1
|
Diaz-delCastillo M, Palasca O, Nemler TT, Thygesen DM, Chávez-Saldaña NA, Vázquez-Mora JA, Ponce Gomez LY, Jensen LJ, Evans H, Andrews RE, Mandal A, Neves D, Mehlen P, Caruso JP, Dougherty PM, Price TJ, Chantry A, Lawson MA, Andersen TL, Jimenez-Andrade JM, Heegaard AM. Metastatic Infiltration of Nervous Tissue and Periosteal Nerve Sprouting in Multiple Myeloma-Induced Bone Pain in Mice and Human. J Neurosci 2023; 43:5414-5430. [PMID: 37286351 PMCID: PMC10359036 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0404-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a neoplasia of B plasma cells that often induces bone pain. However, the mechanisms underlying myeloma-induced bone pain (MIBP) are mostly unknown. Using a syngeneic MM mouse model, we show that periosteal nerve sprouting of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP+) and growth associated protein 43 (GAP43+) fibers occurs concurrent to the onset of nociception and its blockade provides transient pain relief. MM patient samples also showed increased periosteal innervation. Mechanistically, we investigated MM induced gene expression changes in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) innervating the MM-bearing bone of male mice and found alterations in pathways associated with cell cycle, immune response and neuronal signaling. The MM transcriptional signature was consistent with metastatic MM infiltration to the DRG, a never-before described feature of the disease that we further demonstrated histologically. In the DRG, MM cells caused loss of vascularization and neuronal injury, which may contribute to late-stage MIBP. Interestingly, the transcriptional signature of a MM patient was consistent with MM cell infiltration to the DRG. Overall, our results suggest that MM induces a plethora of peripheral nervous system alterations that may contribute to the failure of current analgesics and suggest neuroprotective drugs as appropriate strategies to treat early onset MIBP.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Multiple myeloma (MM) is a painful bone marrow cancer that significantly impairs the quality of life of the patients. Analgesic therapies for myeloma-induced bone pain (MIBP) are limited and often ineffective, and the mechanisms of MIBP remain unknown. In this manuscript, we describe cancer-induced periosteal nerve sprouting in a mouse model of MIBP, where we also encounter metastasis to the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), a never-before described feature of the disease. Concomitant to myeloma infiltration, the lumbar DRGs presented blood vessel damage and transcriptional alterations, which may mediate MIBP. Explorative studies on human tissue support our preclinical findings. Understanding the mechanisms of MIBP is crucial to develop targeted analgesic with better efficacy and fewer side effects for this patient population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Diaz-delCastillo
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8870, Denmark
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield S10 2JF, United Kingdom
- The Danish Spatial Imaging Consortium (DanSIC), Denmark
| | - Oana Palasca
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Tim T Nemler
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Didde M Thygesen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Norma A Chávez-Saldaña
- Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Reynosa Aztlan, Autonomic University of Tamaulipas, Reynosa 88740, Mexico
| | - Juan A Vázquez-Mora
- Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Reynosa Aztlan, Autonomic University of Tamaulipas, Reynosa 88740, Mexico
| | - Lizeth Y Ponce Gomez
- Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Reynosa Aztlan, Autonomic University of Tamaulipas, Reynosa 88740, Mexico
| | - Lars Juhl Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Holly Evans
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca E Andrews
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield S10 2JF, United Kingdom
| | - Aritri Mandal
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield S10 2JF, United Kingdom
| | | | - Patrick Mehlen
- NETRIS Pharma, Lyon 69008, France
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory-Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue,' LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon 69008, France
| | - James P Caruso
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75080
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Patrick M Dougherty
- Department of Pain Medicine, Division of Anesthesiology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Theodore J Price
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75080
| | - Andrew Chantry
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield S10 2JF, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle A Lawson
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas L Andersen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8870, Denmark
- The Danish Spatial Imaging Consortium (DanSIC), Denmark
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense 5000, Denmark
| | - Juan M Jimenez-Andrade
- Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Reynosa Aztlan, Autonomic University of Tamaulipas, Reynosa 88740, Mexico
| | - Anne-Marie Heegaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tazzyman S, Stewart GR, Yeomans J, Linford A, Lath D, Conner J, Muthana M, Chantry AD, Lawson MA. HSV1716 Prevents Myeloma Cell Regrowth When Combined with Bortezomib In Vitro and Significantly Reduces Systemic Tumor Growth in Mouse Models. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030603. [PMID: 36992311 PMCID: PMC10059747 DOI: 10.3390/v15030603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma remains largely incurable due to refractory disease; therefore, novel treatment strategies that are safe and well-tolerated are required. Here, we studied the modified herpes simplex virus HSV1716 (SEPREHVIR®), which only replicates in transformed cells. Myeloma cell lines and primary patient cells were infected with HSV1716 and assessed for cell death using propidium iodide (PI) and Annexin-V staining and markers of apoptosis and autophagy by qPCR. Myeloma cell death was associated with dual PI and Annexin-V positivity and increased expression of apoptotic genes, including CASP1, CASP8, CASP9, BAX, BID, and FASL. The combination of HSV1716 and bortezomib treatments prevented myeloma cell regrowth for up to 25 days compared to only transient cell growth suppression with bortezomib treatment. The viral efficacy was tested in a xenograft (JJN-3 cells in NSG mice) and syngeneic (murine 5TGM1 cells in C57BL/KaLwRijHsd mice) systemic models of myeloma. After 6 or 7 days, the post-tumor implantation mice were treated intravenously with the vehicle or HSV1716 (1 × 107 plaque forming units/1 or 2 times per week). Both murine models treated with HSV1716 had significantly lower tumor burden rates compared to the controls. In conclusion, HSV1716 has potent anti-myeloma effects and may represent a novel therapy for multiple myeloma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Tazzyman
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
- Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Georgia R. Stewart
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
- Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - James Yeomans
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
- Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Adam Linford
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
- Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Darren Lath
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
- Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Joe Conner
- Sorrento Therapeutics, 4955 Directors Place, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Munitta Muthana
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Andrew D. Chantry
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
- Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Michelle A. Lawson
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
- Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-114-2159094
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tippett VL, Tattersall L, Ab Latif NB, Shah KM, Lawson MA, Gartland A. The strategy and clinical relevance of in vitro models of MAP resistance in osteosarcoma: a systematic review. Oncogene 2023; 42:259-277. [PMID: 36434179 PMCID: PMC9859755 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02529-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 40 years osteosarcoma (OS) survival has stagnated with patients commonly resistant to neoadjuvant MAP chemotherapy involving high dose methotrexate, adriamycin (doxorubicin) and platinum (cisplatin). Due to the rarity of OS, the generation of relevant cell models as tools for drug discovery is paramount to tackling this issue. Four literature databases were systematically searched using pre-determined search terms to identify MAP resistant OS cell lines and patients. Drug exposure strategies used to develop cell models of resistance and the impact of these on the differential expression of resistance associated genes, proteins and non-coding RNAs are reported. A comparison to clinical studies in relation to chemotherapy response, relapse and metastasis was then made. The search retrieved 1891 papers of which 52 were relevant. Commonly, cell lines were derived from Caucasian patients with epithelial or fibroblastic subtypes. The strategy for model development varied with most opting for continuous over pulsed chemotherapy exposure. A diverse resistance level was observed between models (2.2-338 fold) with 63% of models exceeding clinically reported resistance levels which may affect the expression of chemoresistance factors. In vitro p-glycoprotein overexpression is a key resistance mechanism; however, from the available literature to date this does not translate to innate resistance in patients. The selection of models with a lower fold resistance may better reflect the clinical situation. A comparison of standardised strategies in models and variants should be performed to determine their impact on resistance markers. Clinical studies are required to determine the impact of resistance markers identified in vitro in poor responders to MAP treatment, specifically with respect to innate and acquired resistance. A shift from seeking disputed and undruggable mechanisms to clinically relevant resistance mechanisms may identify key resistance markers that can be targeted for patient benefit after a 40-year wait.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Tippett
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Luke Tattersall
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Norain B Ab Latif
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
- Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, No. 3 Jalan Greentown, 30450, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Karan M Shah
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Michelle A Lawson
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Alison Gartland
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tattersall L, Shah KM, Lath DL, Singh A, Down JM, De Marchi E, Williamson A, Di Virgilio F, Heymann D, Adinolfi E, Fraser WD, Green D, Lawson MA, Gartland A. The P2RX7B splice variant modulates osteosarcoma cell behaviour and metastatic properties. J Bone Oncol 2021; 31:100398. [PMID: 35340569 PMCID: PMC8948168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2021.100398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
P2RX7B expression confers a survival advantage in TE85+P2RX7B and MNNG-HOS+P2RX7B OS cell lines. P2RX7B expression reduced cell adhesion and activation promoted invasion and migration in vitro. MNNG-HOS+P2RX7B tumours in vivo exhibited ectopic bone formation that A740003 reduced. Expression of P2RX7B in primary tumour cells increased the propensity to metastasise to the lungs. A novel gene axis, FN1/LOX/PDGFB/IGFBP3/BMP4 was downregulated in response to A740003.
Background Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common type of primary bone cancer affecting children and adolescents. OS has a high propensity to spread meaning the disease is often incurable and fatal. There have been no improvements in survival rates for decades. This highlights an urgent need for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we report in vitro and in vivo data that demonstrates the role of purinergic signalling, specifically, the B isoform of the purinergic receptor P2RX7 (P2RX7B), in OS progression and metastasis. Methods TE85 and MNNG-HOS OS cells were transfected with P2RX7B. These cell lines were then characterised and assessed for proliferation, cell adhesion, migration and invasion in vitro. We used these cells to perform both paratibial and tail vein injected mouse studies where the primary tumour, bone and lungs were analysed. We used RNA-seq to identify responsive pathways relating to P2RX7B. Results Our data shows that P2RX7B expression confers a survival advantage in TE85 + P2RX7B and MNNG-HOS + P2RX7B human OS cell lines in vitro that is minimised following treatment with A740003, a specific P2RX7 antagonist. P2RX7B expression reduced cell adhesion and P2RX7B activation promoted invasion and migration in vitro, demonstrating a metastatic phenotype. Using an in vivo OS xenograft model, MNNG-HOS + P2RX7B tumours exhibited cancer-associated ectopic bone formation that was abrogated with A740003 treatment. A pro-metastatic phenotype was further demonstrated in vivo as expression of P2RX7B in primary tumour cells increased the propensity of tumour cells to metastasise to the lungs. RNA-seq identified a novel gene axis, FN1/LOX/PDGFB/IGFBP3/BMP4, downregulated in response to A740003 treatment. Conclusion Our data illustrates a role for P2RX7B in OS tumour growth, progression and metastasis. We show that P2RX7B is a future therapeutic target in human OS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Tattersall
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Karan M. Shah
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Darren L. Lath
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Archana Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Jennifer M. Down
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Elena De Marchi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alex Williamson
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Francesco Di Virgilio
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Dominique Heymann
- Université de Nantes, Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Elena Adinolfi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - William D. Fraser
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Clinical Biochemistry, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Darrell Green
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Michelle A. Lawson
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Alison Gartland
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, UK
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Andrews RE, Brown JE, Lawson MA, Chantry AD. Myeloma Bone Disease: The Osteoblast in the Spotlight. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10173973. [PMID: 34501423 PMCID: PMC8432062 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10173973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lytic bone disease remains a life-altering complication of multiple myeloma, with up to 90% of sufferers experiencing skeletal events at some point in their cancer journey. This tumour-induced bone disease is driven by an upregulation of bone resorption (via increased osteoclast (OC) activity) and a downregulation of bone formation (via reduced osteoblast (OB) activity), leading to phenotypic osteolysis. Treatments are limited, and currently exclusively target OCs. Despite existing bone targeting therapies, patients successfully achieving remission from their cancer can still be left with chronic pain, poor mobility, and reduced quality of life as a result of bone disease. As such, the field is desperately in need of new and improved bone-modulating therapeutic agents. One such option is the use of bone anabolics, drugs that are gaining traction in the osteoporosis field following successful clinical trials. The prospect of using these therapies in relation to myeloma is an attractive option, as they aim to stimulate OBs, as opposed to existing therapeutics that do little to orchestrate new bone formation. The preclinical application of bone anabolics in myeloma mouse models has demonstrated positive outcomes for bone repair and fracture resistance. Here, we review the role of the OB in the pathophysiology of myeloma-induced bone disease and explore whether novel OB targeted therapies could improve outcomes for patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E. Andrews
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (J.E.B.); (M.A.L.); (A.D.C.)
- Department of Haematology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Janet E. Brown
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (J.E.B.); (M.A.L.); (A.D.C.)
- Department of Haematology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
| | - Michelle A. Lawson
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (J.E.B.); (M.A.L.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Andrew D. Chantry
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (J.E.B.); (M.A.L.); (A.D.C.)
- Department of Haematology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Diaz-delCastillo M, Chantry AD, Lawson MA, Heegaard AM. Multiple myeloma-A painful disease of the bone marrow. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 112:49-58. [PMID: 33158730 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a bone marrow neoplasia with an incidence of 6/100,000/year in Europe. While the disease remains incurable, the development of novel treatments such as autologous stem cell transplantation, proteasome inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies has led to an increasing subset of patients living with long-term myeloma. However, more than two thirds of patients suffer from bone pain, often described as severe, and knowledge on the pain mechanisms and its effect on their health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is limited. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of myeloma bone disease, the currently available anti-myeloma treatments and the lessons learnt from clinical studies regarding HRQoL in myeloma patients. Moreover, we discuss the mechanisms of cancer-induced bone pain and the knowledge that animal models of myeloma-induced bone pain can provide to identify novel analgesic targets. To date, information regarding bone pain and HRQoL in myeloma patients is still scarce and an effort should be made to use standardised questionnaires to assess patient-reported outcomes that allow inter-study comparisons of the available clinical data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Diaz-delCastillo
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100, Denmark; Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; Department of Haematology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK.
| | - Andrew D Chantry
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; Department of Haematology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
| | - Michelle A Lawson
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Anne-Marie Heegaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Marino S, Carrasco G, Li B, Shah KM, Lath DL, Sophocleous A, Lawson MA, Idris AI. JZL184, A Monoacylglycerol Lipase Inhibitor, Induces Bone Loss in a Multiple Myeloma Model of Immunocompetent Mice. Calcif Tissue Int 2020; 107:72-85. [PMID: 32285169 PMCID: PMC7271071 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-020-00689-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) patients develop osteolysis characterised by excessive osteoclastic bone destruction and lack of osteoblast bone formation. Pharmacological manipulation of monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), an enzyme responsible for the degradation of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), reduced skeletal tumour burden and osteolysis associated with osteosarcoma and advanced breast and prostate cancers. MM and hematopoietic, immune and bone marrow cells express high levels of type 2 cannabinoid receptor and osteoblasts secrete 2-AG. However, the effects of MAGL manipulation on MM have not been investigated. Here, we report that treatment of pre-osteoclasts with non-cytotoxic concentrations of JZL184, a verified MAGL inhibitor, enhanced MM- and RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and size in vitro. Exposure of osteoblasts to JZL184 in the presence of MM cell-derived factors reduced osteoblast growth but had no effect on the ability of these cells to mature or form bone nodules. In vivo, administration of JZL184 induced a modest, yet significant, bone loss at both trabecular and cortical compartments of long bones of immunocompetent mice inoculated with the syngeneic 5TGM1-GFP MM cells. Notably, JZL184 failed to inhibit the in vitro growth of a panel of mouse and human MM cell lines, or reduce tumour burden in mice. Thus, MAGL inhibitors such as JZL184 can exacerbate MM-induced bone loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Marino
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
- IU School of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Giovana Carrasco
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Boya Li
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Karan M Shah
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Darren L Lath
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Antonia Sophocleous
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 6 Diogenes Street, Nicosia, 1516, Cyprus
| | - Michelle A Lawson
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Aymen I Idris
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Diaz-delCastillo M, Kamstrup D, Olsen RB, Hansen RB, Pembridge T, Simanskaite B, Jimenez-Andrade JM, Lawson MA, Heegaard AM. Differential Pain-Related Behaviors and Bone Disease in Immunocompetent Mouse Models of Myeloma. JBMR Plus 2019; 4:e10252. [PMID: 32083236 PMCID: PMC7017884 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone pain is a serious and debilitating symptom of multiple myeloma (MM) that impairs the quality of life of patients. The underlying mechanisms of the pain are unknown and understudied, and there is a need for immunocompetent preclinical models of myeloma-induced bone pain. The aim of this study was to provide the first in-depth behavioral characterization of an immunocompetent mouse model of MM presenting the clinical disease features: osteolytic bone disease and bone pain. We hypothesized that a widely used syngeneic model of MM, established by systemic inoculation of green fluorescent protein-tagged myeloma cells (5TGM1-GFP) in immunocompetent C57Bl/KaLwRijHsd (BKAL) mice, would present pain-related behaviors. Disease phenotype was confirmed by splenomegaly, high serum paraprotein, and tumor infiltration in the bone marrow of the hind limbs; however, myeloma-bearing mice did not present pain-related behaviors or substantial bone disease. Thus, we investigated an alternative model in which 5TGM1-GFP cells were directly inoculated into the intrafemoral medullary cavity. This localized myeloma model presented the hallmarks of the disease, including high serum paraprotein, tumor growth, and osteolytic bone lesions. Compared with control mice, myeloma-bearing mice presented myeloma-induced pain-related behaviors, a phenotype that was reversed by systemic morphine treatment. Micro-computed tomography analyses of the myeloma-inoculated femurs showed bone disease in cortical and trabecular bone. Repeated systemic bisphosphonate treatment induced an amelioration of the nociceptive phenotype, but did not completely reverse it. Furthermore, intrafemorally injected mice presented a profound denervation of the myeloma-bearing bones, a previously unknown feature of the disease. This study reports the intrafemoral inoculation of 5TGM1-GFP cells as a robust immunocompetent model of myeloma-induced bone pain, with consistent bone loss. Moreover, the data suggest that myeloma-induced bone pain is caused by a combinatorial mechanism including osteolysis and bone marrow denervation. © 2019 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Diaz-delCastillo
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Danna Kamstrup
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Rikke Brix Olsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Rie Bager Hansen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Thomas Pembridge
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism University of Sheffield Sheffield UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - Brigita Simanskaite
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism University of Sheffield Sheffield UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - Juan Miguel Jimenez-Andrade
- Department of Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Reynosa Aztlan Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas Reynosa, Tamaulipas Mexico
| | - Michelle A Lawson
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism University of Sheffield Sheffield UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - Anne-Marie Heegaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Green AC, Lath D, Hudson K, Walkley B, Down JM, Owen R, Evans HR, Paton-Hough J, Reilly GC, Lawson MA, Chantry AD. TGFβ Inhibition Stimulates Collagen Maturation to Enhance Bone Repair and Fracture Resistance in a Murine Myeloma Model. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:2311-2326. [PMID: 31442332 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a plasma cell malignancy that causes debilitating bone disease and fractures, in which TGFβ plays a central role. Current treatments do not repair existing damage and fractures remain a common occurrence. We developed a novel low tumor phase murine model mimicking the plateau phase in patients as we hypothesized this would be an ideal time to treat with a bone anabolic. Using in vivo μCT we show substantial and rapid bone lesion repair (and prevention) driven by SD-208 (TGFβ receptor I kinase inhibitor) and chemotherapy (bortezomib and lenalidomide) in mice with human U266-GFP-luc myeloma. We discovered that lesion repair occurred via an intramembranous fracture repair-like mechanism and that SD-208 enhanced collagen matrix maturation to significantly improve fracture resistance. Lesion healing was associated with VEGFA expression in woven bone, reduced osteocyte-derived PTHrP, increased osteoblasts, decreased osteoclasts, and lower serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP-5b). SD-208 also completely prevented bone lesion development in mice with aggressive JJN3 tumors, and was more effective than an anti-TGFβ neutralizing antibody (1D11). We also discovered that SD-208 promoted osteoblastic differentiation (and overcame the TGFβ-induced block in osteoblastogenesis) in myeloma patient bone marrow stromal cells in vitro, comparable to normal donors. The improved bone quality and fracture-resistance with SD-208 provides incentive for clinical translation to improve myeloma patient quality of life by reducing fracture risk and fatality. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alanna C Green
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Darren Lath
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Katie Hudson
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Brant Walkley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jennifer M Down
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Robert Owen
- INSIGNEO Institute of In Silico Medicine, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Holly R Evans
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Julia Paton-Hough
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Gwendolen C Reilly
- INSIGNEO Institute of In Silico Medicine, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Michelle A Lawson
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Andrew D Chantry
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Department of Haematology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Legge CJ, Colley HE, Lawson MA, Rawlings AE. Targeted magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia for the treatment of oral cancer. J Oral Pathol Med 2019; 48:803-809. [PMID: 31309616 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma currently experience a five-year survival rate of approximately 60% with conventional surgical, chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatments. Magnetic hyperthermia offers an alternative treatment method by utilising the heating properties of magnetic nanoparticles to produce thermal ablation of the tumour site when exposed to an alternating magnetic field. In this study, we investigate in vitro if targeted magnetic hyperthermia offers a potential treatment for oral squamous cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, with a biocompatible silica coating, were produced and conjugated with antibodies to target integrin αvβ6, a well-characterised oral squamous cell carcinoma biomarker. Utilising the heating properties of the magnetic nanoparticles, we exposed them to an alternating magnetic field to produce thermo ablation of tumour cells either negative for or overexpressing integrin αvβ6. RESULTS The cell surface biomarker, αvβ6 integrin, was upregulated in tissue biopsies from oral squamous cell carcinoma patients compared to normal tissue. Functionalisation of the silica coating with anti-αvβ6 antibodies enabled direct targeting of the nanoparticles to αvβ6 overexpressing cells and applying thermal therapy significantly increased killing of the targeted tumour cells compared to control cells. CONCLUSION Combining antibody-targeting magnetic nanoparticles with thermal ablation offers a promising therapy for the targeted treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Legge
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Helen E Colley
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Michelle A Lawson
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Faraahi Z, Baud'huin M, Croucher PI, Eaton C, Lawson MA. Corrigendum to "Sostdc1: A soluble BMP and Wnt antagonist that is induced by the interaction between myeloma cells and osteoblast lineage cells" [Bone 122 (May 2019) 82-92]. Bone 2019; 124:166. [PMID: 31056460 PMCID: PMC6548283 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z Faraahi
- Institute for Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | | | - P I Croucher
- Bone Biology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - C Eaton
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - M A Lawson
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Faraahi Z, Baud'huin M, Croucher PI, Eaton C, Lawson MA. Sostdc1: A soluble BMP and Wnt antagonist that is induced by the interaction between myeloma cells and osteoblast lineage cells. Bone 2019; 122:82-92. [PMID: 30776499 PMCID: PMC6458996 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterised by destructive lytic bone disease, caused by induction of bone resorption and impaired bone formation. Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for osteoblast suppression, are limited. Using the 5T2MM murine model of MM we have previously shown that suppression of the activity of a known inhibitor of bone formation Dikkopf-1 (Dkk1) prevents the development of lytic bone disease. Here we have demonstrated that another potential inhibitor of bone formation, sclerostin domain containing 1 (Sostdc1) is expressed at low levels in MM and osteoblast lineage cells when these cells are grown separately in cell culture but its expression is significantly induced in both cell types when these cells are in contact. The distribution of Sostdc1 staining in bones infiltrated with 5TGM1 myeloma cells in vivo suggested its presence in both myeloma and osteoblast lineage populations when in close proximity. We have also shown that recombinant Sostdc1 inhibits both bone morphogenic proteins (BMP2 and 7) and Wnt signalling in primary osteoblasts and suppresses differentiation of these cells. Together, these findings suggest that Sostdc1 expression in 5TGM1-infiltrated bones as a result of the interaction between myeloma and osteoblast lineage populations, could result in suppression of osteoblast differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Faraahi
- Institute for Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | | | - P I Croucher
- Bone Biology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - C Eaton
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - M A Lawson
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Paton-Hough J, Tazzyman S, Evans H, Lath D, Down JM, Green AC, Snowden JA, Chantry AD, Lawson MA. Preventing and Repairing Myeloma Bone Disease by Combining Conventional Antiresorptive Treatment With a Bone Anabolic Agent in Murine Models. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:783-796. [PMID: 30320927 PMCID: PMC6607020 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a plasma cell malignancy, which develops in the bone marrow and frequently leads to severe bone destruction. Current antiresorptive therapies to treat the bone disease do little to repair damaged bone; therefore, new treatment strategies incorporating bone anabolic therapies are urgently required. We hypothesized that combination therapy using the standard of care antiresorptive zoledronic acid (Zol) with a bone anabolic (anti-TGFβ/1D11) would be more effective at treating myeloma-induced bone disease than Zol therapy alone. JJN3 myeloma-bearing mice (n = 8/group) treated with combined Zol and 1D11 resulted in a 48% increase (p ≤ 0.001) in trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) compared with Zol alone and a 65% increase (p ≤ 0.0001) compared with 1D11 alone. Our most significant finding was the substantial repair of U266-induced osteolytic bone lesions with combination therapy (n = 8/group), which resulted in a significant reduction in lesion area compared with vehicle (p ≤ 0.01) or Zol alone (p ≤ 0.01). These results demonstrate that combined antiresorptive and bone anabolic therapy is significantly more effective at preventing myeloma-induced bone disease than Zol alone. Furthermore, we demonstrate that combined therapy is able to repair established myelomatous bone lesions. This is a highly translational strategy that could significantly improve bone outcomes and quality of life for patients with myeloma. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Published by Wiley Periodicals Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Paton-Hough
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Simon Tazzyman
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Holly Evans
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Darren Lath
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jenny M Down
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Alanna C Green
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - John A Snowden
- Department of Haematology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Andrew D Chantry
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Department of Haematology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Michelle A Lawson
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lath DL, Buckle CH, Evans HR, Fisher M, Down JM, Lawson MA, Chantry AD. ARQ-197, a small-molecule inhibitor of c-Met, reduces tumour burden and prevents myeloma-induced bone disease in vivo. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199517. [PMID: 29924867 PMCID: PMC6010293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase c-Met, its ligand HGF, and components of the downstream signalling pathway, have all been implicated in the pathogenesis of myeloma, both as modulators of plasma cell proliferation and as agents driving osteoclast differentiation and osteoblast inhibition thus, all these contribute substantially to the bone destruction typically caused by myeloma. Patients with elevated levels of HGF have a poor prognosis, therefore, targeting these entities in such patients may be of substantial benefit. We hypothesized that ARQ-197 (Tivantinib), a small molecule c-Met inhibitor, would reduce myeloma cell growth and prevent myeloma-associated bone disease in a murine model. In vitro we assessed the effects of ARQ-197 on myeloma cell proliferation, cytotoxicity and c-Met protein expression in human myeloma cell lines. In vivo we injected NOD/SCID-γ mice with PBS (non-tumour bearing) or JJN3 cells and treated them with either ARQ-197 or vehicle. In vitro exposure of JJN3, U266 or NCI-H929 cells to ARQ-197 resulted in a significant inhibition of cell proliferation and an induction of cell death by necrosis, probably caused by significantly reduced levels of phosphorylated c-Met. In vivo ARQ-197 treatment of JJN3 tumour-bearing mice resulted in a significant reduction in tumour burden, tumour cell proliferation, bone lesion number, trabecular bone loss and prevented significant decreases in the bone formation rate on the cortico-endosteal bone surface compared to the vehicle group. However, no significant differences on bone parameters were observed in non-tumour mice treated with ARQ-197 compared to vehicle, implying that in tumour-bearing mice the effects of ARQ-197 on bone cells was indirect. In summary, these res ults suggest that ARQ-197 could be a promising therapeutic in myeloma patients, leading to both a reduction in tumour burden and an inhibition of myeloma-induced bone disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darren L. Lath
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Clive H. Buckle
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Holly R. Evans
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Fisher
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny M. Down
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle A. Lawson
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Chantry
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Patients with multiple myeloma develop a devastating bone disease driven by the uncoupling of bone remodelling, excess osteoclastic bone resorption and diminished osteoblastic bone formation. The bone phenotype is typified by focal osteolytic lesions leading to pathological fractures, hypercalcaemia and other catastrophic bone events such as spinal cord compression. This causes bone pain, impaired functional status, decreased quality of life and increased mortality. Early in the disease, malignant plasma cells occupy a niche environment that encompasses their interaction with other key cellular components of the bone marrow microenvironment. Through these interactions, osteoclast-activating factors and osteoblast inhibitory factors are produced, which together uncouple the dynamic process of bone remodelling, leading to net bone loss and focal osteolytic lesions. Current management includes antiresorptive therapies, i.e. bisphosphonates, palliative support and orthopaedic interventions. Bisphosphonates are the mainstay of treatment for myeloma bone disease (MBD), but are only partially effective and do have some significant disadvantages; for example, they do not lead to the repair of existing bone destruction. Thus, newer agents to prevent bone destruction and also promote bone formation and repair existing lesions are warranted. This review summarises novel ways that MBD is being therapeutically targeted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Ring
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, The University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2RX, UK.
| | - Michelle A Lawson
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Mellanby Bone Centre, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - John A Snowden
- Department of Haematology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ingrid Jolley
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, The University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2RX, UK
- Department of Radiology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Andrew D Chantry
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, The University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2RX, UK
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Mellanby Bone Centre, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
- Department of Haematology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Müller LME, Parrish C, Migneco G, Scott GB, Holmes M, Melcher AA, Lawson MA, Cook G, Errington-Mais F. Abstract 18: Evaluating the contribution of anti-myeloma immunity for the efficacy of oncolytic reovirus therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1557-3265.hemmal17-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of this study was to examine the contribution of antitumor immunity for the efficacy of oncolytic reovirus therapy against multiple myeloma (MM). Oncolytic viruses (OV) have two main mechanisms of action; direct lytic killing and potentiation of antitumor immunity. The direct oncolytic potential of reovirus in MM has previously been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo, but the importance of an enhanced immunologic antitumor response remains underinvestigated. Reovirus-induced antitumor immunity has been demonstrated in other types of cancer such as melanoma and chronic leukemia, and is of major importance for the efficacy of OV treatment. Thus, it was hypothesized that reovirus-induced antimyeloma immunity would contribute significantly to the efficacy of reovirus treatment for MM.
Experimental Procedures: C57BL/KaLwRij mice were used in the 5TGM1 model system to establish MM in vivo. This model closely resembles human MM with induction of osteolytic bone disease and secretion of paraprotein. C57BL/KaLwRij mice have a fully functional immune system, comparable to C57BL/6 mice, and to our knowledge, this is the first immunocompetent model of MM for the study of reovirus efficacy. After establishment of MM in the bone by intravenous injection of bone-homing 5TGM1 cells, mice were treated with repeated injections of reovirus or PBS. Upon sacrifice, direct cytotoxicity and immune activation was examined using flow cytometry. All animal experiments were performed under an appropriate project license following approval by a local ethical review committee. In vivo findings were translated into human in vitro studies, using MM cell lines, healthy donor (HD) blood, and MM patient samples. Reovirus-induced Natural Killer (NK) cell activation and degranulation was examined using flow cytometry and priming of myeloma-specific T cells was performed using long-term priming cultures.
Results: Tumor burden was reduced by reovirus treatment both in the bone marrow (BM) and spleen of tumor-bearing mice. The immune cell populations, including NK cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells, were restored to levels of tumor-naïve mice in the BM. NK cells were activated in the BM following reovirus treatment, which indicates the onset of an innate immune response. In the spleen, an increase in CD4+ T cells, in combination with CD8+ activation, was indicative of an early adaptive immune response. These results translate into human in vitro findings, using both HD and MM patient samples, with activation of NK cells in response to reovirus treatment and subsequent enhancement of NK cell degranulation and killing of MM target cells. Encouragingly, reovirus-activated NK cells were able to kill OPM2 cells, which are resistant to direct lytic killing. Preliminary human in vitro studies suggest that reovirus treatment can prime antimyeloma CD8+ T cells for the induction of a long-term protective response.
Conclusions: Introducing a viral agent into the body requires a delicate immunologic balance to avoid neutralizing the virus by an antiviral response and simultaneously allowing the enhancement of antitumor immunity. The importance of enhanced antitumor immunity for OV therapy efficacy is becoming more widely recognized and antiviral immunity can in some circumstances contribute to tumor eradication. The findings in this study indicate that the antitumor immune response is also important in the MM setting, with activation of both innate and adaptive immune responses resulting in enhanced killing of MM cells, in particular those resistant to direct lytic killing. This suggests that both arms of OV therapy could play a role for MM eradication, including any minimal residual disease. Future work will explore whether the antimyeloma response can be further enhanced by combinatorial treatments, including current standard of care treatments.
Citation Format: Louise M. E. Müller, Christopher Parrish, Gemma Migneco, Gina B. Scott, Matthew Holmes, Alan A. Melcher, Michelle A. Lawson, Gordon Cook, Fiona Errington-Mais. Evaluating the contribution of anti-myeloma immunity for the efficacy of oncolytic reovirus therapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second AACR Conference on Hematologic Malignancies: Translating Discoveries to Novel Therapies; May 6-9, 2017; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2017;23(24_Suppl):Abstract nr 18.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gordon Cook
- 2St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom,
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chinnaiya K, Lawson MA, Thomas S, Haider MT, Down J, Chantry AD, Hughes D, Green A, Sayers JR, Snowden JA, Zeidler MP. Low-dose methotrexate in myeloproliferative neoplasm models. Haematologica 2017; 102:e336-e339. [PMID: 28550185 PMCID: PMC5685234 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.165738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Chinnaiya
- The Bateson Centre, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Michelle A Lawson
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Sally Thomas
- The Bateson Centre, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Jenny Down
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Andrew D Chantry
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, UK
| | - David Hughes
- Department of Histopathology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Antony Green
- Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge institute for Medical Research and Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Jon R Sayers
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - John A Snowden
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, UK
- Department of Haematology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Martin P Zeidler
- The Bateson Centre, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lawson MA, Ebetino FH, Mazur A, Chantry AD, Paton-Hough J, Evans HR, Lath D, Tsoumpra MK, Lundy MW, Dobson RL, Quijano M, Kwaasi AA, Dunford JE, Duan X, Triffitt JT, Jeans G, Russell RGG. The Pharmacological Profile of a Novel Highly Potent Bisphosphonate, OX14 (1-Fluoro-2-(Imidazo-[1,2-α]Pyridin-3-yl)-Ethyl-Bisphosphonate). J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:1860-1869. [PMID: 28337806 PMCID: PMC5596338 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Bisphosphonates are widely used in the treatment of clinical disorders characterized by increased bone resorption, including osteoporosis, Paget's disease, and the skeletal complications of malignancy. The antiresorptive potency of the nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates on bone in vivo is now recognized to depend upon two key properties, namely mineral binding affinity and inhibitory activity on farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS), and these properties vary independently of each other in individual bisphosphonates. The better understanding of structure activity relationships among the bisphosphonates has enabled us to design a series of novel bisphosphonates with a range of mineral binding properties and antiresorptive potencies. Among these is a highly potent bisphosphonate, 1-fluoro-2-(imidazo-[1,2 alpha]pyridin-3-yl)-ethyl-bisphosphonate, also known as OX14, which is a strong inhibitor of FPPS, but has lower binding affinity for bone mineral than most of the commonly studied bisphosphonates. The aim of this work was to characterize OX14 pharmacologically in relation to several of the bisphosphonates currently used clinically. When OX14 was compared to zoledronate (ZOL), risedronate (RIS), and minodronate (MIN), it was as potent at inhibiting FPPS in vitro but had significantly lower binding affinity to hydroxyapatite (HAP) columns than ALN, ZOL, RIS, and MIN. When injected i.v. into growing Sprague Dawley rats, OX14 was excreted into the urine to a greater extent than the other bisphosphonates, indicating reduced short-term skeletal uptake and retention. In studies in both Sprague Dawley rats and C57BL/6J mice, OX14 inhibited bone resorption, with an antiresorptive potency equivalent to or greater than the comparator bisphosphonates. In the JJN3-NSG murine model of myeloma-induced bone disease, OX14 significantly prevented the formation of osteolytic lesions (p < 0.05). In summary, OX14 is a new, highly potent bisphosphonate with lower bone binding affinity than other clinically relevant bisphosphonates. This renders OX14 an interesting potential candidate for further development for its potential skeletal and nonskeletal benefits. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Lawson
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Frank H Ebetino
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK.,Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Andrew D Chantry
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Julia Paton-Hough
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Holly R Evans
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Darren Lath
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Maria K Tsoumpra
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Mark W Lundy
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | | - Aaron A Kwaasi
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Oxford University Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - James E Dunford
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Oxford University Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Xuchen Duan
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Oxford University Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - James T Triffitt
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Oxford University Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, UK
| | | | - R Graham G Russell
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK.,Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Oxford University Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Evans HR, Karmakharm T, Lawson MA, Walker RE, Harris W, Fellows C, Huggins ID, Richmond P, Chantry AD. Osteolytica: An automated image analysis software package that rapidly measures cancer-induced osteolytic lesions in in vivo models with greater reproducibility compared to other commonly used methods. Bone 2016; 83:9-16. [PMID: 26456145 PMCID: PMC4720217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Methods currently used to analyse osteolytic lesions caused by malignancies such as multiple myeloma and metastatic breast cancer vary from basic 2-D X-ray analysis to 2-D images of micro-CT datasets analysed with non-specialised image software such as ImageJ. However, these methods have significant limitations. They do not capture 3-D data, they are time-consuming and they often suffer from inter-user variability. We therefore sought to develop a rapid and reproducible method to analyse 3-D osteolytic lesions in mice with cancer-induced bone disease. To this end, we have developed Osteolytica, an image analysis software method featuring an easy to use, step-by-step interface to measure lytic bone lesions. Osteolytica utilises novel graphics card acceleration (parallel computing) and 3-D rendering to provide rapid reconstruction and analysis of osteolytic lesions. To evaluate the use of Osteolytica we analysed tibial micro-CT datasets from murine models of cancer-induced bone disease and compared the results to those obtained using a standard ImageJ analysis method. Firstly, to assess inter-user variability we deployed four independent researchers to analyse tibial datasets from the U266-NSG murine model of myeloma. Using ImageJ, inter-user variability between the bones was substantial (±19.6%), in contrast to using Osteolytica, which demonstrated minimal variability (±0.5%). Secondly, tibial datasets from U266-bearing NSG mice or BALB/c mice injected with the metastatic breast cancer cell line 4T1 were compared to tibial datasets from aged and sex-matched non-tumour control mice. Analyses by both Osteolytica and ImageJ showed significant increases in bone lesion area in tumour-bearing mice compared to control mice. These results confirm that Osteolytica performs as well as the current 2-D ImageJ osteolytic lesion analysis method. However, Osteolytica is advantageous in that it analyses over the entirety of the bone volume (as opposed to selected 2-D images), it is a more rapid method and it has less user variability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H R Evans
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
| | - T Karmakharm
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 4DP, UK.
| | - M A Lawson
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
| | - R E Walker
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
| | - W Harris
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
| | - C Fellows
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
| | - I D Huggins
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
| | - P Richmond
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 4DP, UK; Insigneo Institute for In silico Medicine, The Pam Liversige Building, Sir Frederick Mappin Building, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
| | - A D Chantry
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; Department of Haematology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK; Insigneo Institute for In silico Medicine, The Pam Liversige Building, Sir Frederick Mappin Building, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lawson MA, McDonald MM, Kovacic N, Hua Khoo W, Terry RL, Down J, Kaplan W, Paton-Hough J, Fellows C, Pettitt JA, Neil Dear T, Van Valckenborgh E, Baldock PA, Rogers MJ, Eaton CL, Vanderkerken K, Pettit AR, Quinn JMW, Zannettino ACW, Phan TG, Croucher PI. Osteoclasts control reactivation of dormant myeloma cells by remodelling the endosteal niche. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8983. [PMID: 26632274 PMCID: PMC4686867 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is largely incurable, despite development of therapies that target myeloma cell-intrinsic pathways. Disease relapse is thought to originate from dormant myeloma cells, localized in specialized niches, which resist therapy and repopulate the tumour. However, little is known about the niche, and how it exerts cell-extrinsic control over myeloma cell dormancy and reactivation. In this study, we track individual myeloma cells by intravital imaging as they colonize the endosteal niche, enter a dormant state and subsequently become activated to form colonies. We demonstrate that dormancy is a reversible state that is switched ‘on' by engagement with bone-lining cells or osteoblasts, and switched ‘off' by osteoclasts remodelling the endosteal niche. Dormant myeloma cells are resistant to chemotherapy that targets dividing cells. The demonstration that the endosteal niche is pivotal in controlling myeloma cell dormancy highlights the potential for targeting cell-extrinsic mechanisms to overcome cell-intrinsic drug resistance and prevent disease relapse. Therapy resistant dormant myeloma cells contribute to disease relapse. Here, the authors use intravital microscopy to track the location of these cells and demonstrate that they hone to the endosteal niche within the bone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Lawson
- Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2RX, UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2RX, UK
| | - Michelle M McDonald
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Natasa Kovacic
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Weng Hua Khoo
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Rachael L Terry
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Jenny Down
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Warren Kaplan
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Julia Paton-Hough
- Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2RX, UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2RX, UK
| | - Clair Fellows
- Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2RX, UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2RX, UK
| | - Jessica A Pettitt
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - T Neil Dear
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Els Van Valckenborgh
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1090, Belgium
| | - Paul A Baldock
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Michael J Rogers
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Colby L Eaton
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2RX, UK.,Department of Human Metabolism and Clinical Biochemistry, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2RX, UK
| | - Karin Vanderkerken
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1090, Belgium
| | - Allison R Pettit
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Julian M W Quinn
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Andrew C W Zannettino
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Frome Road, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Peter I Croucher
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Paton-Hough J, Chantry AD, Lawson MA. A review of current murine models of multiple myeloma used to assess the efficacy of therapeutic agents on tumour growth and bone disease. Bone 2015; 77:57-68. [PMID: 25868800 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pre-clinical in vivo models of multiple myeloma are essential tools for investigating the pathophysiology of multiple myeloma and for testing new therapeutic agents and strategies prior to their potential use in clinical trials. Over the last five decades, several different types of murine models of multiple myeloma have been developed ranging from immunocompetent syngeneic models, e.g. the 5 T series of myeloma cells, to immunocompromised models including the SCID xenograft models, which use human myeloma cell lines or patient-derived cells. Other models include hybrid models featuring the implantation of SCID mice with bone chips (SCID-hu or SCID-rab) or 3-D bone scaffolds (SCID-synth-hu), and mice that have been genetically engineered to develop myeloma. Bearing in mind the differences in these models, it is not surprising that they reflect to varying degrees different aspects of myeloma. Here we review the past and present murine models of myeloma, with particular emphasis on their advantages and limitations, characteristics, and their use in testing therapeutic agents to treat myeloma tumour burden and bone disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Paton-Hough
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology, The University of Sheffield, Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
| | - A D Chantry
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology, The University of Sheffield, Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
| | - M A Lawson
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology, The University of Sheffield, Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lawson MA, Paton-Hough JM, Evans HR, Walker RE, Harris W, Ratnabalan D, Snowden JA, Chantry AD. NOD/SCID-GAMMA mice are an ideal strain to assess the efficacy of therapeutic agents used in the treatment of myeloma bone disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119546. [PMID: 25768011 PMCID: PMC4358985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models of multiple myeloma vary in terms of consistency of onset, degree of tumour burden and degree of myeloma bone disease. Here we describe five pre-clinical models of myeloma in NOD/SCID-GAMMA mice to specifically study the effects of therapeutic agents on myeloma bone disease. Groups of 7–8 week old female irradiated NOD/SCID-GAMMA mice were injected intravenously via the tail vein with either 1x106 JJN3, U266, XG-1 or OPM-2 human myeloma cell lines or patient-derived myeloma cells. At the first signs of morbidity in each tumour group all animals were sacrificed. Tumour load was measured by histological analysis, and bone disease was assessed by micro-CT and standard histomorphometric methods. Mice injected with JJN3, U266 or OPM-2 cells showed high tumour bone marrow infiltration of the long bones with low variability, resulting in osteolytic lesions. In contrast, mice injected with XG-1 or patient-derived myeloma cells showed lower tumour bone marrow infiltration and less bone disease with high variability. Injection of JJN3 cells into NOD/SCID-GAMMA mice resulted in an aggressive, short-term model of myeloma with mice exhibiting signs of morbidity 3 weeks later. Treating these mice with zoledronic acid at the time of tumour cell injection or once tumour was established prevented JJN3-induced bone disease but did not reduce tumour burden, whereas, carfilzomib treatment given once tumour was established significantly reduced tumour burden. Injection of U266, XG-1, OPM-2 and patient-derived myeloma cells resulted in less aggressive longer-term models of myeloma with mice exhibiting signs of morbidity 8 weeks later. Treating U266-induced disease with zoledronic acid prevented the formation of osteolytic lesions and trabecular bone loss as well as reducing tumour burden whereas, carfilzomib treatment only reduced tumour burden. In summary, JJN3, U266 or OPM-2 cells injected into NOD/SCID-GAMMA mice provide robust models to study anti-myeloma therapies, particularly those targeting myeloma bone disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. Lawson
- Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Julia M. Paton-Hough
- Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Holly R. Evans
- Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca E. Walker
- Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - William Harris
- Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Dharshi Ratnabalan
- Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - John A. Snowden
- Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Chantry
- Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with myeloma develop localized and generalized bone loss leading to hypercalcaemia, accelerated osteoporosis, vertebral wedge fractures, other pathological fractures, spinal cord compression and bone pain. Bone loss is mediated by a variety of biological modifiers including osteoclast-activating factors (OAF) and osteoblast (OB) inhibitory factors produced either directly by malignant plasma cells (MPCs) or as a consequence of their interaction with the bone marrow microenvironment (BMM). Raised levels of OAFs such as receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL), macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin 6 stimulate bone resorption by recruiting additional osteoclasts. Via opposing mechanisms, increases in OB inhibitory factors, such as dickkopf-1 (Dkk-1), soluble frizzled-related protein-3 and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), suppress bone formation by inhibiting the differentiation and recruitment of OBs. These changes result in an uncoupling of physiological bone remodelling, leading to myeloma bone disease (MBD). Moreover, the altered BMM provides a fertile ground for the growth and survival of MPCs. Current clinical management of MBD is both reactive (to pain and fractures) and preventive, with bisphosphonates (BPs) being the mainstay of pharmacological treatment. However, side effects and uncertainties associated with BPs warrant the search for more targeted treatments for MBD. This review will summarize recent developments in understanding the intimate relationship between MBD and the BMM and the novel ways in which they are being therapeutically targeted. SOURCES OF DATA All data included were sourced and referenced from PubMed. AREAS OF AGREEMENT The clinical utility of BP therapy is well established. However, there is general acknowledgement that BPs are only partially successful in the treatment of MBD. The number of skeletal events attributable to myeloma are reduced by BPs but not totally eliminated. Furthermore, existing damage is not repaired. It is widely recognized that more effective treatments are needed. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY There remains controversy concerning the duration of BP therapy. Whether denosumab is a viable alternative to BP therapy is also contested. Many of the new therapeutic strategies discussed are yet to translate to clinical practice and demonstrate equal efficacy or superiority to BP therapy. It also remains controversial whether reported anti-tumour effects of bone-modulating therapies are clinically significant. GROWING POINTS The potential clinical utility of bone anabolic therapies including agents such as anti-Dkk-1, anti-sclerostin and anti-HGF is becoming increasingly recognized. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH Further research effectively targeting the mediators of MBD, targeting both bone resorption and bone formation, is urgently needed. This should translate promptly to clinical trials of combination therapy comprising anti-resorptives and bone anabolic therapies to demonstrate efficacy and improved outcomes over BPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Walker
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team (SmaRT), Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK Department of Haematology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Michelle A Lawson
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team (SmaRT), Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK Department of Haematology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Clive H Buckle
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team (SmaRT), Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK Department of Haematology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - John A Snowden
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team (SmaRT), Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK Department of Haematology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Andrew D Chantry
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team (SmaRT), Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK Department of Haematology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Vitovski S, Chantry AD, Lawson MA, Croucher PI. Targeting tumour-initiating cells with TRAIL based combination therapy ensures complete and lasting eradication of multiple myeloma tumours in vivo. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35830. [PMID: 22615740 PMCID: PMC3353958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable disease despite improvements to available treatments and efforts to identify new drug targets. Consequently new approaches are urgently required. We have investigated the potential of native tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), in combination with doxorubicin, to induce apoptotic cell death in phenotypically distinct populations of myeloma cells in vitro and in vivo. The cytotoxic potential of TRAIL alone, and in combination with DOX, was assessed in vitro in purified CD138(+) and CD138(-) cells from the MM cell lines and samples from patients with MM. Mouse xenografts obtained by implanting CD138(-) MM cells were used to assess the efficacy of TRAIL, alone and in combination with DOX, in vivo. CD138(-) cells were shown to be more resistant to the cytotoxic activity of TRAIL than CD138(+) cells and have reduced expression of TRAIL death receptors. This resistance results in preferential killing of CD 138(+) cells during exposure of MM culture to TRAIL. Furthermore, prolonged exposure results in the appearance of TRAIL-resistant CD138(-) cells. However, when TRAIL is combined with doxorubicin, this results in complete eradication of MM cells in vivo. Most importantly, this treatment successfully eliminates CD138(-) cells implicated in tumour initiation and growth maintenance. These findings may explain the failure of current therapies and offer a promising new approach in the quest to cure MM and disseminated cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srdjan Vitovski
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection and Immunity, The Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Chantry
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle A. Lawson
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Peter I. Croucher
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Garvan Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Buckle CH, Neville-Webbe HL, Croucher PI, Lawson MA. Targeting RANK/RANKL in the treatment of solid tumours and myeloma. Curr Pharm Des 2010; 16:1272-83. [PMID: 20166980 DOI: 10.2174/138161210791034021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancers which damage the human skeleton include multiple myeloma, where the primary tumour colonises bone directly, or breast and prostate cancer, where malignant cells travel from the primary tumour to form clonal outgrowths within the bone. Owing to the interaction of tumour cells with those normally found in the bone microenvironment, such as osteoclasts and osteoblasts, these cancers affect the closely linked processes of bone formation and resorption. As a result, these twin processes contribute to the clinical manifestations of cancer metastasis, including bone pain and pathological fractures. A critical component of physiologically normal bone remodelling, the RANK/RANKL/OPG pathway, has been implicated in the formation of osteolytic, and possibly osteoblastic, lesions, which characterise the bone disease associated with these malignancies. In these cancers that affect the skeleton in this way the abnormally regulated RANK/RANKL system appears to be the final effector pathway. As a result, there has been much research focused upon targeting these molecules using OPG constructs, peptidomimetics, soluble receptor constructs and antibodies to RANKL, in pre-clinical studies. The success of these studies has paved the way for a clinical programme, the success of which is likely to lead to a new therapeutic approach to treating cancers that develop in the skeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C H Buckle
- Bone Biology Group, Department of Human Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bassett JHD, Boyde A, Howell PGT, Bassett RH, Galliford TM, Archanco M, Evans H, Lawson MA, Croucher P, St. Germain DL, Galton VA, Williams GR. Optimal bone strength and mineralization requires the type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase in osteoblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:7604-9. [PMID: 20368437 PMCID: PMC2867713 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0911346107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothyroidism and thyrotoxicosis are each associated with an increased risk of fracture. Although thyroxine (T4) is the predominant circulating thyroid hormone, target cell responses are determined by local intracellular availability of the active hormone 3,5,3'-L-triiodothyronine (T3), which is generated from T4 by the type 2 deiodinase enzyme (D2). To investigate the role of locally produced T3 in bone, we characterized mice deficient in D2 (D2KO) in which the serum T3 level is normal. Bones from adult D2KO mice have reduced toughness and are brittle, displaying an increased susceptibility to fracture. This phenotype is characterized by a 50% reduction in bone formation and a generalized increase in skeletal mineralization resulting from a local deficiency of T3 in osteoblasts. These data reveal an essential role for D2 in osteoblasts in the optimization of bone strength and mineralization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. H. Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Division of Medicine and Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Boyde
- Oral Growth and Development, Institute of Dentistry, Bart's and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 1BB, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G. T. Howell
- Oral Growth and Development, Institute of Dentistry, Bart's and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 1BB, United Kingdom
- Division of Restorative Dental Sciences, Eastman Dental Institute, and
| | - Richard H. Bassett
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas M. Galliford
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Division of Medicine and Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Archanco
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Division of Medicine and Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Holly Evans
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom; and
| | - Michelle A. Lawson
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom; and
| | - Peter Croucher
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Valerie Anne Galton
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - Graham R. Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Division of Medicine and Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lawson MA, Xia Z, Barnett BL, Triffitt JT, Phipps RJ, Dunford JE, Locklin RM, Ebetino FH, Russell RGG. Differences between bisphosphonates in binding affinities for hydroxyapatite. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2010; 92:149-55. [PMID: 19904734 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bisphosphonates (BPs) inhibit bone resorption and are widely used for the treatment of bone diseases, including osteoporosis. BPs are also being studied for their effects on hydroxyapatite (HAP)-containing biomaterials. There is a growing appreciation that there are hitherto unexpected differences among BPs in their mineral binding affinities that affect their pharmacological and biological properties. To study these differences, we have developed a method based on fast performance liquid chromatography using columns of HAP to which BPs and other phosphate-containing compounds can adsorb and be eluted by using phosphate buffer gradients at pH 6.8. The individual compounds emerge as discrete and reproducible peaks for a range of compounds with different affinities. For example, the peak retention times (min; mean +/- SEM) were 22.0 +/- 0.3 for zoledronate, 16.16 +/- 0.44 for risedronate, and 9.0 +/- 0.28 for its phosphonocarboxylate analog, NE10790. These results suggest that there are substantial differences among BPs in their binding to HAP. These differences may be exploited in the development of biomaterials and may also partly explain the extent of their relative skeletal retention and persistence of biological effects observed in both animal and clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Lawson
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Oxford University Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Farroway LN, Gorman S, Lawson MA, Harvey NL, Jones DA, Shellam GR, Singleton GR. Transmission of two Australian strains of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) in enclosure populations of house mice (Mus domesticus). Epidemiol Infect 2005; 133:701-10. [PMID: 16050517 PMCID: PMC2870299 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268805003717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To control plagues of free-living mice (Mus domesticus) in Australia, a recombinant murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) expressing fertility proteins is being developed as an immunocontraceptive agent. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to monitor the transmission of two genetically variable field strains of MCMV through mouse populations after 25% of founding mice were infected with the N1 strain, followed by the G4 strain 6 weeks later. Pathogen-free wild-derived mice were released into outdoor enclosures located in northwestern Victoria (Australia). Of those mice not originally inoculated with virus, N1 DNA was detected in more than 80% of founder mice and a third of their offspring and similarly, G4 DNA was detected in 13% of founder mice and in 3% of their offspring. Thus, prior immunity to N1 did not prevent transmission of G4. This result is promising for successful transmission of an immunocontraceptive vaccine through Australian mouse populations where MCMV infection is endemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L N Farroway
- CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, GPO Box 284, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601 Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Smith LM, Lloyd ML, Harvey NL, Redwood AJ, Lawson MA, Shellam GR. Species-specificity of a murine immunocontraceptive utilising murine cytomegalovirus as a gene delivery vector. Vaccine 2005; 23:2959-69. [PMID: 15811641 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2004] [Revised: 11/04/2004] [Accepted: 12/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses are species-specific DNA viruses. Recombinant murine cytomegaloviruse (MCMV) expressing the mouse egg-coat protein zona pellucida 3 (mZP3) has been shown to sterilise female mice by breaking self-tolerance and inducing an immune response against the host ZP3. This virus has the potential to be used for mouse population control, however the effect of this recombinant immunocontraceptive virus in non-host species must be determined. Recombinant MCMV-mZP3, based on both laboratory and wild strains of virus, induced long-lived antibody responses against structural viral proteins and mZP3 when inoculated into laboratory rats, although no viral DNA or replicating virus was identified. The anti-mZP3 antibodies were specific for mouse ZP3, did not cross-react with rat ZP3, and had no effect on the fertility of the rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Smith
- Discipline of Microbiology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Alginate is a biodegradable, immunocompatible biopolymer that is capable of immobilizing viable cells and bioactive factors. Few investigations have analyzed the efficacy of alginate gels as substrata for cell attachment and proliferation. Here we have compared the adhesion and subsequent growth of human and rat bone marrow stromal fibroblastic cells on unmodified alginate hydrogel surfaces. It was found that, in contrast to rat cells, human cells did not readily attach or proliferate on unmodified alginates. In attempts to enhance these features, or collagen type I was incorporated into the gels, with no significant improvements in prolonged human cell adherence. However, alginate gels containing both collagen type I and beta-tricalcium phosphate were found to enhance human cell adherence and proliferation. Furthermore, interactions between the collagen and beta-tricalcium phosphate prevented loss of the protein from the hydrogels. These results indicate that alginate gels containing collagen have potential uses as vehicles for delivery of adherent cells to a tissue site. In addition, gels containing beta-tricalcium phosphate, with or without collagen type I incorporation, have potential to support cell growth and differentiation in vitro before implantation. This study emphasizes the limitations of the uses of cells derived from experimental animals in certain model studies relating to human tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Lawson
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Studies on island populations of house mice (Mus domesticus) and their viruses reveal insights into viral persistence in isolated communities. We surveyed the ectoparasites, endoparasites, and antiviral antibodies for 11 murine viruses and two bacteria of house mice inhabiting two islands off Australia. House mice on Boullanger Island were seropositive to two viruses, murine cytomegalovirus and epizootic diarrhea of infant mice. On subantarctic Macquarie Island, house mice were seropositive for five viruses: murine cytomegalovirus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, mouse parvovirus, epizootic diarrhea of infant mice, and Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus. The diversity of antiviral antibodies was lower among populations of house mice on islands than those inhabiting mainland Australia. The decreased diversity of viruses in island populations of house mice may be a function of which agent the founder mice transfer to the island and related to the low densities which the host population may periodically reach over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Moro
- School of Natural Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Perth 6027, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Smith LM, Tonkin JN, Lawson MA, Shellam GR. Isolates of cytomegalovirus (CMV) from the black rat Rattus rattus form a distinct group of rat CMV. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:1313-1317. [PMID: 15105548 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.79839-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two different betaherpesviruses, the English and Maastricht species of rat cytomegalovirus (CMV), have previously been isolated from Rattus norvegicus. CMVs were isolated from both the brown rat, R. norvegicus, and the black rat, R. rattus, within Australia. The viruses isolated from R. norvegicus appeared to be genetically related to the English species of rat CMV by PCR, RFLP, and sequencing, but the viruses isolated from R. rattus were distinct from both prototype virus species, although more closely genetically related to the Maastricht virus. This is the first genetic characterization of cytomegaloviruses from R. rattus, and the first isolation of CMVs from Australian rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Smith
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Biomedical & Chemical Sciences, M502, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - J N Tonkin
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Biomedical & Chemical Sciences, M502, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - M A Lawson
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Biomedical & Chemical Sciences, M502, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - G R Shellam
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Biomedical & Chemical Sciences, M502, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Singleton GR, Farroway LN, Chambers LK, Lawson MA, Smith AL, Hinds LA. Ecological basis for fertility control in the house mouse (Mus domesticus) using immunocontraceptive vaccines. Reprod Suppl 2003; 60:31-9. [PMID: 12220162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory studies confirm the potential for fertility control in the house mouse Mus domesticus using mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) as a vector for an immunocontraceptive vaccine. This article presents an overview of key results from research in Australia on enclosed and field populations of mice and the associated epidemiology of MCMV. The virus is geographically widespread in Australia. It also persists in low population densities of mice, although if population densities are low for at least a year, transmission of the virus is sporadic until a population threshold of approximately 40 mice ha(-1) is reached. The serological prevalence of MCMV was high early in the breeding season of four field populations. Enclosure studies confirm that MCMV has minimal impact on the survival and breeding performance of mice and that it can be transmitted to most adults within 10-12 weeks. Other enclosure studies indicate that about two-thirds of females would need to be sterilized to provide effective control of the rate of growth of mouse populations. If this level is not maintained for 20-25 weeks after the commencement of breeding, the mouse population can compensate through increased recruitment per breeding female. The findings from this series of descriptive and manipulative population studies of mice support the contention that MCMV would be a good carrier for an immunocontraceptive vaccine required to sustain female sterility levels at or above 65%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G R Singleton
- CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Pest Animal Control Cooperative Research Centre, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Androgens have a profound effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis by reducing the synthesis and release of the pituitary gonadotropin LH. The effect on LH is partly a consequence of a direct, steroid-dependent action on pituitary function. Although androgen action has been well studied in vivo, in vitro cell models of androgen action on pituitary gonadotropes have been scarce. Recently, an LH-expressing cell line, LbetaT2, was generated by tumorigenesis targeted to the LH-producing cells of the mouse pituitary. The purpose of these studies was to determine the presence of androgen receptor (AR) and establish its function in this cell line. RT-PCR analysis indicated that the LbetaT2 cell line expresses AR mRNA. Transient transfection assays, using the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter, showed that a functional AR is also present. Testosterone (TEST), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 7alpha-methyl-19-nortestosterone (MENT), and fluoxymesterone (FLUOXY) increased reporter gene activity in the rank order of potencies MENT>DHT> TEST>FLUOXY. Additionally, activation of MMTV promoter activity by DHT in LbetaT2 cells was diminished by the AR antagonists casodex and 2-hydroxy-flutamide, indicating that the effects of DHT are mediated through AR. In summary, these studies showed that the LbetaT2 cell line is a useful model for the evaluation and molecular characterization of androgen action in pituitary gonadotropes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Lawson
- Department of Pharmacology, Ligand Pharmaceuticals Inc., 10275 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
1. The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in the development of components of the cell/matrix linkage in two functionally different muscle types: the pectoralis muscle, a major locomotory muscle in birds but not particularly functional in chickens, and the quadriceps muscle, a smaller and more functionally active muscle in the chicken. 2. The development of the extracellular matrix, basal lamina and sarcomere in the pectoralis and quadriceps muscles in chick embryos was examined biochemically to determine differences in the rate of development between these two muscles. Samples of these muscle types were dissected out from chick embryos from embryonic day 10 until 8 weeks post hatch. 3. Using SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and western blotting with antibodies against sarcomeric actin, laminin and collagens I, III and IV, it was apparent that muscle development begins earlier in the quadriceps muscle than in the pectoralis, and that late in the developmental process (d 18) both muscle types were well differentiated. The final concentration of collagens in the mature muscle remained higher in the quadriceps than in the pectoralis muscle. 4. The onset of development of the extracellular matrix, basal lamina and sarcomere was earlier in the quadriceps than the pectoralis, which could have functional implications for these muscles as a whole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Lawson
- Department of Dairy and Food Science, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lawson MA. Role of molecular imaging in management of nonhypersecreting adrenal masses. J Nucl Med 2001; 42:893-4. [PMID: 11390553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M A Lawson
- Samarian PET Center, Phoenix, Arizona 85006, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
The neuropeptide GnRH is a central regulator of mammalian reproductive function produced by a dispersed population of hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons. The principal action of GnRH is to regulate release of the gonadotropins, LH and FSH, by the gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary. Using a cultured cell model of mouse pituitary gonadotrope cells, alphaT3-1 cells, we present evidence that GnRH stimulation of alphaT3-1 cells results in an increase in cap-dependent mRNA translation. GnRH receptor activation results in increased protein synthesis through a regulator of mRNA translation initiation, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein, known as 4EBP or PHAS (protein, heat, and acid stable). Although the GnRH receptor is a member of the rhodopsin-like family of G protein-linked receptors, we show that activation of translation proceeds through a signaling pathway previously described for receptor tyrosine kinases. Stimulation of translation by GnRH is protein kinase C and Ras dependent and sensitive to rapamycin. Furthermore, GnRH may also regulate the cell cycle in alphaT3-1 cells. The activation of a signaling pathway that regulates both protein synthesis and cell cycle suggests that GnRH may have a significant role in the maintenance of the pituitary gonadotrope population in addition to directing the release of gonadotropins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Sosnowski
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0674, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Myoblast cell lines are grown and differentiated readily in cell culture. Two cell lines typically used for investigating the growth and differentiation of muscle are the mouse cell line C2C12 and the rat cell line L6. The differentiation of these cells in vitro requires a switch from a serum-rich medium to a less rich medium after the cells have reached confluence. Since the components present in serum are not well characterized, the use of a better defined medium for these studies was investigated. C2C12 and L6 myoblasts were differentiated in both serum-containing and serum-free media. The differentiation state of these cultures was then tested both microscopically and biochemically. Cultures were checked for myotube formation, the activity of creatine phosphokinase and the presence of sarcomeric actin. In C2C12 cells, the extent of differentiation was greater in the serum-free than in the serum-containing system. In both media types, the C2C12 cells produced sarcomeric actin, showing the presence of sarcomere structure in the myotubes. In L6 cells, however, myotubes were readily formed in medium containing 2% horse serum, but not in the serum-free system. In addition, the ability of C2C12 cells to differentiate on substrates coated with extracellular matrix proteins was shown to be media-dependent. The presence of extracellular matrix proteins did not enable L6 cells to form myotubes when cultured in serum-free media. Primary cultures of chick myoblasts were able to differentiate in both media tested, with Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium containing horse serum being a more efficient medium for cell fusion. This study shows a divergence in muscle cell line responses in three cell lines, two of which are typically used as 'model systems' for understanding muscle growth and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Lawson
- Department of Dairy and Food Science, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Nelson SB, Lawson MA, Kelley CG, Mellon PL. Neuron-specific expression of the rat gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene is conferred by interactions of a defined promoter element with the enhancer in GT1-7 cells. Mol Endocrinol 2000; 14:1509-22. [PMID: 10976927 DOI: 10.1210/mend.14.9.0521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine control of the reproductive cascade is mediated by GnRH, which in mammals is produced by a subset of neurons scattered throughout the hypothalamus and forebrain. Utilizing a cultured cell model of GnRH neurons (GT1-7 cells), two regulatory regions in the rat GnRH 5' flanking DNA were identified as essential for cell-type specificity: a 300-bp enhancer and a 173-bp conserved proximal promoter. Using transient transfections to compare expression in GT1-7 cells to a non-GnRH-expressing cell type (NIH 3T3), we show that the GnRH enhancer and the proximal promoter each play roles in conferring this specificity. Deletion of footprint 2 (FP2; -26 to -76) from the promoter when coupled to the GnRH enhancer diminishes reporter activity in GT1-7 cells more strongly than in NIH 3T3 cells. Furthermore, deletion of FP2 from the promoter when coupled to the heterologous Rous sarcoma virus 5'-long terminal repeat promoter abolishes the difference in reporter activity between GT1-7 and NIH 3T3 cells, suggesting that FP2 of the GnRH promoter is necessary for cell-specific expression. In addition, FP2 alone is sufficient to confer cell-specific expression and can interact with the GnRH enhancer to augment reporter gene expression specifically in GT1-7 cells. Finally, a 31-bp sequence from within FP2 (-63 to -33) synergistically activates transcription when coupled with the GnRH enhancer in GT1-7 cells but not in NIH 3T3 cells. Thus, this 31-bp region contains elements necessary for interaction between the GnRH enhancer and promoter. We show that two of five protein complexes that bind to the -63 to -33 region are GT1-7 cell specific, and both of them appear to be homeodomain proteins. The identification of a cell-specific element in the GnRH proximal promoter significantly advances our understanding of the transcriptional basis for neuron-specific GnRH gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S B Nelson
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0674, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Pierini LM, Lawson MA, Eddy RJ, Hendey B, Maxfield FR. Oriented endocytic recycling of alpha5beta1 in motile neutrophils. Blood 2000; 95:2471-80. [PMID: 10753823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
During cell migration, integrin attachments to the substratum provide the means to generate the traction and force necessary to achieve locomotion. Once the cell has moved over these attachments, however, it is equally important that integrins detach from the substratum. The fate of integrins after detachment may include release from the cell, lateral diffusion across the cell surface, or endocytosis and redelivery to the cell surface. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) become stuck on the extracellular matrix proteins fibronectin and vitronectin when their intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca(++)]i) is buffered. Taking advantage of this feature of PMN migration, we investigated the fate of integrins to differentiate among various models of migration. We demonstrate that alpha5beta1, one of the fibronectin-binding integrins, is responsible for immobilization of [Ca(++)](i)-buffered PMNs on fibronectin. We find that alpha5 and beta1 are in endocytic vesicles in PMNs and that alpha5 colocalizes with a marker for an endocytic recycling compartment. When [Ca(++)](i) is buffered, alpha5 and beta1 become concentrated in clusters in the rear of the adherent cells, suggesting that [Ca(++)](i) transients are required for alpha5beta1 detachment from the substratum. Inhibition of alpha5beta1 detachment by buffering [Ca(++)](i) results in the depletion of alpha5 from both endocytic vesicles and the recycling compartment, providing compelling evidence that integrins are normally recycled by way of endocytosis and intracellular trafficking during cell migration. This model is further refined by our demonstration that the endocytic recycling compartment reorients to retain its localization just behind the leading lamella as PMNs migrate, indicating that membrane recycling during neutrophil migration has directionality. (Blood. 2000;95:2471-2480)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Pierini
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
C2C12 cells were grown to confluence at 37 degrees C under a continuous 5% CO(2) stream and myotube formation was stimulated. The cultures were then incubated with or without 2 microg/mL epinephrine for 18 h prior to harvesting and calpain extraction. Epinephrine treatment resulted in a three-fold increase in extractable mu-calpain activity (P < 0.05), a three-fold increase in extractable m-calpain activity (P < 0.05), a 36% increase in calpastatin activity (P < 0.001), and a 16% decrease (P < 0.05) in the total protein content in the C2C12 cell homogenate. These results suggest that calpains may play a role in protein metabolism and that the hormone epinephrine may be directly involved in the regulation of their cellular expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Ertbjerg
- Department of Dairy and Food Science, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kaplan AM, Bandy DJ, Manwaring KH, Chen K, Lawson MA, Moss SD, Duncan JD, Wodrich DL, Schnur JA, Reiman EM. Functional brain mapping using positron emission tomography scanning in preoperative neurosurgical planning for pediatric brain tumors. J Neurosurg 1999; 91:797-803. [PMID: 10541237 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1999.91.5.0797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT The purpose of this report is to demonstrate the value of functional brain mapping using the positron emission tomography (PET) method for preoperative neurosurgical planning in children with brain tumors. Brain maps were used to characterize the relationship between potentially resectable tumors and functionally eloquent brain areas. METHODS Five children, ranging in age from 3 to 13 years, with hemispheric brain tumors adjacent to eloquent cortex were studied. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was used to identify the brain tumors; PET imaging after injection of [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), [11C]L-methionine (CMET), or a combination of the two was performed to grade the tumors; and a [15O] H2O uptake study was used to characterize the anatomical relationships of the tumors to functional cortex. The cortical activation maps were obtained during control periods and during behavioral tasks and were used to document motor, visual, and speech and language organizational areas. Wada tests were performed in two patients. Language and speech activation was concordant with the results of Wada testing. CONCLUSIONS Functional brain mapping using PET scans and coregistered MR images provided the neurosurgeon with precise definitions of structural and functional cortical areas; this altered surgical management in some cases and/or was used to predict outcome. The combination of PET imaging with FDG and/or CMET and measurements of [15O] water uptake was useful in characterizing and grading tumors and instrumental in achieving effective neurosurgical planning. Postoperative results in the five cases suggest that preoperative functional brain mapping has the potential to improve outcome by defining a surgical plan to maximize resection and minimize the risk of neurological sequelae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Kaplan
- Department of Child Neurology, Phoenix Children's Hospital/Good Samaritan Regional Medical Center, Arizona 85006, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kaplan AM, Lawson MA, Spataro J, Bandy DJ, Bonstelle CT, Moss SD, Manwaring KH, Reiman EM. Positron emission tomography using [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose and [11C] l-methionine to metabolically characterize dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors. J Child Neurol 1999; 14:673-7. [PMID: 10511341 DOI: 10.1177/088307389901401009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors are unique and benign congenital tumors occurring frequently in children and adolescents. Differentiation from other low-grade tumors is important for management. Five patients with confirmed dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors were studied with positron emission tomography using glucose and protein metabolic uptake in an attempt to categorize these tumors metabolically. Functional brain mapping also was obtained to aid in operative management. Results of the study conclude that dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors, although having similar neuroimgaing characteristics to other low-grade tumors, are distinguished by a unique metabolic profile. They are inactive tumors with no significant glucose or protein metabolic activity. The combination of preoperative positron emission tomographic metabolic studies with functional brain mapping allowed for prediction of tumor type, defined eloquent areas of cortical function, and improved approach and resection of the tumors with minimal risk of neurologic impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Kaplan
- Division of Neurology, Phoenix Children's Hospital/Good Samaritan Regional Medical Center, AZ 85006, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Activin is essential for the regulation of normal mammalian reproductive function at both the pituitary and gonadal levels. However, its central actions in the control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis remain largely unexplored. The present study aims to determine whether activin could regulate the reproductive axis at the level of the hypothalamus, through control of the GnRH neuroendocrine system. Using the GnRH-secreting GT1-7 neuronal cell line as a model system, we demonstrate expression of mRNAs encoding activin receptor types I, IB, and II. We examined the effects of activin A on GnRH protein secretion and mRNA levels in GT1-7 cells. Treatment with rh-activin A regulated both GnRH protein secretion and GnRH mRNA expression in the GT1-7 cells in a time-dependent fashion. Using transient transfection assays, we explored a potential transcriptional basis for these changes. Activin A increased reporter gene activity driven by minimal GnRH enhancer and promoter elements, suggesting that activin may regulate GnRH gene expression at the level of transcription. Lastly, activin A treatment of male rat hypothalami, in vitro, increased GnRH protein secretion. Collectively, molecular and physiological evidence support the presence of an activin system which might act at a hypothalamic site to regulate mammalian reproduction via activation of GnRH synthesis and release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L A MacConell
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, Calif., USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Pelvic inflammatory disease is the most significant consequence of sexually transmitted infections. Statistics suggest that adolescents have a significantly higher rate of PID than does any other age group. Even asymptomatic and minimally symptomatic PID can lead to adhesions, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy, so clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion when evaluating female adolescents with lower abdominal pain. Empiric treatment, including appropriate partner notification and treatment, should be initiated early.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Lawson
- Section of Adolescent Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Moro D, Lloyd ML, Smith AL, Shellam GR, Lawson MA. Murine viruses in an island population of introduced house mice and endemic short-tailed mice in Western Australia. J Wildl Dis 1999; 35:301-10. [PMID: 10231757 DOI: 10.7589/0090-3558-35.2.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
House mice (Mus domesticus) were recently introduced to Thevenard Island, off the northwest coast of Western Australia. This island is also habitat for an endangered native rodent, the short-tailed mouse (Leggadina lakedownensis). Concerns have been raised that house mice may pose a threat to L. lakedownensis both through competition and as a source of infection. To assess the threat to L. lakedownensis posed by viral pathogens from M. domesticus, a serological survey was conducted from 1994 to 1996 of both species for evidence of infection with 14 common murine viruses (mouse hepatitis virus, murine cytomegalovirus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, ectromelia virus, mouse adenovirus strains FL and K87, minute virus of mice, mouse parvovirus, reovirus type 3, Sendai virus, Theiler's mouse encephalomyelitis virus, polyoma virus, pneumonia virus of mice, and encephalomyocarditis virus) and Mycoplasma pulmonis. Despite previous evidence that populations of free-living M. domesticus from various locations on the Australian mainland were infected with up to eight viruses, M. domesticus on Thevenard Island were seropositive only to murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV). Antibodies to MCMV were detected in this species at all times of sampling, although seroprevalence varied. Infectious MCMV could be isolated in culture of salivary gland homogenates from seropositive mice. In contrast, L. lakedownensis on Thevenard Island showed no serological evidence of infection with MCMV, any of the other murine viruses, or M. Pulmonis, and no virus could be isolated in culture from salivary gland homogenates. Although MCMV replicated to high titers in experimentally infected inbred BALB/c laboratory mice as expected, it did not replicate in the target organs of experimentally inoculated L. lakedownensis, indicating that the strict host specificity of MCMV may prevent its infection of L. lakedownensis. These results suggest that native mice on Thevenard Island are not at risk of MCMV infection from introduced house mice, and raise interesting questions about the possible selective survival of MCMV in small isolated populations of M. domesticus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Moro
- Department of Zoology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Desalting of sugar samples is essential for the success of many techniques of carbohydrate analysis such as mass spectrometry, capillary electrophoresis, anion exchange chromatography, enzyme degradation and chemical derivatization. All desalting methods which are currently used have limitations: for example, mixed-bed ion-exchange columns risk the loss of charged sugars, precipitation of salt by a non-aqueous solvent can result in co-precipitation of oligosaccharides, and gel chromatography uses highly crosslinked packings in which separation of small oligosaccharides is difficult to achieve. We demonstrate that graphitized carbon as a solid phase extraction cartridge can be used for the purification of oligosaccharides (or their derivatives) from solutions containing one or more of the following contaminants: salts (including salts of hydroxide, acetate, phosphate), monosaccharides, detergents (sodium dodecyl sulfate and Triton X-100), protein (including enzymes) and reagents for the release of oligosaccharides from glycoconjugates (such as hydrazine and sodium borohydride). There is complete recovery of the oligosaccharides from the adsorbent which can also be used to fractionate acidic and neutral glycans. Specific applications such as clean-up of N-linked oligosaccharides after removal by PNGase F and hydrazine, desalting of O-linked glycans after removal by alkali, on-line desalting of HPAEC-separated oligosaccharides and beta-eliminated alditols prior to electrospray mass spectrometry, and purification of oligosaccharides from urine are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N H Packer
- Macquarie University Centre for Analytical Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
The hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are important regulators of reproductive function. During development, these cells arise in the olfactory placode and migrate to the central nervous system, where they form a diffuse population of neurosecretory cells that mediate central nervous system control of reproduction. Little is known of the mechanisms regulating the differentiation of these cells. Studies of the transcriptional regulation of the GnRH gene have demonstrated the importance of the GATA family of zinc-finger transcription factors in gene expression. Although GATA factors are not highly expressed in mature GnRH-secreting neurons, we report that GATA-4 is highly expressed in migrating GnRH neurons in the developing mouse. We also report that a second DNA binding activity regulating GnRH gene expression at the site of GATA-factor action persists in mature hypothalamus and may also play a role in gene expression in the differentiated GnRH neuron.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Lawson
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Center for Molecular Medicine University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0674, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2-D) electrophoresis is the preferred method for separating the glycoforms of proteins. The isoforms usually present as 'trains' of spots in the first dimension and may also differ in molecular weight. The primary goal for analyzing the carbohydrate content of glycoprotein spots is to understand the 'rules' which govern the migration of glycoproteins in 2-D electrophoresis. These rules can then be used to produce predictive vectors to interpret changes in glycosylation patterns. Techniques for the analysis of oligosaccharides released from glycoproteins which have been electroblotted to PVDF membrane after one-dimensional (1-D) and 2-D preparative gel electrophoresis are described. The oligosaccharides are removed enzymatically (PNGase F of N-linked oligosaccharides) or chemically (beta-elimination of O-linked oligosaccharides) and separated by high performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC-PAD) and identified by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) or analyzed directly by ESI-MS. After enzymic removal of the N-linked oligosaccharides the protein spots can be further analyzed by Edman sequence tagging for identification and quantitation of the protein and by acid hydrolysis for monosaccharide analysis of the O-linked oligosaccharides. These approaches have been proved on 1-D PAGE electroblotted bovine fetuin and human glycophorin A and then used to analyze two abundant proteins which separate as glycoforms on 2-D PAGE preparative narrow range (pH 4.5-5.5) blots of human plasma: alpha2-HS glycoprotein (human fetuin) and alpha1-antitrypsin (alpha1-protease inhibitor). It is apparent that both the macroheterogeneity (site occupation) and microheterogeneity (diversity of structures) of the glycosylation contribute to the separation of protein isoforms in 2-D PAGE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N H Packer
- Macquarie University Center for Analytical Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Lawson MA, Buhain AR, Jovenal JC, Mellon PL. Multiple factors interacting at the GATA sites of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuron-specific enhancer regulate gene expression. Mol Endocrinol 1998; 12:364-77. [PMID: 9514154 DOI: 10.1210/mend.12.3.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuron-specific expression of the GnRH gene is dependent on an upstream multicomponent enhancer. This enhancer is functional in a small population of GnRH-producing hypothalamic neurons which, through the secretion of GnRH, mediates central nervous system control of reproductive function. GnRH enhancer function requires activation by the GATA family of transcription factors that act through tandem consensus GATA-binding motifs, GATA-A and GATA-B. Here we show that two newly identified DNA-binding factors, termed GBF-A1/A2 and GBF-B1, bind the GnRH enhancer at sites overlapping the GATA factor-binding motifs. In vitro bindings of GATA, GBF-A1/A2, and GBF-B1 to the GnRH enhancer sequences are independent. Specific mutation of either the consensus GATA motif or the GBF-B1 site of GATA-B does not alter binding of the overlapping factor in vitro. Utilizing a GnRH-expressing neuronal cell line as a model system, we show by transient transfection that GBF-B1 is necessary for enhancer activity and independently activates the GnRH promoter. Transactivation of the GnRH enhancer in GT1 cells and in NIH 3T3 cells by GATA-4 is modulated by GBF-B1 binding, suggesting GBF-B1 interferes with GATA factor binding through a steric mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Lawson
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0674, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|