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Simic MK, Mohanty ST, Xiao Y, Cheng TL, Taylor VE, Charlat O, Croucher PI, McDonald MM. Multi-Targeting DKK1 and LRP6 Prevents Bone Loss and Improves Fracture Resistance in Multiple Myeloma. J Bone Miner Res 2023; 38:814-828. [PMID: 36987921 PMCID: PMC10947379 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
An imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation underlies the devastating osteolytic lesions and subsequent fractures seen in more than 90% of multiple myeloma (MM) patients. Currently, Wnt-targeted therapeutic agents that prevent soluble antagonists of the Wnt signaling pathway, sclerostin (SOST) and dickkopf-1 (DKK1), have been shown to prevent bone loss and improve bone strength in preclinical models of MM. In this study, we show increasing Wnt signaling via a novel anti-low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) antibody, which potentiates Wnt1-class ligand signaling through binding the Wnt receptor LRP6, prevented the development of myeloma-induced bone loss primarily through preventing bone resorption. When combined with an agent targeting the soluble Wnt antagonist DKK1, we showed more robust improvements in bone structure than anti-LRP6 treatment alone. Micro-computed tomography (μCT) analysis demonstrated substantial increases in trabecular bone volume in naïve mice given the anti-LRP6/DKK1 combination treatment strategy compared to control agents. Mice injected with 5TGM1eGFP murine myeloma cells had significant reductions in trabecular bone volume compared to naïve controls. The anti-LRP6/DKK1 combination strategy significantly improved bone volume in 5TGM1-bearing mice by 111%, which was also superior to anti-LRP6 single treatment; with similar bone structural changes observed within L4 lumbar vertebrae. Consequently, this combination strategy significantly improved resistance to fracture in lumbar vertebrae in 5TGM1-bearing mice compared to their controls, providing greater protection against fracture compared to anti-LRP6 antibody alone. Interestingly, these improvements in bone volume were primarily due to reduced bone resorption, with significant reductions in osteoclast numbers and osteoclast surface per bone surface demonstrated in 5TGM1-bearing mice treated with the anti-LRP6/DKK1 combination strategy. Importantly, Wnt stimulation with either single or combined Wnt-targeted agents did not exacerbate tumor activity. This work provides a novel approach of targeting both membrane-bound and soluble Wnt pathway components to provide superior skeletal outcomes in patients with multiple myeloma and other bone destructive cancers. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija K. Simic
- Skeletal Diseases ProgramGarvan Institute of Medical ResearchDarlinghurstNSWAustralia
- St Vincent's Clinical Campus, School of Clinical MedicineUniversity of New South WalesKensingtonNSWAustralia
| | - Sindhu T. Mohanty
- Skeletal Diseases ProgramGarvan Institute of Medical ResearchDarlinghurstNSWAustralia
| | - Ya Xiao
- Skeletal Diseases ProgramGarvan Institute of Medical ResearchDarlinghurstNSWAustralia
| | - Tegan L. Cheng
- Centre for Children's Bone and Musculoskeletal HealthThe Children's Hospital at WestmeadWestmeadNSWAustralia
| | - Victoria E. Taylor
- Skeletal Diseases ProgramGarvan Institute of Medical ResearchDarlinghurstNSWAustralia
| | - Olga Charlat
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical ResearchCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Peter I. Croucher
- Skeletal Diseases ProgramGarvan Institute of Medical ResearchDarlinghurstNSWAustralia
- St Vincent's Clinical Campus, School of Clinical MedicineUniversity of New South WalesKensingtonNSWAustralia
| | - Michelle M. McDonald
- Skeletal Diseases ProgramGarvan Institute of Medical ResearchDarlinghurstNSWAustralia
- St Vincent's Clinical Campus, School of Clinical MedicineUniversity of New South WalesKensingtonNSWAustralia
- School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
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Fan R, Satilmis H, Vandewalle N, Verheye E, Vlummens P, Maes A, Muylaert C, De Bruyne E, Menu E, Evans H, Chantry A, De Beule N, Hose D, Törngren M, Eriksson H, Vanderkerken K, Maes K, Breckpot K, De Veirman K. Tasquinimod suppresses tumor cell growth and bone resorption by targeting immunosuppressive myeloid cells and inhibiting c-MYC expression in multiple myeloma. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:jitc-2022-005319. [PMID: 36650020 PMCID: PMC9853259 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy emerged as a promising treatment option for multiple myeloma (MM) patients. However, therapeutic efficacy can be hampered by the presence of an immunosuppressive bone marrow microenvironment including myeloid cells. S100A9 was previously identified as a key regulator of myeloid cell accumulation and suppressive activity. Tasquinimod, a small molecule inhibitor of S100A9, is currently in a phase Ib/IIa clinical trial in MM patients (NCT04405167). We aimed to gain more insights into its mechanisms of action both on the myeloma cells and the immune microenvironment. METHODS We analyzed the effects of tasquinimod on MM cell viability, cell proliferation and downstream signaling pathways in vitro using RNA sequencing, real-time PCR, western blot analysis and multiparameter flow cytometry. Myeloid cells and T cells were cocultured at different ratios to assess tasquinimod-mediated immunomodulatory effects. The in vivo impact on immune cells (myeloid cell subsets, macrophages, dendritic cells), tumor load, survival and bone disease were elucidated using immunocompetent 5TMM models. RESULTS Tasquinimod treatment significantly decreased myeloma cell proliferation and colony formation in vitro, associated with an inhibition of c-MYC and increased p27 expression. Tasquinimod-mediated targeting of the myeloid cell population resulted in increased T cell proliferation and functionality in vitro. Notably, short-term tasquinimod therapy of 5TMM mice significantly increased the total CD11b+ cells and shifted this population toward a more immunostimulatory state, which resulted in less myeloid-mediated immunosuppression and increased T cell activation ex vivo. Tasquinimod significantly reduced the tumor load and increased the trabecular bone volume, which resulted in prolonged overall survival of MM-bearing mice in vivo. CONCLUSION Our study provides novel insights in the dual therapeutic effects of the immunomodulator tasquinimod and fosters its evaluation in combination therapy trials for MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Fan
- Laboratory for Hematology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hatice Satilmis
- Laboratory for Hematology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Niels Vandewalle
- Laboratory for Hematology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emma Verheye
- Laboratory for Hematology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium,Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium,Lab of Dendritic Cell Biology and Cancer Immunotherapy, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philip Vlummens
- Laboratory for Hematology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium,Department of Clinical Hematology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Gent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anke Maes
- Laboratory for Hematology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catharina Muylaert
- Laboratory for Hematology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elke De Bruyne
- Laboratory for Hematology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eline Menu
- Laboratory for Hematology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Holly Evans
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Andrew Chantry
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Nathan De Beule
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dirk Hose
- Laboratory for Hematology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Karin Vanderkerken
- Laboratory for Hematology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ken Maes
- Center for Medical Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karine Breckpot
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kim De Veirman
- Laboratory for Hematology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Additive Benefits of Radium-223 Dichloride and Bortezomib Combination in a Systemic Multiple Myeloma Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115570. [PMID: 34070363 PMCID: PMC8197539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteolytic bone disease is a hallmark of multiple myeloma (MM) mediated by MM cell proliferation, increased osteoclast activity, and suppressed osteoblast function. The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib targets MM cells and improves bone health in MM patients. Radium-223 dichloride (radium-223), the first targeted alpha therapy approved, specifically targets bone metastases, where it disrupts the activity of both tumor cells and tumor-supporting bone cells in mouse models of breast and prostate cancer bone metastasis. We hypothesized that radium-223 and bortezomib combination treatment would have additive effects on MM. In vitro experiments revealed that the combination treatment inhibited MM cell proliferation and demonstrated additive efficacy. In the systemic, syngeneic 5TGM1 mouse MM model, both bortezomib and radium-223 decreased the osteolytic lesion area, and their combination was more effective than either monotherapy alone. Bortezomib decreased the number of osteoclasts at the tumor-bone interface, and the combination therapy resulted in almost complete eradication of osteoclasts. Furthermore, the combination therapy improved the incorporation of radium-223 into MM-bearing bone. Importantly, the combination therapy decreased tumor burden and restored body weights in MM mice. These results suggest that the combination of radium-223 with bortezomib could constitute a novel, effective therapy for MM and, in particular, myeloma bone disease.
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Müller LME, Migneco G, Scott GB, Down J, King S, Askar B, Jennings V, Oyajobi B, Scott K, West E, Ralph C, Samson A, Ilett EJ, Muthana M, Coffey M, Melcher A, Parrish C, Cook G, Lawson M, Errington-Mais F. Reovirus-induced cell-mediated immunity for the treatment of multiple myeloma within the resistant bone marrow niche. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e001803. [PMID: 33741729 PMCID: PMC7986878 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable disease and oncolytic viruses offer a well-tolerated addition to the therapeutic arsenal. Oncolytic reovirus has progressed to phase I clinical trials and its direct lytic potential has been extensively studied. However, to date, the role for reovirus-induced immunotherapy against MM, and the impact of the bone marrow (BM) niche, have not been reported. METHODS This study used human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors and in vitro co-culture of MM cells and BM stromal cells to recapitulate the resistant BM niche. Additionally, the 5TGM1-Kalw/RijHSD immunocompetent in vivo model was used to examine reovirus efficacy and characterize reovirus-induced immune responses in the BM and spleen following intravenous administration. Collectively, these in vitro and in vivo models were used to characterize the development of innate and adaptive antimyeloma immunity following reovirus treatment. RESULTS Using the 5TGM1-Kalw/RijHSD immunocompetent in vivo model we have demonstrated that reovirus reduces both MM tumor burden and myeloma-induced bone disease. Furthermore, detailed immune characterization revealed that reovirus: (i) increased natural killer (NK) cell and CD8+ T cell numbers; (ii) activated NK cells and CD8+ T cells and (iii) upregulated effector-memory CD8+ T cells. Moreover, increased effector-memory CD8+ T cells correlated with decreased tumor burden. Next, we explored the potential for reovirus-induced immunotherapy using human co-culture models to mimic the myeloma-supportive BM niche. MM cells co-cultured with BM stromal cells displayed resistance to reovirus-induced oncolysis and bystander cytokine-killing but remained susceptible to killing by reovirus-activated NK cells and MM-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. CONCLUSION These data highlight the importance of reovirus-induced immunotherapy for targeting MM cells within the BM niche and suggest that combination with agents which boost antitumor immune responses should be a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M E Müller
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Gemma Migneco
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Gina B Scott
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Jenny Down
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sancha King
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Basem Askar
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Victoria Jennings
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Babatunde Oyajobi
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Karen Scott
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Emma West
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Christy Ralph
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Adel Samson
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Elizabeth J Ilett
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Munitta Muthana
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Matt Coffey
- Oncolytics Biotech Inc, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alan Melcher
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Gordon Cook
- Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Michelle Lawson
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Fiona Errington-Mais
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Cho N, Ko S, Shokeen M. Preclinical Development of Near-Infrared-Labeled CD38-Targeted Daratumumab for Optical Imaging of CD38 in Multiple Myeloma. Mol Imaging Biol 2020; 23:186-195. [PMID: 32964391 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-020-01542-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cluster of differentiation 38 (CD38) is a promising therapeutic target in multiple myeloma (MM) patients and has resulted in the development of several CD38 immunotherapies. Current methods to evaluate CD38 expression in the preclinical setting include ex vivo flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry, which can be cumbersome and do not give whole-body information. In vivo imaging technologies such as positron emission tomography rely on decay of radioisotopes, limiting the number of molecular interactions observed at any given time point. Here, we demonstrate the use of near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging for spatiotemporal monitoring of CD38 expression in preclinical MM using the anti-CD38 daratumumab (DARA) conjugated to the NIR fluorophore IRDye800CW (DARA-IRDye800). PROCEDURES Stability studies with human serum and binding assays with human myeloma cells were performed with DARA-IRDye800. Immunocompromised mice with intra- and extramedullary tumors (n = 5/group) were administered with DARA-IRDye800 for in vivo imaging up to 7 days after injection. Ex vivo biodistribution and flow cytometry studies were performed to validate in vivo imaging results. A separate therapy study was performed in mice with intramedullary tumors that were treated and not treated with DARA at a therapeutic dose (n = 7/group). DARA-IRDye800 was administered for subsequent in vivo and ex vivo imaging in both cohorts of mice. RESULTS DARA-IRDye800 maintained stability and had high affinity for CD38 (KD = 3.5 ± 0.05 nM). DARA-IRDye800 demonstrated a 5- and 18-fold increase in contrast in tumor-bearing regions of mice with extra- and intramedullary MM. Finally, mice treated with therapeutic doses of DARA and imaged with DARA-IRDye800 showed an 11-fold decrease in fluorescence intensities in vivo compared with untreated controls. CONCLUSIONS Our studies establish DARA-IRDye800 as a promising contrast agent for preclinical evaluation of CD38 expression and for further investigating myeloma engraftment and kinetics in relation to anti-CD38 therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Cho
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Sooah Ko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Monica Shokeen
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine and Barnes Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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Friend NL, Hewett DR, Panagopoulos V, Noll JE, Vandyke K, Mrozik KM, Fitter S, Zannettino AC. Characterization of the role of Samsn1 loss in multiple myeloma development. FASEB Bioadv 2020; 2:554-572. [PMID: 32923989 PMCID: PMC7475304 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2020-00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein SAMSN1 was recently identified as a putative tumor suppressor in multiple myeloma, with re-expression of Samsn1 in the 5TGM1/KaLwRij murine model of myeloma leading to a near complete abrogation of intramedullary tumor growth. Here, we sought to clarify the mechanism underlying this finding. Intratibial administration of 5TGM1 myeloma cells into KaLwRij mice revealed that Samsn1 had no effect on primary tumor growth, but that its expression significantly inhibited the metastasis of these primary tumors. Notably, neither in vitro nor in vivo migration was affected by Samsn1 expression. Both knocking-out SAMSN1 in the RPMI-8226 and JJN3 human myeloma cell lines, and retrovirally expressing SAMSN1 in the LP-1 and OPM2 human myeloma cell lines had no effect on either cell proliferation or migration in vitro. Altering SAMSN1 expression in these human myeloma cells did not affect the capacity of the cells to establish either primary or metastatic intramedullary tumors when administered intratibially into immune deficient NSG mice. Unexpectedly, the tumor suppressive and anti-metastatic activity of Samsn1 in 5TGM1 cells were not evidenced following cell administration either intratibially or intravenously to NSG mice. Crucially, the growth of Samsn1-expressing 5TGM1 cells was limited in C57BL/6/Samsn1-/- mice but not in C57BL/6 Samsn1+/+ mice. We conclude that the reported potent in vivo tumor suppressor activity of Samsn1 can be attributed, in large part, to graft-rejection from Samsn1-/- recipient mice. This has broad implications for the design and interpretation of experiments that utilize cancer cells and knockout mice that are mismatched for expression of specific proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha L. Friend
- Myeloma Research LaboratoryAdelaide Medical SchoolFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideAustralia
- Precision Medicine ThemeSouth Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteAdelaideAustralia
| | - Duncan R. Hewett
- Myeloma Research LaboratoryAdelaide Medical SchoolFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideAustralia
- Precision Medicine ThemeSouth Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteAdelaideAustralia
| | - Vasilios Panagopoulos
- Myeloma Research LaboratoryAdelaide Medical SchoolFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideAustralia
- Precision Medicine ThemeSouth Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteAdelaideAustralia
| | - Jacqueline E. Noll
- Myeloma Research LaboratoryAdelaide Medical SchoolFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideAustralia
- Precision Medicine ThemeSouth Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteAdelaideAustralia
| | - Kate Vandyke
- Myeloma Research LaboratoryAdelaide Medical SchoolFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideAustralia
- Precision Medicine ThemeSouth Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteAdelaideAustralia
| | - Krzysztof M. Mrozik
- Myeloma Research LaboratoryAdelaide Medical SchoolFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideAustralia
- Precision Medicine ThemeSouth Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteAdelaideAustralia
| | - Stephen Fitter
- Myeloma Research LaboratoryAdelaide Medical SchoolFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideAustralia
- Precision Medicine ThemeSouth Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteAdelaideAustralia
| | - Andrew C.W. Zannettino
- Myeloma Research LaboratoryAdelaide Medical SchoolFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideAustralia
- Precision Medicine ThemeSouth Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteAdelaideAustralia
- Central Adelaide Local Health NetworkAdelaideAustralia
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Mrozik KM, Cheong CM, Hewett DR, Noll JE, Opperman KS, Adwal A, Russell DL, Blaschuk OW, Vandyke K, Zannettino ACW. LCRF-0006, a small molecule mimetic of the N-cadherin antagonist peptide ADH-1, synergistically increases multiple myeloma response to bortezomib. FASEB Bioadv 2020; 2:339-353. [PMID: 32617520 PMCID: PMC7325588 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2019-00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
N-cadherin is a homophilic cell-cell adhesion molecule that plays a critical role in maintaining vascular stability and modulating endothelial barrier permeability. Pre-clinical studies have shown that the N-cadherin antagonist peptide, ADH-1, increases the permeability of tumor-associated vasculature thereby increasing anti-cancer drug delivery to tumors and enhancing tumor response. Small molecule library screens have identified a novel compound, LCRF-0006, that is a mimetic of the classical cadherin His-Ala-Val sequence-containing region of ADH-1. Here, we evaluated the vascular permeability-enhancing and anti-cancer properties of LCRF-0006 using in vitro vascular disruption and cell apoptosis assays, and a well-established pre-clinical model (C57BL/KaLwRij/5TGM1) of the hematological cancer multiple myeloma (MM). We found that LCRF-0006 disrupted endothelial cell junctions in a rapid, transient and reversible manner, and increased vascular permeability in vitro and at sites of MM tumor in vivo. Notably, LCRF-0006 synergistically increased the in vivo anti-MM tumor response to low-dose bortezomib, a frontline anti-MM agent, leading to regression of disease in 100% of mice. Moreover, LCRF-0006 and bortezomib synergistically induced 5TGM1 MM tumor cell apoptosis in vitro. Our findings demonstrate the potential clinical utility of LCRF-0006 to significantly increase bortezomib effectiveness and enhance the depth of tumor response in patients with MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof M. Mrozik
- Myeloma Research LaboratoryAdelaide Medical SchoolFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesThe University of AdelaideAdelaideAustralia
- Precision Medicine ThemeSouth Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)AdelaideAustralia
| | - Chee M. Cheong
- Myeloma Research LaboratoryAdelaide Medical SchoolFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesThe University of AdelaideAdelaideAustralia
- Precision Medicine ThemeSouth Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)AdelaideAustralia
| | - Duncan R. Hewett
- Myeloma Research LaboratoryAdelaide Medical SchoolFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesThe University of AdelaideAdelaideAustralia
- Precision Medicine ThemeSouth Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)AdelaideAustralia
| | - Jacqueline E. Noll
- Myeloma Research LaboratoryAdelaide Medical SchoolFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesThe University of AdelaideAdelaideAustralia
- Precision Medicine ThemeSouth Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)AdelaideAustralia
| | - Khatora S. Opperman
- Myeloma Research LaboratoryAdelaide Medical SchoolFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesThe University of AdelaideAdelaideAustralia
- Precision Medicine ThemeSouth Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)AdelaideAustralia
| | - Alaknanda Adwal
- Ovarian and Reproductive Cancer Biology LaboratoryRobinson Research InstituteThe University of AdelaideAdelaideAustralia
| | - Darryl L. Russell
- Ovarian and Reproductive Cancer Biology LaboratoryRobinson Research InstituteThe University of AdelaideAdelaideAustralia
| | - Orest W. Blaschuk
- Division of UrologyDepartment of SurgeryMcGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Kate Vandyke
- Myeloma Research LaboratoryAdelaide Medical SchoolFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesThe University of AdelaideAdelaideAustralia
- Precision Medicine ThemeSouth Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)AdelaideAustralia
| | - Andrew C. W. Zannettino
- Myeloma Research LaboratoryAdelaide Medical SchoolFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesThe University of AdelaideAdelaideAustralia
- Precision Medicine ThemeSouth Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)AdelaideAustralia
- Central Adelaide Local Health NetworkAdelaideAustralia
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8
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Diaz-delCastillo M, Kamstrup D, Olsen RB, Hansen RB, Pembridge T, Simanskaite B, Jimenez-Andrade JM, Lawson MA, Heegaard AM. Differential Pain-Related Behaviors and Bone Disease in Immunocompetent Mouse Models of Myeloma. JBMR Plus 2019; 4:e10252. [PMID: 32083236 PMCID: PMC7017884 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone pain is a serious and debilitating symptom of multiple myeloma (MM) that impairs the quality of life of patients. The underlying mechanisms of the pain are unknown and understudied, and there is a need for immunocompetent preclinical models of myeloma-induced bone pain. The aim of this study was to provide the first in-depth behavioral characterization of an immunocompetent mouse model of MM presenting the clinical disease features: osteolytic bone disease and bone pain. We hypothesized that a widely used syngeneic model of MM, established by systemic inoculation of green fluorescent protein-tagged myeloma cells (5TGM1-GFP) in immunocompetent C57Bl/KaLwRijHsd (BKAL) mice, would present pain-related behaviors. Disease phenotype was confirmed by splenomegaly, high serum paraprotein, and tumor infiltration in the bone marrow of the hind limbs; however, myeloma-bearing mice did not present pain-related behaviors or substantial bone disease. Thus, we investigated an alternative model in which 5TGM1-GFP cells were directly inoculated into the intrafemoral medullary cavity. This localized myeloma model presented the hallmarks of the disease, including high serum paraprotein, tumor growth, and osteolytic bone lesions. Compared with control mice, myeloma-bearing mice presented myeloma-induced pain-related behaviors, a phenotype that was reversed by systemic morphine treatment. Micro-computed tomography analyses of the myeloma-inoculated femurs showed bone disease in cortical and trabecular bone. Repeated systemic bisphosphonate treatment induced an amelioration of the nociceptive phenotype, but did not completely reverse it. Furthermore, intrafemorally injected mice presented a profound denervation of the myeloma-bearing bones, a previously unknown feature of the disease. This study reports the intrafemoral inoculation of 5TGM1-GFP cells as a robust immunocompetent model of myeloma-induced bone pain, with consistent bone loss. Moreover, the data suggest that myeloma-induced bone pain is caused by a combinatorial mechanism including osteolysis and bone marrow denervation. © 2019 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Diaz-delCastillo
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Danna Kamstrup
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Rikke Brix Olsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Rie Bager Hansen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Thomas Pembridge
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism University of Sheffield Sheffield UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - Brigita Simanskaite
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism University of Sheffield Sheffield UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - Juan Miguel Jimenez-Andrade
- Department of Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Reynosa Aztlan Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas Reynosa, Tamaulipas Mexico
| | - Michelle A Lawson
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism University of Sheffield Sheffield UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - Anne-Marie Heegaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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9
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Banerjee S, Wei T, Wang J, Lee JJ, Gutierrez HL, Chapman O, Wiley SE, Mayfield JE, Tandon V, Juarez EF, Chavez L, Liang R, Sah RL, Costello C, Mesirov JP, de la Vega L, Cooper KL, Dixon JE, Xiao J, Lei X. Inhibition of dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 2 perturbs 26S proteasome-addicted neoplastic progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:24881-24891. [PMID: 31754034 PMCID: PMC6900511 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1912033116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dependence on the 26S proteasome is an Achilles' heel for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and multiple myeloma (MM). The therapeutic proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, successfully targets MM but often leads to drug-resistant disease relapse and fails in breast cancer. Here we show that a 26S proteasome-regulating kinase, DYRK2, is a therapeutic target for both MM and TNBC. Genome editing or small-molecule mediated inhibition of DYRK2 significantly reduces 26S proteasome activity, bypasses bortezomib resistance, and dramatically delays in vivo tumor growth in MM and TNBC thereby promoting survival. We further characterized the ability of LDN192960, a potent and selective DYRK2-inhibitor, to alleviate tumor burden in vivo. The drug docks into the active site of DYRK2 and partially inhibits all 3 core peptidase activities of the proteasome. Our results suggest that targeting 26S proteasome regulators will pave the way for therapeutic strategies in MM and TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Tiantian Wei
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Jenna J Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Haydee L Gutierrez
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Owen Chapman
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Sandra E Wiley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Joshua E Mayfield
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Vasudha Tandon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Edwin F Juarez
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Lukas Chavez
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Ruqi Liang
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Robert L Sah
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Caitlin Costello
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplant, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Jill P Mesirov
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Laureano de la Vega
- Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberly L Cooper
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Jack E Dixon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Junyu Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China;
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Lei
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China;
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
- Department of Chemical Biology, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
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10
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A niche-dependent myeloid transcriptome signature defines dormant myeloma cells. Blood 2019; 134:30-43. [PMID: 31023703 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2018880930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The era of targeted therapies has seen significant improvements in depth of response, progression-free survival, and overall survival for patients with multiple myeloma. Despite these improvements in clinical outcome, patients inevitably relapse and require further treatment. Drug-resistant dormant myeloma cells that reside in specific niches within the skeleton are considered a basis of disease relapse but remain elusive and difficult to study. Here, we developed a method to sequence the transcriptome of individual dormant myeloma cells from the bones of tumor-bearing mice. Our analyses show that dormant myeloma cells express a distinct transcriptome signature enriched for immune genes and, unexpectedly, genes associated with myeloid cell differentiation. These genes were switched on by coculture with osteoblastic cells. Targeting AXL, a gene highly expressed by dormant cells, using small-molecule inhibitors released cells from dormancy and promoted their proliferation. Analysis of the expression of AXL and coregulated genes in human cohorts showed that healthy human controls and patients with monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance expressed higher levels of the dormancy signature genes than patients with multiple myeloma. Furthermore, in patients with multiple myeloma, the expression of this myeloid transcriptome signature translated into a twofold increase in overall survival, indicating that this dormancy signature may be a marker of disease progression. Thus, engagement of myeloma cells with the osteoblastic niche induces expression of a suite of myeloid genes that predicts disease progression and that comprises potential drug targets to eradicate dormant myeloma cells.
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11
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Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell neoplasm which is defined by strong interactions with the bone marrow microenvironment, a compartment with high cellular heterogeneity and unique structural and extracellular components. This necessitates the use of in vivo models for research to fully recapitulate MM growth conditions. The selection of appropriate model system is crucial, as each has advantages and shortcomings. Here, we describe the murine models available for studying MM, and focus on the methods for inoculating mice with MM cells via intravenous, intratibial or subcutaneous delivery, as well as monitoring of disease and organ processing for further analysis. The interaction and destruction of bone is a hallmark symptom of MM, and therefore many other complementary techniques used in calcified tissue research can be used, such as microCT, histomorphometry, and biomechanical testing.
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12
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De Veirman K, Menu E, Maes K, De Beule N, De Smedt E, Maes A, Vlummens P, Fostier K, Kassambara A, Moreaux J, Van Ginderachter JA, De Bruyne E, Vanderkerken K, Van Valckenborgh E. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells induce multiple myeloma cell survival by activating the AMPK pathway. Cancer Lett 2018; 442:233-241. [PMID: 30419344 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple Myeloma (MM) is an incurable malignancy of terminally differentiated plasma cells, which are predominantly localized in the bone marrow. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are described to promote MM progression by immunosuppression and induction of angiogenesis. However, their direct role in drug resistance and tumor survival is still unknown. In this study, we performed co-culture experiments of myeloma cells with 5TMM derived MDSC in vitro, leading to increased survival and proliferation of MM cells. Co-culture experiments resulted in MDSC-induced AMPK phosphorylation in MM cells, which was associated with an increase in the anti-apoptotic factors MCL-1 and BCL-2, and the autophagy-marker LC3II. In addition, 5TMM cells inoculated in mice showed a clear upregulation of AMPK phosphorylation in vivo. Targeting the AMPK pathway by Compound C resulted in apoptosis of human myeloma cell lines, primary MM cells and 5TMM cells. Importantly, we observed that the tumor-promoting effect of MDSC was partially mediated by AMPK activation. In conclusion, our data clearly demonstrate that MDSC directly increase the survival of MM cells, partially through AMPK activation, identifying this pathway as a new target in the treatment of MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim De Veirman
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium.
| | - Eline Menu
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Ken Maes
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Nathan De Beule
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Eva De Smedt
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Anke Maes
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Philip Vlummens
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Karel Fostier
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Alboukadel Kassambara
- Department of Biological Hematology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; IGH, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, France
| | - Jérôme Moreaux
- Department of Biological Hematology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; IGH, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, France; University of Montpellier, UFR de Médecine, Montpellier, France
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Immunology, VIB Inflammation Research Center, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elke De Bruyne
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Karin Vanderkerken
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Els Van Valckenborgh
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
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13
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Wang H, Xiao L, Tao J, Srinivasan V, Boyce BF, Ebetino FH, Oyajobi BO, Boeckman RK, Xing L. Synthesis of a Bone-Targeted Bortezomib with In Vivo Anti-Myeloma Effects in Mice. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E154. [PMID: 30201882 PMCID: PMC6161102 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is the most common cancer affecting the bone and bone marrow and remains incurable for most patients; novel therapies are therefore needed. Bortezomib (Btz) is an FDA-approved drug for the treatment of patients with MM. However, its severe side effects require a dose reduction or the potential discontinuation of treatment. To overcome this limitation, we conjugated Btz to a bisphosphonate (BP) residue lacking anti-osteoclastic activity using a novel chemical linker and generated a new bone-targeted Btz-based (BP-Btz) proteasome inhibitor. We demonstrated that BP-Btz, but not Btz, bound to bone slices and inhibited the growth of MM cells in vitro. In a mouse model of MM, BP-Btz more effectively reduced tumor burden and bone loss with less systemic side effects than Btz. Thus, BP-Btz may represent a novel therapeutic approach to treat patients with MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 626, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Lifeng Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, P.O. Box 270216, Rochester, NY 14627-0216, USA.
| | - Jianguo Tao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 626, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Venkat Srinivasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, P.O. Box 270216, Rochester, NY 14627-0216, USA.
| | - Brendan F Boyce
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 626, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627-0216, USA.
| | - Frank H Ebetino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, P.O. Box 270216, Rochester, NY 14627-0216, USA.
- BioVinc, Pasadena, CA 91107, USA.
| | - Babatunde O Oyajobi
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Robert K Boeckman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, P.O. Box 270216, Rochester, NY 14627-0216, USA.
| | - Lianping Xing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 626, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627-0216, USA.
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14
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Cryo-Imaging and Software Platform for Analysis of Molecular MR Imaging of Micrometastases. Int J Biomed Imaging 2018; 2018:9780349. [PMID: 29805438 PMCID: PMC5899875 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9780349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We created and evaluated a preclinical, multimodality imaging, and software platform to assess molecular imaging of small metastases. This included experimental methods (e.g., GFP-labeled tumor and high resolution multispectral cryo-imaging), nonrigid image registration, and interactive visualization of imaging agent targeting. We describe technological details earlier applied to GFP-labeled metastatic tumor targeting by molecular MR (CREKA-Gd) and red fluorescent (CREKA-Cy5) imaging agents. Optimized nonrigid cryo-MRI registration enabled nonambiguous association of MR signals to GFP tumors. Interactive visualization of out-of-RAM volumetric image data allowed one to zoom to a GFP-labeled micrometastasis, determine its anatomical location from color cryo-images, and establish the presence/absence of targeted CREKA-Gd and CREKA-Cy5. In a mouse with >160 GFP-labeled tumors, we determined that in the MR images every tumor in the lung >0.3 mm2 had visible signal and that some metastases as small as 0.1 mm2 were also visible. More tumors were visible in CREKA-Cy5 than in CREKA-Gd MRI. Tape transfer method and nonrigid registration allowed accurate (<11 μm error) registration of whole mouse histology to corresponding cryo-images. Histology showed inflammation and necrotic regions not labeled by imaging agents. This mouse-to-cells multiscale and multimodality platform should uniquely enable more informative and accurate studies of metastatic cancer imaging and therapy.
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15
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Wallington-Beddoe CT, Bennett MK, Vandyke K, Davies L, Zebol JR, Moretti PAB, Pitman MR, Hewett DR, Zannettino ACW, Pitson SM. Sphingosine kinase 2 inhibition synergises with bortezomib to target myeloma by enhancing endoplasmic reticulum stress. Oncotarget 2018; 8:43602-43616. [PMID: 28467788 PMCID: PMC5546428 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib has proven to be invaluable in the treatment of myeloma. By exploiting the inherent high immunoglobulin protein production of malignant plasma cells, bortezomib induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR), resulting in myeloma cell death. In most cases, however, the disease remains incurable highlighting the need for new therapeutic targets. Sphingosine kinase 2 (SK2) has been proposed as one such therapeutic target for myeloma. Our observations that bortezomib and SK2 inhibitors independently elicited induction of ER stress and the UPR prompted us to examine potential synergy between these agents in myeloma. Targeting SK2 synergistically contributed to ER stress and UPR activation induced by bortezomib, as evidenced by activation of the IRE1 pathway and stress kinases JNK and p38MAPK, thereby resulting in potent synergistic myeloma apoptosis in vitro. The combination of bortezomib and SK2 inhibition also exhibited strong in vivo synergy and favourable effects on bone disease. Therefore, our studies suggest that perturbations of sphingolipid signalling can synergistically enhance the effects seen with proteasome inhibition, highlighting the potential for the combination of these two modes of increasing ER stress to be formally evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of myeloma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig T Wallington-Beddoe
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.,SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Melissa K Bennett
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.,SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kate Vandyke
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lorena Davies
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.,SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Julia R Zebol
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.,SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Paul A B Moretti
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.,SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Melissa R Pitman
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.,SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Duncan R Hewett
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew C W Zannettino
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.,SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stuart M Pitson
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.,SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
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16
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Binsfeld M, Muller J, Lamour V, De Veirman K, De Raeve H, Bellahcène A, Van Valckenborgh E, Baron F, Beguin Y, Caers J, Heusschen R. Granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells promote angiogenesis in the context of multiple myeloma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:37931-37943. [PMID: 27177328 PMCID: PMC5122361 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell malignancy characterized by the accumulation of tumor cells in the bone marrow (BM) and is associated with immunosuppression, angiogenesis and osteolysis. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) represent a heterogeneous population of immature, immunosuppressive myeloid cells that promote tumor progression through different mechanisms. In this work, we studied the contribution of MDSC subsets to different disease-promoting aspects in MM. We observed an expansion of polymorphonuclear/granulocytic (PMN-)MDSCs in two immunocompetent murine MM models, while this was not observed for monocytic (MO-)MDSCs. Both MDSC subpopulations from MM-bearing mice were immunosuppressive, but PMN-MDSCs displayed a higher suppressive potential. Soluble factors secreted by MM cells increased the viability of MDSCs, whereas the presence of MDSCs did not affect the proliferation of MM cells in vitro or in vivo. Interestingly, we observed a pro-angiogenic effect of PMN-MDSCs in the context of MM using the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay. Consistently, MM-derived PMN-MDSCs showed an up-regulation of angiogenesis-related factors and reduced PMN-MDSC levels were associated with less angiogenesis in vivo. Finally, we identified MO-MDSCs as osteoclast precursors. These results suggest that MDSC subpopulations play diverging roles in MM. We show for the first time that PMN-MDSCs exert a pro-angiogenic role in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilène Binsfeld
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Joséphine Muller
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Virginie Lamour
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Kim De Veirman
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hendrik De Raeve
- Department of Pathology, OLV Ziekenhuis Aalst, B-9300 Aalst, Belgium
| | - Akeila Bellahcène
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Els Van Valckenborgh
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Baron
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Yves Beguin
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Jo Caers
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Roy Heusschen
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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17
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Hewett DR, Vandyke K, Lawrence DM, Friend N, Noll JE, Geoghegan JM, Croucher PI, Zannettino ACW. DNA Barcoding Reveals Habitual Clonal Dominance of Myeloma Plasma Cells in the Bone Marrow Microenvironment. Neoplasia 2017; 19:972-981. [PMID: 29091798 PMCID: PMC5678743 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy resulting from the uncontrolled proliferation of antibody-producing plasma cells in the bone marrow. At diagnosis, independent plasma cell tumors are found throughout the skeleton. The recirculation of mutant plasma cells from the initial lesion and their recolonization of distant marrow sites are thought to occur by a process similar to solid tumor metastasis. However, the efficiency of this bone marrow homing process and the proportion of disseminated cells that actively divide and contribute to new tumor growth in MM are both unknown. We used the C57BL/KaLwRij mouse model of myeloma, lentiviral-mediated DNA barcoding of 5TGM1 myeloma cells, and next-generation sequencing to investigate the relative efficiency of plasma cell migration to, and growth within, the bone marrow. This approach revealed three major findings: firstly, establishment of metastasis within the bone marrow was extremely inefficient, with approximately 0.01% of circulating myeloma cells becoming resident long term in the bone marrow of each long bone; secondly, the individual cells of each metastasis exhibited marked differences in their proliferative fates, with the majority of final tumor burden within a bone being attributable to the progeny of between 1 and 8 cells; and, thirdly, the proliferative fate of individual clonal plasma cells differed at each bone marrow site in which the cells “landed.” These findings suggest that individual myeloma plasma cells are subjected to vastly different selection pressures within the bone marrow microenvironment, highlighting the importance of niche-driven factors, which determine the disease course and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan R Hewett
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.
| | - Kate Vandyke
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - David M Lawrence
- Centre for Cancer Biology, Australian Cancer Research Fund Cancer Genomics Facility, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Natasha Friend
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Jacqueline E Noll
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Joel M Geoghegan
- Centre for Cancer Biology, Australian Cancer Research Fund Cancer Genomics Facility, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Peter I Croucher
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales, 2010
| | - Andrew C W Zannettino
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
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18
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19
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Wallington-Beddoe CT, Bennett MK, Vandyke K, Davies L, Zebol JR, Moretti PA, Pitman MR, Hewett DR, Zannettino AC, Pitson SM. Sphingosine kinase 2 inhibition synergises with bortezomib to target myeloma by enhancing endoplasmic reticulum stress. Oncotarget 2017. [DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17115 and 1880=1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Craig T. Wallington-Beddoe
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Melissa K. Bennett
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kate Vandyke
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lorena Davies
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Julia R. Zebol
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Paul A.B. Moretti
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Melissa R. Pitman
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Duncan R. Hewett
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew C.W. Zannettino
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stuart M. Pitson
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
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Wallington-Beddoe CT, Bennett MK, Vandyke K, Davies L, Zebol JR, Moretti PA, Pitman MR, Hewett DR, Zannettino AC, Pitson SM. Sphingosine kinase 2 inhibition synergises with bortezomib to target myeloma by enhancing endoplasmic reticulum stress. Oncotarget 2017. [DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17115 order by 1-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Craig T. Wallington-Beddoe
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Melissa K. Bennett
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kate Vandyke
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lorena Davies
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Julia R. Zebol
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Paul A.B. Moretti
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Melissa R. Pitman
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Duncan R. Hewett
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew C.W. Zannettino
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stuart M. Pitson
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
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21
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Wallington-Beddoe CT, Bennett MK, Vandyke K, Davies L, Zebol JR, Moretti PA, Pitman MR, Hewett DR, Zannettino AC, Pitson SM. Sphingosine kinase 2 inhibition synergises with bortezomib to target myeloma by enhancing endoplasmic reticulum stress. Oncotarget 2017. [DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17115 order by 1-- gadu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Craig T. Wallington-Beddoe
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Melissa K. Bennett
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kate Vandyke
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lorena Davies
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Julia R. Zebol
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Paul A.B. Moretti
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Melissa R. Pitman
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Duncan R. Hewett
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew C.W. Zannettino
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stuart M. Pitson
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
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22
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Wallington-Beddoe CT, Bennett MK, Vandyke K, Davies L, Zebol JR, Moretti PA, Pitman MR, Hewett DR, Zannettino AC, Pitson SM. Sphingosine kinase 2 inhibition synergises with bortezomib to target myeloma by enhancing endoplasmic reticulum stress. Oncotarget 2017. [DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17115 order by 8029-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Craig T. Wallington-Beddoe
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Melissa K. Bennett
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kate Vandyke
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lorena Davies
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Julia R. Zebol
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Paul A.B. Moretti
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Melissa R. Pitman
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Duncan R. Hewett
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew C.W. Zannettino
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stuart M. Pitson
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
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Wallington-Beddoe CT, Bennett MK, Vandyke K, Davies L, Zebol JR, Moretti PA, Pitman MR, Hewett DR, Zannettino AC, Pitson SM. Sphingosine kinase 2 inhibition synergises with bortezomib to target myeloma by enhancing endoplasmic reticulum stress. Oncotarget 2017. [DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17115 order by 1-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Craig T. Wallington-Beddoe
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Melissa K. Bennett
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kate Vandyke
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lorena Davies
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Julia R. Zebol
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Paul A.B. Moretti
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Melissa R. Pitman
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Duncan R. Hewett
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew C.W. Zannettino
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stuart M. Pitson
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
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Sphingosine kinase 2 inhibition synergises with bortezomib to target myeloma by enhancing endoplasmic reticulum stress. Oncotarget 2017. [DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17115 order by 8029-- awyx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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25
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Wallington-Beddoe CT, Bennett MK, Vandyke K, Davies L, Zebol JR, Moretti PA, Pitman MR, Hewett DR, Zannettino AC, Pitson SM. Sphingosine kinase 2 inhibition synergises with bortezomib to target myeloma by enhancing endoplasmic reticulum stress. Oncotarget 2017. [DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17115 order by 8029-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Craig T. Wallington-Beddoe
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Melissa K. Bennett
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kate Vandyke
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lorena Davies
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Julia R. Zebol
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Paul A.B. Moretti
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Melissa R. Pitman
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Duncan R. Hewett
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew C.W. Zannettino
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stuart M. Pitson
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
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Inhibiting the osteocyte-specific protein sclerostin increases bone mass and fracture resistance in multiple myeloma. Blood 2017; 129:3452-3464. [PMID: 28515094 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-03-773341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell cancer that develops in the skeleton causing profound bone destruction and fractures. The bone disease is mediated by increased osteoclastic bone resorption and suppressed bone formation. Bisphosphonates used for treatment inhibit bone resorption and prevent bone loss but fail to influence bone formation and do not replace lost bone, so patients continue to fracture. Stimulating bone formation to increase bone mass and fracture resistance is a priority; however, targeting tumor-derived modulators of bone formation has had limited success. Sclerostin is an osteocyte-specific Wnt antagonist that inhibits bone formation. We hypothesized that inhibiting sclerostin would prevent development of bone disease and increase resistance to fracture in MM. Sclerostin was expressed in osteocytes from bones from naive and myeloma-bearing mice. In contrast, sclerostin was not expressed by plasma cells from 630 patients with myeloma or 54 myeloma cell lines. Mice injected with 5TGM1-eGFP, 5T2MM, or MM1.S myeloma cells demonstrated significant bone loss, which was associated with a decrease in fracture resistance in the vertebrae. Treatment with anti-sclerostin antibody increased osteoblast numbers and bone formation rate but did not inhibit bone resorption or reduce tumor burden. Treatment with anti-sclerostin antibody prevented myeloma-induced bone loss, reduced osteolytic bone lesions, and increased fracture resistance. Treatment with anti-sclerostin antibody and zoledronic acid combined increased bone mass and fracture resistance when compared with treatment with zoledronic acid alone. This study defines a therapeutic strategy superior to the current standard of care that will reduce fractures for patients with MM.
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Nyman JS, Merkel AR, Uppuganti S, Nayak B, Rowland B, Makowski AJ, Oyajobi BO, Sterling JA. Combined treatment with a transforming growth factor beta inhibitor (1D11) and bortezomib improves bone architecture in a mouse model of myeloma-induced bone disease. Bone 2016; 91:81-91. [PMID: 27423464 PMCID: PMC4996753 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) patients frequently develop tumor-induced bone destruction, yet no therapy completely eliminates the tumor or fully reverses bone loss. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) activity often contributes to tumor-induced bone disease, and pre-clinical studies have indicated that TGF-β inhibition improves bone volume and reduces tumor growth in bone metastatic breast cancer. We hypothesized that inhibition of TGF-β signaling also reduces tumor growth, increases bone volume, and improves vertebral body strength in MM-bearing mice. We treated myeloma tumor-bearing (immunocompetent KaLwRij and immunocompromised Rag2-/-) mice with a TGF-β inhibitory (1D11) or control (13C4) antibody, with or without the anti-myeloma drug bortezomib, for 4weeks after inoculation of murine 5TGM1 MM cells. TGF-β inhibition increased trabecular bone volume, improved trabecular architecture, increased tissue mineral density of the trabeculae as assessed by ex vivo micro-computed tomography, and was associated with significantly greater vertebral body strength in biomechanical compression tests. Serum monoclonal paraprotein titers and spleen weights showed that 1D11 monotherapy did not reduce overall MM tumor burden. Combination therapy with 1D11 and bortezomib increased vertebral body strength, reduced tumor burden, and reduced cortical lesions in the femoral metaphysis, although it did not significantly improve cortical bone strength in three-point bending tests of the mid-shaft femur. Overall, our data provides rationale for evaluating inhibition of TGF-β signaling in combination with existing anti-myeloma agents as a potential therapeutic strategy to improve outcomes in patients with myeloma bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffry S Nyman
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 27212, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Alyssa R Merkel
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 27212, USA; Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sasidhar Uppuganti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Bijaya Nayak
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Barbara Rowland
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 27212, USA
| | - Alexander J Makowski
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 27212, USA; Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Babatunde O Oyajobi
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; The Cancer Therapy & Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Julie A Sterling
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 27212, USA; Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Fontana F, Ge X, Su X, Hathi D, Xiang J, Cenci S, Civitelli R, Shoghi KI, Akers WJ, D'avignon A, Weilbaecher KN, Shokeen M. Evaluating Acetate Metabolism for Imaging and Targeting in Multiple Myeloma. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:416-429. [PMID: 27486177 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We hypothesized that in multiple myeloma cells (MMC), high membrane biosynthesis will induce acetate uptake in vitro and in vivo Here, we studied acetate metabolism and targeting in MMC in vitro and tested the efficacy of 11C-acetate-positron emission tomography (PET) to detect and quantitatively image myeloma treatment response in vivo EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Acetate fate tracking using 13C-edited-1H NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) was performed to study in vitro acetate uptake and metabolism in MMC. Effects of pharmacological modulation of acetate transport or acetate incorporation into lipids on MMC cell survival and viability were assessed. Preclinical mouse MM models of subcutaneous and bone tumors were evaluated using 11C-acetate-PET/CT imaging and tissue biodistribution. RESULTS In vitro, NMR showed significant uptake of acetate by MMC and acetate incorporation into intracellular metabolites and membrane lipids. Inhibition of lipid synthesis and acetate transport was toxic to MMC, while sparing resident bone cells or normal B cells. In vivo, 11C-acetate uptake by PET imaging was significantly enhanced in subcutaneous and bone MMC tumors compared with unaffected bone or muscle tissue. Likewise, 11C-acetate uptake was significantly reduced in MM tumors after treatment. CONCLUSIONS Uptake of acetate from the extracellular environment was enhanced in MMC and was critical to cellular viability. 11C-Acetate-PET detected the presence of myeloma cells in vivo, including uptake in intramedullary bone disease. 11C-Acetate-PET also detected response to therapy in vivo Our data suggested that acetate metabolism and incorporation into lipids was crucial to MM cell biology and that 11C-acetate-PET is a promising imaging modality for MM. Clin Cancer Res; 23(2); 416-29. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fontana
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Xia Ge
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Xinming Su
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Deep Hathi
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jingyu Xiang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Simone Cenci
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute (SRSI), Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, and Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Civitelli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kooresh I Shoghi
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Walter J Akers
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Andre D'avignon
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Katherine N Weilbaecher
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
| | - Monica Shokeen
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
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A dominant-negative F-box deleted mutant of E3 ubiquitin ligase, β-TrCP1/FWD1, markedly reduces myeloma cell growth and survival in mice. Oncotarget 2016; 6:21589-602. [PMID: 26009993 PMCID: PMC4673288 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of multiple myeloma with bortezomib can result in severe adverse effects, necessitating the development of targeted inhibitors of the proteasome. We show that stable expression of a dominant-negative F-box deleted (ΔF) mutant of the E3 ubiquitin ligase, SCFβ-TrCP/FWD1, in murine 5TGM1 myeloma cells dramatically attenuated their skeletal engraftment and survival when inoculated into immunocompetent C57BL/KaLwRij mice. Similar results were obtained in immunodeficient bg-nu-xid mice, suggesting that the observed effects were independent of host recipient immune status. Bone marrow stroma offered no protection for 5TGM1-ΔF cells in cocultures treated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF), indicating a cell-autonomous anti-myeloma effect. Levels of p100, IκBα, Mcl-1, ATF4, total and cleaved caspase-3, and phospho-β-catenin were elevated in 5TGM1-ΔF cells whereas cIAP was down-regulated. TNF also activated caspase-3 and downregulated Bcl-2, correlating with the enhanced susceptibility of 5TGM1-ΔF cells to apoptosis. Treatment of 5TGM1 tumor-bearing mice with a β-TrCP1/FWD1 inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), significantly reduced tumor burden in bone. PDTC also increased levels of cleaved Mcl-1 and caspase-3 in U266 human myeloma cells, correlating with our murine data and validating the development of specific β-TrCP inhibitors as an alternative therapy to nonspecific proteasome inhibitors for myeloma patients.
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30
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De Veirman K, Van Ginderachter JA, Lub S, De Beule N, Thielemans K, Bautmans I, Oyajobi BO, De Bruyne E, Menu E, Lemaire M, Van Riet I, Vanderkerken K, Van Valckenborgh E. Multiple myeloma induces Mcl-1 expression and survival of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:10532-47. [PMID: 25871384 PMCID: PMC4496373 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are contributing to an immunosuppressive environment by their ability to inhibit T cell activity and thereby promoting cancer progression. An important feature of the incurable plasma cell malignancy Multiple Myeloma (MM) is immune dysfunction. MDSC were previously identified to be present and active in MM patients, however little is known about the MDSC-inducing and -activating capacity of MM cells. In this study we investigated the effects of the tumor microenvironment on MDSC survival. During MM progression in the 5TMM mouse model, accumulation of MDSC in the bone marrow was observed in early stages of disease development, while circulating myeloid cells were increased at later stages of disease. Interestingly, in vivo MDSC targeting by anti-GR1 antibodies and 5-Fluorouracil resulted in a significant reduced tumor load in 5TMM-diseased mice. In vitro generation of MDSC was demonstrated by increased T cell immunosuppressive capacity and MDSC survival was observed in the presence of MM-conditioned medium. Finally, increased Mcl-1 expression was identified as underlying mechanism for MDSC survival. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that soluble factors from MM cells are able to generate MDSC through Mcl-1 upregulation and this cell population can be considered as a possible target in MM disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim De Veirman
- Laboratory of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Susanne Lub
- Laboratory of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathan De Beule
- Laboratory of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kris Thielemans
- Department of Immunology-Physiology, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ivan Bautmans
- Gerontology & Frailty in Ageing Departments, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Babatunde O Oyajobi
- Department of Cellular & Structural Biology and Cancer Therapy and Research Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, USA
| | - Elke De Bruyne
- Laboratory of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eline Menu
- Laboratory of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Miguel Lemaire
- Laboratory of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ivan Van Riet
- Laboratory of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karin Vanderkerken
- Laboratory of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Els Van Valckenborgh
- Laboratory of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
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31
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Preclinical animal models of multiple myeloma. BONEKEY REPORTS 2016; 5:772. [PMID: 26909147 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2015.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is an incurable plasma-cell malignancy characterized by osteolytic bone disease and immunosuppression. Murine models of multiple myeloma and myeloma bone disease are critical tools for an improved understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease and the development of novel therapeutic strategies. This review will cover commonly used immunocompetent and xenograft models of myeloma, describing the advantages and disadvantages of each model system. In addition, this review provides detailed protocols for establishing systemic and local models of myeloma using both murine and human myeloma cell lines.
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32
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Lawson MA, McDonald MM, Kovacic N, Hua Khoo W, Terry RL, Down J, Kaplan W, Paton-Hough J, Fellows C, Pettitt JA, Neil Dear T, Van Valckenborgh E, Baldock PA, Rogers MJ, Eaton CL, Vanderkerken K, Pettit AR, Quinn JMW, Zannettino ACW, Phan TG, Croucher PI. Osteoclasts control reactivation of dormant myeloma cells by remodelling the endosteal niche. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8983. [PMID: 26632274 PMCID: PMC4686867 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is largely incurable, despite development of therapies that target myeloma cell-intrinsic pathways. Disease relapse is thought to originate from dormant myeloma cells, localized in specialized niches, which resist therapy and repopulate the tumour. However, little is known about the niche, and how it exerts cell-extrinsic control over myeloma cell dormancy and reactivation. In this study, we track individual myeloma cells by intravital imaging as they colonize the endosteal niche, enter a dormant state and subsequently become activated to form colonies. We demonstrate that dormancy is a reversible state that is switched ‘on' by engagement with bone-lining cells or osteoblasts, and switched ‘off' by osteoclasts remodelling the endosteal niche. Dormant myeloma cells are resistant to chemotherapy that targets dividing cells. The demonstration that the endosteal niche is pivotal in controlling myeloma cell dormancy highlights the potential for targeting cell-extrinsic mechanisms to overcome cell-intrinsic drug resistance and prevent disease relapse. Therapy resistant dormant myeloma cells contribute to disease relapse. Here, the authors use intravital microscopy to track the location of these cells and demonstrate that they hone to the endosteal niche within the bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Lawson
- Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2RX, UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2RX, UK
| | - Michelle M McDonald
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Natasa Kovacic
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Weng Hua Khoo
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Rachael L Terry
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Jenny Down
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Warren Kaplan
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Julia Paton-Hough
- Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2RX, UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2RX, UK
| | - Clair Fellows
- Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2RX, UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2RX, UK
| | - Jessica A Pettitt
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - T Neil Dear
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Els Van Valckenborgh
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1090, Belgium
| | - Paul A Baldock
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Michael J Rogers
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Colby L Eaton
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2RX, UK.,Department of Human Metabolism and Clinical Biochemistry, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2RX, UK
| | - Karin Vanderkerken
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1090, Belgium
| | - Allison R Pettit
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Julian M W Quinn
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Andrew C W Zannettino
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Frome Road, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Peter I Croucher
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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Noll JE, Vandyke K, Hewett DR, Mrozik KM, Bala RJ, Williams SA, Kok CH, Zannettino AC. PTTG1 expression is associated with hyperproliferative disease and poor prognosis in multiple myeloma. J Hematol Oncol 2015; 8:106. [PMID: 26445238 PMCID: PMC4595141 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-015-0209-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable haematological malignancy characterised by the clonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells within the bone marrow. We have previously identified pituitary tumour transforming gene 1 (Pttg1) as a gene that is significantly upregulated in the haematopoietic compartment of the myeloma-susceptible C57BL/KaLwRij mouse strain, when compared with the myeloma-resistant C57BL/6 mouse. Over-expression of PTTG1 has previously been associated with malignant progression and an enhanced proliferative capacity in solid tumours. Methods In this study, we investigated PTTG1 gene and protein expression in MM plasma cells from newly diagnosed MM patients. Gene expression profiling was used to identify gene signatures associated with high PTTG1 expression in MM patients. Additionally, we investigated the effect of short hairpin ribonucleic acid (shRNA)-mediated PTTG1 knockdown on the proliferation of the murine myeloma plasma cell line 5TGM1 in vitro and in vivo. Results PTTG1 was found to be over-expressed in 36–70 % of MM patients, relative to normal controls, with high PTTG1 expression being associated with poor patient outcomes (hazard ratio 2.49; 95 % CI 1.28 to 4.86; p = 0.0075; log-rank test). In addition, patients with high PTTG1 expression exhibited increased expression of cell proliferation-associated genes including CCNB1, CCNB2, CDK1, AURKA, BIRC5 and DEPDC1. Knockdown of Pttg1 in 5TGM1 cells decreased cellular proliferation, without affecting cell cycle distribution or viability, and decreased expression of Ccnb1, Birc5 and Depdc1 in vitro. Notably, Pttg1 knockdown significantly reduced MM tumour development in vivo, with an 83.2 % reduction in tumour burden at 4 weeks (p < 0.0001, two-way ANOVA). Conclusions This study supports a role for increased PTTG1 expression in augmenting tumour development in a subset of MM patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13045-015-0209-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline E Noll
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide and Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Kate Vandyke
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide and Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia. .,SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Duncan R Hewett
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide and Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Krzysztof M Mrozik
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide and Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Rachel J Bala
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide and Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Sharon A Williams
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide and Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Chung H Kok
- Leukaemia Research Group, Cancer Theme, SAHMRI, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Andrew Cw Zannettino
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide and Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia. .,Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Cancer Theme, Level 5 South, SAHMRI, PO Box 11060, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
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Binsfeld M, Hannon M, Otjacques E, Humblet-Baron S, Baudoux E, Beguin Y, Baron F, Caers J. Impact of the immunomodulating peptide thymosin alpha 1 on multiple myeloma and immune recovery after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:989-98. [PMID: 25971542 PMCID: PMC11028767 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1708-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by the accumulation of monoclonal plasma cells in the bone marrow and causes several immune alterations in patients. Thymosin α1 (Tα1) is a thymic peptide that has been associated with immuno-stimulating properties. In addition, this peptide exerts anti-tumor effects in several cancer types. Beneficial effects of Tα1 administration have also been shown on immune reconstitution after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), a current treatment modality in hematological malignancies including MM. In this study, we observed a slight reduction in the proliferation of murine and human MM cell lines in the presence of Tα1 in vitro. However, using two immunocompetent murine MM models (5TGM1 and MOPC315.BM), we did not observe any impact of Tα1 administration on MM development in vivo. Furthermore, no beneficial effects of Tα1 treatment were observed on lymphocyte immune reconstitution after transfusion of human hematopoietic stem cells into immunodeficient mice. In conclusion, despite direct effects of Tα1 on human MM cell line proliferation in vitro, Tα1 did not exert anti-myeloma effects in vivo in the two murine models tested. Moreover, Tα1 failed to improve immune recovery in a xenogeneic HSCT model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilène Binsfeld
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, Bat. B34, CHU of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital, 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium,
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35
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Paton-Hough J, Chantry AD, Lawson MA. A review of current murine models of multiple myeloma used to assess the efficacy of therapeutic agents on tumour growth and bone disease. Bone 2015; 77:57-68. [PMID: 25868800 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pre-clinical in vivo models of multiple myeloma are essential tools for investigating the pathophysiology of multiple myeloma and for testing new therapeutic agents and strategies prior to their potential use in clinical trials. Over the last five decades, several different types of murine models of multiple myeloma have been developed ranging from immunocompetent syngeneic models, e.g. the 5 T series of myeloma cells, to immunocompromised models including the SCID xenograft models, which use human myeloma cell lines or patient-derived cells. Other models include hybrid models featuring the implantation of SCID mice with bone chips (SCID-hu or SCID-rab) or 3-D bone scaffolds (SCID-synth-hu), and mice that have been genetically engineered to develop myeloma. Bearing in mind the differences in these models, it is not surprising that they reflect to varying degrees different aspects of myeloma. Here we review the past and present murine models of myeloma, with particular emphasis on their advantages and limitations, characteristics, and their use in testing therapeutic agents to treat myeloma tumour burden and bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Paton-Hough
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology, The University of Sheffield, Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
| | - A D Chantry
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology, The University of Sheffield, Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
| | - M A Lawson
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology, The University of Sheffield, Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
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36
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Mrozik KM, Cheong CM, Hewett D, Chow AWS, Blaschuk OW, Zannettino ACW, Vandyke K. Therapeutic targeting of N-cadherin is an effective treatment for multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2015; 171:387-99. [PMID: 26194766 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Elevated expression of the cell adhesion molecule N-cadherin (cadherin 2, type 1, N-cadherin (neuronal); CDH2) is associated with poor prognosis in newly-diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) patients. In this study, we investigated whether targeting of N-cadherin represents a potential treatment for the ~50% of MM patients with elevated N-cadherin. Initially, we stably knocked-down N-cadherin in the mouse MM plasma cell (PC) line 5TGM1 to assess the functional role of N-cadherin in MM pathogenesis. When compared with 5TGM1-scramble-shRNA cells, 5TGM1-Cdh2-shRNA cells had significantly reduced adhesion to bone marrow endothelial cells. However, N-cadherin knock-down did not affect 5TGM1 cell proliferation or adhesion to bone marrow stromal cells. In the C57BL/KaLwRij murine MM model, mice intravenously inoculated with 5TGM1-Cdh2-shRNA cells showed significantly decreased tumour burden after 4 weeks, compared with animals bearing 5TGM1-scramble-shRNA cells. Finally, the N-cadherin antagonist ADH-1 had no effect on tumour burden in the established disease setting, whereas up-front ADH-1 treatment resulted in significantly reduced tumour burden after 4 weeks. Our findings demonstrate that N-cadherin may play a key role in the extravasation of circulating MM PCs promoting bone marrow homing. Moreover, these studies suggest that N-cadherin may represent a viable therapeutic target to prevent the dissemination of MM PCs and delay MM disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof M Mrozik
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Chee Man Cheong
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Duncan Hewett
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Annie W S Chow
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Orest W Blaschuk
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Andrew C W Zannettino
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Biology and Hanson Institute, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Centre for Stem Cell Research, Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Centre for Personalised Cancer Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kate Vandyke
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Biology and Hanson Institute, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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37
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Ersek A, Xu K, Antonopoulos A, Butters TD, Santo AE, Vattakuzhi Y, Williams LM, Goudevenou K, Danks L, Freidin A, Spanoudakis E, Parry S, Papaioannou M, Hatjiharissi E, Chaidos A, Alonzi DS, Twigg G, Hu M, Dwek RA, Haslam SM, Roberts I, Dell A, Rahemtulla A, Horwood NJ, Karadimitris A. Glycosphingolipid synthesis inhibition limits osteoclast activation and myeloma bone disease. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:2279-92. [PMID: 25915583 DOI: 10.1172/jci59987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are essential constituents of cell membranes and lipid rafts and can modulate signal transduction events. The contribution of GSLs in osteoclast (OC) activation and osteolytic bone diseases in malignancies such as the plasma cell dyscrasia multiple myeloma (MM) is not known. Here, we tested the hypothesis that pathological activation of OCs in MM requires de novo GSL synthesis and is further enhanced by myeloma cell-derived GSLs. Glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) inhibitors, including the clinically approved agent N-butyl-deoxynojirimycin (NB-DNJ), prevented OC development and activation by disrupting RANKL-induced localization of TRAF6 and c-SRC into lipid rafts and preventing nuclear accumulation of transcriptional activator NFATc1. GM3 was the prevailing GSL produced by patient-derived myeloma cells and MM cell lines, and exogenous addition of GM3 synergistically enhanced the ability of the pro-osteoclastogenic factors RANKL and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) to induce osteoclastogenesis in precursors. In WT mice, administration of GM3 increased OC numbers and activity, an effect that was reversed by treatment with NB-DNJ. In a murine MM model, treatment with NB-DNJ markedly improved osteolytic bone disease symptoms. Together, these data demonstrate that both tumor-derived and de novo synthesized GSLs influence osteoclastogenesis and suggest that NB-DNJ may reduce pathological OC activation and bone destruction associated with MM.
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Abstract
In myeloma, the understanding of the tissular, cellular and molecular mechanisms of the interactions between tumor plasma cells and bone cells have progressed from in vitro and in vivo studies. However none of the known animal models of myeloma reproduce exactly the human form of the disease. There are currently three types of animal models: (1) injection of pristane oil in BALB/c mice leads to intraperitoneal plasmacytomas but without bone marrow colonization and osteolysis; (2) injection of malignant plasma cell lines in immunodeficient mice SCID or NOD/SCID; the use of the SCID-hu or SCID-rab model allows the use of fresh plasma cells obtained from MM patients; (3) injection of allogeneic malignant plasma cells (5T2MM, 5T33) in the C57BL/KalwRij mouse induces bone marrow proliferation and osteolytic lesions. These cells did not grow in vitro and can be propagated by injection of plasma cells isolated from bone marrow of a mouse at end stage of the disease into young recipient mice. The 5TGM1 is a subclone of 5T33MM cells and can grow in vitro. Among the different models, the 5TMM models and SCID-hu/SCID-rab models were extensively used to test pathophysiological hypotheses and to assess anti-osteoclastic, anti-osteoblastic or anti-tumor therapies in myeloma. In the present review, we report the different types of animal models of MM and describe their interests and limitations.
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Noll JE, Hewett DR, Williams SA, Vandyke K, Kok C, To LB, Zannettino ACW. SAMSN1 is a tumor suppressor gene in multiple myeloma. Neoplasia 2015; 16:572-85. [PMID: 25117979 PMCID: PMC4198825 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM), a hematological malignancy characterized by the clonal growth of malignant plasma cells (PCs) in the bone marrow, is preceded by the benign asymptomatic condition, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). Several genetic abnormalities have been identified as critical for the development of MM; however, a number of these abnormalities are also found in patients with MGUS, indicating that there are other, as yet unidentified, factors that contribute to the onset of MM disease. In this study, we identify a Samsn1 gene deletion in the 5TGM1/C57BL/KaLwRij murine model of myeloma. In addition, SAMSN1 expression is reduced in the malignant CD138 + PCs of patients with MM and this reduced expression correlates to total PC burden. We identify promoter methylation as a potential mechanism through which SAMSN1 expression is modulated in human myeloma cell lines. Notably, re-expression of Samsn1 in the 5TGM1 murine PC line resulted in complete inhibition of MM disease development in vivo and decreased proliferation in stromal cell–PC co-cultures in vitro. This is the first study to identify deletion of a key gene in the C57BL/KaLwRij mice that also displays reduced gene expression in patients with MM and is therefore likely to play an integral role in MM disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline E Noll
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Haematology, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Duncan R Hewett
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Haematology, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sharon A Williams
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Haematology, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kate Vandyke
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Haematology, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Chung Kok
- Acute Myeloid Leukaemia Laboratory, Department of Haematology, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Luen B To
- Department of Haematology, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew C W Zannettino
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Haematology, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia.
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Hu Y, Zheng M, Gali R, Tian Z, Topal Görgün G, Munshi NC, Mitsiades CS, Anderson KC. A novel rapid-onset high-penetrance plasmacytoma mouse model driven by deregulation of cMYC cooperating with KRAS12V in BALB/c mice. Blood Cancer J 2013; 3:e156. [PMID: 24185503 PMCID: PMC3880436 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2013.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Our goal is to develop a rapid and scalable system for functionally evaluating deregulated genes in multiple myeloma (MM). Here, we forcibly expressed human cMYC and KRAS12V in mouse T2 B cells (IgM(+)B220(+)CD38(+)IgD(+)) using retroviral transduction and transplanted these cells into lethally irradiated recipient mice. Recipients developed plasmacytomas with short onset (70 days) and high penetrance, whereas neither cMYC nor KRAS12V alone induced disease in recipient mice. Tumor cell morphology and cell surface biomarkers (CD138(+)B220(-)IgM(-)GFP(+)) indicate a plasma cell neoplasm. Gene set enrichment analysis further confirms that the tumor cells have a plasma cell gene expression signature. Plasmacytoma cells infiltrated multiple loci in the bone marrow, spleen and liver; secreted immunoglobulins; and caused glomerular damage. Our findings therefore demonstrate that deregulated expression of cMYC with KRAS12V in T2 B cells rapidly generates a plasma cell disease in mice, suggesting utility of this model both to elucidate molecular pathogenesis and to validate novel targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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41
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Noll JE, Williams SA, Tong CM, Wang H, Quach JM, Purton LE, Pilkington K, To LB, Evdokiou A, Gronthos S, Zannettino ACW. Myeloma plasma cells alter the bone marrow microenvironment by stimulating the proliferation of mesenchymal stromal cells. Haematologica 2013; 99:163-71. [PMID: 23935020 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2013.090977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is an incurable hematologic cancer characterized by the clonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells within the bone marrow. Numerous studies suggest that the myeloma plasma cells occupy and alter the stromal tissue of the bone marrow as a means of enhancing their survival and growth. However, the nature and magnitude of the changes to the stromal cell tissue remain to be determined. In this study, we used mesenchymal stromal cell and osteoblast-related cell surface marker expression (STRO-1 and alkaline phosphatase, respectively) and flow cytometry to enumerate mesenchymal stromal cell and osteoblast numbers in bone marrow recovered from myeloma patients at the time of diagnosis. Using this approach, we identified an increase in the number of STRO-1 positive colony forming mesenchymal stromal cells and a concomitant decrease in alkaline phophatase osteoblasts. Notably, this increase in mesenchymal stromal cell numbers correlated closely with plasma cell burden at the time of diagnosis. In addition, in comparison with the osteoblast population, the STRO-1+ mesenchymal stromal cell population was found to express higher levels of plasma cell- and osteoclast-activating factors, including RANKL and IL-6, providing a mechanism by which an increase in mesenchymal stromal cells may promote and aid the progression of myeloma. Importantly, these findings were faithfully replicated in the C57BL/KaLwRij murine model of myeloma, suggesting that this model may present a unique and clinically relevant system in which to identify and therapeutically modulate the bone microenvironment and, in turn, alter the progression of myeloma disease.
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42
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Otjacques E, Binsfeld M, Rocks N, Blacher S, Vanderkerken K, Noel A, Beguin Y, Cataldo D, Caers J. Mithramycin exerts an anti-myeloma effect and displays anti-angiogenic effects through up-regulation of anti-angiogenic factors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62818. [PMID: 23667526 PMCID: PMC3646989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mithramycin (MTM), a cytotoxic compound, is currently being investigated for its anti-angiogenic activity that seems to be mediated through an inhibition of the transcription factor SP1. In this study we evaluated its anti-myeloma effects in the syngenic 5TGM1 model in vitro as well as in vivo. In vitro, MTM inhibited DNA synthesis of 5TGM1 cells with an IC50 of 400 nM and induced an arrest in cell cycle progression at the G1/S transition point. Western-blot revealed an up-regulation of p53, p21 and p27 and an inhibition of c-Myc, while SP1 remained unaffected. In rat aortic ring assays, a strong anti-angiogenic effect was seen, which could be explained by a decrease of VEGF production and an up-regulation of anti-angiogenic proteins such as IP10 after MTM treatment. The administration of MTM to mice injected with 5TGM1 decreased 5TGM1 cell invasion into bone marrow and myeloma neovascularisation. These data suggest that MTM displays anti-myeloma and anti-angiogenic effects that are not mediated by an inhibition of SP1 but rather through c-Myc inhibition and p53 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eléonore Otjacques
- Laboratory of Hematology, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA-Research), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory of Tumour and Development Biology, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA-Research), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marilène Binsfeld
- Laboratory of Hematology, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA-Research), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Natacha Rocks
- Laboratory of Tumour and Development Biology, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA-Research), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Silvia Blacher
- Laboratory of Tumour and Development Biology, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA-Research), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Karin Vanderkerken
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Agnès Noel
- Laboratory of Tumour and Development Biology, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA-Research), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Yves Beguin
- Laboratory of Hematology, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA-Research), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Didier Cataldo
- Laboratory of Tumour and Development Biology, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA-Research), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jo Caers
- Laboratory of Hematology, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA-Research), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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PEGylation of vesicular stomatitis virus extends virus persistence in blood circulation of passively immunized mice. J Virol 2013; 87:3752-9. [PMID: 23325695 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02832-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We are developing oncolytic vesicular stomatitis viruses (VSVs) for systemic treatment of multiple myeloma, an incurable malignancy of antibody-secreting plasma cells that are specifically localized in the bone marrow. One of the presumed advantages for using VSV as an oncolytic virus is that human infections are rare and preexisting anti-VSV immunity is typically lacking in cancer patients, which is very important for clinical success. However, our studies show that nonimmune human and mouse serum can neutralize clinical-grade VSV, reducing the titer by up to 4 log units in 60 min. In addition, we show that neutralizing anti-VSV antibodies negate the antitumor efficacy of VSV, a concern for repeat VSV administration. We have investigated the potential use of covalent modification of VSV with polyethylene glycol (PEG) or a function-spacer-lipid (FSL)-PEG construct to inhibit serum neutralization and to limit hepatosplenic sequestration of systemically delivered VSV. We report that in mice passively immunized with neutralizing anti-VSV antibodies, PEGylation of VSV improved the persistence of VSV in the blood circulation, maintaining a more than 1-log-unit increase in VSV genome copies for up to 1 h compared to the genome copy numbers for the non-PEGylated virus, which was mostly cleared within 10 min after intravenous injection. We are currently investigating if this increase in PEGylated VSV circulating half-life can translate to increased virus delivery and better efficacy in mouse models of multiple myeloma.
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Hofgaard PO, Jodal HC, Bommert K, Huard B, Caers J, Carlsen H, Schwarzer R, Schünemann N, Jundt F, Lindeberg MM, Bogen B. A novel mouse model for multiple myeloma (MOPC315.BM) that allows noninvasive spatiotemporal detection of osteolytic disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51892. [PMID: 23284805 PMCID: PMC3527494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a lethal human cancer characterized by a clonal expansion of malignant plasma cells in bone marrow. Mouse models of human MM are technically challenging and do not always recapitulate human disease. Therefore, new mouse models for MM are needed. Mineral-oil induced plasmacytomas (MOPC) develop in the peritoneal cavity of oil-injected BALB/c mice. However, MOPC typically grow extramedullary and are considered poor models of human MM. Here we describe an in vivo-selected MOPC315 variant, called MOPC315.BM, which can be maintained in vitro. When injected i.v. into BALB/c mice, MOPC315.BM cells exhibit tropism for bone marrow. As few as 10(4) MOPC315.BM cells injected i.v. induced paraplegia, a sign of spinal cord compression, in all mice within 3-4 weeks. MOPC315.BM cells were stably transfected with either firefly luciferase (MOPC315.BM.Luc) or DsRed (MOPC315.BM.DsRed) for studies using noninvasive imaging. MOPC315.BM.Luc cells were detected in the tibiofemoral region already 1 hour after i.v. injection. Bone foci developed progressively, and as of day 5, MM cells were detected in multiple sites in the axial skeleton. Additionally, the spleen (a hematopoietic organ in the mouse) was invariably affected. Luminescent signals correlated with serum myeloma protein concentration, allowing for easy tracking of tumor load with noninvasive imaging. Affected mice developed osteolytic lesions. The MOPC315.BM model employs a common strain of immunocompetent mice (BALB/c) and replicates many characteristics of human MM. The model should be suitable for studies of bone marrow tropism, development of osteolytic lesions, drug testing, and immunotherapy in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter O. Hofgaard
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henriette C. Jodal
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kurt Bommert
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre Mainfranken and Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Haematology and Medical Oncology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bertrand Huard
- Division of Hematology, University Hospitals of Geneva and Department of Pathology-Immunology, Geneva University Medical Centre, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jo Caers
- Department of Hematology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Harald Carlsen
- Institute for Nutrition Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rolf Schwarzer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Campus Virchow Clinic, Molekulares Krebsforschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Schünemann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Campus Virchow Clinic, Molekulares Krebsforschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Jundt
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Campus Virchow Clinic, Molekulares Krebsforschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mona M. Lindeberg
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Campbell JP, Merkel AR, Masood-Campbell SK, Elefteriou F, Sterling JA. Models of bone metastasis. J Vis Exp 2012:e4260. [PMID: 22972196 DOI: 10.3791/4260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone metastases are a common occurrence in several malignancies, including breast, prostate, and lung. Once established in bone, tumors are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. Thus, there is a significant need to understand the molecular mechanisms controlling the establishment, growth and activity of tumors in bone. Several in vivo models have been established to study these events and each has specific benefits and limitations. The most commonly used model utilizes intracardiac inoculation of tumor cells directly into the arterial blood supply of athymic (nude) BalbC mice. This procedure can be applied to many different tumor types (including PC-3 prostate cancer, lung carcinoma, and mouse mammary fat pad tumors); however, in this manuscript we will focus on the breast cancer model, MDA-MB-231. In this model we utilize a highly bone-selective clone, originally derived in Dr. Mundy's group in San Antonio, that has since been transfected for GFP expression and re-cloned by our group. This clone is a bone metastatic variant with a high rate of osteotropism and very little metastasis to lung, liver, or adrenal glands. While intracardiac injections are most commonly used for studies of bone metastasis, in certain instances intratibial or mammary fat pad injections are more appropriate. Intracardiac injections are typically performed when using human tumor cells with the goal of monitoring later stages of metastasis, specifically the ability of cancer cells to arrest in bone, survive, proliferate, and establish tumors that develop into cancer-induced bone disease. Intratibial injections are performed if focusing on the relationship of cancer cells and bone after a tumor has metastasized to bone, which correlates roughly to established metastatic bone disease. Neither of these models recapitulates early steps in the metastatic process prior to embolism and entry of tumor cells into the circulation. If monitoring primary tumor growth or metastasis from the primary site to bone, then mammary fat pad inoculations are usually preferred; however, very few tumor cell lines will consistently metastasize to bone from the primary site, with 4T1 bone-preferential clones, a mouse mammary carcinoma, being the exception. This manuscript details inoculation procedures and highlights key steps in post inoculation analyses. Specifically, it includes cell culture, tumor cell inoculation procedures for intracardiac and intratibial inoculations, as well as brief information regarding weekly monitoring by x-ray, fluorescence and histomorphometric analyses.
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Dairaghi DJ, Oyajobi BO, Gupta A, McCluskey B, Miao S, Powers JP, Seitz LC, Wang Y, Zeng Y, Zhang P, Schall TJ, Jaen JC. CCR1 blockade reduces tumor burden and osteolysis in vivo in a mouse model of myeloma bone disease. Blood 2012; 120:1449-57. [PMID: 22618707 PMCID: PMC3423783 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-10-384784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine CCL3/MIP-1α is a risk factor in the outcome of multiple myeloma (MM), particularly in the development of osteolytic bone disease. This chemokine, highly overexpressed by MM cells, can signal mainly through 2 receptors, CCR1 and CCR5, only 1 of which (CCR1) is responsive to CCL3 in human and mouse osteoclast precursors. CCR1 activation leads to the formation of osteolytic lesions and facilitates tumor growth. Here we show that formation of mature osteoclasts is blocked by the highly potent and selective CCR1 antagonist CCX721, an analog of the clinical compound CCX354. We also show that doses of CCX721 selected to completely inhibit CCR1 produce a profound decrease in tumor burden and osteolytic damage in the murine 5TGM1 model of MM bone disease. Similar effects were observed when the antagonist was used prophylactically or therapeutically, with comparable efficacy to that of zoledronic acid. 5TGM1 cells were shown to express minimal levels of CCR1 while secreting high levels of CCL3, suggesting that the therapeutic effects of CCX721 result from CCR1 inhibition on non-MM cells, most likely osteoclasts and osteoclast precursors. These results provide a strong rationale for further development of CCR1 antagonists for the treatment of MM and associated osteolytic bone disease.
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Potent systemic therapy of multiple myeloma utilizing oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus coding for interferon-β. Cancer Gene Ther 2012; 19:443-50. [PMID: 22522623 PMCID: PMC3380174 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2012.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable malignancy of plasma secreting B-cells disseminated in the bone marrow. Successful utilization of oncolytic virotherapy for myeloma treatment requires a systemically administered virus that selectively destroys disseminated myeloma cells in an immune-competent host. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) expressing Interferon-β (IFNβ) is a promising new oncolytic agent that exploits tumor-associated defects in innate immune signaling pathways to specifically destroy cancer cells. We demonstrate here that a single, intravenous dose of VSV-IFNβ specifically destroys subcutaneous and disseminated 5TGM1 myeloma in an immune competent myeloma model. VSV-IFN treatment significantly prolonged survival in mice bearing orthotopic myeloma. Viral murine IFNβ expression further delayed myeloma progression and significantly enhanced survival compared to VSV expressing human IFNβ. Evaluation of VSV-IFNβ oncolytic activity in human myeloma cell lines and primary patient samples confirmed myeloma specific oncolytic activity but revealed variable susceptibility to VSV-IFNβ oncolysis. The results indicate that VSV-IFNβ is a potent, safe oncolytic agent that can be systemically administered to effectively target and destroy disseminated myeloma in immune competent mice. IFNβ expression improves cancer specificity and enhances VSV therapeutic efficacy against disseminated myeloma. These data show VSV-IFNβ to be a promising vector for further development as a potential therapy for treatment of Multiple myeloma.
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Reovirus therapy stimulates endoplasmic reticular stress, NOXA induction, and augments bortezomib-mediated apoptosis in multiple myeloma. Oncogene 2011; 31:3023-38. [PMID: 22002308 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy with reovirus has demonstrated anti-cancer activity and minimal toxicity in clinical trials, but the mechanisms underlying these effects have not been fully elucidated. Reolysin, a proprietary formulation of reovirus for cancer therapy, stimulated selective viral replication and apoptosis in multiple myeloma (MM) cells. Reolysin-mediated apoptosis was associated with an induction of endoplasmic reticular (ER) stress-related gene expression, swelling of the endoplasmic reticulum, increases in intracellular calcium levels and a strong induction of the Bcl-2 homology 3 (BH3)-only pro-apoptotic protein NOXA. Knockdown of NOXA expression by short hairpin RNA significantly reduced the pro-apoptotic effects of Reolysin. We next showed that co-administration of Reolysin and bortezomib resulted in the dual accumulation of viral and ubiquitinated proteins, which led to enhanced ER stress, NOXA induction and apoptosis. Importantly, the combination of reovirus infection and proteasomal inhibition significantly decreased tumor burden in a xenograft and syngeneic bone disease model of MM without exhibiting adverse side effects. Our study establishes ER stress stimulation and NOXA induction as novel mediators of reovirus-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, reovirus infection can be used as a promising approach to augment the anti-myeloma activity of bortezomib by promoting additional stress to the endoplasmic reticulum of MM cells.
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Sou K, Goins B, Oyajobi BO, Travi BL, Phillips WT. Bone marrow-targeted liposomal carriers. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 8:317-28. [PMID: 21275831 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.553218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bone marrow-targeted drug delivery systems appear to offer a promising strategy for advancing diagnostic, protective and/or therapeutic medicine for the hematopoietic system. Liposome technology can provide a drug delivery system with high bone marrow targeting that is mediated by specific phagocytosis in bone marrow. AREA COVERED This review focuses on a bone marrow-specific liposome formulation labeled with technetium-99 m. Interspecies differences in bone marrow distribution of the bone marrow-targeted formulation are emphasized. This review provides a liposome technology to target bone marrow. In addition, the selection of proper species for the investigation of bone marrow targeting is suggested. EXPERT OPINION It can be speculated that the bone marrow macrophages have a role in the delivery of lipids to the bone marrow as a source of energy and for membrane biosynthesis or in the delivery of fat-soluble vitamins for hematopoiesis. This homeostatic system offers a potent pathway to deliver drugs selectively into bone marrow tissues from blood. High selectivity of the present bone marrow-targeted liposome formulation for bone marrow suggests the presence of an active and specific mechanism, but specific factors affecting the uptake of the bone marrow mononuclear phagocyte system are still unknown. Further investigation of this mechanism will increase our understanding of factors required for effective transport of agents to the bone marrow, and may provide an efficient system for bone marrow delivery for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Sou
- Waseda University (TWIns), Center for Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo 162 8480, Japan.
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Postnov AA, Rozemuller H, Verwey V, Lokhorst H, De Clerck N, Martens AC. Correlation of high-resolution X-ray micro-computed tomography with bioluminescence imaging of multiple myeloma growth in a xenograft mouse model. Calcif Tissue Int 2009; 85:434-43. [PMID: 19816649 PMCID: PMC2768798 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-009-9284-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable B-cell neoplasia in which progressive skeletal lesions are a characteristic feature. Earlier we established an animal model for human MM in the immune-deficient RAG2(-/-)gammac(-/-) mouse, in which the growth of luciferase-transduced MM cells was visualized using noninvasive bioluminescence imaging (BLI). This model appeared well suited to study disease progression and response to therapy by identifying the location of various foci of MM tumor growth scattered throughout the skeleton and at subsequent time points the quantitative assessment of the tumor load by using BLI. We report here on the corresponding high-resolution X-ray micro-computed tomographic (micro-CT) analysis to study skeletal defects in the mice with full-blown MM. Several anatomical derangements were observed, including abnormalities in geometry and morphology, asymmetrical bone structures, decreased overall density in the remaining bone, loss of trabecular bone mass, destruction of the inner microarchitecture, as well as cortical perforations. Using the combination of BLI, micro-CT imaging, and immune-histopathological techniques, we found a high correlation between the micro-CT-identified lesions, exact tumor location, and infiltration leading to structural lesions and local bone deformation. This confirms that this animal model strongly resembles human MM and has the potential for studying the biology of MM growth and for preclinical testing of novel therapies for MM and for repair of MM-induced bone lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei A. Postnov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Physics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Henk Rozemuller
- Department of Immunology, KC02.085.2, Stem cell Research, and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85090, Lundlaan 6, 3584EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Viviene Verwey
- Department of Immunology, KC02.085.2, Stem cell Research, and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85090, Lundlaan 6, 3584EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Lokhorst
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nora De Clerck
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Physics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anton C. Martens
- Department of Immunology, KC02.085.2, Stem cell Research, and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85090, Lundlaan 6, 3584EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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