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Radzka J, Łapińska Z, Szwedowicz U, Gajewska-Naryniecka A, Gizak A, Kulbacka J. Alternations of NF-κB Signaling by Natural Compounds in Muscle-Derived Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11900. [PMID: 37569275 PMCID: PMC10418583 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The NF-κB-signaling pathway plays a crucial role in cancer progression, including muscle-derived cancers such as rhabdomyosarcoma or sarcoma. Several natural compounds have been studied for their ability to alter NF-κB signaling in these types of cancers. This review paper summarizes the current knowledge on the effects of natural compounds, including curcumin, resveratrol, quercetin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and berberine, on NF-κB signaling in muscle-derived cancers. These compounds have been shown to inhibit NF-κB signaling in rhabdomyosarcoma cells through various mechanisms, such as inhibiting the activation of the IKK complex and the NF-κB transcription factor. These findings suggest that natural compounds could be potential therapeutic agents for muscle-derived cancers. However, further research is needed to fully understand their mechanisms of action and potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Radzka
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Wroclaw, 50-335 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.R.); (A.G.)
| | - Zofia Łapińska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (Z.Ł.); (U.S.); (A.G.-N.)
| | - Urszula Szwedowicz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (Z.Ł.); (U.S.); (A.G.-N.)
| | - Agnieszka Gajewska-Naryniecka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (Z.Ł.); (U.S.); (A.G.-N.)
| | - Agnieszka Gizak
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Wroclaw, 50-335 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.R.); (A.G.)
| | - Julita Kulbacka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (Z.Ł.); (U.S.); (A.G.-N.)
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 08410 Vilnius, Lithuania
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2
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Systemic Treatment of Ewing Sarcoma: Current Options and Future Perspectives. FORUM OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/fco-2021-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (ES) is an uncommon malignant neoplasm, mostly affecting young adults and adolescents. Surgical excision, irradiation, and combinations of multiple chemotherapeutic agents are currently used as a multimodal strategy for the treatment of local and oligometastatic disease. Although ES usually responds to the primary treatment, relapsed and primarily refractory disease remains a difficult therapeutic challenge. The growing understanding of cancer biology and the subsequent development of new therapeutic strategies have been put at the service of research in recurrent and refractory ES, generating a great number of ongoing studies with compounds that could find superior clinical outcomes in the years to come. This review gathers the current available information on the treatment and clinical investigation of ES and aims to be a point of support for future research.
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3
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Ravindran Menon D, Li Y, Yamauchi T, Osborne DG, Vaddi PK, Wempe MF, Zhai Z, Fujita M. EGCG Inhibits Tumor Growth in Melanoma by Targeting JAK-STAT Signaling and Its Downstream PD-L1/PD-L2-PD1 Axis in Tumors and Enhancing Cytotoxic T-Cell Responses. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1081. [PMID: 34832863 PMCID: PMC8618268 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, therapies targeting immune checkpoints, such as programmed death-1 (PD-1), have revolutionized the field of cancer immunotherapy. However, low response rates and immune-related adverse events remain a major concern. Here, we report that epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the most abundant catechin in green tea, inhibits melanoma growth by modulating an immune response against tumors. In vitro experiments revealed that EGCG treatment inhibited interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-induced PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression and JAK-STAT signaling. We confirmed that this effect was driven by inhibiting STAT1 gene expression and STAT1 phosphorylation, thereby downregulating the PD-L1/PD-L2 transcriptional regulator IRF1 in both human and mouse melanoma cells. Animal studies revealed that the in vivo tumor-inhibitory effect of EGCG was through CD8+ T cells and that the inhibitory effect of EGCG was comparable to anti-PD-1 therapy. However, their mechanisms of action were different. Dissimilar to anti-PD-1 treatment that blocks PD-1/PD-L1 interaction, EGCG inhibited JAK/STAT signaling and PD-L1 expression in tumor cells, leading to the re-activation of T cells. In summary, we demonstrate that EGCG enhances anti-tumor immune responses by inhibiting JAK-STAT signaling in melanoma. EGCG could be used as an alternative treatment strategy to target the PD-L1/PD-L2-PD-1 axis in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinoop Ravindran Menon
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (D.R.M.); (Y.L.); (T.Y.); (D.G.O.); (P.K.V.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (D.R.M.); (Y.L.); (T.Y.); (D.G.O.); (P.K.V.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Takeshi Yamauchi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (D.R.M.); (Y.L.); (T.Y.); (D.G.O.); (P.K.V.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Douglas Grant Osborne
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (D.R.M.); (Y.L.); (T.Y.); (D.G.O.); (P.K.V.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Prasanna Kumar Vaddi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (D.R.M.); (Y.L.); (T.Y.); (D.G.O.); (P.K.V.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Michael F Wempe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Zili Zhai
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (D.R.M.); (Y.L.); (T.Y.); (D.G.O.); (P.K.V.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Mayumi Fujita
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (D.R.M.); (Y.L.); (T.Y.); (D.G.O.); (P.K.V.); (Z.Z.)
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Riggi
- From the Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland (N.R., I.S.); and the Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Broad Institute of Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge - both in Massachusetts (M.L.S.)
| | - Mario L Suvà
- From the Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland (N.R., I.S.); and the Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Broad Institute of Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge - both in Massachusetts (M.L.S.)
| | - Ivan Stamenkovic
- From the Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland (N.R., I.S.); and the Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Broad Institute of Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge - both in Massachusetts (M.L.S.)
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5
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Jin W. The Role of Tyrosine Kinases as a Critical Prognostic Parameter and Its Targeted Therapies in Ewing Sarcoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:613. [PMID: 32754598 PMCID: PMC7381324 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a rare, highly aggressive, bone, or soft tissue-associated tumor. Although this sarcoma often responds well to initial chemotherapy, 40% of the patients develop a lethal recurrence of the disease, with death recorded in 75-80% of patients with metastatic ES within 5 years, despite receiving high-dose chemotherapy. ES is genetically well-characterized, as indicated by the EWS-FLI1 fusion protein encoded as a result of chromosomal translocation in 80-90% of patients with ES, as well as in ES-related cancer cell lines. Recently, tyrosine kinases have been identified in the pathogenesis of ES. These tyrosine kinases, acting as oncoproteins, are associated with the clinical pathogenesis, metastasis, acquisition of self-renewal traits, and chemoresistance of ES, through the activation of various intracellular signaling pathways. This review describes the recent progress related to cellular and molecular functional roles of tyrosine kinases in the progression of ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wook Jin
- Laboratory of Molecular Disease and Cell Regulation, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
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6
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Subramaniam D, Angulo P, Ponnurangam S, Dandawate P, Ramamoorthy P, Srinivasan P, Iwakuma T, Weir SJ, Chastain K, Anant S. Suppressing STAT5 signaling affects osteosarcoma growth and stemness. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:149. [PMID: 32094348 PMCID: PMC7039889 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2335-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone tumor that primarily affects children and adolescents. Studies suggested that dysregulation JAK/STAT signaling promotes the development of OS. Cells treated with pimozide, a STAT5 inhibitor suppressed proliferation and colony formation and induced sub G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. There was a reduction in cyclin D1 and CDK2 expression and Rb phosphorylation, and activation of Caspase-3 and PARP cleavage. In addition, pimozide suppressed the formation of 3-dimensional osteospheres and growth of the cells in the Tumor in a Dish lung organoid system. Furthermore, there was a reduction in expression of cancer stem cell marker proteins DCLK1, CD44, CD133, Oct-4, and ABCG2. More importantly, it was the short form of DCLK1 that was upregulated in osteospheres, which was suppressed in response to pimozide. We further confirmed by flow cytometry a reduction in DCLK1+ cells. Moreover, pimozide inhibits the phosphorylation of STAT5, STAT3, and ERK in OS cells. Molecular docking studies suggest that pimozide interacts with STAT5A and STAT5B with binding energies of −8.4 and −6.4 Kcal/mol, respectively. Binding was confirmed by cellular thermal shift assay. To further understand the role of STAT5, we knocked down the two isoforms using specific siRNAs. While knockdown of the proteins did not affect the cells, knockdown of STAT5B reduced pimozide-induced necrosis and further enhanced late apoptosis. To determine the effect of pimozide on tumor growth in vivo, we administered pimozide intraperitoneally at a dose of 10 mg/kg BW every day for 21 days in mice carrying KHOS/NP tumor xenografts. Pimozide treatment significantly suppressed xenograft growth. Western blot and immunohistochemistry analyses also demonstrated significant inhibition of stem cell marker proteins. Together, these data suggest that pimozide treatment suppresses OS growth by targeting both proliferating cells and stem cells at least in part by inhibiting the STAT5 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmalingam Subramaniam
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Pablo Angulo
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.,Banner Health, 1432S. Dobson Rd. Ste. 107, Mesa, AZ, 85202, USA
| | - Sivapriya Ponnurangam
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Prasad Dandawate
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Prabhu Ramamoorthy
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Pugazhendhi Srinivasan
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Tomoo Iwakuma
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Scott J Weir
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Katherine Chastain
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.,Janssen Inc, 1000 U.S. Route 202 South, Raritan, NJ, 08869, USA
| | - Shrikant Anant
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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7
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Precision medicine in Ewing sarcoma: a translational point of view. Clin Transl Oncol 2020; 22:1440-1454. [PMID: 32026343 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-020-02298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is a rare tumor that arises in bones of children and teenagers but, in 15% of the patients it is presented as a primary soft tissue tumor. Balanced reciprocal chimeric translocation t(11;22)(q24;q12), which encodes an oncogenic protein fusion (EWSR1/FLI1), is the most generalized and characteristic molecular event. Using conventional treatments, (chemotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy) long-term overall survival rate is 30% for patients with disseminated disease and 65-75% for patients with localized tumors. Urgent new effective drug development is a challenge. This review summarizes the preclinical and clinical investigational knowledge about prognostic and targetable biomarkers in Ewing sarcoma, finally suggesting a workflow for precision medicine committees.
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8
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Chen M, Lu J, Wei W, Lv Y, Zhang X, Yao Y, Wang L, Ling T, Zou X. Effects of proton pump inhibitors on reversing multidrug resistance via downregulating V-ATPases/PI3K/Akt/mTOR/HIF-1α signaling pathway through TSC1/2 complex and Rheb in human gastric adenocarcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:6705-6722. [PMID: 30349304 PMCID: PMC6188003 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s161198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Our study aimed to explore the effects of PPIs on reversing multidrug resistance (MDR) to chemotherapy in gastric cancer by inhibiting the expression of V-ATPases and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR/HIF-1α signal pathway. Methods The gastric cancer cell lines SGC7901 and the multidrug resistance cell lines SGC7901/MDR were pretreated by the pantoprazole or the esomeprazole, respectively. Real-time PCR was used to determine mRNA levels, and western blotting and immunofluorescent staining analyses were employed to determine the protein expressions and intracellular distributions of the V-ATPases, PI3K, Akt, mTOR, HIF-1α, P-gp and MRP1 before and after PPIs pretreatment. SGC7901/MDR cells were planted on the athymic nude mice. Then the effects of PPZ pretreatment and/or ADR were compared by determining the tumor size, tumor weight and nude mice weight. Results PPIs pretreatment could inhibit mRNA levels of V-ATPases, MDR1 and MRP1, PI3K, Akt, mTOR and HIF-1α. PPIs inhibited V-ATPases and down-regulated the expressions of P-gp and MRP1. And further to block the expression of mTOR by Rapamycin could obviously inhibit the expressions of HIF-1α, P-gp and MRP1 in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, PPIs inhibited the expressions of V-ATPases and then reversed MDR of the chemotherapy in gastric cancer by inhibiting P-gp and MRP1, and it could be speculated that the mechanism might be closely related to down-regulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR/HIF-1α signaling pathway. Meanwhile, PPIs also could inhibit the expressions of TSC1/TSC2 complex and Rheb which might be involved into regulating the signaling pathway intermediately. The weight growth rate of the mice bearing tumor in the treatment group was lower than that of the nude mice in the normal group, while the weight growth rate of the mice in control group was significantly lower than that of the normal group and the treatment group, presenting a downward trend. Conclusion Therefore, PPIs inhibited the expressions of V-ATPases and then reversed MDR of the chemotherapy in gastric cancer by inhibiting P-gp and MRP1, and it could be speculated that the mechanism might be closely related to down-regulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR/HIF-1α signaling pathway, and also to inhibiting the expressions of TSC1/TSC2 complex and Rheb which might be involved into regulating the signaling pathway intermediately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Jian Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China, ; .,Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Clinical Medical School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China.,Department of Gastroenterology, the affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Xiaoqi Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Yuling Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Tingsheng Ling
- Department of Gastroenterology the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China, ; .,Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Gaochun People's Hospital, Nanjing 211300, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xiaoping Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China, ;
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9
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Worch J, Ranft A, DuBois SG, Paulussen M, Juergens H, Dirksen U. Age dependency of primary tumor sites and metastases in patients with Ewing sarcoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2018; 65:e27251. [PMID: 29856530 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.27251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The median age of patients with Ewing sarcoma (EwS) at diagnosis is around 14-15 years. Older age is associated with a worse outcome. The correlation of age at diagnosis on sites of disease has not been fully described. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to evaluate the differences in sites of primary tumor and metastatic tumor involvement according to age groups. DESIGN/METHOD EwS data from the Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Onkologie und Hämatology (GPOH) database of the Cooperative Ewing Sarcoma Study (CESS) 81/86 and the European Intergroup Cooperative Ewing's Sarcoma Study EICESS 92 and the EUROpean Ewing tumor Working Initiative of National Groups-99-Protocol (EURO-E.W.I.N.G.-99) study were analyzed. Patient and tumor characteristics were evaluated statistically using chi square tests. RESULTS The study population included 2,635 patients with bone EwS. Sites of primary and metastatic tumors differed according to the age groups of young children (0-9 years), early adolescence (10-14 years), late adolescence (15-19 years), young adults (20-24 years), and adults (more than 24 years). Young children demonstrated the most striking differences in site of disease with a lower proportion of pelvic primary and axial tumors. They presented less often with metastatic disease at diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Site of primary and metastatic tumor involvement in EwS differs according to patient age. The biological and developmental etiology for these differences requires further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Worch
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Westfalian Wilhelms University Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Ranft
- University Hospital Essen, Pediatrics III, Sarcoma Centre, West German Cancer, Essen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Center Essen, Germany
| | - Steven G DuBois
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Paulussen
- Children's and Adolescents' Hospital, Witten/Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany
| | - Heribert Juergens
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Westfalian Wilhelms University Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Uta Dirksen
- University Hospital Essen, Pediatrics III, Sarcoma Centre, West German Cancer, Essen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Center Essen, Germany
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10
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Kapinova A, Kubatka P, Golubnitschaja O, Kello M, Zubor P, Solar P, Pec M. Dietary phytochemicals in breast cancer research: anticancer effects and potential utility for effective chemoprevention. Environ Health Prev Med 2018; 23:36. [PMID: 30092754 PMCID: PMC6085646 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-018-0724-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancerous tissue transformation developing usually over years or even decades of life is a highly complex process involving strong stressors damaging DNA, chronic inflammation, comprehensive interaction between relevant molecular pathways, and cellular cross-talk within the neighboring tissues. Only the minor part of all cancer cases are caused by inborn predisposition; the absolute majority carry a sporadic character based on modifiable risk factors which play a central role in cancer prevention. Amongst most promising candidates for dietary supplements are bioactive phytochemicals demonstrating strong anticancer effects. Abundant evidence has been collected for beneficial effects of flavonoids, carotenoids, phenolic acids, and organosulfur compounds affecting a number of cancer-related pathways. Phytochemicals may positively affect processes of cell signaling, cell cycle regulation, oxidative stress response, and inflammation. They can modulate non-coding RNAs, upregulate tumor suppressive miRNAs, and downregulate oncogenic miRNAs that synergically inhibits cancer cell growth and cancer stem cell self-renewal. Potential clinical utility of the phytochemicals is discussed providing examples for chemoprevention against and therapy for human breast cancer. Expert recommendations are provided in the context of preventive medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Kapinova
- Division of Oncology, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Malá Hora 4C, 036 01 Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - P. Kubatka
- Division of Oncology, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Malá Hora 4C, 036 01 Martin, Slovak Republic
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Malá Hora 4, 036 01 Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - O. Golubnitschaja
- Radiological Clinic, Breast Cancer Research Center, Center for Integrated Oncology, Cologne-Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - M. Kello
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - P. Zubor
- Division of Oncology, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Malá Hora 4C, 036 01 Martin, Slovak Republic
- Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Kollárova 2, 03601 Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - P. Solar
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - M. Pec
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Malá Hora 4, 036 01 Martin, Slovak Republic
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11
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Rescigno T, Tecce MF, Capasso A. Protective and Restorative Effects of Nutrients and Phytochemicals. Open Biochem J 2018; 12:46-64. [PMID: 29760813 PMCID: PMC5906970 DOI: 10.2174/1874091x01812010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intoroduction: Dietary intake fundamentally provides reintegration of energy and essential nutrients to human organisms. However, its qualitative and quantitative composition strongly affects individual’s health, possibly being either a preventive or a risk factor. It was shown that nutritional status resulting from long-term exposition to specific diet formulations can outstandingly reduce incidences of most common and most important diseases of the developed world, such as cardiovascular and neoplastic diseases. Diet formulations result from different food combinations which bring specific nutrient molecules. Numerous molecules, mostly but not exclusively from vegetal foods, have been characterized among nutritional components as being particularly responsible for diet capabilities to exert risk reduction. These “bioactive nutrients” are able to produce effects which go beyond basic reintegration tasks, i.e. energetic and/or structural, but are specifically pharmacologically active within pathophysiological pathways related to many diseases, being able to selectively affect processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation, differentiation, angiogenesis, DNA repair and carcinogens activation. Conclusion: The present review was aimed to know the molecular mechanisms and pathways of activity of bioactive molecules; which will firstly allow search for optimal food composition and intake, and then use them as possible therapeutical targets and/or diagnostics. Also, the present review discussed the therapeutic effect of both nutrients and phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Rescigno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Mario F Tecce
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Anna Capasso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
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12
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Le CT, Leenders WPJ, Molenaar RJ, van Noorden CJF. Effects of the Green Tea Polyphenol Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate on Glioma: A Critical Evaluation of the Literature. Nutr Cancer 2018; 70:317-333. [PMID: 29570984 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1446090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The review discusses the effects of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate Gallate (EGCG) on glioma as a basis for future research on clinical application of EGCG. Epidemiological studies on the effects of green tea or EGCG on the risk of glioma is inconclusive due to the limited number of studies, the inclusion of all tea types in these studies, and the focus on caffeine rather than EGCG. In vivo experiments using EGCG monotherapy are inconclusive. Nevertheless, EGCG induces cell death, prevents cellular proliferation, and limits invasion in multiple glioma cell lines. Furthermore, EGCG enhances the efficacy of anti-glioma therapies, including irradiation, temozolomide, carmustine, cisplatin, tamoxifen, and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, but reduces the effect of bortezomib. Pro-drugs, co-treatment, and encapsulation are being investigated to enhance clinical applicability of EGCG. Mechanisms of actions of EGCG have been partly elucidated. EGCG has both anti-oxidant and oxidant properties. EGCG inhibits pro-survival proteins, such as telomerase, survivin, GRP78, PEA15, and P-gp. EGCG inhibits signaling of PDGFR, IGF-1R, and 67LR. EGCG reduces invasiveness of cancer cells by inhibiting the activities of various metalloproteinases, cytokines, and chemokines. Last, EGCG inhibits some NADPH-producing enzymes, thus disturbing redox status and metabolism of glioma cells. In conclusion, EGCG may be a suitable adjuvant to potentiate anti-glioma therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung T Le
- a Department of Medical Biology , Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | | | - Remco J Molenaar
- a Department of Medical Biology , Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J F van Noorden
- a Department of Medical Biology , Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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Pandey MK, Gupta SC, Nabavizadeh A, Aggarwal BB. Regulation of cell signaling pathways by dietary agents for cancer prevention and treatment. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 46:158-181. [PMID: 28823533 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although it is widely accepted that better food habits do play important role in cancer prevention and treatment, how dietary agents mediate their effects remains poorly understood. More than thousand different polyphenols have been identified from dietary plants. In this review, we discuss the underlying mechanism by which dietary agents can modulate a variety of cell-signaling pathways linked to cancer, including transcription factors, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), activator protein-1 (AP-1), β-catenin/Wnt, peroxisome proliferator activator receptor- gamma (PPAR-γ), Sonic Hedgehog, and nuclear factor erythroid 2 (Nrf2); growth factors receptors (EGFR, VEGFR, IGF1-R); protein Kinases (Ras/Raf, mTOR, PI3K, Bcr-abl and AMPK); and pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, interleukins, COX-2, 5-LOX). In addition, modulation of proteasome and epigenetic changes by the dietary agents also play a major role in their ability to control cancer. Both in vitro and animal based studies support the role of dietary agents in cancer. The efficacy of dietary agents by clinical trials has also been reported. Importantly, natural agents are already in clinical trials against different kinds of cancer. Overall both in vitro and in vivo studies performed with dietary agents strongly support their role in cancer prevention. Thus, the famous quote "Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food" made by Hippocrates 25 centuries ago still holds good.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Pandey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA.
| | - Subash C Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ali Nabavizadeh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
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14
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Yuan CH, Horng CT, Lee CF, Chiang NN, Tsai FJ, Lu CC, Chiang JH, Hsu YM, Yang JS, Chen FA. Epigallocatechin gallate sensitizes cisplatin-resistant oral cancer CAR cell apoptosis and autophagy through stimulating AKT/STAT3 pathway and suppressing multidrug resistance 1 signaling. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:845-855. [PMID: 27200496 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a green tea polyphenol that presents anticancer activities in multiple cancer cells, but no available report was addressed for the underling molecular mechanism of cytotoxic impacts on drug-resistant oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. In the present study, the inhibitory effects of EGCG were experienced on cisplatin-resistant oral cancer CAR cells. EGCG inhibited cell viability in a time- and concentration-dependent manner by a sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. EGCG induced CAR cell apoptosis and autophagy by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) dye, acridine orange (AO) staining and green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged LC3B assay, respectively. EGCG also significantly enhanced caspase-9 and caspase-3 activities by caspase activity assay. EGCG markedly increased the protein levels of Bax, cleaved caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3, Atg5, Atg7, Atg12, Beclin-1, and LC3B-II, as well as significantly decreased the expression of Bcl-2, phosphorylated AKT (Ser473) and phosphorylation of STAT3 on Tyr705 by western blotting in CAR cells. Importantly, the protein and gene expression of multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) were dose-dependently inhibited by EGCG. Overall, downregulation of MDR1 levels and alterations of AKT/STAT3 signaling contributed to EGCG-induced apoptosis and autophagy in CAR cells. Based on these results, EGCG has the potential for therapeutic effect on oral cancer and may be useful for long-term oral cancer prevention in the future. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 845-855, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Han Yuan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ting Horng
- Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Medical Education Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Fang Lee
- Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital Pingtung Branch, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Ni-Na Chiang
- Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital Pingtung Branch, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- Human Genetic Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Cheng Lu
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Hua Chiang
- Department of Nursing, Chung-Jen Junior College of Nursing, Health Sciences and Management, Chiayi County, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Man Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jai-Sing Yang
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fu-An Chen
- Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, Tajen University, Pingtung, Taiwan
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Iravani O, Bay BH, Yip GWC. Silencing HS6ST3 inhibits growth and progression of breast cancer cells through suppressing IGF1R and inducing XAF1. Exp Cell Res 2016; 350:380-389. [PMID: 28017727 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfation is biologically edited by 6-O-sulfotransferases (HS6STs) within heparan sulfate chains. Three isoforms of HS6ST have been identified. These enzymes are found to be differentially expressed in a variety of tissues. Recently, several studies have shown that dysregulation of 6-O-sulfotransferases could be involved in tumorigenesis of several cancers. This study aimed to analyze the expression and function of HS6ST3 in breast cancer. HS6ST3 was found up-regulated in T47D, MCF7 and MDA-MB231 breast cancer cell lines. HS6ST3 was then silenced in T47D and MCF7 using siRNA. Silencing HS6ST3 diminished tumor cell growth, migration and invasion, but enhanced cell adhesion and apoptosis in breast cancer. Gene microarray analysis revealed that silencing HS6ST3 significantly changed the expression of IGF1R and XAF1 in breast cancer cells. Further functional studies showed that the cellular processes were mediated by IGF1R and XAF1 after silencing HS6ST3 in breast cancer cells. Together these results indicate that HS6ST3 might be involved in the tumorigenesis of breast cancer and it could be a promising target in breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Iravani
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Boon-Huat Bay
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - George Wai-Cheong Yip
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Harati K, Behr B, Wallner C, Daigeler A, Hirsch T, Jacobsen F, Renner M, Harati A, Lehnhardt M, Becerikli M. Anti‑proliferative activity of epigallocatechin‑3‑gallate and silibinin on soft tissue sarcoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 15:103-110. [PMID: 27909727 PMCID: PMC5355719 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Disseminated soft tissue sarcomas (STS) present a therapeutic dilemma. The first-line cytostatic doxorubicin demonstrates a response rate of 30% and is not suitable for elderly patients with underlying cardiac disease, due to its cardiotoxicity. Well‑tolerated alternative treatment options, particularly in palliative situations, are rare. Therefore, the present study assessed the anti‑proliferative effects of the natural compounds epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), silibinin and noscapine on STS cells. A total of eight different human STS cell lines were used in the study: Fibrosarcoma (HT1080), liposarcoma (SW872, T778 and MLS‑402), synovial sarcoma (SW982, SYO1 and 1273) and pleomorphic sarcoma (U2197). Cell proliferation and viability were analysed by 5‑bromo-2'-deoxyuridine and MTT assays and real‑time cell analysis (RTCA). RTCA indicated that noscapine did not exhibit any inhibitory effects. By contrast, EGCG decreased proliferation and viability of all cell lines except for the 1273 synovial sarcoma cell line. Silibinin exhibited anti‑proliferative effects on all synovial sarcoma, liposarcoma and fibrosarcoma cell lines. Liposarcoma cell lines responded particularly well to EGCG while synovial sarcoma cell lines were more sensitive to silibinin. In conclusion, the green tea polyphenol EGCG and the natural flavonoid silibinin from milk thistle suppressed the proliferation and viability of liposarcoma, synovial sarcoma and fibrosarcoma cells. These compounds are therefore potential candidates as mild therapeutic options for patients that are not suitable for doxorubicin‑based chemotherapy and require palliative treatment. The findings from the present study provide evidence to support in vivo trials assessing the effect of these natural compounds on solid sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Harati
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Burn Center, Hand Center, Sarcoma Reference Center, BG‑University Hospital Bergmannsheil, D‑44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Björn Behr
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Burn Center, Hand Center, Sarcoma Reference Center, BG‑University Hospital Bergmannsheil, D‑44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Christoph Wallner
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Burn Center, Hand Center, Sarcoma Reference Center, BG‑University Hospital Bergmannsheil, D‑44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Adrien Daigeler
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Burn Center, Hand Center, Sarcoma Reference Center, BG‑University Hospital Bergmannsheil, D‑44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Tobias Hirsch
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Burn Center, Hand Center, Sarcoma Reference Center, BG‑University Hospital Bergmannsheil, D‑44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Frank Jacobsen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Burn Center, Hand Center, Sarcoma Reference Center, BG‑University Hospital Bergmannsheil, D‑44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Marcus Renner
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, D‑69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ali Harati
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum Dortmund, D‑44145 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marcus Lehnhardt
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Burn Center, Hand Center, Sarcoma Reference Center, BG‑University Hospital Bergmannsheil, D‑44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Mustafa Becerikli
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Burn Center, Hand Center, Sarcoma Reference Center, BG‑University Hospital Bergmannsheil, D‑44789 Bochum, Germany
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Andersson C, Fagman H, Hansson M, Enlund F. Profiling of potential driver mutations in sarcomas by targeted next generation sequencing. Cancer Genet 2016; 209:154-60. [PMID: 26987750 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive genetic profiling by massively parallel sequencing, commonly known as next generation sequencing (NGS), is becoming the foundation of personalized oncology. For sarcomas very few targeted treatments are currently in routine use. In clinical practice the preoperative diagnostic workup of soft tissue tumours largely relies on core needle biopsies. Although mostly sufficient for histopathological diagnosis, only very limited amounts of formalin fixated paraffin embedded tissue are often available for predictive mutation analysis. Targeted NGS may thus open up new possibilities for comprehensive characterization of scarce biopsies. We therefore set out to search for driver mutations by NGS in a cohort of 55 clinically and morphologically well characterized sarcomas using low input of DNA from formalin fixated paraffin embedded tissues. The aim was to investigate if there are any recurrent or targetable aberrations in cancer driver genes in addition to known chromosome translocations in different types of sarcomas. We employed a panel covering 207 mutation hotspots in 50 cancer-associated genes to analyse DNA from nine gastrointestinal stromal tumours, 14 synovial sarcomas, seven myxoid liposarcomas, 22 Ewing sarcomas and three Ewing-like small round cell tumours at a large sequencing depth to detect also mutations that are subclonal or occur at low allele frequencies. We found nine mutations in eight different potential driver genes, some of which are potentially actionable by currently existing targeted therapies. Even though no recurrent mutations in driver genes were found in the different sarcoma groups, we show that targeted NGS-based sequencing is clearly feasible in a diagnostic setting with very limited amounts of paraffin embedded tissue and may provide novel insights into mesenchymal cell signalling and potentially druggable targets. Interestingly, we also identify five non-synonymous sequence variants in 4 established cancer driver genes in DNA from normal tissue from sarcoma patients that may possibly predispose or contribute to neoplastic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Andersson
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Fagman
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Hansson
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Enlund
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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LI MIN, LI JINGJING, GU QIHUA, AN JIAN, CAO LIMING, YANG HUAPING, HU CHENGPING. EGCG induces lung cancer A549 cell apoptosis by regulating Ku70 acetylation. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:2339-47. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Wu YT, Wang BJ, Miao SW, Gao JJ. Picropodophyllin inhibits the growth of Ewing's sarcoma cells through the insulin‑like growth factor‑1 receptor/Akt signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:7045-50. [PMID: 26323364 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing's sarcoma (ES) is the second most common type of pediatric bone tumor, and is associated with a poor prognosis. Picropodophyllin (PPP), a novel selective inhibitor of insulin‑like growth factor‑1 receptor (IGF‑1R), is able to strongly inhibit various types of cancers. However, the effect of IGF‑1R on ES remains unclear. Following treatment with various concentrations of PPP for various times, cell viability was determined using an MTT assay. In addition, cell proliferation and apoptosis was investigated separately by bromodeoxyuridine staining and flow cytometry, respectively. The PPP‑associated signaling pathway was also investigated. The results of the present study suggested that PPP inhibited cell proliferation and viability of A673 and SK‑ES‑1 human Ewing's sarcoma cells in a dose- and time‑dependent manner. In addition, cell apoptosis rates were increased following treatment with PPP. Further investigation of the underlying mechanism revealed that PPP inhibited Akt phosphorylation. Fumonisin B1, an Akt‑specific activator, reversed the inhibitory effects of PPP on cell growth. Furthermore, the results suggested that PPP decreased the expression levels of IGF‑1R, a common activator of Akt signaling. PPP inhibited the growth of human Ewing's sarcoma cells by targeting the IGF‑1R/Akt signaling pathway. Therefore, PPP may prove useful in the development of an effective strategy for the treatment of Ewing's sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Tao Wu
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Jun Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shaanxi Province Yangling Demonstration Zone Hospital, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Wu Miao
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Jun Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shaanxi Province Yangling Demonstration Zone Hospital, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
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Implications of Green Tea and Its Constituents in the Prevention of Cancer via the Modulation of Cell Signalling Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:925640. [PMID: 25977926 PMCID: PMC4419223 DOI: 10.1155/2015/925640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Green tea is commonly used as a beverage worldwide, especially in China, Japan, Morocco, and Saudi Arabia. Green tea and its constituents have been considered very effective in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. It contains a variety of catechins, which show a pivotal role in the modulation of biological activities and also act as chemopreventive agents. Earlier studies have confirmed that green tea and its chief constituent epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) have a potential role in the management of cancer through the modulation of cell signaling pathways. In this review, we focused on the beneficial effects of green tea and its constituents in the cancer prevention and treatment and its impact on modulation of molecular pathways.
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Jiang Y, Ludwig J, Janku F. Targeted therapies for advanced Ewing sarcoma family of tumors. Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 41:391-400. [PMID: 25869102 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis of adolescent and young adult patients battling metastatic Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT) remains less than 30% despite the development of systemic therapies. In the era of personalized medicine, novel molecular targets have been tested in preclinical or clinical settings in ESFT. In this review, we focus on early clinical and translational research that identified multiple molecular targets, including IGF-1R; mTOR; tyrosine kinase inhibitors; EWS-FLI1-related targets, and others. Overall, novel targeted therapies demonstrated modest efficacy; however pronounced and durable antineoplastic responses have been observed in small subsets of treated patients, for example with IGF-1R antibodies. Identifying outcome-predicting biomarkers and overcoming treatment resistance remain major challenges. Due to the rarity of ESFT, multi-institutional collaboration efforts of clinicians, basic and translational scientists are needed in order to understand biology of therapeutic response or resistance, which can lead to development of novel therapeutic methods and improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Jiang
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Clinical Trials Program), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph Ludwig
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Filip Janku
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Clinical Trials Program), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Kovar H. Blocking the road, stopping the engine or killing the driver? Advances in targeting EWS/FLI-1 fusion in Ewing sarcoma as novel therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:1315-28. [PMID: 25162919 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.947963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ewing sarcoma (ES) represents the paradigm of an aberrant E-twenty-six (ETS) oncogene-driven cancer. It is characterized by specific rearrangements of one of five alternative ETS family member genes with EWSR1. There is experimental evidence that the resulting fusion proteins act as aberrant transcription factors driving ES pathogenesis. The transcriptional gene regulatory network driven by EWS-ETS proteins provides the oncogenic engine to the tumor. Therefore, EWS-ETS and their downstream machinery are considered ideal tumor-specific therapeutic targets. AREAS COVERED This review critically discusses the literature on the development of EWS-ETS-directed ES targeting strategies considering current knowledge of EWS-ETS biology and cellular context. It focuses on determinants of EWS-FLI1 function with an emphasis on interactions with chromatin structure. We speculate about the relevance of poorly investigated aspects in ES research such as chromatin remodeling and DNA damage repair for the development of targeted therapies. EXPERT OPINION This review questions the specificity of signature-based screening approaches to the identification of EWS-FLI1-targeted compounds. It challenges the view that targeting the downstream gene regulatory network carries potential for therapeutic breakthroughs because of resistance-inducing network rewiring. Instead, we propose to combine targeting of the fusion protein with epigenetic therapy as a future treatment strategy in ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Kovar
- Children´s Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, and Medical University Vienna, Department of Pediatrics , Zimmermannplatz 10, A1090 Vienna , Austria +43 1 40470 4092 ; +43 1 40470 64092 ;
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Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is the second most common pediatric malignant bone tumor. Aggressive multimodality therapy has led to an improvement in outcomes, particularly in patients with localized disease. However, therapy-related toxicities are not trivial, and the prognosis for patients with relapsed and/or metastatic disease continues to be poor. In this article, we outline some of the promising therapies that have the potential to change the Ewing sarcoma therapeutic paradigm in the not-too-distant future: insulin-like growth factor receptor inhibitors, targeting of the fusion protein, epigenetic manipulation, PARP inhibitors, and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda I Arnaldez
- Authors' Affiliation: Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lee J Helman
- Authors' Affiliation: Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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Ranzato E, Martinotti S, Magnelli V, Murer B, Biffo S, Mutti L, Burlando B. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate induces mesothelioma cell death via H2 O2 -dependent T-type Ca2+ channel opening. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 16:2667-78. [PMID: 22564432 PMCID: PMC4118235 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01584.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MMe) is a highly aggressive, lethal tumour requiring the development of more effective therapies. The green tea polyphenol epigallocathechin-3-gallate (EGCG) inhibits the growth of many types of cancer cells. We found that EGCG is selectively cytotoxic to MMe cells with respect to normal mesothelial cells. MMe cell viability was inhibited by predominant induction of apoptosis at lower doses and necrosis at higher doses. EGCG elicited H2O2 release in cell cultures, and exogenous catalase (CAT) abrogated EGCG-induced cytotoxicity, apoptosis and necrosis. Confocal imaging of fluo 3-loaded, EGCG-exposed MMe cells showed significant [Ca2+]i rise, prevented by CAT, dithiothreitol or the T-type Ca2+ channel blockers mibefradil and NiCl2. Cell loading with dihydrorhodamine 123 revealed EGCG-induced ROS production, prevented by CAT, mibefradil or the Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM. Direct exposure of cells to H2O2 produced similar effects on Ca2+ and ROS, and these effects were prevented by the same inhibitors. Sensitivity of REN cells to EGCG was correlated with higher expression of Cav3.2 T-type Ca2+ channels in these cells, compared to normal mesothelium. Also, Cav3.2 siRNA on MMe cells reduced in vitro EGCG cytotoxicity and abated apoptosis and necrosis. Intriguingly, Cav3.2 expression was observed in malignant pleural mesothelioma biopsies from patients, but not in normal pleura. In conclusion, data showed the expression of T-type Ca2+ channels in MMe tissue and their role in EGCG selective cytotoxicity to MMe cells, suggesting the possible use of these channels as a novel MMe pharmacological target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Ranzato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, DiSIT, University of Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Alessandria, Italy.
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Liu S, Wang XJ, Liu Y, Cui YF. PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling is involved in (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate-induced apoptosis of human pancreatic carcinoma cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2013; 41:629-42. [PMID: 23711146 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x13500444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling promotes cell survival, proliferation and progression in cancer cells. Targeting this pathway may lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches for human cancers. Here, we examined the effects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in pancreatic cancer cells, and assessed its therapeutic potential. In this study, the proliferation and apoptosis of PANC-1 cells were examined by MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The expression of genes and proteins involved in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway were measured by RT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. Our results revealed that EGCG dramatically inhibited the proliferation of PANC-1 cells and induced apoptosis simultaneously. Furthermore, it upregulated PTEN mRNA and protein expression levels, as well as downregulating the expression of phospho-AKT and phospho-mTOR. In conclusion, these results suggest that EGCG can suppress proliferation and induce apoptosis of PANC-1 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner; moreover, EGCG also can upregulate PTEN expression and downregulate the expression of pAKT and p-mTOR to modulate the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Liu
- The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Prospects and challenges for the development of new therapies for Ewing sarcoma. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 137:216-24. [PMID: 23085431 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The Ewing sarcoma family of tumors or Ewing sarcoma (ES) is the second most common malignant bone tumor of childhood. The prognosis for localized Ewing sarcoma has improved through the development of intense multimodal therapy over the past several decades. Unfortunately, patients with recurrent or metastatic disease continue to have a poor prognosis. Therefore, a number of complementary approaches are being developed in both the preclinical and clinical arenas to improve these outcomes. In this review, we will discuss efforts to directly target the biologic drivers of this disease and relate these efforts to the experience with several different agents both in the clinic and under development. We will review the data for compounds that have shown excellent activity in the clinic, such as the camptothecins, and summarize the biological data that supports this activity. In addition, we will review the clinical experience with IGF1 targeted agents, ET-743 and epigenetically targeted therapies, the substantial amount of literature that supports their activity in Ewing sarcoma and the challenges remaining translating these therapies to the clinic. Finally, we will highlight recent work aimed at directly targeting the EWS-FLI1 transcription factor with small molecules in Ewing tumors.
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Li JJ, Gu QH, Li M, Yang HP, Cao LM, Hu CP. Role of Ku70 and Bax in epigallocatechin-3-gallate-induced apoptosis of A549 cells in vivo. Oncol Lett 2012; 5:101-106. [PMID: 23255902 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2012.972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
EGCG (epigallocatechin-3-gallate), the major catechin found in green tea, has been demonstrated to inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in a number of types of tumors. Recent studies reveal that EGCG has various anticancer effects. This study investigated a further possible molecular mechanism of the anticancer effects of EGCG in murine lung cancer xenografts. In the study, A549 human lung cancer cells were injected into nude mice. Tumor volume was used to measure cancer cell growth. The weight of the animals was used to assess the toxicity of the drugs. The expression of protein and mRNA was assayed by western blot analysis and RT-PCR, respectively. The interaction between Bax and Ku70 was determined by immunoprecipitation. Our results suggest that EGCG induced A549 lung cancer cell apoptosis in vivo, and had less toxic effects compared to classical anticancer drugs. EGCG may inhibit the surrogate markers of proliferation and apoptosis (caspase 3) in A549 tumor xenografts in vivo. In addition, EGCG downregulated the expression of Bcl-xl and upregulated the expression of Bax mRNA and protein. Further experiments indicated that EGCG downregulated the protein expression of Ku70 and interrupted the binding of Ku70 and Bax. This is the first study demonstrating that the induction of apoptosis by EGCG may be caused by the downregulation of Ku70 and that EGCG disrupts the interaction between Ku70 and Bax in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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Im M, Kim SY, Sohn KC, Choi DK, Lee Y, Seo YJ, Kim CD, Hwang YL, Zouboulis CC, Lee JH. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate suppresses IGF-I-induced lipogenesis and cytokine expression in SZ95 sebocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:2700-8. [PMID: 22763784 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is the most common disease of the pilosebaceous unit. The pathogenesis of this inflammatory disease is complex, involving increased sebum production and perifollicular inflammation. To identify effective agents for factors that induce acne vulgaris, we explored the pharmacological potential of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), which has been widely investigated as an anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory agent. In this study, we demonstrated that topical application of EGCG to rabbit auricles reduced the size of the sebaceous glands. When applied to cultured human SZ95 sebocytes, EGCG strongly suppressed cell proliferation and lipogenesis. These actions of EGCG were reproduced in IGF-I-differentiated SZ95 sebocytes. To investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of EGCG, we evaluated pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis in IGF-I-differentiated SZ95 sebocytes and found that expression of IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8 was decreased. These results provide early evidence that EGCG is an effective candidate for acne therapy whose mechanisms of action in IGF-I-differentiated SZ95 sebocytes include the inhibition of lipogenesis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Im
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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29
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King ER, Wong KK. Insulin-like growth factor: current concepts and new developments in cancer therapy. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2012; 7:14-30. [PMID: 21875414 PMCID: PMC3724215 DOI: 10.2174/157489212798357930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) family and the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) play an important role in cancer. This intricate and complex signaling pathway provides many opportunities for therapeutic intervention, and several novel therapeutics aimed at the IGF-1R, particularly monoclonal antibodies and small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors, are under clinical investigation. This article provides a patent overview of the IGF signaling pathway and its complexity, addresses the justification for the use of IGF-1R-targeted therapy, and reviews the results of in vivo and in vitro novel therapeutics. Over the past year, the completion of several phase I, II, and III trials have provided interesting new information about the clinical activity of these novel compounds, particularly CP-751,871, IMC-A12, R1507, AMG-479, AVE-1642, MK-0646, XL-228, OSI-906, and BMS-754807. We review the important preliminary results from clinical trials with these compounds and conclude with a discussion about future therapeutic efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin R King
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1362, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Kanwar J, Taskeen M, Mohammad I, Huo C, Chan TH, Dou QP. Recent advances on tea polyphenols. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2012; 4:111-31. [PMID: 22201858 DOI: 10.2741/363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade many scientific and medical studies have focused on green tea for its long-purported health benefits. There is convincing evidence that tea is a cup of life. It has multiple preventive and therapeutic effects. This review thus focuses on the recent advances of tea polyphenols and their applications in the prevention and treatment of human cancers. Of the various polyphenols in tea, (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant, and active compound studied in tea research. EGCG inhibits several molecular targets to inhibit cancer initiation and modulates several essential survival pathways to block cancer progression. Herein, we describe the various mechanisms of action of EGCG and also discuss previous and current ongoing clinical trials of EGCG and green tea polyphenols in different cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Kanwar
- The Developmental Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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31
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Herrero-Martin D, Fourtouna A, Niedan S, Riedmann LT, Schwentner R, Aryee DNT. Factors Affecting EWS-FLI1 Activity in Ewing's Sarcoma. Sarcoma 2011; 2011:352580. [PMID: 22135504 PMCID: PMC3216314 DOI: 10.1155/2011/352580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ewing's sarcoma family tumors (ESFT) are characterized by specific chromosomal translocations, which give rise to EWS-ETS chimeric proteins. These aberrant transcription factors are the main pathogenic drivers of ESFT. Elucidation of the factors influencing EWS-ETS expression and/or activity will guide the development of novel therapeutic agents against this fatal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Herrero-Martin
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Argyro Fourtouna
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Niedan
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lucia T. Riedmann
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Raphaela Schwentner
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dave N. T. Aryee
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Nery LR, Rodrigues MM, Rosemberg DB, Bogo MR, De Farias CB, Abujamra AL, Schwartsmann G, Roesler R, Vianna MR. Regulation of E-cadherin expression by growth factor receptors in cancer cells. J Surg Oncol 2011; 104:220-1. [DOI: 10.1002/jso.21898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Gupta SC, Kim JH, Prasad S, Aggarwal BB. Regulation of survival, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis of tumor cells through modulation of inflammatory pathways by nutraceuticals. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2010; 29:405-34. [PMID: 20737283 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-010-9235-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 542] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Almost 25 centuries ago, Hippocrates, the father of medicine, proclaimed "Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food." Exploring the association between diet and health continues today. For example, we now know that as many as 35% of all cancers can be prevented by dietary changes. Carcinogenesis is a multistep process involving the transformation, survival, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis of the tumor and may take up to 30 years. The pathways associated with this process have been linked to chronic inflammation, a major mediator of tumor progression. The human body consists of about 13 trillion cells, almost all of which are turned over within 100 days, indicating that 70,000 cells undergo apoptosis every minute. Thus, apoptosis/cell death is a normal physiological process, and it is rare that a lack of apoptosis kills the patient. Almost 90% of all deaths due to cancer are linked to metastasis of the tumor. How our diet can prevent cancer is the focus of this review. Specifically, we will discuss how nutraceuticals, such as allicin, apigenin, berberine, butein, caffeic acid, capsaicin, catechin gallate, celastrol, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, fisetin, flavopiridol, gambogic acid, genistein, plumbagin, quercetin, resveratrol, sanguinarine, silibinin, sulforaphane, taxol, gamma-tocotrienol, and zerumbone, derived from spices, legumes, fruits, nuts, and vegetables, can modulate inflammatory pathways and thus affect the survival, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis of the tumor. Various cell signaling pathways that are modulated by these agents will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subash C Gupta
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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The molecular genetics underlying basal cell carcinoma pathogenesis and links to targeted therapeutics. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 66:e167-78. [PMID: 20800318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 06/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway play a key role in the development of basal cell carcinomas. Specifically, mutations in the PTCH1 (also known as PTCH or PTC1) and SMO genes cause tumor formation through constitutive activation of the pathway. Misregulation of the pathway has also been implicated in the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome and other tumors. Understanding the function of the sonic hedgehog pathway has led to novel strategies for treatment. In this review we highlight the role of the pathway in the pathogenesis of basal cell carcinoma and review potential targeted therapies.
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