pave the way for subsequent HPV studies in PSCC. Abstract Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a significant etiologic driver of penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC). The integration pattern of HPV and its carcinogenic mechanism in PSCC remain largely unclear. We retrospectively reviewed 108 PSCC cases who received surgery between 2008 and 2017. Using high-throughput viral integration detection, we identified 35 HPV-integrated PSCCs. Unlike cervical cancer, the HPV E2 oncogene was not prone to involvement in integration. Eleven of the 35 (31.4%) HPV-integrated PSCCs harbored intact HPV E2; these tumors had lower HPV E6 and E7 expression and higher expression of p53 and pRb proteins than those with disrupted E2 did (p < 0.001 and p = 0.024). Integration breakpoints are preferentially distributed in or near host genes, including previously reported hotspots (KLF5, etc.) and newly identified hotspots (CADM2, etc.), which are mainly involved in oncogenic signaling pathways (MAPK, JAK/STAT, etc.). Regarding the phosphorylation levels of JNK, p38 was higher in HPV-positive tumors with MAPK-associated integration than those in HPV-positive tumors with other integration and those in HPV-negative tumors. In vitro, KLF5 knockdown inhibited proliferation and invasion of PSCC cells, while silencing CADM2 promoted migration and invasion. In conclusion, this study enhances our understanding of HPV-induced carcinogenesis in PSCC, which may not only rely on the E6/E7 oncogenes, but mat also affect the expression of critical genes and thus activate oncogenic pathways.
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29
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Development of New Cancer Treatment by Identifying and Focusing the Genetic Mutations or Altered Expression in Gynecologic Cancers. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101593. [PMID: 34680987 PMCID: PMC8535522 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS), The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) research network has given gynecologic cancers molecular classifications, which impacts clinical practice more and more. New cancer treatments that identify and target pathogenic abnormalities of genes have been in rapid development. The most prominent progress in gynecologic cancers is the clinical efficacy of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, which have shown breakthrough benefits in reducing hazard ratios (HRs) (HRs between 0.2 and 0.4) of progression or death from BRCA1/2 mutated ovarian cancer. Immune checkpoint inhibition is also promising in cancers that harbor mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR)/microsatellite instability (MSI). In this review, we focus on the druggable genetic alterations in gynecologic cancers by summarizing literature findings and completed and ongoing clinical trials.
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30
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Causes and Consequences of HPV Integration in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas: State of the Art. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164089. [PMID: 34439243 PMCID: PMC8394665 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A constantly increasing incidence in high-risk Human Papillomaviruses (HPV)s driven head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC)s, especially of oropharyngeal origin, is being observed. During persistent infections, viral DNA integration into the host genome may occur. Studies are examining if the physical status of the virus (episomal vs. integration) affects carcinogenesis and eventually has further-reaching consequences on disease progression and outcome. Here, we review the literature of the most recent five years focusing on the impact of HPV integration in HNSCCs, covering aspects of detection techniques used (from PCR up to NGS approaches), integration loci identified, and associations with genomic and clinical data. The consequences of HPV integration in the human genome, including the methylation status and deregulation of genes involved in cell signaling pathways, immune evasion, and response to therapy, are also summarized.
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31
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Brennan S, Baird AM, O’Regan E, Sheils O. The Role of Human Papilloma Virus in Dictating Outcomes in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:677900. [PMID: 34250016 PMCID: PMC8262095 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.677900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is an oncogenic virus which is associated with the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), predominantly within the oropharynx. Approximately 25% of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) cases worldwide are attributable to HPV infection, with an estimated 65% in the United States. Transmission is via exposure during sexual contact, with distinctive anatomical features of the tonsils providing this organ with a predilection for infection by HPV. No premalignant lesion is identifiable on clinical examination, thus no comparative histological features to denote the stages of carcinogenesis for HPV driven HNSCC are identifiable. This is in contrast to HPV-driven cervical carcinoma, making screening a challenge for the head and neck region. However, HPV proffers a favorable prognosis in the head and neck region, with better overall survival rates in contrast to its HPV negative counterparts. This has resulted in extensive research into de-intensifying therapies aiming to minimize the morbidity induced by standard concurrent chemo-radiotherapy without compromising efficacy. Despite the favorable prognosis, cases of recurrence and/or metastasis of HPV positive HNSCC do occur, and are linked with poor outcomes. HPV 16 is the most frequent genotype identified in HNSCC, yet there is limited research to date studying the impact of other HPV genotype with respect to overall survival. A similar situation pertains to genetic aberrations associated in those with HPV positive HNSCC who recur, with only four published studies to date. Somatic mutations in TSC2, BRIP1, NBN, TACC3, NFE2l2, STK11, HRAS, PIK3R1, TP63, and FAT1 have been identified in recurrent HPV positive OPSCC. Finding alternative therapeutic strategies for this young cohort may depend on upfront identification of HPV genotypes and mutations which are linked with worse outcomes, thus ensuring appropriate stratification of treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Brennan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anne-Marie Baird
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Esther O’Regan
- Department of Histopathology, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Orla Sheils
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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32
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Näsman A, Holzhauser S, Kostopoulou ON, Zupancic M, Ährlund-Richter A, Du J, Dalianis T. Prognostic Markers and Driver Genes and Options for Targeted Therapy in Human-Papillomavirus-Positive Tonsillar and Base-of-Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050910. [PMID: 34069114 PMCID: PMC8156012 DOI: 10.3390/v13050910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of Human-papillomavirus-positive (HPV+) tonsillar and base-of-tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC and BOTSCC, respectively) is increasing epidemically, but they have better prognosis than equivalent HPV-negative (HPV−) cancers, with roughly 80% vs. 50% 3-year disease-free survival, respectively. The majority of HPV+ TSCC and BOTSCC patients therefore most likely do not require the intensified chemoradiotherapy given today to head and neck cancer patients and would with de-escalated therapy avoid several severe side effects. Moreover, for those with poor prognosis, survival has not improved, so better-tailored alternatives are urgently needed. In line with refined personalized medicine, recent studies have focused on identifying predictive markers and driver cancer genes useful for better stratifying patient treatment as well as for targeted therapy. This review presents some of these endeavors and briefly describes some recent experimental progress and some clinical trials with targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Näsman
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Bioclinicum J6:20, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.N.); (S.H.); (O.N.K.); (M.Z.); (A.Ä.-R.)
| | - Stefan Holzhauser
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Bioclinicum J6:20, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.N.); (S.H.); (O.N.K.); (M.Z.); (A.Ä.-R.)
| | - Ourania N. Kostopoulou
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Bioclinicum J6:20, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.N.); (S.H.); (O.N.K.); (M.Z.); (A.Ä.-R.)
| | - Mark Zupancic
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Bioclinicum J6:20, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.N.); (S.H.); (O.N.K.); (M.Z.); (A.Ä.-R.)
| | - Andreas Ährlund-Richter
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Bioclinicum J6:20, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.N.); (S.H.); (O.N.K.); (M.Z.); (A.Ä.-R.)
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor Biology and Cellular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Tina Dalianis
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Bioclinicum J6:20, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.N.); (S.H.); (O.N.K.); (M.Z.); (A.Ä.-R.)
- Correspondence:
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Shylasree TS, Richa B, Lavanya G, Gulia S. Molecular Signatures of Gynecological Cancers: Clinicians Perspective. Indian J Surg Oncol 2021; 12:103-110. [PMID: 33994735 PMCID: PMC8119522 DOI: 10.1007/s13193-020-01271-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale molecular profiling and DNA sequencing has revolutionized cancer research. Precision medicine is a rapidly developing area in cancer care but it is not uniformly applied across different tumor types. Biomarker-based therapy is associated with improved outcomes, both in terms of progression-free survival and overall survival. Comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) uses next-generation sequencing to analyze the complete coding sequence of hundreds of genes from a small amount of tissue. Genes included in these assays are those associated with cancer development or have diagnostic, prognostic, familial, or therapeutic implications Genomic profiling is emerging as a clinically viable tool to personalize patient's treatment. This article discusses how the insights gained through CGP can impact treatment plan in common gynecological cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- TS Shylasree
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homibaba National Institute, Dr. E Borges Road, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012 India
| | - Bansal Richa
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homibaba National Institute, Dr. E Borges Road, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012 India
| | - Gurram Lavanya
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homibaba National Institute, Dr. E Borges Road, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012 India
| | - Seema Gulia
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homibaba National Institute, Dr. E Borges Road, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012 India
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Human papilloma virus (HPV) integration signature in Cervical Cancer: identification of MACROD2 gene as HPV hot spot integration site. Br J Cancer 2020; 124:777-785. [PMID: 33191407 PMCID: PMC7884736 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01153-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cervical cancer (CC) remains a leading cause of gynaecological cancer-related mortality with infection by human papilloma virus (HPV) being the most important risk factor. We analysed the association between different viral integration signatures, clinical parameters and outcome in pre-treated CCs. Methods Different integration signatures were identified using HPV double capture followed by next-generation sequencing (NGS) in 272 CC patients from the BioRAIDs study [NCT02428842]. Correlations between HPV integration signatures and clinical, biological and molecular features were assessed. Results Episomal HPV was much less frequent in CC as compared to anal carcinoma (p < 0.0001). We identified >300 different HPV-chromosomal junctions (inter- or intra-genic). The most frequent integration site in CC was in MACROD2 gene followed by MIPOL1/TTC6 and TP63. HPV integration signatures were not associated with histological subtype, FIGO staging, treatment or PFS. HPVs were more frequently episomal in PIK3CA mutated tumours (p = 0.023). Viral integration type was dependent on HPV genotype (p < 0.0001); HPV18 and HPV45 being always integrated. High HPV copy number was associated with longer PFS (p = 0.011). Conclusions This is to our knowledge the first study assessing the prognostic value of HPV integration in a prospectively annotated CC cohort, which detects a hotspot of HPV integration at MACROD2; involved in impaired PARP1 activity and chromosome instability.
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35
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Tian R, Zhou P, Li M, Tan J, Cui Z, Xu W, Wei J, Zhu J, Jin Z, Cao C, Fan W, Xie W, Huang Z, Xie H, You Z, Niu G, Wu C, Guo X, Weng X, Tian X, Yu F, Yu Z, Liang J, Hu Z. DeepHPV: a deep learning model to predict human papillomavirus integration sites. Brief Bioinform 2020; 22:5924410. [PMID: 33059369 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) integrating into human genome is the main cause of cervical carcinogenesis. HPV integration selection preference shows strong dependence on local genomic environment. Due to this theory, it is possible to predict HPV integration sites. However, a published bioinformatic tool is not available to date. Thus, we developed an attention-based deep learning model DeepHPV to predict HPV integration sites by learning environment features automatically. In total, 3608 known HPV integration sites were applied to train the model, and 584 reviewed HPV integration sites were used as the testing dataset. DeepHPV showed an area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) of 0.6336 and an area under the precision recall (AUPR) of 0.5670. Adding RepeatMasker and TCGA Pan Cancer peaks improved the model performance to 0.8464 and 0.8501 in AUROC and 0.7985 and 0.8106 in AUPR, respectively. Next, we tested these trained models on independent database VISDB and found the model adding TCGA Pan Cancer performed better (AUROC: 0.7175, AUPR: 0.6284) than the model adding RepeatMasker peaks (AUROC: 0.6102, AUPR: 0.5577). Moreover, we introduced attention mechanism in DeepHPV and enriched the transcription factor binding sites including BHLHA15, CHR, COUP-TFII, DMRTA2, E2A, HIC1, INR, NPAS, Nr5a2, RARa, SCL, Snail1, Sox10, Sox3, Sox4, Sox6, STAT6, Tbet, Tbx5, TEAD, Tgif2, ZNF189, ZNF416 near attention intensive sites. Together, DeepHPV is a robust and explainable deep learning model, providing new insights into HPV integration preference and mechanism. Availability: DeepHPV is available as an open-source software and can be downloaded from https://github.com/JiuxingLiang/DeepHPV.git, Contact: huzheng1998@163.com, liangjiuxing@m.scnu.edu.cn, lizheyzy@163.com.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tian
- Translational Medicine of the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Ping Zhou
- Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Jinfeng Tan
- First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Zifeng Cui
- First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Jingyue Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Jingjing Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Zhuang Jin
- First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Chen Cao
- Central Hospital of Wuhan, China
| | - Weiwen Fan
- College of Medicine at the Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Weiling Xie
- First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
| | | | | | - Zeshan You
- First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Gang Niu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Canbiao Wu
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation at the South China Normal University
| | - Xiaofang Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology of the Eastern Hospital at the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Xuchu Weng
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation at the South China Normal University
| | | | - Fubing Yu
- Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital
| | - Zhiying Yu
- Department of Gynecology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center
| | - Jiuxing Liang
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation at the South China Normal University
| | - Zheng Hu
- Gynecological Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Precision Medicine Institute, Sun Yat-sen University
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36
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Fernández-Mateos J, Pérez-García J, Seijas-Tamayo R, Mesía R, Rubió-Casadevall J, García-Girón C, Iglesias L, Carral Maseda A, Adansa Klain JC, Taberna M, Vazquez S, Gómez MA, Del Barco E, Ocana A, González-Sarmiento R, Cruz-Hernández JJ. Oncogenic driver mutations predict outcome in a cohort of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients within a clinical trial. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16634. [PMID: 33024167 PMCID: PMC7539152 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72927-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
234 diagnostic formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) blocks from homogeneously treated patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) within a multicentre phase III clinical trial were characterised. The mutational spectrum was examined by next generation sequencing in the 26 most frequent oncogenic drivers in cancer and correlated with treatment response and survival. Human papillomavirus (HPV) status was measured by p16INK4a immunohistochemistry in oropharyngeal tumours. Clinicopathological features and response to treatment were measured and compared with the sequencing results. The results indicated TP53 as the most mutated gene in locally advanced HNSCC. HPV-positive oropharyngeal tumours were less mutated than HPV-negative tumours in TP53 (p < 0.01). Mutational and HPV status influences patient survival, being mutated or HPV-negative tumours associated with poor overall survival (p < 0.05). No association was found between mutations and clinicopathological features. This study confirmed and expanded previously published genomic characterization data in HNSCC. Survival analysis showed that non-mutated HNSCC tumours associated with better prognosis and lack of mutations can be identified as an important biomarker in HNSCC. Frequent alterations in PI3K pathway in HPV-positive HNSCC could define a promising pathway for pharmacological intervention in this group of tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Fernández-Mateos
- Medical Oncology Service, University Hospital of Salamanca-IBSAL, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), SACYL-University of Salamanca-CSIC, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Molecular Medicine Unit-IBSAL, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-CSIC, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jéssica Pérez-García
- Molecular Medicine Unit-IBSAL, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-CSIC, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Raquel Seijas-Tamayo
- Medical Oncology Service, University Hospital of Salamanca-IBSAL, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), SACYL-University of Salamanca-CSIC, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ricard Mesía
- Medical Oncology Department, Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBELL, 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Carlos García-Girón
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, 09006, Burgos, Spain
| | - Lara Iglesias
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan Carlos Adansa Klain
- Medical Oncology Service, University Hospital of Salamanca-IBSAL, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), SACYL-University of Salamanca-CSIC, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Miren Taberna
- Medical Oncology Department, Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBELL, 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Vazquez
- Medical Oncology Department, Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBELL, 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Edel Del Barco
- Medical Oncology Service, University Hospital of Salamanca-IBSAL, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), SACYL-University of Salamanca-CSIC, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto Ocana
- Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, CIBERONC, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, 13071, Albacete, Spain
| | - Rogelio González-Sarmiento
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), SACYL-University of Salamanca-CSIC, 37007, Salamanca, Spain. .,Molecular Medicine Unit-IBSAL, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain. .,Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-CSIC, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Juan Jesús Cruz-Hernández
- Medical Oncology Service, University Hospital of Salamanca-IBSAL, 37007, Salamanca, Spain. .,Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), SACYL-University of Salamanca-CSIC, 37007, Salamanca, Spain. .,Molecular Medicine Unit-IBSAL, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain. .,Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-CSIC, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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37
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Liu H, Zhu C, Xu Z, Wang J, Qian L, Zhou Q, Shen Z, Zhao W, Xiao W, Chen L, Zhou Y. lncRNA PART1 and MIR17HG as ΔNp63α direct targets regulate tumor progression of cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:4129-4141. [PMID: 32920922 PMCID: PMC7648017 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) remains one of the leading causes of mortality of female cancers worldwide, with more than 90% being cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). ΔNp63α is the predominant isoform expressed in cervical epithelial tissues and exerts its antitumor function in CSCC. In this study, we have identified 39 long noncoding RNAs as ΔNp63α targets in CSCC through RNA sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing, in which we further confirmed and focused on the two tumor‐related long noncoding RNAs, PART1 (lncPART1) and MIR17HG (lncMIR17HG). Experiments from stable overexpression/knockdown cell lines revealed that lncPART1 and lncMIR17HG regulated cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. In vivo experiments further showed that lncPART1 suppresses tumor growth in CSCC‐derived tumors. Examinations of clinical tissues indicated that the expression of lncPART1 was positively correlated with ΔNp63α expression, while lncMIR17HG was negatively correlated with ΔNp63α expression, suggesting that ΔNp63α plays a central role via regulating its direct targets in the progression of CSCC. These findings provide novel insights in targeted therapy of cervical cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyuan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chenchen Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhihao Xu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Lili Qian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qingqing Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhen Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Weidong Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Weihua Xiao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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38
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Yang W, Liu Y, Dong R, Liu J, Lang J, Yang J, Wang W, Li J, Meng B, Tian G. Accurate Detection of HPV Integration Sites in Cervical Cancer Samples Using the Nanopore MinION Sequencer Without Error Correction. Front Genet 2020; 11:660. [PMID: 32714374 PMCID: PMC7344299 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During the carcinogenesis of cervical cancer, the DNA of human papillomavirus (HPV) is frequently integrated into the human genome, which might be a biomarker for the early diagnosis of cervical cancer. Although the detection sensitivity of virus infection status increased significantly through the Illumina sequencing platform, there were still disadvantages remain for further improvement, including the detection accuracy and the complex integrated genome structure identification, etc. Nanopore sequencing has been proven to be a fast yet accurate technique of detecting pathogens in clinical samples with significant longer sequencing length. However, the identification of virus integration sites, especially HPV integration sites was seldom carried out by using nanopore platform. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of identifying HPV integration sites by nanopore sequencer. Specifically, we re-sequenced the integration sites of a previously published sample by both nanopore and Illumina sequencing. After analyzing the results, three points of conclusions were drawn: first, 13 out of 19 previously published integration sites were found from all three datasets (i.e., nanopore, Illumina, and the published data), indicating a high overlap rate and comparability among the three platforms; second, our pipeline of nanopore and Illumina data identified 66 unique integration sites compared with previous published paper with 13 of them being verified by Sanger sequencing, indicating the higher integration sites detection sensitivity of our results compared with published data; third, we established a pipeline which could be used in HPV integration site detection by nanopore sequencing data without doing error correction analysis. In summary, a new nanopore data analysis method was tested and proved to be reliable in integration sites detection compared with methods of existing Illumina data analysis pipeline with less sequencing data required. It provides a solid evidence and tool to support the potential application of nanopore in virus status identification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ying Liu
- Laboratory of Genetics, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ruyi Dong
- Geneis (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Geneis (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | - Jingjing Li
- The Precision Medicine Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Meng
- Geneis (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Geng Tian
- Geneis (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
- School of Computer Science, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
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39
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Vitti ET, Kacperek A, Parsons JL. Targeting DNA Double-Strand Break Repair Enhances Radiosensitivity of HPV-Positive and HPV-Negative Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma to Photons and Protons. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061490. [PMID: 32517381 PMCID: PMC7352833 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The response of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) to radiotherapy depends on human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV) status, and where improved outcome and survival is observed in HPV-positive disease. However, strategies to further radiosensitise the tumours, particularly relatively radioresistant HPV-negative HNSCC, are actively being sought. The impact of targeting the major protein kinases involved in the signaling of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair, namely ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM), ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR), and the catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-Pkcs), on the radiosensitisation of HNSCC cells was examined. The response to both conventional photon radiotherapy, but also proton beam therapy, was analysed by clonogenic assays and 3D spheroid growth. We observed that inhibition of ATM, ATR, and particularly DNA-Pkcs, caused a significant reduction in HNSCC cell survival post-irradiation with both photons and protons, with less of an impact on the most radiosensitive HPV-positive cell line. The inhibition of DNA-Pkcs and, to a lesser extent ATM, in combination with radiation was also more effective at inhibiting the growth of 3D spheroids derived from relatively radioresistant HPV-negative HNSCC. Similar effects of the inhibitors were observed comparing photon and proton irradiation, demonstrating the potential for targeting DSB repair as an effective combination treatment for HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Terpsi Vitti
- Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, 200 London Road, Liverpool L3 9TA, UK;
| | - Andrzej Kacperek
- Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Clatterbridge Road, Bebington CH63 4JY, UK;
| | - Jason L. Parsons
- Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, 200 London Road, Liverpool L3 9TA, UK;
- Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Clatterbridge Road, Bebington CH63 4JY, UK;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-151-794-8848
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40
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Perri F, Longo F, Caponigro F, Sandomenico F, Guida A, Della Vittoria Scarpati G, Ottaiano A, Muto P, Ionna F. Management of HPV-Related Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck: Pitfalls and Caveat. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040975. [PMID: 32326465 PMCID: PMC7226389 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are a very heterogeneous group of malignancies arising from the upper aerodigestive tract. They show different clinical behaviors depending on their origin site and genetics. Several data support the existence of at least two genetically different types of HNSCC, one virus-related and the other alcohol and/or tobacco and oral trauma-related, which show both clinical and biological opposite features. In fact, human papillomavirus (HPV)-related HNSCCs, which are mainly located in the oropharynx, are characterized by better prognosis and response to therapies when compared to HPV-negative HNSCCs. Interestingly, virus-related HNSCC has shown a better response to conservative (nonsurgical) treatments and immunotherapy, opening questions about the possibility to perform a pretherapy assessment which could totally guide the treatment strategy. In this review, we summarize molecular differences and similarities between HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC, highlighting their impact on clinical behavior and on therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Perri
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-590-3362
| | - Francesco Longo
- Division of Surgical Oncology Maxillo-Facial Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori—IRCCS—Fondazione G. Pascale, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.L.); (A.G.); (F.I.)
| | - Francesco Caponigro
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Fabio Sandomenico
- Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori—IRCCS—G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Agostino Guida
- Division of Surgical Oncology Maxillo-Facial Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori—IRCCS—Fondazione G. Pascale, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.L.); (A.G.); (F.I.)
| | | | - Alessandro Ottaiano
- SSD Innovative Therapies for Abdominal Metastases, Department of Abdominal Oncology, INT IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Paolo Muto
- Radiation Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori—IRCCS—G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Franco Ionna
- Division of Surgical Oncology Maxillo-Facial Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori—IRCCS—Fondazione G. Pascale, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.L.); (A.G.); (F.I.)
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41
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Guo T, Zambo KDA, Zamuner FT, Ou T, Hopkins C, Kelley DZ, Wulf HA, Winkler E, Erbe R, Danilova L, Considine M, Sidransky D, Favorov A, Florea L, Fertig EJ, Gaykalova DA. Chromatin structure regulates cancer-specific alternative splicing events in primary HPV-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Epigenetics 2020; 15:959-971. [PMID: 32164487 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1741757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV+ OPSCC) represents a unique disease entity within head and neck cancer with rising incidence. Previous work has shown that alternative splicing events (ASEs) are prevalent in HPV+ OPSCC, but further validation is needed to understand the regulation of this process and its role in these tumours. In this study, eleven ASEs (GIT2, CTNNB1, MKNK2, MRPL33, SIPA1L3, SNHG6, SYCP2, TPRG1, ZHX2, ZNF331, and ELOVL1) were selected for validation from 109 previously published candidate ASEs to elucidate the post-transcriptional mechanisms of oncogenesis in HPV+ disease. In vitro qRT-PCR confirmed differential expression of 9 of 11 ASE candidates, and in silico analysis within the TCGA cohort confirmed 8 of 11 candidates. Six ASEs (MRPL33, SIPA1L3, SNHG6, TPRG1, ZHX2, and ELOVL1) showed significant differential expression across both methods. Further evaluation of chromatin modification revealed that ASEs strongly correlated with cancer-specific distribution of acetylated lysine 27 of histone 3 (H3K27ac). Subsequent epigenetic treatment of HPV+ HNSCC cell lines (UM-SCC-047 and UPCI-SCC-090) with JQ1 not only induced downregulation of cancer-specific ASE isoforms, but also growth inhibition in both cell lines. The UPCI-SCC-090 cell line, with greater ASE expression, also showed more significant growth inhibition after JQ1 treatment. This study confirms several novel cancer-specific ASEs in HPV+OPSCC and provides evidence for the role of chromatin modifications in regulation of alternative splicing in HPV+OPSCC. This highlights the role of epigenetic changes in the oncogenesis of HPV+OPSCC, which represents a unique, unexplored target for therapeutics that can alter the global post-transcriptional landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kristina Diana A Zambo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fernando T Zamuner
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tingting Ou
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher Hopkins
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dylan Z Kelley
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hildegard A Wulf
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eli Winkler
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rossin Erbe
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ludmila Danilova
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA.,Laboratory of Systems Biology and Computational Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow, Russia
| | - Michael Considine
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David Sidransky
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexander Favorov
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA.,Laboratory of Systems Biology and Computational Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow, Russia
| | - Liliana Florea
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elana J Fertig
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , MD, Baltimore, USA
| | - Daria A Gaykalova
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA
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42
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Martins SF, Mariano V, Rodrigues M, Longatto-Filho A. Human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 infection is not detected in rectal carcinoma. Infect Agent Cancer 2020; 15:17. [PMID: 32165915 PMCID: PMC7059378 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-020-00281-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Persistence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections is associated with squamous cell carcinomas of different human anatomic sites. Several studies have suggested a potential role for HPV infection, particularly HPV16 genotype, in rectal cancer carcinogenesis.. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of oncogenic HPV 16 viral DNA sequences in rectal carcinomas cases retrieved from the pathology archive of Braga Hospital, North Portuga. Methods TaqMan-based type-specific real-time PCR for HPV 16 was performed using primers and probe targeting HPV16 E7 region. Results Most of the rectal cancer patients (88.5%, n = 206 patients), were symptomatic at diagnosis. The majority of the lesions (55.3%, n = 129) presented malignancies of polypoid/vegetant phenotype. 26.8% (n = 63) had synchronic metastasis at diagnosis. 26.2% (n = 61) patients had clinical indication for neoadjuvant therapy. Most patients with rectal cancer were stage IV (19.7% patients), followed by stage IIA (19.3%) and stage I (18.5%). All cases of the present series tested negative for HPV16. Conclusion The total of negative tests for HPV 16 infection is a robust argument to support the assumption that HPV 16 infection, despite of previous evidences, is not involved in rectal cancer carcinogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra F Martins
- 1Life and Health Science Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Braga, Portugal.,Coloproctology Unit, Braga Hospital, Braga, Portugal
| | - Vânia Mariano
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Adhemar Longatto-Filho
- 1Life and Health Science Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Braga, Portugal.,Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil.,5Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM) 14, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Sharma S, Deep A, Rana AC, Yadav M, Sharma AK. Possible Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for the Management of Cervical Cancer. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394715666190126142508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
Cervical cancer is the most prevalent cancer in the world due to unusual
extension of cervical cell. Cervical cancer occurs due to exposure of HPV (Human papillomavirus).
According to WHO, it is the 4th most ordinary cancer in women. In 2018, approx 6.6% of
population was affected around the world and 570,000 new cases were reported. In low and
middle-income countries, 90% of cervical cancer deaths occur.
Methods:
Despite various factors that cause cervical cancer are included exposure to HPV,
dysregulation of CASPASE enzyme, elevated expression of IAPs (Inhibitor apoptotic protein), E6
and E7 gene of HPV, inhibition of p53, BAK, p16 upregulation, CDK-inactivation causing cervical
cancer, role of VEGF, role of estrogen and its receptor in cervical cancer.
Results:
Cervical cancer can be screened by Pep test. There are various therapies that can be used
to treat cervical cancer. As these therapies have various side effects, so the world is moving to
herbal formulations to treat cervical cancer.
Conclusion:
In this study, we will discuss cervical cancer, its cause, symptoms, pathophysiology
and treatments. Early screening and detection can help in reducing the overall burden of cervical
cancer in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sombeer Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani-127021, Haryana, India
| | - Aakash Deep
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani-127021, Haryana, India
| | - Avtar C. Rana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani-127021, Haryana, India
| | - Monu Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani-127021, Haryana, India
| | - Arun K. Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Gurugram, Haryana 122051, India
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Näsman A, Du J, Dalianis T. A global epidemic increase of an HPV-induced tonsil and tongue base cancer - potential benefit from a pan-gender use of HPV vaccine. J Intern Med 2020; 287:134-152. [PMID: 31733108 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In 2007, human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 was finally recognized as a risk factor, besides smoking and alcohol, for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), including tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC), by the International Agency for Research against Cancer. Just before, in 2006, the Food and Drug Administration had approved Gardasil, the first vaccine against HPV16, 18, 6 and 11, for preventive vaccination women against cervical cancer. Concurrently, some Western countries, where smoking was decreasing, disclosed an epidemic increase in the incidence of OPSCC, especially of TSCC and base of tongue cancer (BOTSCC), together accounting for 80-90% of all OPSCCs, and mainly affecting men. The epidemic was later revealed to be due to a rise in HPV-positive cases, and scientists in the field suggested HPV vaccination also of boys. Globally, there are roughly 96 000 incident OPSCC cases/year of which 20-24% are caused by HPV, thereby accounting for around 22 000 OPSCC cases annually. Of these cases, 80-90% are due to HPV16 infection and would be prevented with the presently registered HPV vaccines. In Western countries, such as Sweden (with almost 400 TSCC and BOTSCC cases per year) and the United States, HPV prevalence in OPSCC is higher and around 70%. HPV vaccination of girls has been initiated in many countries, and the vaccines have been efficient and their side effects limited. HPV vaccination of boys has, however, been the exception, but should definitely not be delayed any further. It would benefit both girls and boys directly, and result in better and more robust herd immunity. Today, we have the possibility to eliminate several high-risk HPV types in the younger generations and avoid more than 600 000 cancer cases annually worldwide, and this possibility should be embraced by offering global pan-gender HPV vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Näsman
- From the, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Du
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor Biology and Cell Biology, Centre for Translational Microbiome Research (CTMR), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Dalianis
- From the, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Wu Y, Zhao J, Dong S, Wang Y, Li A, Jiang Y, Chen Z, Li C, Wang W, Zhang Z. Whole-exome and RNA sequencing reveal novel insights into the pathogenesis of HPV associated cervical cancer. Cancer Biomark 2020; 25:341-350. [PMID: 31306105 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-190055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, cervical cancer is the fouth leading cause of deaths in gynecological oncology. Although the causes of cervical cancer have been extensively investigated, understanding of its exact pathogenesis remains incomplete. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify alterations of genome and transcriptome of HPV associated cervical cancer pathogenesis using multi-omics approaches. METHODS Cervical cancer and matched adjacent non-tumor specimens of one HPV16+ and two HPV- patients were sampled for whole-exome sequencing (WES) and RNA sequencing to characterize DNA mutations and gene expression profiles. WES and Affymetrix SNP 6.0 arrays data were analyzed from 6 HPV- and 93 HPV16+ cervical cancer patients in the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) database, as an independent validation group. RESULTS WES identified 64 somatic mutation genes in tumors of 3 patients. HPV16+ tumor got fewer somatic mutated genes than HPV- tumors, which was validated by TCGA results. In this study, somatic mutated profile, CNV and gene expression heat map presented that HPV16+ tumors was distinct with HPV- tumors. The most significant altered pathways and GO terms were both related with cell cycle. Integrated analysis of multi-omics showed positive correlation between gene expression level and copy numbers. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study provided novel insights into the pathogenesis of HPV associated cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362002, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362002, China
| | - Jiangman Zhao
- Biotecan Medical Diagnostics Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201204, China.,Shanghai Zhangjiang Institute of Medical Innovation, Shanghai 201204, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362002, China
| | - Shu Dong
- Biotecan Medical Diagnostics Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201204, China.,Shanghai Zhangjiang Institute of Medical Innovation, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Biotecan Medical Diagnostics Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201204, China.,Shanghai Zhangjiang Institute of Medical Innovation, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Ailu Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362002, China
| | - Yancheng Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362002, China
| | - Zixuan Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362002, China
| | - Chunxiao Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362002, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, China.,Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Public Health Research Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214064, China
| | - Zhishan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362002, China
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Xu W, Xu M, Wang L, Zhou W, Xiang R, Shi Y, Zhang Y, Piao Y. Integrative analysis of DNA methylation and gene expression identified cervical cancer-specific diagnostic biomarkers. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2019; 4:55. [PMID: 31871774 PMCID: PMC6908647 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-019-0081-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the leading cause of death among women with cancer worldwide. Here, we performed an integrative analysis of Illumina HumanMethylation450K and RNA-seq data from TCGA to identify cervical cancer-specific DNA methylation markers. We first identified differentially methylated and expressed genes and examined the correlation between DNA methylation and gene expression. The DNA methylation profiles of 12 types of cancers, including cervical cancer, were used to generate a candidate set, and machine-learning techniques were adopted to define the final cervical cancer-specific markers in the candidate set. Then, we assessed the protein levels of marker genes by immunohistochemistry by using tissue arrays containing 93 human cervical squamous cell carcinoma samples and cancer-adjacent normal tissues. Promoter methylation was negatively correlated with the local regulation of gene expression. In the distant regulation of gene expression, the methylation of hypermethylated genes was more likely to be negatively correlated with gene expression, while the methylation of hypomethylated genes was more likely to be positively correlated with gene expression. Moreover, we identified four cervical cancer-specific methylation markers, cg07211381 (RAB3C), cg12205729 (GABRA2), cg20708961 (ZNF257), and cg26490054 (SLC5A8), with 96.2% sensitivity and 95.2% specificity by using the tenfold cross-validation of TCGA data. The four markers could distinguish tumors from normal tissues with a 94.2, 100, 100, and 100% AUC in four independent validation sets from the GEO database. Overall, our study demonstrates the potential use of methylation markers in cervical cancer diagnosis and may boost the development of new epigenetic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanxue Xu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengyao Xu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Longlong Wang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Human Development and Reproductive Regulation, Nankai University Affiliated Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Shi
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Human Development and Reproductive Regulation, Nankai University Affiliated Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunshan Zhang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Nankai University Affiliated Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongjun Piao
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Human Development and Reproductive Regulation, Nankai University Affiliated Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin, China
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47
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ΔNp63α exerts antitumor functions in cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Oncogene 2019; 39:905-921. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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48
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Reagan M. CAUSES OF CANCER. Cancer 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119645214.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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49
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Lu X, Jiang L, Zhang L, Zhu Y, Hu W, Wang J, Ruan X, Xu Z, Meng X, Gao J, Su X, Yan F. Immune Signature-Based Subtypes of Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma Tightly Associated with Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Expression, Molecular Features, and Clinical Outcome. Neoplasia 2019; 21:591-601. [PMID: 31055200 PMCID: PMC6658934 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial heterogeneity exists within cervical cancer that is generally infected by human papillomavirus (HPV). However, the most common histological subtype of cervical cancer, cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC), is poorly characterized regarding the association between its heterogeneity and HPV oncoprotein expression. We filtered out 138 CSCC samples with infection of HPV16 only as the first step; then we compressed HPV16 E6/E7 expression as HPVpca and correlated HPVpca with the immunological profiling of CSCC based on supervised clustering to discover subtypes and to characterize the differences between subgroups in terms of the HPVpca level, pathway activity, epigenetic dysregulation, somatic mutation frequencies, and likelihood of responding to chemo/immunotherapies. Supervised clustering of immune signatures revealed two HPV16 subtypes (namely, HPV16-IMM and HPV16-KRT) that correlated with HPVpca and clinical outcomes. HPV16-KRT is characterized by elevated expression of genes in keratinization, biological oxidation, and Wnt signaling, whereas HPV16-IMM has a strong immune response and mesenchymal features. HPV16-IMM exhibited much more epigenetic silencing and significant mutation at FBXW7, while MUC4 and PIK3CA were mutated frequently for HPV16-KRT. We also imputed that HPV16-IMM is much more sensitive to chemo/immunotherapy than is HPV16-KRT. Our characterization tightly links the expression of HPV16 E6/E7 with biological and clinical outcomes of CSCC, providing valuable molecular-level information that points to decoding heterogeneity. Together, these results shed light on stratifications of CSCC infected by HPV16 and shall help to guide personalized management and treatment of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Lu
- Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR, China
| | - Liyun Jiang
- Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR, China
| | - Liya Zhang
- Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR, China
| | - Wenjun Hu
- Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR, China
| | - Jiashuo Wang
- Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR, China
| | - Xinjia Ruan
- Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR, China
| | - Zhengbao Xu
- Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR, China
| | - Xiaowei Meng
- Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR, China
| | - Xiaoping Su
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
| | - Fangrong Yan
- Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR, China.
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Zhang X, Yang P, Luo X, Su C, Chen Y, Zhao L, Wei L, Zeng H, Varghese Z, Moorhead JF, Ruan XZ, Chen Y. High olive oil diets enhance cervical tumour growth in mice: transcriptome analysis for potential candidate genes and pathways. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:76. [PMID: 30922331 PMCID: PMC6440132 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous epidemiologic studies have found a close association between obesity and cancer. Dietary fat is a fundamental contributor to obesity and is a risk factor for cancer. Thus far, the impact of dietary olive oil on cancer development remains inconclusive, and little is known about its underlying mechanisms. METHODS Nude mouse xenograft models were used to examine the effects of high olive oil diet feeding on cervical cancer (CC) development and progression. Cell proliferation, migration and invasion were observed by the methods of EdU incorporation, Wound healing and Transwell assay, separately. RNA-sequencing technology and comprehensive bioinformatics analyses were used to elucidate the molecular processes regulated by dietary fat. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and were functionally analyzed by Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Enrichment of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Then, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and sub-PPI network analyses were conducted using the STRING database and Cytoscape software. RESULTS A high olive oil diet aggravated tumourigenesis in an experimental xenograft model of CC. Oleic acid, the main ingredient of olive oil, promoted cell growth and migration in vitro. Transcriptome sequencing analysis of xenograft tumour tissues was then performed to elucidate the regulation of molecular events regulated by dietary fat. Dietary olive oil induced 648 DEGs, comprising 155 up-regulated DEGs and 493 down-regulated DEGs. GO and pathway enrichment analysis revealed that some of the DEGs including EGR1 and FOXN2 were involved in the transcription regulation and others, including TGFB2 and COL4A3 in cell proliferation. The 15 most strongly associated DEGs were selected from the PPI network and hub genes including JUN, TIMP3, OAS1, OASL and EGR1 were confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that a high olive oil diet aggravates CC progression in vivo and in vitro. We provide clues to build a potential link between dietary fat and cancerogenesis and identify areas requiring further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xuan Luo
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Chunxiao Su
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Li Wei
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Han Zeng
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zac Varghese
- John Moorhead Research Laboratory, Centre for Nephrology, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Campus, University College London, NW3 2PF, London, UK
| | - John F Moorhead
- John Moorhead Research Laboratory, Centre for Nephrology, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Campus, University College London, NW3 2PF, London, UK
| | - Xiong Z Ruan
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,John Moorhead Research Laboratory, Centre for Nephrology, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Campus, University College London, NW3 2PF, London, UK.
| | - Yaxi Chen
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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