1
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Meng X, Cui X, Shao X, Liu Y, Xing Y, Smith V, Xiong S, Macip S, Chen Y. poly(I:C) synergizes with proteasome inhibitors to induce apoptosis in cervical cancer cells. Transl Oncol 2022; 18:101362. [PMID: 35151092 PMCID: PMC8842080 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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2
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Dosch AR, Singh S, Nagathihalli NS, Datta J, Merchant NB. Interleukin-1 signaling in solid organ malignancies. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1877:188670. [PMID: 34923027 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As inflammation plays a critical role in the development and progression of cancer, therapeutic targeting of cytokine pathways involved in both tumorigenesis and dictating response to clinical treatments are of significant interest. Recent evidence has highlighted the importance of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) as a key mediator of tumor growth, metastatic disease spread, immunosuppression, and drug resistance in cancer. IL-1 promotes tumorigenesis through diverse mechanisms, including the activation of oncogenic signaling pathways directly in tumor cells and via orchestrating crosstalk between the cellular constituents of the tumor microenvironment (TME), thereby driving cancer growth. This review will provide an overview of IL-1 signaling and physiology and summarize the disparate mechanisms involving IL-1 in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Additionally, clinical studies targeting IL-1 signaling in the management of solid organ tumors will be summarized herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin R Dosch
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Samara Singh
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Nagaraj S Nagathihalli
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Jashodeep Datta
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Nipun B Merchant
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America.
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3
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Lankes K, Hassan Z, Doffo MJ, Schneeweis C, Lier S, Öllinger R, Rad R, Krämer OH, Keller U, Saur D, Reichert M, Schneider G, Wirth M. Targeting the ubiquitin-proteasome system in a pancreatic cancer subtype with hyperactive MYC. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:3048-3064. [PMID: 33099868 PMCID: PMC7718946 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The myelocytomatosis oncogene (MYC) is an important driver in a subtype of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, MYC remains a challenging therapeutic target; therefore, identifying druggable synthetic lethal interactions in MYC‐active PDAC may lead to novel precise therapies. First, to identify networks with hyperactive MYC, we profiled transcriptomes of established human cell lines, murine primary PDAC cell lines, and accessed publicly available repositories to analyze transcriptomes of primary human PDAC. Networks active in MYC‐hyperactive subtypes were analyzed by gene set enrichment analysis. Next, we performed an unbiased pharmacological screen to define MYC‐associated vulnerabilities. Hits were validated by analysis of drug response repositories and genetic gain‐ and loss‐of‐function experiments. In these experiments, we discovered that the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib triggers a MYC‐associated vulnerability. In addition, by integrating publicly available data, we found the unfolded protein response as a signature connected to MYC. Furthermore, increased sensitivity of MYC‐hyperactive PDACs to bortezomib was validated in genetically modified PDAC cells. In sum, we provide evidence that perturbing the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) might be an option to target MYC‐hyperactive PDAC cells. Our data provide the rationale to further develop precise targeting of the UPS as a subtype‐specific therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Lankes
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Zonera Hassan
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - María Josefina Doffo
- Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Schneeweis
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Svenja Lier
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rupert Öllinger
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver H Krämer
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Keller
- Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dieter Saur
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Translational Cancer Research and Experimental Cancer Therapy, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Reichert
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Günter Schneider
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Wirth
- Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Evidencing a Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Subpopulation Sensitive to the Proteasome Inhibitor Carfilzomib. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:5506-5519. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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5
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Harris MA, Miles MA, Shekhar TM, Cerra C, Georgy SR, Ryan SD, Cannon CM, Hawkins CJ. The Proteasome Inhibitor Ixazomib Inhibits the Formation and Growth of Pulmonary and Abdominal Osteosarcoma Metastases in Mice. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051207. [PMID: 32403415 PMCID: PMC7281181 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common form of primary bone cancer. Over 20% of osteosarcoma patients present with pulmonary metastases at diagnosis, and nearly 70% of these patients fail to respond to treatment. Previous work revealed that human and canine osteosarcoma cell lines are extremely sensitive to the therapeutic proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in vitro. However, bortezomib has proven disappointingly ineffective against solid tumors including sarcomas in animal experiments and clinical trials. Poor tumor penetration has been speculated to account for the inconsistency between in vitro and in vivo responses of solid tumors to bortezomib. Here we show that the second-generation proteasome inhibitor ixazomib, which reportedly has enhanced solid tumor penetration compared to bortezomib, is toxic to human and canine osteosarcoma cells in vitro. We used experimental osteosarcoma metastasis models to compare the efficacies of ixazomib and bortezomib against primary tumors and metastases derived from luciferase-expressing KRIB or 143B human osteosarcoma cell lines in athymic mice. Neither proteasome inhibitor reduced the growth of primary intramuscular KRIB tumors, however both drugs inhibited the growth of established pulmonary metastases created via intravenous inoculation with KRIB cells, which were significantly better vascularized than the primary tumors. Only ixazomib slowed metastases from KRIB primary tumors and inhibited the growth of 143B pulmonary and abdominal metastases, significantly enhancing the survival of mice intravenously injected with 143B cells. Taken together, these results suggest ixazomib exerts better single agent activity against osteosarcoma metastases than bortezomib. These data provide hope that incorporation of ixazomib, or other proteasome inhibitors that penetrate efficiently into solid tumors, into current regimens may improve outcomes for patients diagnosed with metastatic osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, 3086 Victoria, Australia; (M.A.H.); (M.A.M.); (T.M.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Mark A. Miles
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, 3086 Victoria, Australia; (M.A.H.); (M.A.M.); (T.M.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Tanmay M. Shekhar
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, 3086 Victoria, Australia; (M.A.H.); (M.A.M.); (T.M.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Carmelo Cerra
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, 3086 Victoria, Australia; (M.A.H.); (M.A.M.); (T.M.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Smitha R. Georgy
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, 3010 Victoria, Australia;
| | - Stewart D. Ryan
- Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trial Study Group (TRACTS), Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, 3010 Melbourne, Australia; (S.D.R.); (C.M.C.)
| | - Claire M. Cannon
- Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trial Study Group (TRACTS), Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, 3010 Melbourne, Australia; (S.D.R.); (C.M.C.)
| | - Christine J. Hawkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, 3086 Victoria, Australia; (M.A.H.); (M.A.M.); (T.M.S.); (C.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-9479-2339
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6
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Rezaee M, Wang J, Razavi M, Ren G, Zheng F, Hussein A, Ullah M, Thakor AS. A Study Comparing the Effects of Targeted Intra-Arterial and Systemic Chemotherapy in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Pancreatic Cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15929. [PMID: 31685925 PMCID: PMC6828954 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52490-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic chemotherapy is the first line treatment for patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer, however, insufficient drug delivery to the pancreas is a major problem resulting in poor outcomes. We evaluated the therapeutic effects of targeted intra-arterial (IA) delivery of gemcitabine directly into the pancreas in an orthotopic mouse model of pancreatic cancer. Nude mice with orthotopic pancreatic tumors were randomly assigned into 3 groups receiving gemcitabine: systemic intravenous (IV) injection (low: 0.3 mg/kg and high: 100 mg/kg) and direct IA injection (0.3 mg/kg). Treatments were administered weekly for 2 weeks. IA treatment resulted in a significantly greater reduction in tumor growth compared to low IV treatment. To achieve a comparable reduction in tumor growth as seen with IA treatment, gemcitabine had to be given IV at over 300x the dose (high IV treatment) which was associated with some toxicity. After 2 weeks, tumor samples from animals treated with IA gemcitabine had significantly lower residual cancer cells, higher cellular necrosis and evidence of increased apoptosis when compared to animals treated with low IV gemcitabine. Our study shows targeted IA injection of gemcitabine directly into the pancreas, via its arterial blood supply, has a superior therapeutic effect in reducing tumor growth compared to the same concentration administered by conventional systemic injection.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intravenous
- Animals
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/adverse effects
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/therapeutic use
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Deoxycytidine/adverse effects
- Deoxycytidine/analogs & derivatives
- Deoxycytidine/therapeutic use
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Female
- Humans
- Infusions, Intra-Arterial
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm, Residual
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Gemcitabine
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Affiliation(s)
- Melika Rezaee
- Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Palo Alto, California, 94304, USA
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Palo Alto, California, 94304, USA
| | - Mehdi Razavi
- Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Palo Alto, California, 94304, USA
| | - Gang Ren
- Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Palo Alto, California, 94304, USA
| | - Fengyan Zheng
- Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Palo Alto, California, 94304, USA
| | - Ahmed Hussein
- Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Palo Alto, California, 94304, USA
| | - Mujib Ullah
- Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Palo Alto, California, 94304, USA
| | - Avnesh S Thakor
- Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Palo Alto, California, 94304, USA.
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7
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Haney SL, Varney ML, Chhonker YS, Shin S, Mehla K, Crawford AJ, Smith HJ, Smith LM, Murry DJ, Hollingsworth MA, Holstein SA. Inhibition of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase is a novel therapeutic strategy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Oncogene 2019; 38:5308-5320. [PMID: 30918331 PMCID: PMC6597278 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0794-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Rab proteins play an essential role in regulating intracellular membrane trafficking processes. Rab activity is dependent upon geranylgeranylation, a post-translational modification that involves the addition of 20-carbon isoprenoid chains via the enzyme geranylgeranyl transferase (GGTase) II. We have focused on the development of inhibitors against geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGDPS), which generates the isoprenoid donor (GGPP), as anti-Rab agents. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by abnormal mucin production and these mucins play important roles in tumor development, metastasis and chemo-resistance. We hypothesized that GGDPS inhibitor (GGDPSi) treatment would induce PDAC cell death by disrupting mucin trafficking, thereby inducing the unfolded protein response pathway (UPR) and apoptosis. To this end, we evaluated the effects of RAM2061, a potent GGDPSi, against PDAC. Our studies revealed that GGDPSi treatment activates the UPR and triggers apoptosis in a variety of human and mouse PDAC cell lines. Furthermore, GGDPSi treatment was found to disrupt the intracellular trafficking of key mucins such as MUC1. These effects could be recapitulated by incubation with a specific GGTase II inhibitor, but not a GGTase I inhibitor, consistent with the effect being dependent on disruption of Rab-mediated activities. In addition, siRNA-mediated knockdown of GGDPS induces upregulation of UPR markers and disrupts MUC1 trafficking in PDAC cells. Experiments in two mouse models of PDAC demonstrated that GGDPSi treatment significantly slows tumor growth. Collectively, these data support further development of GGDPSi therapy as a novel strategy for the treatment of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staci L Haney
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Michelle L Varney
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yashpal S Chhonker
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Simon Shin
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kamiya Mehla
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ayrianne J Crawford
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Heather Jensen Smith
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Lynette M Smith
- College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Daryl J Murry
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Michael A Hollingsworth
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sarah A Holstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. .,Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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8
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Qu YQ, Gordillo-Martinez F, Law BYK, Han Y, Wu A, Zeng W, Lam WK, Ho C, Mok SWF, He HQ, Wong VKW, Wang R. 2-Aminoethoxydiphenylborane sensitizes anti-tumor effect of bortezomib via suppression of calcium-mediated autophagy. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:361. [PMID: 29500417 PMCID: PMC5834458 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0397-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for most lung cancer cases. Therapeutic interventions integrating the use of different agents that focus on different targets are needed to overcome this set of diseases. The proteasome system has been demonstrated clinically as a potent therapeutic target for haematological cancers. However, promising preclinical data in solid tumors are yet to be confirmed in clinics. Herein, the combinational use of Bortezomib (BZM) and 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane (2-APB) toward NSCLC cells was studied. We confirmed that BZM-triggered cytoprotective autophagy that may counteract with the cytotoxic effects of the drug per se. 2-APB was selected from screening of a commercial natural compounds library, which potentiated BZM-induced cytotoxicity. Such an enhancement effect was associated with 2-APB-mediated autophagy inhibition. In addition, we revealed that 2-APB suppressed calcium-induced autophagy in H1975 and A549 NSCLC cells. Interestingly, BZM [0.3 mg/kg/3 days] combined with 2-APB [2 mg/kg/day] significantly inhibited both primary (around 47% tumor growth) and metastatic Lewis lung carcinoma after a 20-day treatment. Our results suggested that BZM and 2-APB combination therapy can potentially be developed as a novel formulation for lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qing Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Flora Gordillo-Martinez
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Betty Yuen Kwan Law
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Anguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Wu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Wai Kei Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Charles Ho
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Simon Wing Fai Mok
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Hu Qiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China.
| | - Renxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Poudel BK, Gupta B, Ramasamy T, Thapa RK, Pathak S, Oh KT, Jeong JH, Choi HG, Yong CS, Kim JO. PEGylated thermosensitive lipid-coated hollow gold nanoshells for effective combinational chemo-photothermal therapy of pancreatic cancer. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 160:73-83. [PMID: 28917152 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has extremely poor prognosis with an 85% mortality rate that results from aggressive and asymptomatic growth, high metastatic potential, and rapid development of resistance to already ineffective chemotherapy. In this study, plasmonic hollow gold nanoshells (GNS) coated with PEGylated thermosensitive lipids were prepared as an efficient platform to ratiometrically co-deliver two drugs, bortezomib and gemcitabine (GNS-L/GB), for combinational chemotherapy and photothermal therapy of pancreatic cancer. Bortezomib was loaded within the lipid bilayers, while gemcitabine was loaded into the hydrophilic interior of the porous GNS via an ammonium sulfate-driven pH gradient method. Physicochemical characterizations and biological studies of GNS-L/GB were performed, with the latter using cytotoxicity assays, cellular uptake and apoptosis assays, live/dead assays, and western blot analysis of pancreatic cancer cell lines (MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1). The nanoshells showed remotely controllable drug release when exposed to near-infrared laser for site-specific delivery. GNS-L/GB showed synergistic cytotoxicity and improved internalization by cancer cells. High-powered near-infrared continuous wave laser (λ=808nm) effectively killed cancer cells via the photothermal effect of GNS-L/GB, irrespective of cell type in a power density-, time-, and GNS dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that this method can provide a novel approach to achieve synergistic combinational chemotherapy and photothermal therapy, even with resistant pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijay Kumar Poudel
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Biki Gupta
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Thiruganesh Ramasamy
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Raj Kumar Thapa
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Shiva Pathak
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Taek Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heuksuk-dong Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Heon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Gon Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, 55, Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 426-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Soon Yong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, 712-749, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Oh Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, 712-749, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Moschovi M, Critselis E, Cen O, Adamaki M, Lambrou GI, Chrousos GP, Vlahopoulos S. Drugs acting on homeostasis: challenging cancer cell adaptation. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2015; 15:1405-1417. [PMID: 26523494 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2015.1095095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Cancer treatment aims to exploit properties that define malignant cells. In recent years, it has become apparent that malignant cells often survive cancer treatment and ensuing cell stress by switching on auxiliary turnover pathways, changing cellular metabolism and, concomitantly, the gene expression profile. The changed profile impacts the material exchange of cancer cells with affected tissues. Herein, we show that pathways of proteostasis and energy generation regulate common transcription factors. Namely, when one pathway of intracellular turnover is blocked, it triggers alternative turnover mechanisms, which induce transcription factor proteins that control expression of cytokines and regulators of apoptosis, cell division, differentiation, metabolism, and response to hormones. We focus on several alternative turnover mechanisms that can be blocked by drugs already used in clinical practice for the treatment of other non-cancer related diseases. We also discuss paradigms on the challenges posed by cancer cell adaptation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Moschovi
- a 1 University of Athens, Horemio Research Institute, First Department of Pediatrics, Thivon & Levadeias, Goudi, Athens, 11527, Greece
- b 2 University of Athens, Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Unit, First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, "Aghia Sofia" Children's Hospital, Thivon & Levadeias, 11527 Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Elena Critselis
- a 1 University of Athens, Horemio Research Institute, First Department of Pediatrics, Thivon & Levadeias, Goudi, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Osman Cen
- c 3 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Maria Adamaki
- a 1 University of Athens, Horemio Research Institute, First Department of Pediatrics, Thivon & Levadeias, Goudi, Athens, 11527, Greece
- b 2 University of Athens, Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Unit, First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, "Aghia Sofia" Children's Hospital, Thivon & Levadeias, 11527 Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - George I Lambrou
- a 1 University of Athens, Horemio Research Institute, First Department of Pediatrics, Thivon & Levadeias, Goudi, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- a 1 University of Athens, Horemio Research Institute, First Department of Pediatrics, Thivon & Levadeias, Goudi, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Spiros Vlahopoulos
- a 1 University of Athens, Horemio Research Institute, First Department of Pediatrics, Thivon & Levadeias, Goudi, Athens, 11527, Greece
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11
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Vlahopoulos SA, Cen O, Hengen N, Agan J, Moschovi M, Critselis E, Adamaki M, Bacopoulou F, Copland JA, Boldogh I, Karin M, Chrousos GP. Dynamic aberrant NF-κB spurs tumorigenesis: a new model encompassing the microenvironment. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:389-403. [PMID: 26119834 PMCID: PMC4526340 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recently it was discovered that a transient activation of transcription factor NF-κB can give cells properties essential for invasiveness and cancer initiating potential. In contrast, most oncogenes to date were characterized on the basis of mutations or by their constitutive overexpression. Study of NF-κB actually leads to a far more dynamic perspective on cancer: tumors caused by diverse oncogenes apparently evolve into cancer after loss of feedback regulation for NF-κB. This event alters the cellular phenotype and the expression of hormonal mediators, modifying signals between diverse cell types in a tissue. The result is a disruption of stem cell hierarchy in the tissue, and pervasive changes in the microenvironment and immune response to the malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spiros A Vlahopoulos
- First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Horemeio Research Laboratory, Athens, Greece.
| | - Osman Cen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, United States
| | - Nina Hengen
- Bernard J. Dunn School of Pharmacy, Shenandoah University, United States
| | - James Agan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, United States
| | - Maria Moschovi
- First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Horemeio Research Laboratory, Athens, Greece
| | - Elena Critselis
- First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Horemeio Research Laboratory, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Adamaki
- First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Horemeio Research Laboratory, Athens, Greece
| | - Flora Bacopoulou
- First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Horemeio Research Laboratory, Athens, Greece
| | - John A Copland
- Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Biology, United States
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, United States
| | - Michael Karin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - George P Chrousos
- First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Horemeio Research Laboratory, Athens, Greece
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12
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Lee JJ, Huang J, England CG, McNally LR, Frieboes HB. Predictive modeling of in vivo response to gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer. PLoS Comput Biol 2013; 9:e1003231. [PMID: 24068909 PMCID: PMC3777914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A clear contradiction exists between cytotoxic in-vitro studies demonstrating effectiveness of Gemcitabine to curtail pancreatic cancer and in-vivo studies failing to show Gemcitabine as an effective treatment. The outcome of chemotherapy in metastatic stages, where surgery is no longer viable, shows a 5-year survival <5%. It is apparent that in-vitro experiments, no matter how well designed, may fail to adequately represent the complex in-vivo microenvironmental and phenotypic characteristics of the cancer, including cell proliferation and apoptosis. We evaluate in-vitro cytotoxic data as an indicator of in-vivo treatment success using a mathematical model of tumor growth based on a dimensionless formulation describing tumor biology. Inputs to the model are obtained under optimal drug exposure conditions in-vitro. The model incorporates heterogeneous cell proliferation and death caused by spatial diffusion gradients of oxygen/nutrients due to inefficient vascularization and abundant stroma, and thus is able to simulate the effect of the microenvironment as a barrier to effective nutrient and drug delivery. Analysis of the mathematical model indicates the pancreatic tumors to be mostly resistant to Gemcitabine treatment in-vivo. The model results are confirmed with experiments in live mice, which indicate uninhibited tumor proliferation and metastasis with Gemcitabine treatment. By extracting mathematical model parameter values for proliferation and death from monolayer in-vitro cytotoxicity experiments with pancreatic cancer cells, and simulating the effects of spatial diffusion, we use the model to predict the drug response in-vivo, beyond what would have been expected from sole consideration of the cancer intrinsic resistance. We conclude that this integrated experimental/computational approach may enhance understanding of pancreatic cancer behavior and its response to various chemotherapies, and, further, that such an approach could predict resistance based on pharmacokinetic measurements with the goal to maximize effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. Lee
- School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Justin Huang
- School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Christopher G. England
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Lacey R. McNally
- School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LRM); (HBF)
| | - Hermann B. Frieboes
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LRM); (HBF)
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13
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Lieu CH, Tan AC, Leong S, Diamond JR, Eckhardt SG. From bench to bedside: lessons learned in translating preclinical studies in cancer drug development. J Natl Cancer Inst 2013; 105:1441-56. [PMID: 24052618 PMCID: PMC3787906 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djt209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of targeted agents in oncology has rapidly expanded over the past 2 decades and has led to clinically significant improvements in the treatment of numerous cancers. Unfortunately, not all success at the bench in preclinical experiments has translated to success at the bedside. As preclinical studies shift toward defining proof of mechanism, patient selection, and rational drug combinations, it is critical to understand the lessons learned from prior translational studies to gain an understanding of prior drug development successes and failures. By learning from prior drug development, future translational studies will provide more clinically relevant data, and the underlying hope is that the clinical success rate will improve and the treatment of patients with ineffective targeted therapy will be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Lieu
- Affiliation of authors: Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO (CHL, A-CT, SL, JRD, SGE)
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14
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Mathews LA, Keller JM, Goodwin BL, Guha R, Shinn P, Mull R, Thomas CJ, de Kluyver RL, Sayers TJ, Ferrer M. A 1536-well quantitative high-throughput screen to identify compounds targeting cancer stem cells. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR SCREENING 2012; 17:1231-42. [PMID: 22927676 PMCID: PMC6993186 DOI: 10.1177/1087057112458152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cell subpopulations called cancer stem cells (CSCs) or tumor-initiating cells (TICs) have self-renewal potential and are thought to drive metastasis and tumor formation. Data suggest that these cells are resistant to current chemotherapy and radiation therapy treatments, leading to cancer recurrence. Therefore, finding new drugs and/or drug combinations that cause death of both the differentiated tumor cells as well as CSC populations is a critical unmet medical need. Here, we describe how cancer-derived CSCs are generated from cancer cell lines using stem cell growth media and nonadherent conditions in quantities that enable high-throughput screening (HTS). A cell growth assay in a 1536-well microplate format was developed with these CSCs and used to screen a focused collection of oncology drugs and clinical candidates to find compounds that are cytotoxic against these highly aggressive cells. A hit selection process that included potency and efficacy measurements during the primary screen allowed us to efficiently identify compounds with potent cytotoxic effects against spheroid-derived CSCs. Overall, this research demonstrates one of the first miniaturized HTS assays using CSCs. The procedures described here should enable further testing of the effect of compounds on CSCs and help determine which pathways need to be targeted to kill them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley A Mathews
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
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15
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Hui B, Shi YH, Ding ZB, Zhou J, Gu CY, Peng YF, Yang H, Liu WR, Shi GM, Fan J. Proteasome inhibitor interacts synergistically with autophagy inhibitor to suppress proliferation and induce apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 2012; 118:5560-71. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.27586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of adult cancer mortality in the USA. It represents one of the greatest challenges in cancer treatment. The NF-κB transcriptional factors are constitutively activated in the majority of pancreatic cancers and are involved in the regulation of numerous aspects of tumor development and progression. NF-κB and the signaling cascades that regulate its activity have thus become attractive targets for novel therapeutic approaches for pancreatic cancer. AREAS COVERED This review describes and discusses the most important advances in the comprehension of the complex molecular biology of NF-κB, as well as the development of novel NF-κB-targeting strategies for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. EXPERT OPINION Although the inhibition of NF-κB, especially when combined with more classic chemotherapeutic drugs, could be a promising therapeutic strategy, direct targeting NF-κB still faces important challenges. In the future, targeting nonredundant cytosolic mediators of the activation of NF-κB - such as TNF receptor associated factor family member-associated NF-κB activator -binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and TGF-beta activated kinase 1 (TAK1) - could represent a better approach to inhibit key processes in pancreatic tumor cells and make a difference for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Carbone
- Digestive Molecular Clinical Oncology Research Unit , Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Subauste MC, Sansom OJ, Porecha N, Raich N, Du L, Maher JF. Fem1b, a proapoptotic protein, mediates proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis of human colon cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2010; 49:105-13. [PMID: 19908242 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In the treatment of colon cancer, the development of resistance to apoptosis is a major factor in resistance to therapy. New molecular approaches to overcome apoptosis resistance, such as selectively upregulating proapoptotic proteins, are needed in colon cancer therapy. In a mouse model with inactivation of the adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) tumor suppressor gene, reflecting the pathogenesis of most human colon cancers, the gene encoding feminization-1 homolog b (Fem1b) is upregulated in intestinal epithelium following Apc inactivation. Fem1b is a proapoptotic protein that interacts with apoptosis-inducing proteins Fas, tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (TNFR1), and apoptotic protease activating factor-1 (Apaf-1). Increasing Fem1b expression induces apoptosis of cancer cells, but effects on colon cancer cells have not been reported. Fem1b is a homolog of feminization-1 (FEM-1), a protein in Caenorhabditis elegans that is regulated by proteasomal degradation, but whether Fem1b is likewise regulated by proteasomal degradation is unknown. Herein, we found that Fem1b protein is expressed in primary human colon cancer specimens, and in malignant SW620, HCT-116, and DLD-1 colon cancer cells. Increasing Fem1b expression, by transfection of a Fem1b expression construct, induced apoptosis of these cells. We found that proteasome inhibitor treatment of SW620, HCT-116, and DLD-1 cells caused upregulation of Fem1b protein levels, associated with induction of apoptosis. Blockade of Fem1b upregulation with morpholino antisense oligonucleotide suppressed the proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis of these cells. In conclusion, the proapoptotic protein Fem1b is downregulated by the proteasome in malignant colon cancer cells and mediates proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis of these cells. Therefore, Fem1b could represent a novel molecular target to overcome apoptosis resistance in therapy of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cecilia Subauste
- McDermott Center for Human Growth & Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8591, USA
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Wu WKK, Cho CH, Lee CW, Wu K, Fan D, Yu J, Sung JJY. Proteasome inhibition: a new therapeutic strategy to cancer treatment. Cancer Lett 2010; 293:15-22. [PMID: 20133049 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system is a major pathway for protein degradation. Targeting this pathway using proteasome inhibitors represents a novel approach for the treatment of cancer. Proteasome inhibitors lower cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in solid and hematologic malignancies through multiple mechanisms, including stabilization of cell cycle regulators and pro-apoptotic factors, stimulation of bone morphogenetic protein signaling, inhibition of protein translation, and sensitization to ligand-induced apoptosis. In this connection, proteasome inhibition activates macroautophagy, a compensatory protein degradation system, as well as other pro-survival signaling pathways. Inhibition of these auto-protective responses sensitizes cancer cells to the anti-proliferative effects of proteasome inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Ka Kei Wu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer represents a major challenge for research studies and clinical management. No specific tumor marker for the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer exists. Therefore, extensive genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic studies are being developed to identify candidate markers for use in high-throughput systems capable of large cohort screening. Understandably, the complex pathophysiology of pancreatic cancer requires sensitive and specific biomarkers that can improve both early diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring. The lack of a single diagnostic marker makes it likely that only a panel of biomarkers is capable of providing the appropriate combination of high sensitivity and specificity. Biomarker discovery using novel technology can improve prognostic upgrading and pinpoint new molecular targets for innovative therapy.
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Awasthi N, Schwarz MA, Schwarz RE. Proteasome inhibition enhances antitumour effects of gemcitabine in experimental pancreatic cancer. HPB (Oxford) 2009; 11:600-5. [PMID: 20495713 PMCID: PMC2785956 DOI: 10.1111/j.1477-2574.2009.00109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical benefit of gemcitabine, the standard systemic therapy of pancreatic cancer (PaCa), remains modest as a result of high chemoresistance. The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib has antitumour activity against PaCa in vitro and in vivo. We examined the antitumour activity of combination PaCa therapy with bortezomib and gemcitabine. METHODS Cell proliferation assays were performed using WST-1 reagent. Protein expression was determined by Western blotting. Efficacy of bortezomib and/or gemcitabine was tested in vivo in a survival study. RESULTS Bortezomib at 10 microM caused 29% and 72% inhibition in AsPC-1 PaCa cell proliferation at 48 and 96 h incubation, respectively. Bortezomib was even more active against PaCa cell lines Panc-1 and MiaPaCa, with 80% inhibition of proliferation at 48 h. The combination of bortezomib and gemcitabine inhibited AsPC-1 proliferation more effectively compared with each single agent alone. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage, an apoptotic indicator, reached 6.6-, 2- and 8.5-fold over controls for bortezomib, gemcitabine and the combination. The median survival was 31 (controls and bortezomib), 40 (gemcitabine) and 48 days (combination), respectively (P < 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Bortezomib and gemcitabine demonstrate additive antitumour activity in vitro and in an experimental PaCa model, indicating the potential for clinical PaCa benefits of additional multiagent therapies that will be based upon the bortezomib and gemcitabine combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Awasthi
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Roderich E Schwarz
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA
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