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Fateeva A, Eddy K, Chen S. Current State of Melanoma Therapy and Next Steps: Battling Therapeutic Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1571. [PMID: 38672652 PMCID: PMC11049326 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive and deadly form of skin cancer due to its high propensity to metastasize to distant organs. Significant progress has been made in the last few decades in melanoma therapeutics, most notably in targeted therapy and immunotherapy. These approaches have greatly improved treatment response outcomes; however, they remain limited in their abilities to hinder disease progression due, in part, to the onset of acquired resistance. In parallel, intrinsic resistance to therapy remains an issue to be resolved. In this review, we summarize currently available therapeutic options for melanoma treatment and focus on possible mechanisms that drive therapeutic resistance. A better understanding of therapy resistance will provide improved rational strategies to overcome these obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fateeva
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (A.F.); (K.E.)
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kevinn Eddy
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (A.F.); (K.E.)
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Suzie Chen
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (A.F.); (K.E.)
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ 07018, USA
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2
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Su C, Kim SK, Wang CX, Kirsch DG, Monjazeb AM. Radiotherapy Combined with Intralesional Immunostimulatory Agents for Soft Tissue Sarcomas. Semin Radiat Oncol 2024; 34:243-257. [PMID: 38508788 PMCID: PMC11216412 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has shifted the treatment paradigm for many types of cancer. Unfortunately, the most commonly used immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), have yielded limited benefit for most types of soft tissue sarcoma (STS). Radiotherapy (RT) is a mainstay of sarcoma therapy and can induce immune modulatory effects. Combining immunotherapy and RT in STS may be a promising strategy to improve sarcoma response to RT and increase the efficacy of immunotherapy. Most combination strategies have employed immunotherapies, such as ICI, that derepress immune suppressive networks. These have yielded only modest results, possibly due to the limited immune stimulatory effects of RT. Combining RT with immune stimulatory agents has yielded promising preclinical and clinical results but can be limited by the toxic nature of systemic administration of immune stimulants. Using intralesional immune stimulants may generate stronger RT immune modulation and less systemic toxicity, which may be a feasible strategy in accessible tumors such as STS. In this review, we summarize the immune modulatory effects of RT, the mechanism of action of various immune stimulants, including toll-like receptor agonists, and data for combinatorial strategies utilizing these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Su
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Soo Kyoung Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, UC Davis Health, Davis, CA
| | - Charles X Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, UC Davis Health, Davis, CA
| | - David G Kirsch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arta M Monjazeb
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, UC Davis Health, Davis, CA.
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3
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Lara-Vega I, Correa-Lara MVM, Vega-López A. Effectiveness of radiotherapy and targeted radionuclide therapy for melanoma in preclinical mouse models: A combination treatments overview. Bull Cancer 2023; 110:912-936. [PMID: 37277266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is an aggressive and highly metastatic skin cancer. In recent years, immunotherapy and targeted small-molecule inhibitors have improved the overall survival of patients. Unfortunately, most patients in advanced stages of disease exhibit either intrinsically resistant or rapidly acquire resistance to these approved treatments. However, combination treatments have emerged to overcome resistance, and novel treatments based on radiotherapy (RT) and targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) have been developed to treat melanoma in the preclinical mouse model, raising the question of whether synergy in combination therapies may motivate and increase their use as primary treatments for melanoma. To help clarify this question, we reviewed the studies in preclinical mouse models where they evaluated RT and TRT in combination with other approved and unapproved therapies from 2016 onwards, focusing on the type of melanoma model used (primary tumor and or metastatic model). PubMed® was the database in which the search was performed using mesh search algorithms resulting in 41 studies that comply with the inclusion rules of screening. Studies reviewed showed that synergy with RT or TRT had strong antitumor effects, such as tumor growth inhibition and fewer metastases, also exhibiting systemic protection. In addition, most studies were carried out on antitumor response for the implanted primary tumor, demonstrating that more studies are needed to evaluate these combined treatments in metastatic models on long-term protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Lara-Vega
- National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Avenida Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Mexico City CP 07738, Mexico
| | - Maximiliano V M Correa-Lara
- National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Avenida Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Mexico City CP 07738, Mexico
| | - Armando Vega-López
- National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Avenida Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Mexico City CP 07738, Mexico.
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Sharon S, Daher-Ghanem N, Zaid D, Gough MJ, Kravchenko-Balasha N. The immunogenic radiation and new players in immunotherapy and targeted therapy for head and neck cancer. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2023; 4:1180869. [PMID: 37496754 PMCID: PMC10366623 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2023.1180869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Although treatment modalities for head and neck cancer have evolved considerably over the past decades, survival rates have plateaued. The treatment options remained limited to definitive surgery, surgery followed by fractionated radiotherapy with optional chemotherapy, and a definitive combination of fractionated radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Lately, immunotherapy has been introduced as the fourth modality of treatment, mainly administered as a single checkpoint inhibitor for recurrent or metastatic disease. While other regimens and combinations of immunotherapy and targeted therapy are being tested in clinical trials, adapting the appropriate regimens to patients and predicting their outcomes have yet to reach the clinical setting. Radiotherapy is mainly regarded as a means to target cancer cells while minimizing the unwanted peripheral effect. Radiotherapy regimens and fractionation are designed to serve this purpose, while the systemic effect of radiation on the immune response is rarely considered a factor while designing treatment. To bridge this gap, this review will highlight the effect of radiotherapy on the tumor microenvironment locally, and the immune response systemically. We will review the methodology to identify potential targets for therapy in the tumor microenvironment and the scientific basis for combining targeted therapy and radiotherapy. We will describe a current experience in preclinical models to test these combinations and propose how challenges in this realm may be faced. We will review new players in targeted therapy and their utilization to drive immunogenic response against head and neck cancer. We will outline the factors contributing to head and neck cancer heterogeneity and their effect on the response to radiotherapy. We will review in-silico methods to decipher intertumoral and intratumoral heterogeneity and how these algorithms can predict treatment outcomes. We propose that (a) the sequence of surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy should be designed not only to annul cancer directly, but to prime the immune response. (b) Fractionation of radiotherapy and the extent of the irradiated field should facilitate systemic immunity to develop. (c) New players in targeted therapy should be evaluated in translational studies toward clinical trials. (d) Head and neck cancer treatment should be personalized according to patients and tumor-specific factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shay Sharon
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Narmeen Daher-Ghanem
- The Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Deema Zaid
- The Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael J. Gough
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Nataly Kravchenko-Balasha
- The Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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5
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Wang CX, Hunt J, Feinstein S, Kim SK, Monjazeb AM. Advances in Radiotherapy Immune Modulation: From Bench-to-Bedside and Back Again. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2023; 32:617-629. [PMID: 37182996 DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Pre-clinical and clinical data clearly demonstrate the immune modulatory effects of radiotherapy (RT) but clinical trials testing RT + immunotherapy have been equivocal. An improved understanding of the immune modulatory effects of RT and how practical parameters of RT delivery (site and number of lesions, dose, fractionation, timing) influence these effects are needed to optimally combine RT with immunotherapy. Additionally, increased exploration of immunotherapy combinations with RT, beyond immune checkpoint inhibitors, are needed. A "bench-to-bedside and back again" approach will improve our understanding of RT immune modulation and allow for the implementation of more effective RT + immunotherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles X Wang
- UC Davis Health, Department of Radiation Oncology, 4501 X-Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Jared Hunt
- UC Davis Health, Department of Radiation Oncology, 4501 X-Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Shera Feinstein
- UC Davis Health, Department of Radiation Oncology, 4501 X-Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Soo Kyoung Kim
- UC Davis Health, Department of Radiation Oncology, 4501 X-Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Arta M Monjazeb
- UC Davis Health, Department of Radiation Oncology, 4501 X-Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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Vanhaezebrouck IF, Scarpelli ML. Companion Animals as a Key to Success for Translating Radiation Therapy Research into the Clinic. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3377. [PMID: 37444487 PMCID: PMC10341092 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Many successful preclinical findings fail to be replicated during translation to human studies. This leads to significant resources being spent on large clinical trials, and in some cases, promising therapeutics not being pursued due to the high costs of clinical translation. These translational failures emphasize the need for improved preclinical models of human cancer so that there is a higher probability of successful clinical translation. Companion-animal cancers offer a potential solution. These cancers are more similar to human cancer than other preclinical models, with a natural evolution over time, genetic alterations, intact immune system, and a permanent adaptation to the microenvironment. These advantages have led pioneers in veterinary radiation oncology to aid human medicine by elucidating basic principles of radiation biology. More recently, the veterinary and human radiation oncology fields have increasingly collaborated to achieve advancements in education, radiotherapy techniques, and trial networks. This review describes these advancements, including significant prior research findings and the evolution of the veterinary radiation oncology discipline. It concludes by describing how companion-animal models can help shape the future of human radiotherapy. Taken as a whole, this review suggests companion-animal cancers may become widely used for preclinical radiotherapy research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew L. Scarpelli
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, 550 W Stadium Ave, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
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Preet Kaur A, Alice A, Crittenden MR, Gough MJ. The role of dendritic cells in radiation-induced immune responses. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 378:61-104. [PMID: 37438021 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells perform critical functions in bridging innate and adaptive immunity. Their ability to sense adjuvant signals in their environment, migrate on maturation, and cross-present cell-associated antigens enables these cells to carry antigen from tissue sites to lymph nodes, and thereby prime naïve T cells that cannot enter tissues. Despite being an infrequent cell type in tumors, we discuss how dendritic cells impact the immune environment of tumors and their response to cancer therapies. We review how radiation therapy of tumors can impact dendritic cells, through transfer of cell associated antigens to dendritic cells and the release of endogenous adjuvants, resulting in increased antigen presentation in the tumor-draining lymph nodes. We explore how tumor specific factors can result in negative regulation of dendritic cell function in the tumor, and the impact of direct radiation exposure to dendritic cells in the treatment field. These data suggest an important role for dendritic cell subpopulations in activating new T cell responses and boosting existing T cell responses to tumor associated antigens in tumor draining lymph nodes following radiation therapy. It further justifies a focus on the needs of the lymph node T cells to improve systemic anti-immunity following radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aanchal Preet Kaur
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Alejandro Alice
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Marka R Crittenden
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States; The Oregon Clinic, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Michael J Gough
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States.
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8
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Zhu S, Wang Y, Tang J, Cao M. Radiotherapy induced immunogenic cell death by remodeling tumor immune microenvironment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1074477. [PMID: 36532071 PMCID: PMC9753984 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1074477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that the induction of radiotherapy(RT) on the immunogenic cell death (ICD) is not only dependent on its direct cytotoxic effect, changes in the tumor immune microenvironment also play an important role in it. Tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) refers to the immune microenvironment that tumor cells exist, including tumor cells, inflammatory cells, immune cells, various signaling molecules and extracellular matrix. TIME has a barrier effect on the anti-tumor function of immune cells, which can inhibit all stages of anti-tumor immune response. The remodeling of TIME caused by RT may affect the degree of immunogenicity, and make it change from immunosuppressive phenotype to immunostimulatory phenotype. It is of great significance to reveal the causes of immune escape of tumor cells, especially for the treatment of drug-resistant tumor. In this review, we focus on the effect of RT on the TIME, the mechanism of RT in reversing the TIME to suppress intrinsic immunity, and the sensitization effect of the remodeling of TIME caused by RT on the effectiveness of immunotherapy.
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Souissi S, Ghedira R, Macherki Y, Ben‐Haj‐Ayed A, Gabbouj S, Remadi Y, Sfar I, Chadli Z, Aouam K, Hassine M, Bouaouina N, Zakhama A, Hassen E. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase gene expression and kynurenine to tryptophan ratio correlation with nasopharyngeal carcinoma progression and survival. Immun Inflamm Dis 2022; 10:e690. [PMID: 36039641 PMCID: PMC9425015 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an immunosuppressive tryptophan-depleting enzyme expressed in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) tissue. However, IDO has not been reported in the peripheral blood of NPC patients. The aim of this study was to analyze, IDO1 and IDO2 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression, the kynurenine (Kyn) and tryptophan (Trp) plasma levels, their clinical values and their relationship with cytokine levels in NPC. METHODS We evaluated IDO1 and IDO2 mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by quantitative real-time PCR, plasma Trp and Kyn levels by HPLC, and cytokine levels by ELISA in 75 NPC patients and 51 healthy controls. RESULTS Compared to controls, IDO1 mRNA expression was significantly upregulated and IDO2 mRNA expression was significantly downregulated in PBMC of patients. Also compared to controls, plasma Kyn levels and Kyn/Trp ratio were significantly higher in patients. At the time of diagnosis, the plasma Kyn/Trp ratio was associated with advanced cancer status and was an independent prognostic factor for worse disease-specific survival. According to cancer stages, IDO1 mRNA expression was positively correlated with plasma Kyn/Trp ratio in patients with earlier stages (I-II-III) but negatively correlated in patients with the late-stage cancer (IV). Tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 levels were significantly higher in patients compared to controls. Moreover, and despite treatment, patients simultaneously carrying high plasma Kyn/Trp ratio and high plasma IL-6 and IL-10 levels at diagnosis died approximately 1 year after first diagnosis. CONCLUSION Measuring blood IDO mRNA expression and Kyn/Trp ratio at diagnosis could be a potential marker to evaluate NPC progression and predict survival outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Souissi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immuno‐Oncology, Faculty of Medicine of MonastirUniversity of MonastirMonastirTunisia
- Higher Institute of Biotechnology of MonastirUniversity of MonastirMonastirTunisia
| | - Randa Ghedira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immuno‐Oncology, Faculty of Medicine of MonastirUniversity of MonastirMonastirTunisia
| | - Yosra Macherki
- Laboratory of Molecular Immuno‐Oncology, Faculty of Medicine of MonastirUniversity of MonastirMonastirTunisia
| | - Ahlem Ben‐Haj‐Ayed
- Laboratory of Molecular Immuno‐Oncology, Faculty of Medicine of MonastirUniversity of MonastirMonastirTunisia
| | - Sallouha Gabbouj
- Laboratory of Molecular Immuno‐Oncology, Faculty of Medicine of MonastirUniversity of MonastirMonastirTunisia
| | - Yasmine Remadi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immuno‐Oncology, Faculty of Medicine of MonastirUniversity of MonastirMonastirTunisia
| | - Imen Sfar
- Research Laboratory in Immunology of Renal Transplantation and ImmunopathologyTunis El Manar UniversityTunisTunisia
| | - Zohra Chadli
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of MonastirMonastirTunisia
| | - Karim Aouam
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of MonastirMonastirTunisia
| | - Mohsen Hassine
- Department of HematologyFattouma Bourguiba University HospitalMonastirTunisia
| | - Noureddine Bouaouina
- Laboratory of Molecular Immuno‐Oncology, Faculty of Medicine of MonastirUniversity of MonastirMonastirTunisia
- Department of Cancerology and RadiotherapyFarhat Hached University HospitalSousseTunisia
| | - Abdelfattah Zakhama
- Laboratory of Molecular Immuno‐Oncology, Faculty of Medicine of MonastirUniversity of MonastirMonastirTunisia
| | - Elham Hassen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immuno‐Oncology, Faculty of Medicine of MonastirUniversity of MonastirMonastirTunisia
- Higher Institute of Biotechnology of MonastirUniversity of MonastirMonastirTunisia
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Kleber KT, Iranpur KR, Perry LM, Cruz SM, Razmara AM, Culp WTN, Kent MS, Eisen JA, Rebhun RB, Canter RJ. Using the canine microbiome to bridge translation of cancer immunotherapy from pre-clinical murine models to human clinical trials. Front Immunol 2022; 13:983344. [PMID: 36032113 PMCID: PMC9412231 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.983344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiome has clearly been established as a cutting-edge field in tumor immunology and immunotherapy. Growing evidence supports the role of the microbiome in immune surveillance, self-tolerance, and response to immune checkpoint inhibitors such as anti PD-L1 and CTLA-4 blockade (1-6). Moreover, recent studies including those using fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) have demonstrated that response to checkpoint immunotherapies may be conferred or eliminated through gut microbiome modulation (7, 8). Consequently, studies evaluating microbiota-host immune and metabolic interactions remain an area of high impact research. While observations in murine models have highlighted the importance of the microbiome in response to therapy, we lack sufficient understanding of the exact mechanisms underlying these interactions. Furthermore, mouse and human gut microbiome composition may be too dissimilar for discovery of all relevant gut microbial biomarkers. Multiple cancers in dogs, including lymphoma, high grade gliomas, melanomas and osteosarcoma (OSA) closely resemble their human analogues, particularly in regard to metastasis, disease recurrence and response to treatment. Importantly, dogs with these spontaneous cancers also have intact immune systems, suggesting that microbiome analyses in these subjects may provide high yield information, especially in the setting of novel immunotherapy regimens which are currently expanding rapidly in canine comparative oncology (9, 10). Additionally, as onco-microbiotic therapies are developed to modify gut microbiomes for maximal responsiveness, large animal models with intact immune systems will be useful for trialing interventions and monitoring adverse events. Together, pre-clinical mechanistic studies and large animal trials can help fully unlock the potential of the microbiome as a diagnostic and therapeutic target in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara T. Kleber
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Khurshid R. Iranpur
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Lauren M. Perry
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Sylvia M. Cruz
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Aryana M. Razmara
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - William T. N. Culp
- Center for Companion Animal Health Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Michael S. Kent
- Center for Companion Animal Health Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jonathan A. Eisen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Robert B. Rebhun
- Center for Companion Animal Health Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Robert J. Canter
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
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Wu L, Wang D, Chen Y, Qian M, Xu X, Zhang T, Bi N, Wang L. Dynamic change of IDO1 activity predicts survival in patients with unresectable stage III NSCLC and chemoradiotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:906815. [PMID: 36032151 PMCID: PMC9399602 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.906815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveHigh activity of Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase1 (IDO1) in lung cancer patients converts tryptophan (Trp), which is the essential amino acid for T-cell metabolism, to kynurenine (Kyn) and consequently suppresses anti-tumor immune responses. We aimed to track the dynamics of IDO1 activity in stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who received first-line radiotherapy (RT) and explore its association with survival outcomes.Materials and methodsSystemic IDO1 activity was calculated by Kyn : Trp ratio. Plasma levels of Kyn and Trp in 113 thoracic RT-received stage III NSCLC patients were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography before the initiation of RT. The dynamic change of IDO1 activity was followed in 24 patients by measuring the Kyn : Trp ratio before, during, and after RT administration.ResultsIn 24 patients with dynamic tracking of plasma IDO1 activity, there were no significant alterations observed among the three time points (Friedman test, p = 0.13). The changing pattern of the Kyn : Trp ratio was divided into four groups: decreased consistently during RT, first increased, then decreased, increased consistently, first decreased then increased. Patients whose Kyn : Trp ratio kept decreasing or first increased then decreased were defined as the good-change group. The good-change status was identified as an independent positive factor for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) (p = 0.04; p = 0.01) in multivariate analysis among evaluated parameters. Patients with good change showed significantly superior local control than the bad-change group (p = 0.01, HR = 0.22). In 113 stage III NSCLC patients with pre-radiation Kyn : Trp ratio, a trend that high baseline IDO1 activity was associated with short OS was observed (p = 0.079).ConclusionFavorable change in IDO1 activity during RT was associated with superior OS, PFS, and local control. IDO1 activity is a promising biomarker for prognosis in stage III NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfang Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Daquan Wang
- Department of radiation Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Mingmin Qian
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Bi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Nan Bi, ; Luhua Wang,
| | - Luhua Wang
- Department of radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Nan Bi, ; Luhua Wang,
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Peng X, Zhao Z, Liu L, Bai L, Tong R, Yang H, Zhong L. Targeting Indoleamine Dioxygenase and Tryptophan Dioxygenase in Cancer Immunotherapy: Clinical Progress and Challenges. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:2639-2657. [PMID: 35965963 PMCID: PMC9374094 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s373780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2.3-dioxygenases (IDO1/2) and tryptophan 2.3-dioxygenase (TDO) are the initial and rate-limiting enzymes in tryptophan metabolism, which play an essential role in mediating immunosuppression in tumor microenvironment. Accumulating evidence has indicated that both IDO1 and TDO are highly expressed in many malignant tumors, and their expression is generally associated with reduced tumor-infiltrating immune cells, increased regulatory T-cell infiltration, as well as cancer progression and poor prognosis for malignancies. A large number of IDO1 and TDO inhibitors have been screened or synthesized in the last two decades. Thus far, at least 12 antagonists targeting IDO1 and TDO have advanced to clinical trials. In this account, we conducted a comprehensive review of the development of IDO1 and TDO inhibitors in cancer immunotherapy, particularly their clinical research progress, and presented the current challenges and corresponding solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerun Peng
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liwen Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fengrun District People’s Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, 063000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongsheng Tong
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Yang
- POWERCHINA Chengdu Engineering Corporation Limited, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, People’s Republic of China
- Hao Yang, POWERCHINA Chengdu Engineering Corporation Limited, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China, Email
| | - Lei Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Lei Zhong, Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, People’s Republic of China, Email
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13
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New Developments in T Cell Immunometabolism and Implications for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040708. [PMID: 35203357 PMCID: PMC8870179 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite rapid advances in the field of immunotherapy, the elimination of established tumors has not been achieved. Many promising new treatments such as adoptive cell therapy (ACT) fall short, primarily due to the loss of T cell effector function or the failure of long-term T cell persistence. With the availability of new tools and advancements in technology, our understanding of metabolic processes has increased enormously in the last decade. Redundancy in metabolic pathways and overlapping targets that could address the plasticity and heterogenous phenotypes of various T cell subsets have illuminated the need for understanding immunometabolism in the context of multiple disease states, including cancer immunology. Herein, we discuss the developing field of T cell immunometabolism and its crucial relevance to improving immunotherapeutic approaches. This in-depth review details the metabolic pathways and preferences of the antitumor immune system and the state of various metabolism-targeting therapeutic approaches.
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14
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Sparger EE, Chang H, Chin N, Rebhun RB, Withers SS, Kieu H, Canter RJ, Monjazeb AM, Kent MS. T Cell Immune Profiles of Blood and Tumor in Dogs Diagnosed With Malignant Melanoma. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:772932. [PMID: 34926643 PMCID: PMC8674490 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.772932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigation of canine T cell immunophenotypes in canine melanomas as prognostic biomarkers for disease progression or predictive biomarkers for targeted immunotherapeutics remains in preliminary stages. We aimed to examine T cell phenotypes and function in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and baseline tumor samples by flow cytometry, and to compare patient (n = 11–20) T cell phenotypes with healthy controls dogs (n = 10–20). CD3, CD4, CD8, CD25, FoxP3, Ki67, granzyme B, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were used to classify T cell subsets in resting and mitogen stimulated PBMCs. In a separate patient cohort (n = 11), T cells were classified using CD3, CD4, CD8, FoxP3, and granzyme B in paired PBMC and single cell suspensions of tumor samples. Analysis of flow cytometric data of individual T cell phenotypes in PBMC revealed specific T cell phenotypes including FoxP3+ and CD25+FoxP3- populations that distinguished patients from healthy controls. Frequencies of IFN-γ+ cells after ConA stimulation identified two different patient phenotypic responses, including a normal/exaggerated IFN-γ response and a lower response suggesting dysfunction. Principle component analysis of selected T cell immunophenotypes also distinguished patients and controls for T cell phenotype and revealed a clustering of patients based on metastasis detected at diagnosis. Findings supported the overall hypothesis that canine melanoma patients display a T cell immunophenotype profile that is unique from healthy pet dogs and will guide future studies designed with larger patient cohorts necessary to further characterize prognostic T cell immunophenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen E Sparger
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Hong Chang
- Center for Companion Animal Health, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Ning Chin
- California National Primate Research Center, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Robert B Rebhun
- Center for Companion Animal Health, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sita S Withers
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Hung Kieu
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Robert J Canter
- Surgical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Arta M Monjazeb
- Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Michael S Kent
- Center for Companion Animal Health, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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15
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Berry MR, Fan TM. Target-Based Radiosensitization Strategies: Concepts and Companion Animal Model Outlook. Front Oncol 2021; 11:768692. [PMID: 34746010 PMCID: PMC8564182 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.768692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
External beam radiotherapy is indicated in approximately 50-60% of human cancer patients. The prescribed dose of ionizing radiation that can be delivered to a tumor is determined by the sensitivity of the normal surrounding tissues. Despite dose intensification provided by highly conformal radiotherapy, durable locoregional tumor control remains a clinical barrier for recalcitrant tumor histologies, and contributes to cancer morbidity and mortality. Development of target-based radiosensitization strategies that selectively sensitizes tumor tissue to ionizing radiation is expected to improve radiotherapy efficacy. While exploration of radiosensitization strategies has vastly expanded with technological advances permitting the precise and conformal delivery of radiation, maximal clinical benefit derived from radiotherapy will require complementary discoveries that exploit molecularly-based vulnerabilities of tumor cells, as well as the assessment of investigational radiotherapy strategies in animal models that faithfully recapitulate radiobiologic responses of human cancers. To address these requirements, the purpose of this review is to underscore current and emerging concepts of molecularly targeted radiosensitizing strategies and highlight the utility of companion animal models for improving the predictive value of radiotherapy investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Berry
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Timothy M Fan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States.,Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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16
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Robust immune response stimulated by in situ injection of CpG/αOX40/cGAMP in αPD-1-resistant malignancy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 71:1597-1609. [PMID: 34731284 PMCID: PMC9188536 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-03095-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the emergence of immunotherapy has revolutionized traditional tumour treatment. However, effective treatments for patients exhibiting αPD-1 resistance are still lacking. In our study, a combination of cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs), anti-OX40 and cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) injection in situ systematically generated a robust antitumour immune response in TC1 and B16 cells, which are αPD-1-resistant malignancies. More precisely, this method activates both adaptive and innate immunity. Additionally, in situ vaccination with CpG/αOX40/cGAMP fully activates the production of cytokines. However, the combination of αPD-1 does not improve the efficacy of triple therapy, prompting further questions. Collectively, the combination of CpG/αOX40/cGAMP causes the regression of various αPD-1-resistant tumours through the full mobilization of innate and adaptive immunity. In addition, we explored the therapeutic effect of triple therapy on the αPD-1-sensitive cell line CT26. The results showed that triple therapy could significantly enhance the therapeutic effect of αPD-1, and some mice even achieved complete tumour regression after the combined application of αPD-1 and triple treatment.
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17
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Ikeda N, Kato D, Tsuboi M, Yoshitake R, Eto S, Yoshimoto S, Shinada M, Kamoto S, Hashimoto Y, Takahashi Y, Chambers J, Uchida K, Nishimura R, Nakagawa T. Detection of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1-expressing cells in canine normal and tumor tissues. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1885-1890. [PMID: 34690223 PMCID: PMC8762412 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is a novel cancer treatment for canine tumors. Indoleamine
2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is overexpressed in some human tumors and inhibits antitumor
immunity. In this study, we comprehensively evaluated expression pattern of IDO1 and the
nature of IDO1-expressing cells in canine normal and tumor tissues. In normal tissue
samples, IDO1 expression was detected only in the lymph nodes, spleen, tonsil tissues, and
colon tissues. In contrast, IDO1-positive tumor cells were observed in several tumor
tissue types. This is the first study to evaluate IDO1 expression in canine normal and
tumor tissues, and the results suggest that IDO1 is a promising target for novel cancer
immunotherapy in dogs with tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namiko Ikeda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Daiki Kato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | | | - Ryohei Yoshitake
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Shotaro Eto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Sho Yoshimoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Masahiro Shinada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Satoshi Kamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | | | | | - James Chambers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Ryohei Nishimura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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18
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Zhang Y, Jia H, Liu Z, Guo J, Li Y, Li R, Zhu G, Li J, Li M, Li X, Wang S, Dang C, Zhao T. D-MT prompts the anti-tumor effect of oxaliplatin by inhibiting IDO expression in a mouse model of colon cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108203. [PMID: 34649091 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colon cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in the digestive system. Although oxaliplatin, a chemotherapy drug, has been clinically used to treat colon cancer, its therapeutic effect is unsatisfactory. It has been proved that indoleamine dioxygenase 2,3 (IDO) is a tumor immunosuppressive factor for the immune response. Herein, an IDO inhibitor, D-MT (indoximod, 1-Methyl-D-tryptophan), was combined with oxaliplatin to treat colon cancer in mice. T cell infiltration in tumor tissues, the ratios of immune cells in the spleens, and the tumor growth and survival of the mice were detected and recorded. The results showed that the combination of oxaliplatin and D-MT significantly inhibited tumor growth and prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice. More importantly, the combination treatment increased the ratios of CD4+ T, CD8+ T and NK cells from the spleen in tumor-bearing mice, and prompted T cell infiltration in tumor tissues. This study provided a new therapeutic strategy for colon cancer treatment in the clinic, especially for patients with oxaliplatin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxi Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China; Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710000, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Huijie Jia
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453000, Henan, PR China; Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, China
| | - Zhiang Liu
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453000, Henan, PR China
| | - Jing Guo
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453000, Henan, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453000, Henan, PR China
| | - Ruipeng Li
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453000, Henan, PR China
| | - Gaozan Zhu
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453000, Henan, PR China
| | - Jie Li
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453000, Henan, PR China
| | - Minjie Li
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453000, Henan, PR China
| | - Xinyi Li
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453000, Henan, PR China
| | - Shenggen Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China
| | - Chengxue Dang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710000, Shanxi, PR China.
| | - Tiesuo Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453000, Henan, PR China; Department of Immunology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, China.
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19
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Boss MK. Canine comparative oncology for translational radiation research. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 98:496-505. [PMID: 34586958 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1987572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Laboratory and clinical research are essential for advancing radiation research; however, there is a growing awareness that conventional laboratory animal models and early-phase clinical studies in patients have not improved the low success rates and late-stage failures in new cancer therapy efforts. There are considerable costs and inefficiencies in moving preclinical research into effective cancer therapies for patients. Canine translational models of radiation research can fill an important niche between rodent and human studies, ultimately providing valuable, predictive, translational biological and clinical results for human cancer patients. Companion dogs naturally and spontaneously develop cancers over the course of their lifetime. Many canine tumor types share important similarities to human disease, molecularly and biologically, with a comparable clinical course. Dogs receive state-of-the-art medical care, which can include radiotherapy, experimental therapeutics, and novel technologies, offering an important opportunity for radiobiology and radiation oncology research. Notably, the National Cancer Institute has developed the Comparative Oncology Program to promote this area of increased research interest. CONCLUSION In this review, the benefits and limitations of performing translational radiation research in companion dogs will be presented, and current research utilizing the canine model will be highlighted, including studies across research areas focusing on common canine tumor types treated with radiotherapy, comparative normal tissue effects, radiation and immunology research, and alternative radiation therapy approaches involving canine cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Keara Boss
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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20
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Fujiwara K, Saung MT, Jing H, Herbst B, Zarecki M, Muth S, Wu A, Bigelow E, Chen L, Li K, Jurcak N, Blair AB, Ding D, Wichroski M, Blum J, Cheadle N, Koenitzer J, Zheng L. Interrogating the immune-modulating roles of radiation therapy for a rational combination with immune-checkpoint inhibitors in treating pancreatic cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2019-000351. [PMID: 32675194 PMCID: PMC7368549 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation therapy (RT) has the potential to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy, such as checkpoint inhibitors, which has dramatically altered the landscape of treatments for many cancers, but not yet for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Our prior studies demonstrated that PD ligand-1 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) were induced on tumor epithelia of PDACs following neoadjuvant therapy including RT, suggesting RT may prime PDAC for PD-1 blockade antibody (αPD-1) or IDO1 inhibitor (IDO1i) treatments. In this study, we investigated the antitumor efficacy of the combination therapies with radiation and PD-1 blockade or IDO1 inhibition or both. METHODS We developed and used a mouse syngeneic orthotopic model of PDAC suitable for hypofractionated RT experiments. RESULTS The combination therapy of αPD-1 and RT improved survival. The dual combination of RT/IDO1i and triple combination of RT/αPD-1/IDO1i did not improve survival compared with RT/αPD-1, although all of these combinations offer similar local tumor control. RT/αPD-1 appeared to result in the best systemic interferon-γ response compared with other treatment groups and the highest local expression of immune-activation genes, including Cd28 and Icos. CONCLUSION Our RT model allows examining the immune-modulatory effects of RT alone and in combination with immune-checkpoint inhibitors in the pancreas/local microenvironment. This study highlights the importance of choosing the appropriate immune-modulatory agents to be combined with RT to tip the balance toward antitumor adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Fujiwara
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,JSPS Overseas Research Fellow, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - May Tun Saung
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hao Jing
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Brian Herbst
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - MacKenzie Zarecki
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Stephen Muth
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Annie Wu
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Elaine Bigelow
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Linda Chen
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Hepato-Bilio-Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Keyu Li
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Hepato-Bilio-Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Neolle Jurcak
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alex B Blair
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ding Ding
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Jordan Blum
- Bristol Myers Squibb Co, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | - Lei Zheng
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States .,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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21
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Abstract
The anti-tumor activity of interferons (IFNs) was first appreciated about half a century ago, and IFN-α2 was the first cancer immunotherapy approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Radiation therapy (RT), one of the pillars of cancer treatment, directly causes DNA damage, which can lead to senescence and cell death in tumor cells. In recent years, however, RT-induced immunomodulatory effects have been recognized to play an indispensable role in achieving the optimum therapeutic effect of RT. Increasing evidence indicates that RT enhances adaptive anti-tumor immunity by augmenting the innate immune sensing of tumors in a type I IFN-dependent matter. This review briefly introduces the role of type I interferon in cancer and the available evidence on the overall effects of RT on tumor immunity mediated via type I IFN. Recent advances in deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the induction of type I IFNs triggered by RT, their clinical implications, and therapeutic opportunities will be highlighted.
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22
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Monjazeb AM, Schalper KA, Villarroel-Espindola F, Nguyen A, Shiao SL, Young K. Effects of Radiation on the Tumor Microenvironment. Semin Radiat Oncol 2021; 30:145-157. [PMID: 32381294 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A malignant tumor consists of malignant cells as well as a wide array of normal host tissues including stroma, vasculature, and immune infiltrate. The interaction between cancer and these host tissues is critical as these host tissues play a variety of roles in supporting or resisting disease progression. Radiotherapy (RT) has direct effects on malignant cells, but, also, critically important effects on these other components of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Given the growing role of immune checkpoint inhibitors and other immunotherapy strategies, understanding how RT affects the TME, particularly the immune compartment, is essential to advance RT in this new era of cancer therapy. The interactions between RT and the TME are complex, affecting the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. RT can induce both proinflammatory effects and immune suppressive effects that can either promote or impede antitumor immunity. It is likely that the initial proinflammatory effects of RT eventually lead to rebound immune-suppression as chronic inflammation sets in. The exact kinetics and nature of how RT changes the TME likely depends on timing, dose, fractionation, site irradiated, and tumor type. With increased understanding of the effects of RT on the TME, in the future it is likely that we will be able to personalize RT by varying the dose, site, and timing of intervention to generate the desired response to partner with immunotherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arta M Monjazeb
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sacramento, CA.
| | - Kurt A Schalper
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Anthony Nguyen
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Stephen L Shiao
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kristina Young
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, OR; Radiation Oncology Division, The Oregon Clinic, Portland, OR
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23
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Tierce R, Martin T, Hughes KL, Harrison L, Swancutt KL, Rao S, Leary D, LaRue SM, Boss MK. Response of Canine Soft Tissue Sarcoma to Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy. Radiat Res 2021; 196:587-601. [PMID: 34473832 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00271.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Canine soft tissue sarcoma (STS) has served as a preclinical model for radiation, hyperthermia, experimental therapeutics, and tumor microenvironmental research for decades. Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) demonstrates promising results for the control of various tumors in human and veterinary medicine; however, there is limited clinical data for the management of STS with SBRT. In this retrospective study, we aimed to define overall efficacy and toxicity of SBRT for the treatment of macroscopic canine STS to establish this preclinical model for comparative oncology research. Fifty-two canine patients met inclusion criteria. Total radiation dose prescribed ranged from 20-50 Gy delivered in 1-5 fractions. Median progression-free survival time (PFST) was 173 days and overall survival time (OST) 228 days. Best overall response was evaluable in 46 patients, with 30.4% responding to treatment (complete response n = 3; partial response n = 11). For responders, OST significantly increased to 475 days vs. 201 days (P = 0.009). Prognostic factors identified by multivariable Cox regressions included size of tumor and metastasis at presentation. Dogs were 3× more likely to progress (P = 0.009) or 3.5× more likely to experience death (P = 0.003) at all times of follow up if they presented with metastatic disease. Similarly, every 100-cc increase in tumor volume resulted in a 5% increase in the risk of progression (P = 0.002) and death (P = 0.001) at all times of follow up. Overall, 30.8% of patients developed acute toxicities, 7.7% grade 3; 28.8% of patients developed late toxicities, 11.5% grade 3. Increased dose administered to the skin significantly affected toxicity development. SBRT serves as a viable treatment option to provide local tumor control for canine macroscopic STS, particularly those with early-stage disease and smaller tumors. The results of this study will help to define patient inclusion criteria and to set dose limits for preclinical canine STS trials involving SBRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Tierce
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.,Division of Comparative Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Tiffany Martin
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Kelly L Hughes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Lauren Harrison
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Katy L Swancutt
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Sangeeta Rao
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Del Leary
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Susan M LaRue
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Mary-Keara Boss
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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24
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Gingrich AA, Kirane AR. Novel Targets in Melanoma: Intralesional and Combination Therapy to Manipulate the Immune Response. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2021; 29:467-483. [PMID: 32482321 DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Clinical outcomes for metastatic melanoma have been dramatically altered by recent developments in immunotherapy and targeted strategies, but response to these therapies is not uniform, the majority of patients do not respond, and clinical response can be self-limited. Current directions in melanoma treatment aim to leverage a combination of therapies for tumors refractory to monoimmunotherapy, to include tumor-directed strategies, such as intralesional therapy and inhibitors designed for novel targets, which may augment current systemic agents when used in combination. Here, we summarize new classes of agents and emerging multimodal combination strategies that demonstrate significant promise in future melanoma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia A Gingrich
- Department of Surgery, University of California Davis, 4501 X Street, Suite 3010, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Amanda R Kirane
- Department of Surgery, University of California Davis, 4501 X Street, Suite 3010, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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25
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Guo Y, Liu Y, Wu W, Ling D, Zhang Q, Zhao P, Hu X. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (Ido) inhibitors and their nanomedicines for cancer immunotherapy. Biomaterials 2021; 276:121018. [PMID: 34284200 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) as a principle enzyme in tryptophan (Trp) catabolism, modulates immune responses and promotes cancer progression. In recent decades, the newly emerging IDO inhibitors are regarded as the breakthrough for cancer immunotherapy. Intensified efforts have been increasingly made to, on the one hand, optimize the IDO inhibitors-based combination therapy in clinical trials; on the other hand, develop IDO inhibitors nanomedicines for tumor-targeted delivery in preclinical studies. This review will discuss the types of IDO inhibitors and the relevant clinical trials, especially those of the feasible combined therapeutic modalities. Moreover, it would be the first time to overview the cutting-edge nanomedicines that combine IDO inhibitors with other therapeutic modalities (e.g., chemotherapy, radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT) and immune checkpoint blockade) to effectively improve the effect of cancer therapy. Lastly, the prospects of IDO inhibitors in terms of clinical application and potential breakthroughs will be briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Guo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Evaluation and Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China; Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Daishun Ling
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Center of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Institute of Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Evaluation and Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Xi Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Evaluation and Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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26
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Cherney EC, Zhang L, Guo W, Huang A, Williams D, Seitz S, Shan W, Zhu X, Gullo-Brown J, Maley D, Lin TA, Hunt JT, Huang C, Yang Z, D’Arienzo CJ, Discenza LN, Ranasinghe A, Grubb MF, Traeger SC, Li X, Johnston KA, Kopcho L, Fereshteh M, Foster KA, Stefanski K, Delpy D, Dhar G, Anandam A, Mahankali S, Padmanabhan S, Rajanna P, Murali V, Mariappan TT, Pattasseri S, Nimje RY, Hong Z, Kempson J, Rampulla R, Mathur A, Gupta A, Borzilleri R, Vite G, Balog A. Conformational-Analysis-Guided Discovery of 2,3-Disubstituted Pyridine IDO1 Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1143-1150. [PMID: 34267885 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
IDO1 inhibitors have shown promise as immunotherapies for the treatment of a variety of cancers, including metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. We recently reported the identification of several novel heme-displacing IDO1 inhibitors, including the clinical molecules linrodostat (BMS-986205) and BMS-986242. Both molecules contain quinolines that, while being present in successful medicines, are known to be potentially susceptible to oxidative metabolism. Efforts to swap this quinoline with an alternative aromatic system led to the discovery of 2,3-disubstituted pyridines as suitable replacements. Further optimization, which included lowering ClogP in combination with strategic fluorine incorporation, led to the discovery of compound 29, a potent, selective IDO1 inhibitor with robust pharmacodynamic activity in a mouse xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C. Cherney
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Road, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Liping Zhang
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Road, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Weiwei Guo
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Road, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Audris Huang
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Road, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - David Williams
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Road, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Steven Seitz
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Road, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Weifang Shan
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Road, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Road, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Johnni Gullo-Brown
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Road, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Derrick Maley
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Road, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Tai-an Lin
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Road, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - John T. Hunt
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Road, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Christine Huang
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Road, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Zheng Yang
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Road, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Celia J. D’Arienzo
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Road, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Lorell N. Discenza
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Road, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Asoka Ranasinghe
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Road, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Mary F. Grubb
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Road, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Sarah C. Traeger
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Road, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Xin Li
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Road, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Kathy A. Johnston
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Road, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Lisa Kopcho
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Road, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Mark Fereshteh
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Road, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Kimberly A. Foster
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Road, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Kevin Stefanski
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Road, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Diane Delpy
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Road, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Gopal Dhar
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra−Jigani Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Aravind Anandam
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra−Jigani Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Sandeep Mahankali
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra−Jigani Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Shweta Padmanabhan
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra−Jigani Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Prabhakar Rajanna
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra−Jigani Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Venkata Murali
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra−Jigani Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - T. Thanga Mariappan
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra−Jigani Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Shabeerali Pattasseri
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra−Jigani Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Roshan Y. Nimje
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra−Jigani Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Zhenqiu Hong
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Road, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - James Kempson
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Road, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Richard Rampulla
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Road, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Arvind Mathur
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Road, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Anuradha Gupta
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra−Jigani Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Robert Borzilleri
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Road, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Gregory Vite
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Road, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Aaron Balog
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Road, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
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27
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Abstract
Noninvasive optical imaging with deep tissue penetration depth and high spatiotemporal resolution is important to longitudinally studying the biology at the single-cell level in live mammals, but has been challenging due to light scattering. Here, we developed near-infrared II (NIR-II) (1,000 to 1,700 nm) structured-illumination light-sheet microscopy (NIR-II SIM) with ultralong excitation and emission wavelengths up to ∼1,540 and ∼1,700 nm, respectively, suppressing light scattering to afford large volumetric three-dimensional (3D) imaging of tissues with deep-axial penetration depths. Integrating structured illumination into NIR-II light-sheet microscopy further diminished background and improved spatial resolution by approximately twofold. In vivo oblique NIR-II SIM was performed noninvasively for 3D volumetric multiplexed molecular imaging of the CT26 tumor microenvironment in mice, longitudinally mapping out CD4, CD8, and OX40 at the single-cell level in response to immunotherapy by cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG), a Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9) agonist combined with OX40 antibody treatment. NIR-II SIM affords an additional tool for noninvasive volumetric molecular imaging of immune cells in live mammals.
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28
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Synchronous effects of targeted mitochondrial complex I inhibitors on tumor and immune cells abrogate melanoma progression. iScience 2021; 24:102653. [PMID: 34189432 PMCID: PMC8220235 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic heterogeneity within the tumor microenvironment promotes cancer cell growth and immune suppression. We determined the impact of mitochondria-targeted complex I inhibitors (Mito-CI) in melanoma. Mito-CI decreased mitochondria complex I oxygen consumption, Akt-FOXO signaling, blocked cell cycle progression, melanoma cell proliferation and tumor progression in an immune competent model system. Immune depletion revealed roles for T cells in the antitumor effects of Mito-CI. While Mito-CI preferentially accumulated within and halted tumor cell proliferation, it also elevated infiltration of activated effector T cells and decreased myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) as well as tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) in melanoma tumors in vivo. Anti-proliferative doses of Mito-CI inhibited differentiation, viability, and the suppressive function of bone marrow-derived MDSC and increased proliferation-independent activation of T cells. These data indicate that targeted inhibition of complex I has synchronous effects that cumulatively inhibits melanoma growth and promotes immune remodeling.
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29
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Otegbeye EE, Mitchem JB, Park H, Chaudhuri AA, Kim H, Mutch MG, Ciorba MA. Immunity, immunotherapy, and rectal cancer: A clinical and translational science review. Transl Res 2021; 231:124-138. [PMID: 33307273 PMCID: PMC8016725 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rectal cancer remains a challenging disease to treat. Therapy for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC), the most frequent presentation, has evolved to include a multimodal approach of radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery. While this approach improves local disease control, the distant recurrence rate is nearly 30% and treatment-related morbidity is substantial, thus underscoring the need for new therapeutic approaches with better efficacy and lower side effects. Immunotherapy could potentially fill this need, but its promise is not yet realized in rectal cancer. In this translational science review, we address what is known about how cytotoxic therapies shape rectal cancer immunity and potentially prime the tumor microenvironment for response to immune checkpoint inhibitors and other immunotherapies. We also address the role of current immunotherapies in colorectal cancer and highlight where novel immunotherapy approaches are currently being evaluated in LARC. Finally, we address important future directions in LARC immunotherapy including the need to define optimal therapeutic sequencing, predictive biomarkers, strategies to limit treatment-related side effects and the potential of gut microbiome manipulation to improve outcomes. In summary, this review provides a framework to guide future research and inform immunotherapy trial design so as to advance rectal cancer care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebunoluwa E Otegbeye
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jonathan B Mitchem
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri; Surgical Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Haeseong Park
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Aadel A Chaudhuri
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Hyun Kim
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Matthew G Mutch
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Surgery, Section of Colorectal Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Matthew A Ciorba
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Center and the Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
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30
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Canine mast cell tumour cells regulate tryptophan catabolism via the expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Res Vet Sci 2021; 137:159-162. [PMID: 33984619 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-deoxygenase (IDO) produced by cancer cells catabolizes tryptophan (TRP) to kynurenine (KYN) in the environment, resulting induction of cancer immune escape through induction of T cell anergy and enhancement of regulatory T cells. Recently, inhibition of IDO has been recognized as one of therapeutic strategies for human neoplastic diseases. However, there have been few reports about IDO-expressing cancers in dogs. In this study, we attempted to examine whether canine mast cell tumour (MCT) cells express IDO and modulate the concentration of TRP and KYN in the environment. BR, MPT-1.2, and MPT-3 cells were used as canine MCT cells. Expression of IDO was examined with RT-PCR and western blotting. Concentrations of TRP and KYN in the culture medium after incubation with canine MCT cells were detected with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The expression of mRNA and protein of IDO were confirmed in all samples extracted from canine MCT cells. TRP concentration in the culture medium was decreased and that of KYN was increased on incubation with canine MCT cells. The ratio of KYN/TRP, widely considered to represent IDO activity, was also significantly elevated. Moreover, treatment with an IDO inhibitor L-1-methyl-tryptophan (L-1MT) clearly diminished the elevation of KYN/TRP ratio induced by the incubation with canine MCT cells. Our results indicate that canine MCT cells could directly regulate the concentrations of TRP and KYN through expressing IDO, suggesting that canine MCT have an immune escape ability. Therefore, inhibition of IDO might be a novel strategy for the treatment of dogs with MCT.
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31
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van den Bijgaart RJE, Schuurmans F, Fütterer JJ, Verheij M, Cornelissen LAM, Adema GJ. Immune Modulation Plus Tumor Ablation: Adjuvants and Antibodies to Prime and Boost Anti-Tumor Immunity In Situ. Front Immunol 2021; 12:617365. [PMID: 33936033 PMCID: PMC8079760 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.617365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ tumor ablation techniques, like radiotherapy, cryo- and heat-based thermal ablation are successfully applied in oncology for local destruction of tumor masses. Although diverse in technology and mechanism of inducing cell death, ablative techniques share one key feature: they generate tumor debris which remains in situ. This tumor debris functions as an unbiased source of tumor antigens available to the immune system and has led to the concept of in situ cancer vaccination. Most studies, however, report generally modest tumor-directed immune responses following local tumor ablation as stand-alone treatment. Tumors have evolved mechanisms to create an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), parts of which may admix with the antigen depot. Provision of immune stimuli, as well as approaches that counteract the immunosuppressive TME, have shown to be key to boost ablation-induced anti-tumor immunity. Recent advances in protein engineering have yielded novel multifunctional antibody formats. These multifunctional antibodies can provide a combination of distinct effector functions or allow for delivery of immunomodulators specifically to the relevant locations, thereby mitigating potential toxic side effects. This review provides an update on immune activation strategies that have been tested to act in concert with tumor debris to achieve in situ cancer vaccination. We further provide a rationale for multifunctional antibody formats to be applied together with in situ ablation to boost anti-tumor immunity for local and systemic tumor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renske J E van den Bijgaart
- Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Fabian Schuurmans
- Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jurgen J Fütterer
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Marcel Verheij
- Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Lenneke A M Cornelissen
- Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Gosse J Adema
- Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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32
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Demaria S, Guha C, Schoenfeld J, Morris Z, Monjazeb A, Sikora A, Crittenden M, Shiao S, Khleif S, Gupta S, Formenti SC, Vikram B, Coleman CN, Ahmed MM. Radiation dose and fraction in immunotherapy: one-size regimen does not fit all settings, so how does one choose? J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-002038. [PMID: 33827904 PMCID: PMC8031689 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-002038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that ionizing radiation can enhance immune responses to tumors. Advances in radiation delivery techniques allow hypofractionated delivery of conformal radiotherapy. Hypofractionation or other modifications of standard fractionation may improve radiation’s ability to promote immune responses to tumors. Other novel delivery options may also affect immune responses, including T-cell activation and tumor-antigen presentation changes. However, there is limited understanding of the immunological impact of hypofractionated and unique multifractionated radiotherapy regimens, as these observations are relatively recent. Hence, these differences in radiotherapy fractionation result in distinct immune-modulatory effects. Radiation oncologists and immunologists convened a virtual consensus discussion to identify current deficiencies, challenges, pitfalls and critical gaps when combining radiotherapy with immunotherapy and making recommendations to the field and advise National Cancer Institute on new directions and initiatives that will help further development of these two fields. This commentary aims to raise the awareness of this complexity so that the need to study radiation dose, fractionation, type and volume is understood and valued by the immuno-oncology research community. Divergence of approaches and findings between preclinical studies and clinical trials highlights the need for evaluating the design of future clinical studies with particular emphasis on radiation dose and fractionation, immune biomarkers and selecting appropriate end points for combination radiation/immune modulator trials, recognizing that direct effect on the tumor and potential abscopal effect may well be different. Similarly, preclinical studies should be designed as much as possible to model the intended clinical setting. This article describes a conceptual framework for testing different radiation therapy regimens as separate models of how radiation itself functions as an immunomodulatory ‘drug’ to provide alternatives to the widely adopted ‘one-size-fits-all’ strategy of frequently used 8 Gy×3 regimens immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Demaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chandan Guha
- Radiation Oncology, Pathology and Urology, and Institute of Onco-Physics, Montefiore Hospital and Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Jonathan Schoenfeld
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zachary Morris
- Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Arta Monjazeb
- Radiation Oncology, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Andrew Sikora
- Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Marka Crittenden
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Stephen Shiao
- Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Samir Khleif
- The Loop Immuno-Oncology Laboratory, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Seema Gupta
- The Loop Immuno-Oncology Laboratory, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Silvia Chiara Formenti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bhadrasain Vikram
- Radiation Research Program, National Cancer Institute Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - C Norman Coleman
- Radiation Research Program, National Cancer Institute Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mansoor M Ahmed
- Radiation Research Program, National Cancer Institute Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Marcus D, Lieverse RIY, Klein C, Abdollahi A, Lambin P, Dubois LJ, Yaromina A. Charged Particle and Conventional Radiotherapy: Current Implications as Partner for Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1468. [PMID: 33806808 PMCID: PMC8005048 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) has been shown to interfere with inflammatory signals and to enhance tumor immunogenicity via, e.g., immunogenic cell death, thereby potentially augmenting the therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapy. Conventional RT consists predominantly of high energy photon beams. Hypofractionated RT regimens administered, e.g., by stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), are increasingly investigated in combination with cancer immunotherapy within clinical trials. Despite intensive preclinical studies, the optimal dose per fraction and dose schemes for elaboration of RT induced immunogenic potential remain inconclusive. Compared to the scenario of combined immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) and RT, multimodal therapies utilizing other immunotherapy principles such as adoptive transfer of immune cells, vaccination strategies, targeted immune-cytokines and agonists are underrepresented in both preclinical and clinical settings. Despite the clinical success of ICI and RT combination, e.g., prolonging overall survival in locally advanced lung cancer, curative outcomes are still not achieved for most cancer entities studied. Charged particle RT (PRT) has gained interest as it may enhance tumor immunogenicity compared to conventional RT due to its unique biological and physical properties. However, whether PRT in combination with immune therapy will elicit superior antitumor effects both locally and systemically needs to be further investigated. In this review, the immunological effects of RT in the tumor microenvironment are summarized to understand their implications for immunotherapy combinations. Attention will be given to the various immunotherapeutic interventions that have been co-administered with RT so far. Furthermore, the theoretical basis and first evidences supporting a favorable immunogenicity profile of PRT will be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiënne Marcus
- The M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.M.); (R.I.Y.L.); (P.L.); (L.J.D.)
| | - Relinde I. Y. Lieverse
- The M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.M.); (R.I.Y.L.); (P.L.); (L.J.D.)
| | - Carmen Klein
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core-Center Heidelberg, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.K.); (A.A.)
- Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Im Neuenheimer Feld 450, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 222, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amir Abdollahi
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core-Center Heidelberg, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.K.); (A.A.)
- Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Im Neuenheimer Feld 450, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 222, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philippe Lambin
- The M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.M.); (R.I.Y.L.); (P.L.); (L.J.D.)
| | - Ludwig J. Dubois
- The M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.M.); (R.I.Y.L.); (P.L.); (L.J.D.)
| | - Ala Yaromina
- The M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.M.); (R.I.Y.L.); (P.L.); (L.J.D.)
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Omar NB, Bentley RT, Crossman DK, Foote JB, Koehler JW, Markert JM, Platt SR, Rissi DR, Shores A, Sorjonen D, Yanke AB, Gillespie GY, Chambers MR. Safety and interim survival data after intracranial administration of M032, a genetically engineered oncolytic HSV-1 expressing IL-12, in pet dogs with sporadic gliomas. Neurosurg Focus 2021; 50:E5. [PMID: 33524948 DOI: 10.3171/2020.11.focus20844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The diagnosis of glioma remains disheartening in the clinical realm. While a multitude of studies and trials have shown promise, improvements in overall survival have been disappointing. Modeling these tumors in the laboratory setting has become increasingly challenging, given their complex in situ behavior and interactions for therapeutic evasion. Dogs, particularly brachycephalic breeds, are known to spontaneously develop gliomas that resemble human gliomas both clinically and pathophysiologically, making canines with sporadic tumors promising candidates for study. Typically, survival among these dogs is approximately 2 months with palliation alone. METHODS The authors have completed the first stage of a unique phase I dose-escalating canine clinical trial in which the safety and tolerability of M032, a nonneurovirulent oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 vector genetically engineered to express interleukin-12, are being studied in pet dogs with gliomas undergoing maximum safe tumor resection and inoculation of the cavity with the viral infusate. RESULTS Twenty-five canine patients were enrolled between January 2018 and August 2020. One patient was electively withdrawn from the trial by its owner, and 3 did not receive the virus. For the 21 dogs that remained, 13 had high-grade gliomas, 5 had low-grade gliomas, and 3 were undetermined. According to histopathological analysis, 62% of the tumors were oligodendrogliomas. At the time of this report, the median overall survival from the date of treatment was 151 days (± 78 days). No significant adverse events attributable to M032 or dose-limiting toxicities have been observed to date. CONCLUSIONS In this largest study of oncolytic viral therapy for canine brain tumors to date, treatment with M032 did not cause harm and the combination of surgery and oncolytic viral therapy may have contributed to prolonged survival in pet dogs with spontaneous gliomas. Forthcoming in-depth radiographic, immunohistochemical, and genetic analyses will afford a more advanced understanding of how this treatment impacts these tumors and the immune system. Our goal is to utilize these findings bitranslationally to inform human studies and refine therapies that will improve outcomes in both humans and pet dogs with gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R Timothy Bentley
- 4Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | | | - Jeremy B Foote
- 3Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | | | - Simon R Platt
- 5University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia
| | - Daniel R Rissi
- 5University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia
| | - Andy Shores
- 6Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State, Mississippi; and
| | - Donald Sorjonen
- 7Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Amy B Yanke
- 7Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama
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35
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Liu XH, Zhai XY. Role of tryptophan metabolism in cancers and therapeutic implications. Biochimie 2021; 182:131-139. [PMID: 33460767 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan (Trp) metabolism is associated with diverse biological processes, including nerve conduction, inflammation, and the immune response. The majority of free Trp is broken down through the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway (KP), in which indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) catalyze the rate-limiting step. Clinical studies have demonstrated that Trp metabolism promotes tumor progression due to modulation of the immunosuppressive microenvironment through multiple mechanisms. In this process, IDO-expressing dendritic cells (DCs) exhibit tolerogenic potential and orchestrate T cell immune responses. Various signaling molecules control IDO expression, initiating the immunoregulatory pathway of Trp catabolism. Based on these characteristics, KP enzymes and catabolites are emerging as significant prognostic indicators and potential therapeutic targets of cancer. The physiological and oncologic roles of Trp metabolism are briefly summarized here, along with great challenges for treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Han Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Zhai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China.
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36
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Zhu Y, Jiang C, Liu Y, Li Y, Wu H, Feng J, Xu Y. Association between IDO activity and prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer after radiotherapy. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1169. [PMID: 33241018 PMCID: PMC7576049 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-5634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), a limiting enzyme in the IDO/kynurenine (Kyn) pathway, converts tryptophan (Trp) into Kyn, and plays a significant role in immune suppression and tumor immune evasion. This study aimed to investigate the association between IDO activity and clinical outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who underwent radiotherapy (RT). Methods Serum Kyn and Trp levels were measured in 104 NSCLC patients by high-performance liquid chromatography at baseline, and the following RT. The correlation between IDO activity, as computed by Kyn: Trp ratios and survival was estimated using Kaplan-Meier curves. Cox proportional hazard models are used in the univariate and multivariate analyses. Results Both the Kyn levels and Kyn:Trp ratios were reduced after RT at a biologically equivalent dose (BED) of <70 Gy, while these increased at a BED of ≥70 Gy. Post/pre-Kyn levels were positively correlated with an objective response. Patients with a higher Kyn:Trp ratio pre-RT had the worse median progression-free survival (mPFS, 13.5 vs. 24.5 months, P=0.049). Higher post/pre-Kyn:Trp ratios were correlated with improved median overall survival (mOS, 23.8 months vs. not reached, P=0.032). On the multivariate analysis, pre-RT Kyn:Trp and post/pre-Kyn:Trp ratios remained as independent predictive factors for PFS and OS, respectively. Conclusions It was proved that RT could alter IDO-mediated immune activity and establish strong correlations between IDO activity and survival outcomes in NSCLC patients treated with RT. These present findings suggest that the profiling of IDO activity might allow for the prompt adjustment of RT doses and better predict patient response to RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,First Clinical Medical School, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chenxue Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanjun Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,First Clinical Medical School, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yefei Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - He Wu
- First Clinical Medical School, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Feng
- Laboratory Research Centre, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaping Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,First Clinical Medical School, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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37
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Vanneste BG, Van Limbergen EJ, Dubois L, Samarska IV, Wieten L, Aarts MJ, Marcelissen T, De Ruysscher D. Immunotherapy as sensitizer for local radiotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1832760. [PMID: 33194319 PMCID: PMC7605354 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1832760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this report was to systematically review the radiation enhancement factor (REF) effects of immunotherapy on radiotherapy (RT) to the local tumor in comparison with other traditional radiation sensitizers such as cisplatin. PubMed and Medline databases were searched until February 2019. Reports with abscopal effect in the results were excluded. Graphs of the selected papers were digitized using Plot Digitizer (Sourceforge.net) in order to calculate the tumor growth delay (TGD) caused by immunotherapy. To enable comparison between different studies,the TGD were used to define the REF between RT versus the RT/immunotherapy combination. Thirty-two preclinical papers, and nine clinical series were selected. Different mouse models were exposed to RT doses ranging from 1 to 10 fractions of 1.8 to 20 Gray (Gy) per fraction. Endpoints were heterogeneous, ranging from regression to complete local response. No randomized clinical studies were identified. The median preclinical REF effect of different immunotherapy was varying from 1.7 to 9.1. There was no relationship observed either with subclasses of immunotherapy orRT doses. In the clinical studies, RT doses ranged from 1 to 37 fractions of 1.8 to 24 Gy per fraction. Most clinical trials used ipilimumab and interleukin-2. Local control rate in the clinical series ranged from 66% to 100%. A strong REF of immunotherapy (1.7 to 9.1) was observed, this being higher than traditionally sensitizers such as cisplatin (1.1). This result implies that for the same RT dose, a higher local control was achieved with a combination of immunotherapy and RT in preclinical settings. This study therefore supports the use of combined RT and immunotherapy to improve local tumor control in clinical settings without exacerbation of toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben G.L. Vanneste
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO Clinic), GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Evert J Van Limbergen
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO Clinic), GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ludwig Dubois
- The M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Iryna V. Samarska
- Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - L. Wieten
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Tissue Typing Laboratory, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M. J.B. Aarts
- Department of Medical Oncology, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - T. Marcelissen
- Department of Urology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk De Ruysscher
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO Clinic), GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Plavc G, Strojan P. Combining radiotherapy and immunotherapy in definitive treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: review of current clinical trials. Radiol Oncol 2020; 54:377-393. [PMID: 33064670 PMCID: PMC7585335 DOI: 10.2478/raon-2020-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) presents as locally advanced disease in a majority of patients and is prone to relapse despite aggressive treatment. Since immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have shown clinically significant efficacy in patients with recurrent/metastatic HNSCC (R/M HNSCC), a plethora of trials are investigating their role in earlier stages of disease. At the same time, preclinical data showed the synergistic role of concurrently administered radiotherapy and ICIs (immunoradiotherapy) and explained several mechanisms behind it. Therefore, this approach is prospectively tested in a neoadjuvant, definitive, or adjuvant setting in non-R/M HNSCC patients. Due to the intricate relationship between host, immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, each of these approaches has its advantages and disadvantages. In this narrative review we present the biological background of immunoradiotherapy, as well as a rationale for, and possible flaws of, each treatment approach, and provide readers with a critical summary of completed and ongoing trials. Conclusions While immunotherapy with ICIs has already become a standard part of treatment in patients with R/M HNSCC, its efficacy in a non-R/M HNSCC setting is still the subject of extensive clinical testing. Irradiation can overcome some of the cancer's immune evasive manoeuvres and can lead to a synergistic effect with ICIs, with possible additional benefits of concurrent platinum-based chemotherapy. However, the efficacy of this combination is not robust and details in trial design and treatment delivery seem to be of unprecedented importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaber Plavc
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Primoz Strojan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Porcellato I, Brachelente C, Cappelli K, Menchetti L, Silvestri S, Sforna M, Mecocci S, Iussich S, Leonardi L, Mechelli L. FoxP3, CTLA-4, and IDO in Canine Melanocytic Tumors. Vet Pathol 2020; 58:42-52. [PMID: 33021155 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820960131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite promising immunotherapy strategies in human melanoma, there are few studies on the immune environment of canine melanocytic tumors. In humans, the activation of immunosuppressive cell subpopulations, such as regulatory T cells (Tregs) that express forkhead box protein P3 (FoxP3), the engagement of immunosuppressive surface receptors like cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA-4), and the secretion of molecules inhibiting lymphocyte activation, such as indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), are recognized as immunoescape mechanisms that allow tumor growth and progression. The aim of our study was to investigate the expression of these immunosuppression markers in canine melanocytic tumors and to postulate their possible role in melanoma biology and progression. Fifty-five formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded canine melanocytic tumors (25 oral melanomas; 20 cutaneous melanomas; 10 cutaneous melanocytomas) were selected to investigate the expression of FoxP3, CTLA-4, and IDO by immunohistochemistry and RT-qPCR (real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction). All of the tested markers showed high gene and protein expression in oral melanomas and were differently expressed in cutaneous melanomas when compared to their benign counterpart. IDO expression was associated with an increased hazard of death both in univariable and multivariable analyses (P < .05). FoxP3 protein expression >6.9 cells/HPF (high-power field) was an independent predictor of death (P < .05). CTLA-4 gene and protein expressions were associated with a worse prognosis, but only in the univariable analysis (P < .05). FoxP3, CTLA-4, and IDO likely play a role in canine melanoma immunoescape. Their expression, if supported by future studies, could represent a prognostic tool in canine melanoma and pave the way to future immunotherapeutic approaches in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laura Menchetti
- 9309University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna
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40
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Meireson A, Devos M, Brochez L. IDO Expression in Cancer: Different Compartment, Different Functionality? Front Immunol 2020; 11:531491. [PMID: 33072086 PMCID: PMC7541907 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.531491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a cytosolic haem-containing enzyme involved in the degradation of tryptophan to kynurenine. Although initially thought to be solely implicated in the modulation of innate immune responses during infection, subsequent discoveries demonstrated IDO1 as a mechanism of acquired immune tolerance. In cancer, IDO1 expression/activity has been observed in tumor cells as well as in the tumor-surrounding stroma, which is composed of endothelial cells, immune cells, fibroblasts, and mesenchymal cells. IDO1 expression/activity has also been reported in the peripheral blood. This manuscript reviews available data on IDO1 expression, mechanisms of its induction, and its function in cancer for each of these compartments. In-depth study of the biological function of IDO1 according to the expressing (tumor) cell can help to understand if and when IDO1 inhibition can play a role in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Meireson
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael Devos
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieve Brochez
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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Loeser H, Kraemer M, Gebauer F, Bruns C, Schröder W, Zander T, Alakus H, Hoelscher A, Buettner R, Lohneis P, Quaas A. Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Expression Is an Independent Prognostic Marker in Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:2862647. [PMID: 33029538 PMCID: PMC7527882 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2862647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an interferon-inducible immune checkpoint expressed on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). IDO is known as a poor prognostic marker in esophageal squamous cell cancer, while a positive effect was shown for breast cancer. A comprehensive analysis of IDO expression in a well-defined cohort of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is missing. METHODS We analyzed 551 patients with EAC using single-protein and multiplex immunohistochemistry as well as mRNA in situ technology for the expression and distribution of IDO on subtypes of TILs (INF-γ mRNA and CD4- and CD8-positive T lymphocytes). RESULTS IDO expression on TILs was seen in up to 59.6% of tumors, and expression on tumor cells was seen in 9.2%. We found a strong positive correlation of IDO-positive TILs, CD3-positive T lymphocytes, and INF-γ mRNA-producing TILs in the tumor microenvironment of EACs showing significantly better overall survival (47.7 vs. 22.7 months, p < 0.001) with emphasis on early tumor stages (pT1/2: 142.1 vs. 37.1 months, p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, IDO is identified as an independent prognostic marker. CONCLUSIONS Our study emphasizes the importance of immunomodulation in EAC marking IDO as a potential biomarker. Beyond this, IDO might indicate a subgroup of EAC with an explicit survival benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Loeser
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Germany
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Group Cologne, Department I for Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Max Kraemer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Germany
| | - Florian Gebauer
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Group Cologne, Department I for Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Germany
| | - Christiane Bruns
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schröder
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Zander
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Group Cologne, Department I for Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital Cologne, Germany
| | - Hakan Alakus
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Group Cologne, Department I for Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Germany
| | - Arnulf Hoelscher
- Center for Esophageal and Gastric Surgery, AGAPLESION Markus Krankenhaus, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Philipp Lohneis
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Germany
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Group Cologne, Department I for Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Quaas
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Germany
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Group Cologne, Department I for Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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42
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Walshaw RC, Honeychurch J, Choudhury A, Illidge TM. Toll-Like Receptor Agonists and Radiation Therapy Combinations: An Untapped Opportunity to Induce Anticancer Immunity and Improve Tumor control. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020; 108:27-37. [PMID: 32339645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The premise that therapies targeting immune checkpoints can enhance radiation therapy (RT)-induced antitumor immunity is being explored rigorously in the preclinical setting, and early clinical trials testing this hypothesis are beginning to report. Although such approaches might prove efficacious in certain settings, it is likely that many tumor types, particularly those that have a deeply immune-suppressed microenvironment with little or no T cell infiltration, will require alternative approaches. Thus, there is now considerable drive to develop novel immune modulatory therapies that target other areas of the cancer immunity cycle. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed on sentinel immune cells and play a key role in the host defense against invading pathogens. Innate sensing via TLR-mediated detection of pathogen-derived molecular patterns can lead to maturation of antigen-presenting cells and downstream activation of adaptive immunity. After demonstrating promising efficacy in preclinical studies, drugs that stimulate TLR have been approved for use clinically, albeit to a limited extent. There is a growing body of preclinical evidence that novel agonists targeting TLR3, TLR7/8, or TLR9 in combination with RT might lead to enhanced antitumor immunity. Mechanistic studies have revealed that TLR agonists enhance dendritic cell-mediated T cell priming after RT, in some cases leading to the generation of systemic antitumor immunity and immune memory. In this report, we describe results from preclinical studies that advocate the strategy of combining RT with TLR agonists, discuss reported mechanisms of action, and explore the exciting opportunities of how this approach may be successfully translated into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Walshaw
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
| | - Jamie Honeychurch
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ananya Choudhury
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy M Illidge
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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43
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Yuan C, Liu Y, Wang T, Sun M, Chen X. Nanomaterials as Smart Immunomodulator Delivery System for Enhanced Cancer Therapy. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:4774-4798. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Congshan Yuan
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P.R. China
| | - Ya Liu
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P.R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P.R. China
| | - Mengjie Sun
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P.R. China
| | - Xiguang Chen
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P.R. China
- Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, P.R. China
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44
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Huang J, Li JJ. Multiple Dynamics in Tumor Microenvironment Under Radiotherapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1263:175-202. [PMID: 32588328 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-44518-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is an evolutionally low-level and embryonically featured tissue comprising heterogenic populations of malignant and stromal cells as well as noncellular components. Under radiotherapy (RT), the major modality for the treatment of malignant diseases [1], TME shows an adaptive response in multiple aspects that affect the efficacy of RT. With the potential clinical benefits, interests in RT combined with immunotherapy (IT) are intensified with a large scale of clinical trials underway for an array of cancer types. A better understanding of the multiple molecular aspects, especially the cross talks of RT-mediated energy reprogramming and immunoregulation in the irradiated TME (ITME), will be necessary for further enhancing the benefit of RT-IT modality. Coming studies should further reveal more mechanistic insights of radiation-induced instant or permanent consequence in tumor and stromal cells. Results from these studies will help to identify critical molecular pathways including cancer stem cell repopulation, metabolic rewiring, and specific communication between radioresistant cancer cells and the infiltrated immune active lymphocytes. In this chapter, we will focus on the following aspects: radiation-repopulated cancer stem cells (CSCs), hypoxia and re-oxygenation, reprogramming metabolism, and radiation-induced immune regulation, in which we summarize the current literature to illustrate an integrated image of the ITME. We hope that the contents in this chapter will be informative for physicians and translational researchers in cancer radiotherapy or immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jian Jian Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA. .,NCI-Designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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45
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Liu S, Imani S, Deng Y, Pathak JL, Wen Q, Chen Y, Wu J. Targeting IFN/STAT1 Pathway as a Promising Strategy to Overcome Radioresistance. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:6037-6050. [PMID: 32606809 PMCID: PMC7321691 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s256708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon (IFN)-mediated activation of the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) signaling is crucial for cell sensitivity to ionizing radiation. Several preclinical studies have reported that the IFN/STAT1 pathway mediates radioresistance in the tumor microenvironment by shielding the immune responses and activating survival signaling pathways. This review focuses on the oncogenic function of the IFN/STAT1 pathway, emphasizing the major signaling pathway in radiation sensitization. Furthermore, it highlights the possibility of mediatory roles of the IFN/STAT1 pathway as a prognostic therapeutic target in the modulation of resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. MicroRNA involved in the regulation of the IFN/STAT1 pathway is also discussed. A better understanding of radiation-induced IFN/STAT1 signaling will open new opportunities for the development of novel therapeutic strategies, as well as define new approaches to enhance radio-immunotherapy efficacy in the treatment of various types of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Saber Imani
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Youcai Deng
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Janak L Pathak
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinglian Wen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingbo Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
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46
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Wang J, Li Z, Wang Z, Yu Y, Li D, Li B, Ding J. Nanomaterials for Combinational Radio–Immuno Oncotherapy. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:1910676. [DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201910676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer EcomaterialsChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences 5625 Renmin Street Changchun 130022 P. R. China
- Department of Radiation OncologyCancer Hospital of Shandong First Medical University 440 Jiyan Road Jinan 250117 P. R. China
| | - Zhongmin Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer EcomaterialsChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences 5625 Renmin Street Changchun 130022 P. R. China
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Colorectal, and Anal SurgeryChina–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University 126 Xiantai Street Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Zhongtang Wang
- Department of Radiation OncologyCancer Hospital of Shandong First Medical University 440 Jiyan Road Jinan 250117 P. R. China
| | - Yonghua Yu
- Department of Radiation OncologyCancer Hospital of Shandong First Medical University 440 Jiyan Road Jinan 250117 P. R. China
| | - Di Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer EcomaterialsChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences 5625 Renmin Street Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Baosheng Li
- Department of Radiation OncologyCancer Hospital of Shandong First Medical University 440 Jiyan Road Jinan 250117 P. R. China
| | - Jianxun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Polymer EcomaterialsChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences 5625 Renmin Street Changchun 130022 P. R. China
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47
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Radiation-induced bystander and abscopal effects: important lessons from preclinical models. Br J Cancer 2020; 123:339-348. [PMID: 32581341 PMCID: PMC7403362 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0942-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a pivotal component in the curative treatment of patients with localised cancer and isolated metastasis, as well as being used as a palliative strategy for patients with disseminated disease. The clinical efficacy of radiotherapy has traditionally been attributed to the local effects of ionising radiation, which induces cell death by directly and indirectly inducing DNA damage, but substantial work has uncovered an unexpected and dual relationship between tumour irradiation and the host immune system. In clinical practice, it is, therefore, tempting to tailor immunotherapies with radiotherapy in order to synergise innate and adaptive immunity against cancer cells, as well as to bypass immune tolerance and exhaustion, with the aim of facilitating tumour regression. However, our understanding of how radiation impacts on immune system activation is still in its early stages, and concerns and challenges regarding therapeutic applications still need to be overcome. With the increasing use of immunotherapy and its common combination with ionising radiation, this review briefly delineates current knowledge about the non-targeted effects of radiotherapy, and aims to provide insights, at the preclinical level, into the mechanisms that are involved with the potential to yield clinically relevant combinatorial approaches of radiotherapy and immunotherapy.
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48
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Atherton MJ, Lenz JA, Mason NJ. Sarcomas-A barren immunological wasteland or field of opportunity for immunotherapy? Vet Comp Oncol 2020; 18:447-470. [PMID: 32246517 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Key advances in our understanding of immunobiology and the immunosuppressive mechanisms of the tumour microenvironment have led to significant breakthroughs in manipulating the immune system to successfully treat cancer. Remarkable therapeutic responses have occurred with tumours that carry a high mutational burden. In these cases, pre-existing tumour-specific T cells can be rejuvenated via checkpoint inhibition to eliminate tumours. Furthermore, durable remissions have been achieved in haematological malignancies following adoptive transfer of T cells that specifically target cell surface proteins where expression is restricted to the malignancy's cell of origin. Soft tissue sarcomas and bone sarcomas have a paucity of non-synonymous somatic mutations and do not commonly express known, targetable, tumour-specific antigens. Historically, soft tissue sarcomas have been considered immunologically 'cold' and as such, unlikely candidates for immune therapy. Here, we review the immune landscape of canine and feline sarcomas and the immunotherapeutic strategies that have been employed in veterinary clinical trials to improve patient outcome. We also provide insight into immunotherapeutic approaches being used to treat human sarcomas. Together, current data indicates that, rather than a barren immunological wasteland, sarcomas represent a field of opportunities for immunotherapies. Furthermore, we and others would suggest that strategic combinations of immunotherapeutic approaches may hold promise for more effective treatments for high grade soft tissue sarcomas and bone sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Atherton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer A Lenz
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicola J Mason
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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49
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Chen B, Alvarado DM, Iticovici M, Kau NS, Park H, Parikh PJ, Thotala D, Ciorba MA. Interferon-Induced IDO1 Mediates Radiation Resistance and Is a Therapeutic Target in Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 8:451-464. [PMID: 32127391 PMCID: PMC7123802 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a major cause of mortality worldwide. Chemotherapy and radiation remain standard treatment for locally advanced disease, with current immune-targeting therapies applying to only a small subset of patients. Expression of the immuno-oncology target indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is associated with poor colorectal cancer clinical outcomes but is understudied as a potential treatment target. In this study, we examined the interaction between the IDO1 pathway and radiotherapy in colorectal cancer. We used human and mouse colorectal cancer cell lines, organoids, mouse syngeneic colorectal cancer tumor graft models, and colorectal cancer tissues from patients who received radiotherapy. IDO1 activity was blocked using the clinical IDO1 inhibitor epacadostat and by genetic disruption. We found that radiation induced IDO1 overexpression in colorectal cancer through type I and II IFN signaling. IDO1 enzymatic activity directly influenced colorectal cancer radiation sensitivity. IDO1 inhibition sensitized colorectal cancer to radiation-induced cell death, whereas the IDO1 metabolite kynurenine promoted radioprotection. IDO1 inhibition also potentiated Th1 cytokines and myeloid cell-modulating factors in the tumor microenvironment and promoted an abscopal effect on tumors outside the radiation field. Conversely, IDO1 blockade protected the normal small intestinal epithelium from radiation toxicity and accelerated recovery from radiation-induced weight loss, indicating a role in limiting side effects. These data demonstrated that IDO1 inhibition potentiates radiotherapy effectiveness in colorectal cancer. The findings also provide rationale and mechanistic insight for the study of IDO1 inhibitors as adjuvant therapy to radiation in patients with locally advanced sporadic and colitis-associated colorectal cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Colorectal Neoplasms/enzymology
- Colorectal Neoplasms/immunology
- Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology
- Colorectal Neoplasms/radiotherapy
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Humans
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/genetics
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism
- Interferons/pharmacology
- Intestinal Mucosa/radiation effects
- Kynurenine/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Oximes/pharmacology
- Radiation Tolerance/drug effects
- Radiation-Protective Agents/pharmacology
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Tumor Microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Baosheng Chen
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Center and the Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
| | - David M Alvarado
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Center and the Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Micah Iticovici
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Center and the Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Nathan S Kau
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Center and the Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Haeseong Park
- Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Parag J Parikh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Dinesh Thotala
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Matthew A Ciorba
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Center and the Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
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50
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Haran KP, Lockhart A, Xiong A, Radaelli E, Savickas PJ, Posey A, Mason NJ. Generation and Validation of an Antibody to Canine CD19 for Diagnostic and Future Therapeutic Purposes. Vet Pathol 2020; 57:241-252. [PMID: 32081102 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819900352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The B-cell coreceptor, CD19 is a transmembrane protein expressed throughout B-cell ontogeny from pro-B cell to plasmablast. It plays an important role in B-cell development and function and is an attractive target for antibody-directed immunotherapies against B-cell malignancies, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) in humans. With the rapid development of next-generation immunotherapies aimed at improving therapeutic efficacy, there is a pressing need for a clinically relevant, immune-competent, spontaneous animal model to derisk these new approaches and inform human immunotherapy clinical trials. Pet dogs develop spontaneous B-cell malignancies, including B-NHL and leukemias that share comparable oncogenic pathways and similar immunosuppressive features to human B-cell malignancies. Despite treatment with multiagent chemotherapy, durable remissions in canine B-NHL are rare and most dogs succumb to their disease within 1 year of diagnosis. Here we report the development and validation of an anti-canine CD19-targeting monoclonal antibody and its single-chain derivatives, which enable next-generation CD19-targeted immunotherapies to be developed and evaluated in client-owned dogs with spontaneous B-NHL. These future in vivo studies aim to provide important information regarding the safety and therapeutic efficacy of CD19-targeted mono- and combination therapies and identify correlative biomarkers of response that will help to inform human clinical trial design. In addition, development of canine CD19-targeted immunotherapies aims to provide better therapeutic options for pet dogs diagnosed with B-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumudhini Preethi Haran
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alexandra Lockhart
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ailian Xiong
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Enrico Radaelli
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Patrick J Savickas
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Avery Posey
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapy, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicola J Mason
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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