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Tomisch J, Busse V, Rosato F, Makshakova ON, Salavei P, Kittel AS, Gillon E, Lataster L, Imberty A, Meléndez AV, Römer W. A Shiga Toxin B-Subunit-Based Lectibody Boosts T Cell Cytotoxicity towards Gb3-Positive Cancer Cells. Cells 2023; 12:1896. [PMID: 37508560 PMCID: PMC10378424 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation plays a crucial role in tumour progression and invasiveness. Tumour-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) represent a valuable set of targets for immunotherapeutic approaches. The poor immunogenicity of glycan structures, however, requires a more effective and well-directed way of targeting TACAs on the surface of cancer cells than antibodies. The glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) is a well-established TACA present in a multitude of cancer types. Its overexpression has been linked to metastasis, invasiveness, and multidrug resistance. In the present study, we propose to use a dimeric fragment of the Shiga toxin B-subunit (StxB) to selectively target Gb3-positive cancer cells in a StxB-scFv UCHT1 lectibody. The lectibody, comprised of a lectin and the UCHT1 antibody fragment, was produced in E. coli and purified via Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. Specificity of the lectibody towards Gb3-positive cancer cell lines and specificity towards the CD3 receptor on T cells, was assessed using flow cytometry. We evaluated the efficacy of the lectibody in redirecting T cell cytotoxicity towards Gb3-overexpressing cancer cells in luciferase-based cytotoxicity in vitro assays. The StxB-scFv UCHT1 lectibody has proven specific for Gb3 and could induce the killing of up to 80% of Gb3-overexpressing cancer cells in haemorrhagic and solid tumours. The lectibody developed in this study, therefore, highlights the potential that lectibodies and lectins in general have for usage in immunotherapeutic approaches to boost the efficacy of established cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Tomisch
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vincent Busse
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Francesca Rosato
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olga N Makshakova
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Kazan Institute for Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Pavel Salavei
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Core Facility Signalling Factory & Robotics, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Sophia Kittel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Emilie Gillon
- CNRS, CERMAV, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Levin Lataster
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Imberty
- CNRS, CERMAV, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ana Valeria Meléndez
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Winfried Römer
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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Márquez-López A, Fanarraga ML. AB Toxins as High-Affinity Ligands for Cell Targeting in Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11227. [PMID: 37446406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional targeted therapies for the treatment of cancer have limitations, including the development of acquired resistance. However, novel alternatives have emerged in the form of targeted therapies based on AB toxins. These biotoxins are a diverse group of highly poisonous molecules that show a nanomolar affinity for their target cell receptors, making them an invaluable source of ligands for biomedical applications. Bacterial AB toxins, in particular, are modular proteins that can be genetically engineered to develop high-affinity therapeutic compounds. These toxins consist of two distinct domains: a catalytically active domain and an innocuous domain that acts as a ligand, directing the catalytic domain to the target cells. Interestingly, many tumor cells show receptors on the surface that are recognized by AB toxins, making these high-affinity proteins promising tools for developing new methods for targeting anticancer therapies. Here we describe the structure and mechanisms of action of Diphtheria (Dtx), Anthrax (Atx), Shiga (Stx), and Cholera (Ctx) toxins, and review the potential uses of AB toxins in cancer therapy. We also discuss the main advances in this field, some successful results, and, finally, the possible development of innovative and precise applications in oncology based on engineered recombinant AB toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Márquez-López
- The Nanomedicine Group, Institute Valdecilla-IDIVAL, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Mónica L Fanarraga
- The Nanomedicine Group, Institute Valdecilla-IDIVAL, 39011 Santander, Spain
- Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain
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Danielewicz N, Rosato F, Tomisch J, Gräber J, Wiltschi B, Striedner G, Römer W, Mairhofer J. Clickable Shiga Toxin B Subunit for Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:15406-15421. [PMID: 37151527 PMCID: PMC10157870 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, receptor-mediated drug delivery has gained major attention in the treatment of cancer. The pathogen-derived Shiga Toxin B subunit (STxB) can be used as a carrier that detects the tumor-associated glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) receptors. While drug conjugation via lysine or cysteine offers random drug attachment to carriers, click chemistry has the potential to improve the engineering of delivery systems as the site specificity can eliminate interference with the active binding site of tumor ligands. We present the production of recombinant STxB in its wild-type (STxBwt) version or incorporating the noncanonical amino acid azido lysine (STxBAzK). The STxBwt and STxBAzK were manufactured using a growth-decoupled Escherichia coli (E. coli)-based expression strain and analyzed via flow cytometry for Gb3 receptor recognition and specificity on two human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines-HT-29 and LS-174-characterized by high and low Gb3 abundance, respectively. Furthermore, STxBAzK was clicked to the antineoplastic agent monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) and evaluated in cell-killing assays for its ability to deliver the drug to Gb3-expressing tumor cells. The STxBAzK-MMAE conjugate induced uptake and release of the MMAE drug in Gb3-positive tumor cells, reaching 94% of HT-29 cell elimination at 72 h post-treatment and low nanomolar doses while sparing LS-174 cells. STxBAzK is therefore presented as a well-functioning drug carrier, with a possible application in cancer therapy. This research demonstrates the feasibility of lectin carriers used in delivering drugs to tumor cells, with prospects for improved cancer therapy in terms of straightforward drug attachment and effective cancer cell elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Danielewicz
- enGenes
Biotech GmbH, Muthgasse
11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- Department
of Biotechnology, University of Natural
Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Francesca Rosato
- Faculty
of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signaling
Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University
of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße
18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jana Tomisch
- Faculty
of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signaling
Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University
of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße
18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Gräber
- Faculty
of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signaling
Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University
of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße
18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Wiltschi
- Department
of Biotechnology, University of Natural
Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian
Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Striedner
- Department
of Biotechnology, University of Natural
Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Winfried Römer
- Faculty
of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signaling
Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University
of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße
18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg
Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Rosato F, Pasupuleti R, Tomisch J, Meléndez AV, Kolanovic D, Makshakova ON, Wiltschi B, Römer W. A bispecific, crosslinking lectibody activates cytotoxic T cells and induces cancer cell death. J Transl Med 2022; 20:578. [PMID: 36494671 PMCID: PMC9733292 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03794-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant glycosylation patterns play a crucial role in the development of cancer cells as they promote tumor growth and aggressiveness. Lectins recognize carbohydrate antigens attached to proteins and lipids on cell surfaces and represent potential tools for application in cancer diagnostics and therapy. Among the emerging cancer therapies, immunotherapy has become a promising treatment modality for various hematological and solid malignancies. Here we present an approach to redirect the immune system into fighting cancer by targeting altered glycans at the surface of malignant cells. We developed a so-called "lectibody", a bispecific construct composed of a lectin linked to an antibody fragment. This lectibody is inspired by bispecific T cell engager (BiTEs) antibodies that recruit cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) while simultaneously binding to tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) on cancer cells. The tumor-related glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) represents the target of this proof-of-concept study. It is recognized with high selectivity by the B-subunit of the pathogen-derived Shiga toxin, presenting opportunities for clinical development. METHODS The lectibody was realized by conjugating an anti-CD3 single-chain antibody fragment to the B-subunit of Shiga toxin to target Gb3+ cancer cells. The reactive non-canonical amino acid azidolysine (AzK) was inserted at predefined single positions in both proteins. The azido groups were functionalized by bioorthogonal conjugation with individual linkers that facilitated selective coupling via an alternative bioorthogonal click chemistry reaction. In vitro cell-based assays were conducted to evaluate the antitumoral activity of the lectibody. CTLs, Burkitt´s lymphoma-derived cells and colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines were screened in flow cytometry and cytotoxicity assays for activation and lysis, respectively. RESULTS This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that the lectibody activates T cells for their cytotoxic signaling, redirecting CTLs´ cytotoxicity in a highly selective manner and resulting in nearly complete tumor cell lysis-up to 93%-of Gb3+ tumor cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS This research highlights the potential of lectins in targeting certain tumors, with an opportunity for new cancer treatments. When considering a combinatorial strategy, lectin-based platforms of this type offer the possibility to target glycan epitopes on tumor cells and boost the efficacy of current therapies, providing an additional strategy for tumor eradication and improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Rosato
- grid.5963.9Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rajeev Pasupuleti
- grid.432147.70000 0004 0591 4434ACIB - The Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria ,grid.410413.30000 0001 2294 748XInstitute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Jana Tomisch
- grid.5963.9Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ana Valeria Meléndez
- grid.5963.9Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dajana Kolanovic
- grid.432147.70000 0004 0591 4434ACIB - The Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria ,grid.410413.30000 0001 2294 748XInstitute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Olga N. Makshakova
- grid.5963.9Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ,grid.419733.b0000 0004 0487 3538Kazan Institute for Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Birgit Wiltschi
- grid.432147.70000 0004 0591 4434ACIB - The Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria ,grid.410413.30000 0001 2294 748XInstitute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria ,grid.5173.00000 0001 2298 5320Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Winfried Römer
- grid.5963.9Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Navarro-Palomares E, García-Hevia L, Galán-Vidal J, Gandarillas A, García-Reija F, Sánchez-Iglesias A, Liz-Marzán LM, Valiente R, Fanarraga ML. Shiga Toxin-B Targeted Gold Nanorods for Local Photothermal Treatment in Oral Cancer Clinical Samples. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:5747-5760. [PMID: 36466783 PMCID: PMC9717601 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s381628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A great challenge in nanomedicine, and more specifically in theranostics, is to improve the specificity, selectivity, and targeting of nanomaterials towards target tissues or cells. The topical use of nanomedicines as adjuvants to systemic chemotherapy can significantly improve the survival of patients affected by localized carcinomas, reducing the side effects of traditional drugs and preventing local recurrences. METHODS Here, we have used the Shiga toxin, to design a safe, high-affinity protein-ligand (ShTxB) to bind the globotriaosylceramide receptor (GB3) that is overexpressed on the surfaces of preneoplastic and malignant cancer cells in the head and neck tumors. RESULTS We find that ShTxB functionalized gold nanorods are efficiently retrotranslocated to the GB3-positive cell cytoplasms. After 3 minutes of laser radiation with a wavelength resonant with the AuNR longitudinal localized surface plasmon, the death of the targeted cancer cells is activated. Both preclinical murine models and patient biopsy cells show the non-cytotoxic nature of these functionalized nanoparticles before light activation and their treatment selectivity. DISCUSSION These results show how the use of nanomedicines directed by natural ligands can represent an effective treatment for aggressive localized cancers, such as squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Navarro-Palomares
- The Nanomedicine Group, Valdecilla Health Research Institute IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Spain
| | - Lorena García-Hevia
- The Nanomedicine Group, Valdecilla Health Research Institute IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Spain
| | - Jesús Galán-Vidal
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate & Cancer Laboratory, Valdecilla Health Research Institute IDIVAL, Santander, 39011, Spain
| | - Alberto Gandarillas
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate & Cancer Laboratory, Valdecilla Health Research Institute IDIVAL, Santander, 39011, Spain
| | - Fe García-Reija
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Valdecilla Hospital HUVM, Santander, Spain
| | - Ana Sánchez-Iglesias
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), and CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
| | - Luis M Liz-Marzán
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), and CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
| | - Rafael Valiente
- The Nanomedicine Group, Valdecilla Health Research Institute IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Spain
- Dpt. Applied Physics, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39005, Spain
| | - Mónica L Fanarraga
- The Nanomedicine Group, Valdecilla Health Research Institute IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Spain
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The choanoflagellate pore-forming lectin SaroL-1 punches holes in cancer cells by targeting the tumor-related glycosphingolipid Gb3. Commun Biol 2022; 5:954. [PMID: 36097056 PMCID: PMC9468336 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03869-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Choanoflagellates are primitive protozoa used as models for animal evolution. They express a large variety of multi-domain proteins contributing to adhesion and cell communication, thereby providing a rich repertoire of molecules for biotechnology. Adhesion often involves proteins adopting a β-trefoil fold with carbohydrate-binding properties therefore classified as lectins. Sequence database screening with a dedicated method resulted in TrefLec, a database of 44714 β-trefoil candidate lectins across 4497 species. TrefLec was searched for original domain combinations, which led to single out SaroL-1 in the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta, that contains both β-trefoil and aerolysin-like pore-forming domains. Recombinant SaroL-1 is shown to bind galactose and derivatives, with a stronger affinity for cancer-related α-galactosylated epitopes such as the glycosphingolipid Gb3, when embedded in giant unilamellar vesicles or cell membranes. Crystal structures of complexes with Gb3 trisaccharide and GalNAc provided the basis for building a model of the oligomeric pore. Finally, recognition of the αGal epitope on glycolipids required for hemolysis of rabbit erythrocytes suggests that toxicity on cancer cells is achieved through carbohydrate-dependent pore-formation. A curated lectin database, structural characterization, and in vitro assays show that choanoflagellate lectin SaroL-1 binds to cancer-related α-galactosylated epitopes and can be toxic to cancer cells through a carbohydrate-dependent pore-formation mechanism.
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Liu Z, Li X, Lu Z, Qin X, Hong H, Zhou Z, Pieters RJ, Shi J, Wu Z. Repurposing the Pentameric B-subunit of Shiga Toxin for Gb3-targeted Immunotherapy of Colorectal Cancer by Rhamnose Conjugation. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2719-2729. [PMID: 35905973 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Globotriaosylceramide (Gb3 or CD77) is a tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen implicated in several types of cancer that serves as a potential cancer marker for developing target-specific diagnosis and therapy. However, the development of Gb3-targeted therapeutics has been challenging due to its carbohydrate nature. In the present work, taking advantage of its natural pentamer architecture and Gb3-specific targeting of shiga toxin B subunit (StxB), we constructed a pentameric antibody recruiting chimera by site-specifically conjugating StxB with the rhamnose hapten for immunotherapy of colorectal cancer. The Sortase A-catalyzed enzymatic tethering of rhamnose moieties to the C terminus of Stx1B and Stx2B had very moderate effect on their pentamer architectures and thus the resultant conjugates maintained the potent ability to bind to Gb3 antigen both immobilized on an assay plate and expressed on colorectal cancer cells. All StxB-rhamnose constructs were capable of efficiently mediating the binding of rhamnose antibodies onto HT29 colorectal cancer cells, which was further shown to be able to induce cancer cell lysis by eliciting potent antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) in vitro. Finally, the best StxB-rhamnose conjugate, i.e. 1B-3R, was confirmed to be able to inhibit the colorectal tumor growth using a HT29-derived xenograft murine model. Taken together, our data demonstrated the potential of repurposing StxB as an excellent multivalent scaffold for developing Gb3-targeted biotherapeutics and StxB-rhamnose conjugates might be promising candidates for targeted immunotherapy of Gb3-related colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Xia Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhongkai Lu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Xinfang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Haofei Hong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhifang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Roland J Pieters
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jie Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China.
| | - Zhimeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China.
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Danielewicz N, Rosato F, Dai W, Römer W, Turnbull WB, Mairhofer J. Microbial carbohydrate-binding toxins – From etiology to biotechnological application. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 59:107951. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Saad AA. Targeting cancer-associated glycans as a therapeutic strategy in leukemia. ALL LIFE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2022.2049901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Abdullah Saad
- Unit of Pediatric Hematologic Oncology and BMT, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
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10
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Ehrenfeld M, Schrade A, Flisikowska T, Perl M, Hirsch ND, Sichler A, Geyer L, Flisikowski K, Wilhelm D, Schober SJ, Johannes L, Schnieke A, Janssen KP. Tumor targeting with bacterial Shiga toxin B-subunit in genetic porcine models for colorectal cancer and osteosarcoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:686-699. [PMID: 35086950 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The B-subunit of bacterial Shiga toxin (STxB) is non-toxic and has low immunogenicity. Its receptor, the glycosphingolipid Gb3/CD77, is overexpressed on the cell surface of human colorectal cancer (CRC). We tested whether genetic porcine models, closely resembling human anatomy and pathophysiology, can be used to exploit the tumor targeting potential of STxB. In accordance with findings on human CRC, the pig model APC1311 bound STxB in colorectal tumors, but not in normal colon or jejunum, except for putative enteroendocrine cells. In primary tumor cells from endoscopic biopsies, STxB was rapidly taken up along the retrograde intracellular route to the Golgi, whereas normal colon organoids did not bind or internalize STxB. Next, we tested a porcine model (TP53LSL-R167H) for osteosarcoma, a tumor entity with a dismal prognosis and insufficient treatment options, hitherto not known to express Gb3. Pig osteosarcoma strongly bound StxB and expressed the Gb3-synthase A4GALT. Primary osteosarcoma cells, but not normal osteoblasts, rapidly internalized fluorescently labelled STxB along the retrograde route to the Golgi. Importantly, six out of eight human osteosarcoma cell lines expressed A4GALT mRNA and showed prominent intracellular uptake of STxB. The physiological role of A4GALT was tested by Crispr/Cas9-mutagenesis in porcine LLC-PK1 kidney epithelial cells and RNA interference in MG-63 human osteosarcoma cells. A4GALT-deficiency or knock-down abolished STxB uptake and led to significantly reduced cell migration and proliferation, hinting towards a putative tumor-promoting role of Gb3. Thus, pig models are suitable tools for STxB-based tumor targeting, and may allow "reverse-translational" predictions on human tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Ehrenfeld
- Departments of Surgery and Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University München
| | - Anna Schrade
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University München
| | - Tatiana Flisikowska
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich
| | - Markus Perl
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg
| | - Noah-David Hirsch
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich
| | - Anna Sichler
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich
| | - Laura Geyer
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University München
| | - Krzysztof Flisikowski
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich
| | - Dirk Wilhelm
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich
| | - Sebastian Johannes Schober
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Cancer Research Center, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, Technical University of Munich
| | - Ludger Johannes
- Endocytic Trafficking and Intracellular Delivery team, Institute Curie
| | | | - Klaus-Peter Janssen
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University München
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11
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Aly MRE, Azab IHE. Synthesis of a Deuterium-Labeled Globotriaosylceramide Probe for Potential Imaging of Subcellular Localization of Gb3 Using NanoSIMS. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428021100213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Targeting Nanomaterials to Head and Neck Cancer Cells Using a Fragment of the Shiga Toxin as a Potent Natural Ligand. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194920. [PMID: 34638405 PMCID: PMC8507991 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and Neck Cancer (HNC) is the seventh most common cancer worldwide with a 5-year survival from diagnosis of 50%. Currently, HNC is diagnosed by a physical examination followed by an histological biopsy, with surgery being the primary treatment. Here, we propose the use of targeted nanotechnology in support of existing diagnostic and therapeutic tools to prevent recurrences of tumors with poorly defined or surgically inaccessible margins. We have designed an innocuous ligand-protein, based on the receptor-binding domain of the Shiga toxin (ShTxB), that specifically drives nanoparticles to HNC cells bearing the globotriaosylceramide receptor on their surfaces. Microscopy images show how, upon binding to the receptor, the ShTxB-coated nanoparticles cause the clustering of the globotriaosylceramide receptors, the protrusion of filopodia, and rippling of the membrane, ultimately allowing the penetration of the ShTxB nanoparticles directly into the cell cytoplasm, thus triggering a biomimetic cellular response indistinguishable from that triggered by the full-length Shiga toxin. This functionalization strategy is a clear example of how some toxin fragments can be used as natural biosensors for the detection of some localized cancers and to target nanomedicines to HNC lesions.
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13
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Shiga Toxins as Antitumor Tools. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13100690. [PMID: 34678982 PMCID: PMC8538568 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs), also known as Shiga-like toxins (SLT) or verotoxins (VT), constitute a family of structurally and functionally related cytotoxic proteins produced by the enteric pathogens Shigella dysenteriae type 1 and Stx-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Infection with these bacteria causes bloody diarrhea and other pathological manifestations that can lead to HUS (hemolytic and uremic syndrome). At the cellular level, Stxs bind to the cellular receptor Gb3 and inhibit protein synthesis by removing an adenine from the 28S rRNA. This triggers multiple cellular signaling pathways, including the ribotoxic stress response (RSR), unfolded protein response (UPR), autophagy and apoptosis. Stxs cause several pathologies of major public health concern, but their specific targeting of host cells and efficient delivery to the cytosol could potentially be exploited for biomedical purposes. Moreover, high levels of expression have been reported for the Stxs receptor, Gb3/CD77, in Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) cells and on various types of solid tumors. These properties have led to many attempts to develop Stxs as tools for biomedical applications, such as cancer treatment or imaging, and several engineered Stxs are currently being tested. We provide here an overview of these studies.
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14
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Siukstaite L, Imberty A, Römer W. Structural Diversities of Lectins Binding to the Glycosphingolipid Gb3. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:704685. [PMID: 34381814 PMCID: PMC8350385 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.704685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycolipids are present on the surfaces of all living cells and thereby represent targets for many protein receptors, such as lectins. Understanding the interactions between lectins and glycolipids is essential for investigating the functions of lectins and the dynamics of glycolipids in living membranes. This review focuses on lectins binding to the glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), an attractive host cell receptor, particularly for pathogens and pathogenic products. Shiga toxin (Stx), from Shigella dysenteriae or Escherichia coli, which is one of the most virulent bacterial toxins, binds and clusters Gb3, leading to local negative membrane curvature and the formation of tubular plasma membrane invaginations as the initial step for clathrin-independent endocytosis. After internalization, it is embracing the retrograde transport pathway. In comparison, the homotetrameric lectin LecA from Pseudomonas aeruginosa can also bind to Gb3, triggering the so-called lipid zipper mechanism, which results in membrane engulfment of the bacterium as an important step for its cellular uptake. Notably, both lectins bind to Gb3 but induce distinct plasma membrane domains and exploit mainly different transport pathways. Not only, several other Gb3-binding lectins have been described from bacterial origins, such as the adhesins SadP (from Streptococcus suis) and PapG (from E. coli), but also from animal, fungal, or plant origins. The variety of amino acid sequences and folds demonstrates the structural versatilities of Gb3-binding lectins and asks the question of the evolution of specificity and carbohydrate recognition in different kingdoms of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Siukstaite
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Imberty
- CNRS, CERMAV, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Winfried Römer
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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15
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Johannes L. The Cellular and Chemical Biology of Endocytic Trafficking and Intracellular Delivery-The GL-Lect Hypothesis. Molecules 2021; 26:3299. [PMID: 34072622 PMCID: PMC8198588 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid membranes are common to all forms of life. While being stable barriers that delimitate the cell as the fundamental organismal unit, biological membranes are highly dynamic by allowing for lateral diffusion, transbilayer passage via selective channels, and in eukaryotic cells for endocytic uptake through the formation of membrane bound vesicular or tubular carriers. Two of the most abundant fundamental fabrics of membranes-lipids and complex sugars-are produced through elaborate chains of biosynthetic enzymes, which makes it difficult to study them by conventional reverse genetics. This review illustrates how organic synthesis provides access to uncharted areas of membrane glycobiology research and its application to biomedicine. For this Special Issue on Chemical Biology Research in France, focus will be placed on synthetic approaches (i) to study endocytic functions of glycosylated proteins and lipids according to the GlycoLipid-Lectin (GL-Lect) hypothesis, notably that of Shiga toxin; (ii) to mechanistically dissect its endocytosis and intracellular trafficking with small molecule; and (iii) to devise intracellular delivery strategies for immunotherapy and tumor targeting. It will be pointed out how the chemical biologist's view on lipids, sugars, and proteins synergizes with biophysics and modeling to "look" into the membrane for atomistic scale insights on molecular rearrangements that drive the biogenesis of endocytic carriers in processes of clathrin-independent endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Johannes
- Cellular and Chemical Biology Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, 26 rue d'Ulm, CEDEX 05, 75248 Paris, France
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16
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Lingwood C. Therapeutic Uses of Bacterial Subunit Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13060378. [PMID: 34073185 PMCID: PMC8226680 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The B subunit pentamer verotoxin (VT aka Shiga toxin-Stx) binding to its cellular glycosphingolipid (GSL) receptor, globotriaosyl ceramide (Gb3) mediates internalization and the subsequent receptor mediated retrograde intracellular traffic of the AB5 subunit holotoxin to the endoplasmic reticulum. Subunit separation and cytosolic A subunit transit via the ER retrotranslocon as a misfolded protein mimic, then inhibits protein synthesis to kill cells, which can cause hemolytic uremic syndrome clinically. This represents one of the most studied systems of prokaryotic hijacking of eukaryotic biology. Similarly, the interaction of cholera AB5 toxin with its GSL receptor, GM1 ganglioside, is the key component of the gastrointestinal pathogenesis of cholera and follows the same retrograde transport pathway for A subunit cytosol access. Although both VT and CT are the cause of major pathology worldwide, the toxin–receptor interaction is itself being manipulated to generate new approaches to control, rather than cause, disease. This arena comprises two areas: anti neoplasia, and protein misfolding diseases. CT/CTB subunit immunomodulatory function and anti-cancer toxin immunoconjugates will not be considered here. In the verotoxin case, it is clear that Gb3 (and VT targeting) is upregulated in many human cancers and that there is a relationship between GSL expression and cancer drug resistance. While both verotoxin and cholera toxin similarly hijack the intracellular ERAD quality control system of nascent protein folding, the more widespread cell expression of GM1 makes cholera the toxin of choice as the means to more widely utilise ERAD targeting to ameliorate genetic diseases of protein misfolding. Gb3 is primarily expressed in human renal tissue. Glomerular endothelial cells are the primary VT target but Gb3 is expressed in other endothelial beds, notably brain endothelial cells which can mediate the encephalopathy primarily associated with VT2-producing E. coli infection. The Gb3 levels can be regulated by cytokines released during EHEC infection, which complicate pathogenesis. Significantly Gb3 is upregulated in the neovasculature of many tumours, irrespective of tumour Gb3 status. Gb3 is markedly increased in pancreatic, ovarian, breast, testicular, renal, astrocytic, gastric, colorectal, cervical, sarcoma and meningeal cancer relative to the normal tissue. VT has been shown to be effective in mouse xenograft models of renal, astrocytoma, ovarian, colorectal, meningioma, and breast cancer. These studies are herein reviewed. Both CT and VT (and several other bacterial toxins) access the cell cytosol via cell surface ->ER transport. Once in the ER they interface with the protein folding homeostatic quality control pathway of the cell -ERAD, (ER associated degradation), which ensures that only correctly folded nascent proteins are allowed to progress to their cellular destinations. Misfolded proteins are translocated through the ER membrane and degraded by cytosolic proteosome. VT and CT A subunits have a C terminal misfolded protein mimic sequence to hijack this transporter to enter the cytosol. This interface between exogenous toxin and genetically encoded endogenous mutant misfolded proteins, provides a new therapeutic basis for the treatment of such genetic diseases, e.g., Cystic fibrosis, Gaucher disease, Krabbe disease, Fabry disease, Tay-Sachs disease and many more. Studies showing the efficacy of this approach in animal models of such diseases are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Lingwood
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada;
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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17
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Talabnin K, Talabnin C, Kumagai T, Sutatum N, Khiaowichit J, Dechsukhum C, Ishihara M, Azadi P, Sripa B. Ganglioside GM2: a potential biomarker for cholangiocarcinoma. J Int Med Res 2021; 48:300060520903216. [PMID: 32692591 PMCID: PMC7375732 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520903216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of glycosphingolipids in serum and tissue from patients with cholangiocarcinoma compared with healthy controls. METHODS Nanospray ionization-linear ion trap mass spectrometry (NSI-MSn) was used to demonstrate the comparative structural glycomics of glycosphingolipids in serum from patients with cholangiocarcinoma (n=15), compared with healthy controls (n = 15). GM2 expression in cholangiocarcinoma tissues (n = 60) was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Eleven glycosphingolipids were detected by NSI-MSn: CMH (ceramide monohexose), Lac-Cer (galactose (Gal)β1-4 glucose (Glc)β1-1'-ceramide), Gb3 (Galα1-4Galβ1-4Glcβ1-1'-ceramide), Gb4/Lc4 (N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)β1-3Galα1-4Galβ1-4Glcβ1-1'-ceramide/Galβ1-4 N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)β1-3Galβ1-4Glcβ1-1'-ceramide), GM3 (N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc)2-3Galβ1-4Glcβ1-1'-ceramide), GM2 (GalNAcβ1-4[NeuAc2-3]Galβ1-4Glcβ1-1'-ceramide), GM1 (Galβ1-3GalNAcβ1-4[NeuAc2-3]Galβ1-4Glcβ1-1'-ceramide), hFA (hydroxylated fatty acid)-CMH, hFA-Lac-Cer, hFA-Gb3, and hFA-GM3. Lac-Cer was the most abundant structure among the lactosides and globosides (normal, 24.40% ± 0.11%; tumor, 24.61% ± 2.10%), while GM3 predominated among the gangliosides (normal, 29.14% ± 1.31%; tumor, 30.53% ± 4.04%). The two glycosphingolipids that significantly differed between healthy controls and patients with cholangiocarcinoma were Gb3 and GM2. High expression of GM2 was associated with vascular invasion in tissue from patients with cholangiocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS Altered expression of glycosphingolipids in tissue and serum from patients with cholangiocarcinoma may contribute to tumor growth and progression. The ganglioside GM2, which significantly increased in the serum of patients with cholangiocarcinoma, represents a promising target as a biomarker for cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krajang Talabnin
- School of Pathology, Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.,Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chutima Talabnin
- Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Tadahiro Kumagai
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Nuchanard Sutatum
- School of Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Juthamas Khiaowichit
- School of Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Chawaboon Dechsukhum
- School of Pathology, Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Mayumi Ishihara
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Banchob Sripa
- Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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18
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Potent in vitro antitumor activity of B-subunit of Shiga toxin conjugated to the diphtheria toxin against breast cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 899:174057. [PMID: 33753109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Immunotoxins are protein-based drugs consist of a target-specific binding domain and a cytotoxic domain to eliminate target cells. Such compounds are potentially therapeutic to combat diseases such as cancer. Generally, the B-subunit of Shiga toxin (STXB) receptor, globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), is expressed in high amounts on a number of human tumors cancer cells. In this study, we evaluated a new antitumor candidate called DT389-STXB chimeric protein, which genetically fused the DT to B-subunit of Shiga-like toxin (STXB). First a chimeric protein, encoding DT389-STXB was synthesized. The optimized chimeric protein expressed in E.coli BL21 (DE3) and confirmed by anti-His Western blot analysis. T47D, SKBR3, 4T1 and MCF7 cell lines were treated separately with purified DT389-STXB recombinant protein and functional activity of DT389-STXB was analyzed by the cell enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay (ELISA), MTT, ICC, Western blot and apoptosis tests. The results indicated that the recombinant DT389-STXB fusion protein with a molecular weight of 53 kDa was successfully expressed in E.coli BL21 (DE3) and the anti-His western-blot was used to confirm the presence of the protein. The DT389-STXB fusion protein attached to T47D, SKBR3 and 4T1 cell lines with the proper affinity and induced dose-dependent cytotoxicity against GB3-expressing cancer cells in vitro. Our results showed that DT389-STXB fusion protein may be a promising candidate for antitumor therapy agent against breast cancer; however, further studies are required to explore its efficacy in vivo for therapeutic applications.
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19
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Liu Y, Tian S, Thaker H, Dong M. Shiga Toxins: An Update on Host Factors and Biomedical Applications. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:222. [PMID: 33803852 PMCID: PMC8003205 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs) are classic bacterial toxins and major virulence factors of toxigenic Shigella dysenteriae and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). These toxins recognize a glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3/CD77) as their receptor and inhibit protein synthesis in cells by cleaving 28S ribosomal RNA. They are the major cause of life-threatening complications such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), associated with severe cases of EHEC infection, which is the leading cause of acute kidney injury in children. The threat of Stxs is exacerbated by the lack of toxin inhibitors and effective treatment for HUS. Here, we briefly summarize the Stx structure, subtypes, in vitro and in vivo models, Gb3 expression and HUS, and then introduce recent studies using CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome-wide screens to identify the host cell factors required for Stx action. We also summarize the latest progress in utilizing and engineering Stx components for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.T.); (H.T.)
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Songhai Tian
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.T.); (H.T.)
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hatim Thaker
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.T.); (H.T.)
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Min Dong
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.T.); (H.T.)
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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20
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Sugawara S, Takayanagi M, Honda S, Tatsuta T, Fujii Y, Ozeki Y, Ito J, Sato M, Hosono AM. Catfish egg lectin affects influx and efflux rates of sunitinib in human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells. Glycobiology 2020; 30:802-816. [PMID: 32248228 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
New treatment protocols are aiming to reduce the dose of the multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib, as sunitinib elicits many adverse effects depending on its dosage. Silurus asotus egg lectin (SAL) has been reported to enhance the incorporation of propidium iodide as well as doxorubicin into Burkitt's lymphoma Raji cells through binding to globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) on the cell surface. The objective of this study was to examine whether SAL enhances the cytotoxic effect of sunitinib in Gb3-expressing HeLa cells. Although the treatment with SAL delayed the cell growth and enhanced the propidium iodide uptake, cell death accompanied by membrane collapse was not observed. The viability of sunitinib-treated HeLa cells was significantly reduced when the treatment occurred in combination with SAL compared to their separate usage. Sunitinib uptake significantly increased for 30 min in SAL-treated cells, and this increment was almost completely abolished by the addition of L-rhamnose, a hapten sugar of SAL, but not by D-glucose. After removal of SU from the medium, the intracellular sunitinib level in SAL-treated cells was higher than in untreated cells for 24 h, which was not observed in Gb3-deficient HeLa cells. Furthermore, we observed that SAL promoted the formation of lysosome-like structures, which are LAMP1 positive but not acidic in HeLa cells, which can trap sunitinib. Interestingly, SAL-induced vacuolation in HeLa cells was not observed in another Gb3 positive Raji cells. Our findings suggest that SAL/Gb3 interaction promoted sunitinib uptake and suppressed sunitinib excretion and that sunitinib efficiently exerted cytotoxicity against HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Sugawara
- Division of Cell Recognition Study, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Madoka Takayanagi
- Division of Cell Recognition Study, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan.,Chemiluminescent Reagents Department, R&D Section, Kagamida Factory, DENKA SEIKEN Co. Ltd., 1359-1 Kagamida, Kigoshi Gosen-shi, Niigata 959-1695, Japan
| | - Shota Honda
- Division of Cell Recognition Study, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Takeo Tatsuta
- Division of Cell Recognition Study, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo, Nagasaki 859-3298, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ozeki
- Department of Life and Environmental System Science, Laboratory of Glycobiology and Marine Biochemistry, Graduate School of NanoBio Sciences, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Jun Ito
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-8536, Japan
| | - Makoto Sato
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-8536, Japan
| | - And Masahiro Hosono
- Division of Cell Recognition Study, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
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21
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Molecular Biology of Escherichia Coli Shiga Toxins' Effects on Mammalian Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12050345. [PMID: 32456125 PMCID: PMC7290813 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs), syn. Vero(cyto)toxins, are potent bacterial exotoxins and the principal virulence factor of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), a subset of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). EHEC strains, e.g., strains of serovars O157:H7 and O104:H4, may cause individual cases as well as large outbreaks of life-threatening diseases in humans. Stxs primarily exert a ribotoxic activity in the eukaryotic target cells of the mammalian host resulting in rapid protein synthesis inhibition and cell death. Damage of endothelial cells in the kidneys and the central nervous system by Stxs is central in the pathogenesis of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in humans and edema disease in pigs. Probably even more important, the toxins also are capable of modulating a plethora of essential cellular functions, which eventually disturb intercellular communication. The review aims at providing a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of the time course and the consecutive steps of Stx/cell interactions at the molecular level. Intervention measures deduced from an in-depth understanding of this molecular interplay may foster our basic understanding of cellular biology and microbial pathogenesis and pave the way to the creation of host-directed active compounds to mitigate the pathological conditions of STEC infections in the mammalian body.
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22
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Bien T, Perl M, Machmüller AC, Nitsche U, Conrad A, Johannes L, Müthing J, Soltwisch J, Janssen KP, Dreisewerd K. MALDI-2 Mass Spectrometry and Immunohistochemistry Imaging of Gb3Cer, Gb4Cer, and Further Glycosphingolipids in Human Colorectal Cancer Tissue. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7096-7105. [PMID: 32314902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The main cellular receptors of Shiga toxins (Stxs), the neutral glycosphingolipids (GSLs), globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer/CD77) and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer), are significantly upregulated in about half of the human colorectal carcinomas (CRC) and in other cancers. Therefore, conjugates exploiting the Gb3Cer/Gb4Cer-binding B subunit of Stx (StxB) have attracted great interest for both diagnostic and adjuvant therapeutic interventions. Moreover, fucosylated GSLs were recognized as potential tumor-associated targets. One obstacle to a broader use of these receptor/ligand systems is that the contribution of specific GSLs to tumorigenesis, in particular, in the context of an altered lipid metabolism, is only poorly understood. A second is that also nondiseased organs (e.g., kidney) and blood vessels can express high levels of certain GSLs, not least Gb3Cer/Gb4Cer. Here, we used, in a proof-of-concept study, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging combined with laser-induced postionization (MALDI-2-MSI) to simultaneously visualize the distribution of several Gb3Cer/Gb4Cer lipoforms and those of related GSLs (e.g., Gb3Cer/Gb4Cer precursors and fucosylated GSLs) in tissue biopsies from three CRC patients. Using MALDI-2 and StxB-based immunofluorescence microscopy, Gb3Cer and Gb4Cer were mainly found in dedifferentiated tumor cell areas, tumor stroma, and tumor-infiltrating blood vessels. Notably, fucosylated GSL such as Fuc-(n)Lc4Cer generally showed a highly localized expression in dysplastic glands and indian file-like cells infiltrating adipose tissue. Our "molecular histology" approach could support stratifying patients for intratumoral GSL expression to identify an optimal therapeutic strategy. The improved chemical coverage by MALDI-2 can also help to improve our understanding of the molecular basis of tumor development and GSL metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Bien
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Münster, Domagkstr. 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Perl
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Andrea C Machmüller
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Ulrich Nitsche
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Anja Conrad
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Ludger Johannes
- Cellular and Chemical Biology Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris CEDEX 05, France
| | - Johannes Müthing
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Münster, Domagkstr. 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jens Soltwisch
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Münster, Domagkstr. 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Janssen
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Klaus Dreisewerd
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Münster, Domagkstr. 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Mohseni Moghadam Z, Halabian R, Sedighian H, Behzadi E, Amani J, Imani Fooladi AA. Designing and Analyzing the Structure of DT-STXB Fusion Protein as an Anti-tumor Agent: An in Silico Approach. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 14:305-312. [PMID: 31754360 PMCID: PMC6824772 DOI: 10.30699/ijp.2019.101200.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE A main contest in chemotherapy is to obtain regulator above the biodistribution of cytotoxic drugs. The utmost promising strategy comprises of drugs coupled with a tumor-targeting bearer that results in wide cytotoxic activity and particular delivery. The B-subunit of Shiga toxin (STxB) is nontoxic and possesses low immunogenicity that exactly binds to the globotriaosylceramide (Gb3/CD77). Gb3/CD77 extremely expresses on a number of human tumors such as pancreatic, colon, and breast cancer and acts as a functional receptor for Shiga toxin (STx). Then, this toxin can be applied to target Gb3-positive human tumors. In this study, we evaluated DT390-STXB chimeric protein as a new anti-tumor candidate via genetically fusing the DT390 fragment of DT538 (Native diphtheria toxin) to STxB. METHODS This study intended to investigate the DT390- STxB fusion protein structure in silico. Considering the Escherichia coli codon usage, the genomic construct was designed. The properties and the structure of the protein were determined by an in silico technique. The mRNA structure and the physicochemical characteristics, construction, and the stability of the designed chimeric protein were analyzed using computational and bioinformatics tools and servers. Hence, the GOR4 and I-TASSER online web servers were used to predict the secondary and tertiary structures of the designed protein. RESULTS The results demonstrated that codon adaptation index (CAI) of dt390-stxB chimeric gene raised from 0.6 in the wild type to 0.9 in the chimeric optimized gene. The mfold data revealed that the dt390-stxB mRNA was completely stable to be translated effectively in the novel host. The normal activity of the fusion protein determined by considering the secondary and tertiary structure of each construct. Energy calculation data indicated that the thermodynamic ensemble for mRNA structure was -427.40 kJ/mol. The stability index (SI) of DT390-STxB was 36.95, which is quite appropriate to preserve the stability of the construct. Ultimately, the DT390-STxB was classified as a steady fusion protein according to the Ramachandran plot. CONCLUSION Our results showed that DT390-STXB was a stable chimeric protein and it can be recruited as a candidate of novel anti-tumor agents for the development of breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Mohseni Moghadam
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raheleh Halabian
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Sedighian
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Behzadi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Amani
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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24
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Xu H, Peng L, Shen M, Xia Y, Li Z, He N. Shiga-like toxin I exerts specific and potent anti-tumour efficacy against gastric cancer cell proliferation when driven by tumour-preferential Frizzled-7 promoter. Cell Prolif 2019; 52:e12607. [PMID: 30955216 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tumour-targeted gene therapy is a promising approach for effective control of gastric cancer cell proliferation. Our study aims to develop a cancer therapy which combines tumour-targeting promoters with cytotoxins. METHODS The expression of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), which is a Shiga-like toxin I (Stx1) receptor, was verified in gastric cancer compared with normal stomach tissues as assessed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemical analysis. We therefore constructed the recombinant pFZD7-Stx1 plasmid vectors with tumour-preferential Frizzled-7 promoter and Stx1. pFZD7-Stx1 was used to treat gastric cancer in vitro and in vivo. The gastric cancer cell proliferation and tumour growth were identified after the transfection with the pFZD7-Stx1. RESULTS Globotriaosylceramide was obviously increased in gastric cancer compared with normal stomach. The gastric cancer cell proliferation and tumour growth decreased significantly after the transfection with the pFZD7-Stx1. CONCLUSION Frizzled-7 promoter is preferentially active, and Gb3 is abundant in gastric cancer cells. Frizzled-7 promoter and Stx1 may be used to determine a novel and relatively specific and potent gastric cancer therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongpan Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijun Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Drum Tower Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengjiao Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanyan Xia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiyang Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Nongyue He
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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25
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Wodlej C, Riedl S, Rinner B, Leber R, Drechsler C, Voelker DR, Choi JY, Lohner K, Zweytick D. Interaction of two antitumor peptides with membrane lipids - Influence of phosphatidylserine and cholesterol on specificity for melanoma cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211187. [PMID: 30682171 PMCID: PMC6347193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
R-DIM-P-LF11-322 and DIM-LF11-318, derived from the cationic human host defense peptide lactoferricin show antitumor activity against human melanoma. While R-DIM-P-LF11-322 interacts specifically with cancer cells, the non-specific DIM-LF11-318 exhibits as well activity against non-neoplastic cells. Recently we have shown that cancer cells expose the negatively charged lipid phosphatidylserine (PS) in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, while non-cancer cells just expose zwitterionic or neutral lipids, such as phosphatidylcholine (PC) or cholesterol. Calorimetric and zeta potential studies with R-DIM-P-LF11-322 and cancer-mimetic liposomes composed of PS, PC and cholesterol indicate that the cancer-specific peptide interacts specifically with PS. Cholesterol, however, reduces the effectiveness of the peptide. The non-specific DIM-LF11-318 interacts with PC and PS. Cholesterol does not affect its interaction. The dependence of activity of R-DIM-P-LF11-322 on the presence of exposed PS was also confirmed in vitro upon PS depletion of the outer leaflet of cancer cells by the enzyme PS-decarboxylase. Further corresponding to model studies, cholesterol depleted melanoma plasma membranes showed increased sensitivity to R-DIM-P-LF11-322, whereas activity of DIM-LF11-318 was unaffected. Microscopic studies using giant unilamellar vesicles and melanoma cells revealed strong changes in lateral distribution and domain formation of lipids upon addition of both peptides. Whereas R-DIM-P-LF11-322 enters the cancer cell specifically via PS and reaches an intracellular organelle, the Golgi, inducing mitochondrial swelling and apoptosis, DIM-LF11-318 kills rapidly and non-specifically by lysis of the plasma membrane. In conclusion, the specific interaction of R-DIM-P-LF11-322 with PS and sensitivity to cholesterol seem to modulate its specificity for cancer membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Wodlej
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sabrina Riedl
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Beate Rinner
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Regina Leber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Carina Drechsler
- BIOSS and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Dennis R Voelker
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver CO, United States of America
| | - Jae-Yeon Choi
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver CO, United States of America
| | - Karl Lohner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Zweytick
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
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26
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Luginbuehl V, Meier N, Kovar K, Rohrer J. Intracellular drug delivery: Potential usefulness of engineered Shiga toxin subunit B for targeted cancer therapy. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:613-623. [PMID: 29432805 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A treasure trove of intracellular cancer drug targets remains hidden behind cell membranes. However, engineered pathogen-derived toxins such as Shiga toxins can deliver small or macromolecular drugs to specific intracellular organelles. After binding to ganglioglobotriaosylceramide (Gb3, CD77), the non-toxic subunit B (StxB) of the Shiga-holotoxin is endocytosed and delivers its payload by a unique retrograde trafficking pathway via the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. This review provides an overview of biomedical applications of StxB-based drug delivery systems in targeted cancer diagnosis and therapy. Biotechnological production of the Stx-material is discussed from the perspective of developing efficacious and safe therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Luginbuehl
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Grueental, P.O.X. 335, CH-8820 Waedenswil, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Meier
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Grueental, P.O.X. 335, CH-8820 Waedenswil, Switzerland
| | - Karin Kovar
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Grueental, P.O.X. 335, CH-8820 Waedenswil, Switzerland
| | - Jack Rohrer
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Grueental, P.O.X. 335, CH-8820 Waedenswil, Switzerland.
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27
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Shiga Toxin Glycosphingolipid Receptors in Human Caco-2 and HCT-8 Colon Epithelial Cell Lines. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9110338. [PMID: 29068380 PMCID: PMC5705953 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9110338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs) released by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) into the human colon are the causative agents for fatal outcome of EHEC infections. Colon epithelial Caco-2 and HCT-8 cells are widely used for investigating Stx-mediated intestinal cytotoxicity. Only limited data are available regarding precise structures of their Stx receptor glycosphingolipids (GSLs) globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer) and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer), and lipid raft association. In this study we identified Gb3Cer and Gb4Cer lipoforms of serum-free cultivated Caco-2 and HCT-8 cells, chiefly harboring ceramide moieties composed of sphingosine (d18:1) and C16:0, C22:0 or C24:0/C24:1 fatty acid. The most significant difference between the two cell lines was the prevalence of Gb3Cer with C16 fatty acid in HCT-8 and Gb4Cer with C22–C24 fatty acids in Caco-2 cells. Lipid compositional analysis of detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs), which were used as lipid raft-equivalents, indicated slightly higher relative content of Stx receptor Gb3Cer in DRMs of HCT-8 cells when compared to Caco-2 cells. Cytotoxicity assays revealed substantial sensitivity towards Stx2a for both cell lines, evidencing little higher susceptibility of Caco-2 cells versus HCT-8 cells. Collectively, Caco-2 and HCT-8 cells express a plethora of different receptor lipoforms and are susceptible towards Stx2a exhibiting somewhat lower sensitivity when compared to Vero cells.
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28
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Bielaszewska M, Rüter C, Bauwens A, Greune L, Jarosch KA, Steil D, Zhang W, He X, Lloubes R, Fruth A, Kim KS, Schmidt MA, Dobrindt U, Mellmann A, Karch H. Host cell interactions of outer membrane vesicle-associated virulence factors of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157: Intracellular delivery, trafficking and mechanisms of cell injury. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006159. [PMID: 28158302 PMCID: PMC5310930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are important tools in bacterial virulence but their role in the pathogenesis of infections caused by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157, the leading cause of life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome, is poorly understood. Using proteomics, electron and confocal laser scanning microscopy, immunoblotting, and bioassays, we investigated OMVs secreted by EHEC O157 clinical isolates for virulence factors cargoes, interactions with pathogenetically relevant human cells, and mechanisms of cell injury. We demonstrate that O157 OMVs carry a cocktail of key virulence factors of EHEC O157 including Shiga toxin 2a (Stx2a), cytolethal distending toxin V (CdtV), EHEC hemolysin, and flagellin. The toxins are internalized by cells via dynamin-dependent endocytosis of OMVs and differentially separate from vesicles during intracellular trafficking. Stx2a and CdtV-B, the DNase-like CdtV subunit, separate from OMVs in early endosomes. Stx2a is trafficked, in association with its receptor globotriaosylceramide within detergent-resistant membranes, to the Golgi complex and the endoplasmic reticulum from where the catalytic Stx2a A1 fragment is translocated to the cytosol. CdtV-B is, after its retrograde transport to the endoplasmic reticulum, translocated to the nucleus to reach DNA. CdtV-A and CdtV-C subunits remain OMV-associated and are sorted with OMVs to lysosomes. EHEC hemolysin separates from OMVs in lysosomes and targets mitochondria. The OMV-delivered CdtV-B causes cellular DNA damage, which activates DNA damage responses leading to G2 cell cycle arrest. The arrested cells ultimately die of apoptosis induced by Stx2a and CdtV via caspase-9 activation. By demonstrating that naturally secreted EHEC O157 OMVs carry and deliver into cells a cocktail of biologically active virulence factors, thereby causing cell death, and by performing first comprehensive analysis of intracellular trafficking of OMVs and OMV-delivered virulence factors, we provide new insights into the pathogenesis of EHEC O157 infections. Our data have implications for considering O157 OMVs as vaccine candidates. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157, the leading EHEC group causing diarrhea and the life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans, produce several virulence factors which play distinct roles in the pathogenesis of these diseases. However, the mechanisms of their secretion and host cell injury are poorly understood. We show here that EHEC O157 strains isolated from patients shed nanostructures termed outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) which contain major EHEC O157 virulence factors including Shiga toxin 2a (Stx2a), cytolethal distending toxin V (CdtV), EHEC hemolysin, and flagellin. The OMVs are taken up by human intestinal epithelial and renal and brain microvascular endothelial cells, which are the major targets during EHEC O157 infections, and deliver the virulence factors intracellularly. Inside cells the virulence factors separate from OMVs and are transported via different pathways to their target compartments including the cytosol (Stx2a), nucleus (CdtV-B subunit), and mitochondria (EHEC hemolysin). Cells exposed to EHEC O157 OMVs develop G2 cell cycle arrest induced by CdtV-B-mediated DNA damage. This is followed by apoptotic cell death triggered by Stx2a and CdtV via caspase-9 activation. OMVs thus serve as novel tools of EHEC O157-mediated host injury and are quite likely involved in the pathogenesis of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Rüter
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Bauwens
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lilo Greune
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Steil
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Wenlan Zhang
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Xiaohua He
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Albany, California, United States of America
| | - Roland Lloubes
- Laboratoire d'Ingenierie des Systemes Macromoleculaires UMR7255, CNRS-Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Angelika Fruth
- National Reference Center for Salmonella and Other Enteric Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Branch Wernigerode, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Kwang Sik Kim
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - M. Alexander Schmidt
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ulrich Dobrindt
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Mellmann
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Helge Karch
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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29
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Shiga Toxins as Multi-Functional Proteins: Induction of Host Cellular Stress Responses, Role in Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Applications. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8030077. [PMID: 26999205 PMCID: PMC4810222 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8030077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs) produced by Shiga toxin-producing bacteria Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 and select serotypes of Escherichia coli are primary virulence factors in the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic colitis progressing to potentially fatal systemic complications, such as hemolytic uremic syndrome and central nervous system abnormalities. Current therapeutic options to treat patients infected with toxin-producing bacteria are limited. The structures of Stxs, toxin-receptor binding, intracellular transport and the mode of action of the toxins have been well defined. However, in the last decade, numerous studies have demonstrated that in addition to being potent protein synthesis inhibitors, Stxs are also multifunctional proteins capable of activating multiple cell stress signaling pathways, which may result in apoptosis, autophagy or activation of the innate immune response. Here, we briefly present the current understanding of Stx-activated signaling pathways and provide a concise review of therapeutic applications to target tumors by engineering the toxins.
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30
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Geyer PE, Maak M, Nitsche U, Perl M, Novotny A, Slotta-Huspenina J, Dransart E, Holtorf A, Johannes L, Janssen KP. Gastric Adenocarcinomas Express the Glycosphingolipid Gb3/CD77: Targeting of Gastric Cancer Cells with Shiga Toxin B-Subunit. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:1008-17. [PMID: 26826119 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The B-subunit of the bacterial Shiga toxin (STxB), which is nontoxic and has low immunogenicity, can be used for tumor targeting of breast, colon, and pancreatic cancer. Here, we tested whether human gastric cancers, which are among the most aggressive tumor entities, express the cellular receptor of Shiga toxin, the glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3/CD77). The majority of cases showed an extensive staining for Gb3 (36/50 cases, 72%), as evidenced on tissue sections of surgically resected specimen. Gb3 expression was detected independent of type (diffuse/intestinal), and was negatively correlated to increasing tumor-node-metastasis stages (P = 0.0385), as well as with markers for senescence. Gb3 expression in nondiseased gastric mucosa was restricted to chief and parietal cells at the bottom of the gastric glands, and was not elevated in endoscopic samples of gastritis (n = 10). Gb3 expression in established cell lines of gastric carcinoma was heterogeneous, with 6 of 10 lines being positive, evidenced by flow cytometry. STxB was taken up rapidly by live Gb3-positive gastric cancer cells, following the intracellular retrograde transport route, avoiding lysosomes and rapidly reaching the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum. Treatment of the Gb3-expressing gastric carcinoma cell line St3051 with STxB coupled to SN38, the active metabolite of the topoisomerase type I inhibitor irinotecan, resulted in >100-fold increased cytotoxicity, as compared with irinotecan alone. No cytotoxicity was observed on gastric cancer cell lines lacking Gb3 expression, demonstrating receptor specificity of the STxB-SN38 compound. Thus, STxB is a highly specific transport vehicle for cytotoxic agents in gastric carcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(5); 1008-17. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Emanuel Geyer
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Maak
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Nitsche
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Perl
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Novotny
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Slotta-Huspenina
- Institute of Pathology and Pathological Anatomy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Estelle Dransart
- Endocytic Trafficking and Intracellular Delivery team, Institut Curie, Paris, France. CNRS UMR3666, Paris, France. INSERM U1143, Paris, France
| | - Anne Holtorf
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ludger Johannes
- Endocytic Trafficking and Intracellular Delivery team, Institut Curie, Paris, France. CNRS UMR3666, Paris, France. INSERM U1143, Paris, France
| | - Klaus-Peter Janssen
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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31
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Chan YS, Ng TB. Shiga toxins: from structure and mechanism to applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:1597-1610. [PMID: 26685676 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7236-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxins are a group of type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) produced in several types of bacteria. The toxins possess an AB5 structure, which comprises a catalytic A chain with N-glycosidase activity, and five identical B chains and recognize and bind to the target cells with specific carbohydrate moieties. In humans, the major molecular target which recognizes the Shiga toxins is the Gb3 receptor, which is mainly expressed on the cell surface of endothelial cells of the intestine, kidney, and the brain. This causes these organs to be susceptible to the toxicity of Shiga toxins. When a person is infected by Shiga toxin-producing bacteria, the toxin is produced in the gut, translocated to the circulatory system, and carried to the target cells. Toxicity of the toxin causes inflammatory responses and severe cell damages in the intestine, kidneys, and brain, bringing about the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), which can be fatal. The Shiga toxin requires a couple of steps to exert its toxicity to the target cells. After binding with the target cell surface receptor, the toxin requires a complicated process to be transported into the cytosol of the cell before it can approach the ribosomes. The mechanisms for the interactions of the toxin with the cells are described in this review. The consequences of the toxin on the cells are also discussed. It gives an overview of the steps for the toxin to be produced and transported, expression of catalytic activity, and the effects of the toxin on the target cells, as well as effects on the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yau Sang Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Lo Kwee Seong Integrated Biomedical Sciences Building, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Lo Kwee Seong Integrated Biomedical Sciences Building, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
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32
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Zhan C, Li C, Wei X, Lu W, Lu W. Toxins and derivatives in molecular pharmaceutics: Drug delivery and targeted therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 90:101-18. [PMID: 25959429 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Protein and peptide toxins offer an invaluable source for the development of actively targeted drug delivery systems. They avidly bind to a variety of cognate receptors, some of which are expressed or even up-regulated in diseased tissues and biological barriers. Protein and peptide toxins or their derivatives can act as ligands to facilitate tissue- or organ-specific accumulation of therapeutics. Some toxins have evolved from a relatively small number of structural frameworks that are particularly suitable for addressing the crucial issues of potency and stability, making them an instrumental source of leads and templates for targeted therapy. The focus of this review is on protein and peptide toxins for the development of targeted drug delivery systems and molecular therapies. We summarize disease- and biological barrier-related toxin receptors, as well as targeted drug delivery strategies inspired by those receptors. The design of new therapeutics based on protein and peptide toxins is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyou Zhan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Chong Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University & Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Wuyuan Lu
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Weiyue Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
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El Aissi R, Chezal JM, Tarrit S, Chavignon O, Moreau E. Melanoma-targeted delivery system (part 1): design, synthesis and evaluation of releasable disulfide drug by glutathione. Eur J Med Chem 2015. [PMID: 26210505 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe the design and synthesis of a prodrug developed for pigmented melanoma therapy, consisting of a Melanin-Targeting Probe (MTP) conjugated to 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (IUdR) with a reduction-sensitive pre-determined breaking point. Compared with the non-cleavable conjugate (17b), prodrug (17a) bearing a self-immolative disulfide linker achieved complete release of IUdR within 20 min in the presence of reducing agents such as DTT or glutathione. Analytical results also showed that prodrug (17a) was more sensitive than parent non-cleavable conjugate (17b) for a concentration range of glutathione similar to that found in the intracellular compartment of tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhia El Aissi
- INSERM - Université d'Auvergne, UMR 990, IMTV, BP 184, F-63005 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Imagerie Moléculaire et Thérapie Vectorisée, BP 10448, F-63005 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Michel Chezal
- INSERM - Université d'Auvergne, UMR 990, IMTV, BP 184, F-63005 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Imagerie Moléculaire et Thérapie Vectorisée, BP 10448, F-63005 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex, France
| | - Sébastien Tarrit
- INSERM - Université d'Auvergne, UMR 990, IMTV, BP 184, F-63005 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Imagerie Moléculaire et Thérapie Vectorisée, BP 10448, F-63005 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Chavignon
- INSERM - Université d'Auvergne, UMR 990, IMTV, BP 184, F-63005 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Imagerie Moléculaire et Thérapie Vectorisée, BP 10448, F-63005 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex, France
| | - Emmanuel Moreau
- INSERM - Université d'Auvergne, UMR 990, IMTV, BP 184, F-63005 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Imagerie Moléculaire et Thérapie Vectorisée, BP 10448, F-63005 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex, France.
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Basu D, Tumer NE. Do the A subunits contribute to the differences in the toxicity of Shiga toxin 1 and Shiga toxin 2? Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1467-85. [PMID: 25938272 PMCID: PMC4448158 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7051467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 (STEC) is one of the leading causes of food-poisoning around the world. Some STEC strains produce Shiga toxin 1 (Stx1) and/or Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2) or variants of either toxin, which are critical for the development of hemorrhagic colitis (HC) or hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Currently, there are no therapeutic treatments for HC or HUS. E. coli O157:H7 strains carrying Stx2 are more virulent and are more frequently associated with HUS, which is the most common cause of renal failure in children in the US. The basis for the increased potency of Stx2 is not fully understood. Shiga toxins belong to the AB5 family of protein toxins with an A subunit, which depurinates a universally conserved adenine residue in the α-sarcin/ricin loop (SRL) of the 28S rRNA and five copies of the B subunit responsible for binding to cellular receptors. Recent studies showed differences in the structure, receptor binding, dependence on ribosomal proteins and pathogenicity of Stx1 and Stx2 and supported a role for the B subunit in differential toxicity. However, the current data do not rule out a potential role for the A1 subunits in the differential toxicity of Stx1 and Stx2. This review highlights the recent progress in understanding the differences in the A1 subunits of Stx1 and Stx2 and their role in defining toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debaleena Basu
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA.
| | - Nilgun E Tumer
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA.
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Mondini M, Nizard M, Tran T, Mauge L, Loi M, Clémenson C, Dugue D, Maroun P, Louvet E, Adam J, Badoual C, Helley D, Dransart E, Johannes L, Vozenin MC, Perfettini JL, Tartour E, Deutsch E. Synergy of Radiotherapy and a Cancer Vaccine for the Treatment of HPV-Associated Head and Neck Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:1336-45. [PMID: 25833837 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is growing interest in the association of radiotherapy and immunotherapy for the treatment of solid tumors. Here, we report an extremely effective combination of local irradiation (IR) and Shiga Toxin B (STxB)-based human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination for the treatment of HPV-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The efficacy of the irradiation and vaccine association was tested using a model of HNSCC obtained by grafting TC-1/luciferase cells at a submucosal site of the inner lip of immunocompetent mice. Irradiation and the STxB-E7 vaccine acted synergistically with both single and fractionated irradiation schemes, resulting in complete tumor clearance in the majority of the treated mice. A dose threshold of 7.5 Gy was required to elicit the dramatic antitumor response. The combined treatment induced high levels of tumor-infiltrating, antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells, which were required to trigger the antitumor activity. Treatment with STxB-E7 and irradiation induced CD8(+) T-cell memory, which was sufficient to exert complete antitumor responses in both local recurrences and distant metastases. We also report for the first time that a combination therapy based on local irradiation and vaccination induces an increased pericyte coverage (as shown by αSMA and NG2 staining) and ICAM-1 expression on vessels. This was associated with enhanced intratumor vascular permeability that correlated with the antitumor response, suggesting that the combination therapy could also act through an increased accessibility for immune cells. The combination strategy proposed here offers a promising approach that could potentially be transferred into early-phase clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Mondini
- INSERM U1030 «Radiothérapie Moléculaire», Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Grand Paris, Villejuif, France and Labex LERMIT
| | - Mevyn Nizard
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Thi Tran
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Mauge
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France. Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Mauro Loi
- INSERM U1030 «Radiothérapie Moléculaire», Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Grand Paris, Villejuif, France and Labex LERMIT. Radioterapia, Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Céline Clémenson
- INSERM U1030 «Radiothérapie Moléculaire», Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Grand Paris, Villejuif, France and Labex LERMIT
| | - Delphine Dugue
- INSERM U1030 «Radiothérapie Moléculaire», Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Grand Paris, Villejuif, France and Labex LERMIT
| | - Pierre Maroun
- INSERM U1030 «Radiothérapie Moléculaire», Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Grand Paris, Villejuif, France and Labex LERMIT. Département de Radiothérapie, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Grand Paris, Villejuif, France. Université Paris Sud, Faculté de Médecine du Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Emilie Louvet
- INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Grand Paris, Villejuif, France. SIRIC SOCRATE, Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Julien Adam
- INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Grand Paris, Villejuif, France. SIRIC SOCRATE, Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Cécile Badoual
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France. Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Helley
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France. Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Estelle Dransart
- Institut Curie, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, Endocytic Trafficking and Intracellular Delivery Group, Paris, France
| | - Ludger Johannes
- Institut Curie, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, Endocytic Trafficking and Intracellular Delivery Group, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Catherine Vozenin
- INSERM U1030 «Radiothérapie Moléculaire», Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Grand Paris, Villejuif, France and Labex LERMIT. Université Paris Sud, Faculté de Médecine du Kremlin-Bicêtre, France. Laboratoire de Recherche en Radio-Oncologie, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Perfettini
- INSERM U1030 «Radiothérapie Moléculaire», Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Grand Paris, Villejuif, France and Labex LERMIT. Université Paris Sud, Faculté de Médecine du Kremlin-Bicêtre, France. SIRIC SOCRATE, Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Eric Tartour
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France. Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Eric Deutsch
- INSERM U1030 «Radiothérapie Moléculaire», Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Grand Paris, Villejuif, France and Labex LERMIT. Département de Radiothérapie, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Grand Paris, Villejuif, France. Université Paris Sud, Faculté de Médecine du Kremlin-Bicêtre, France. SIRIC SOCRATE, Villejuif Cedex, France.
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Stimmer L, Dehay S, Nemati F, Massonnet G, Richon S, Decaudin D, Klijanienko J, Johannes L. Human breast cancer and lymph node metastases express Gb3 and can be targeted by STxB-vectorized chemotherapeutic compounds. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:916. [PMID: 25476116 PMCID: PMC4289340 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The B-subunit of Shiga toxin (STxB) specifically binds to the glycosphingolipid Gb3 that is highly expressed on a number of human tumors and has been shown to target tumor cells in mouse models and ex vivo on primary colon carcinoma specimen. METHODS Using a novel ex vivo STxB labeling (ESL) method we studied Gb3 expression in cytological specimens of primary human breast tumors from 107 patients, and in synchronous lymph node metastases from 20 patients. Fluorescent STxB was incubated with fine-needle aspiration (FNA) specimens, and Gb3 expression was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, 11 patient-derived human breast cancer xenografts (HBCx) were evaluated for expression of Gb3 by ESL and FACS. In addition, the biodistribution of fluorescent STxB conjugate was studied after intravenous injection in a Gb3 positive HBCx model. RESULTS Gb3 expression was detected in 62 of 107 patients (57.9%), mainly in epithelial tumor cells. Gb3 positivity correlated with estrogen receptor expression (p≤0.01), whereas absence of Gb3 expression in primary tumors was correlated with the presence of lymph node metastases (p≤0.03). 65% of lymph node metastases were Gb3 positive and in 40% of tested patients, we observed a statistically significant increase of metastatic Gb3 expression (p≤0.04). Using concordant ESL and flow cytometry analysis, 6 out of 11 HBCx samples were scored positive. Intravenous injections of fluorescent STxB into HBC xenografted mice showed preferential STxB accumulation in epithelial cells and cells with endothelial morphology of the tumor. CONCLUSION The enhanced expression of Gb3 in primary breast carcinomas and its lymph node metastases indicate that the development of STxB-based therapeutic strategies is of interest in this pathology. Gb3 expressing HBCx can be used as a model for preclinical studies with STxB conjugates. Finally, the ESL technique on FNA represents a rapid and cost effective method for the stratification of patients in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ludger Johannes
- Endocytic Trafficking and Therapeutic Delivery Group, UMR3666 CNRS - U1143 INSERM, Institut Curie-Centre de Recherche, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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Sandvig K, Bergan J, Kavaliauskiene S, Skotland T. Lipid requirements for entry of protein toxins into cells. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 54:1-13. [PMID: 24462587 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The plant toxin ricin and the bacterial toxin Shiga toxin both belong to a group of protein toxins having one moiety that binds to the cell surface, and another, enzymatically active moiety, that enters the cytosol and inhibits protein synthesis by inactivating ribosomes. Both toxins travel all the way from the cell surface to endosomes, the Golgi apparatus and the ER before the ribosome-inactivating moiety enters the cytosol. Shiga toxin binds to the neutral glycosphingolipid Gb3 at the cell surface and is therefore dependent on this lipid for transport into the cells, whereas ricin binds both glycoproteins and glycolipids with terminal galactose. The different steps of transport used by these toxins have specific requirements for lipid species, and with the recent developments in mass spectrometry analysis of lipids and microscopical and biochemical dissection of transport in cells, we are starting to see the complexity of endocytosis and intracellular transport. In this article we describe lipid requirements and the consequences of lipid changes for the entry and intoxication with ricin and Shiga toxin. These toxins can be a threat to human health, but can also be exploited for diagnosis and therapy, and have proven valuable as tools to study intracellular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Sandvig
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jonas Bergan
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Simona Kavaliauskiene
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Tore Skotland
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Kouzel IU, Pirkl A, Pohlentz G, Soltwisch J, Dreisewerd K, Karch H, Müthing J. Progress in Detection and Structural Characterization of Glycosphingolipids in Crude Lipid Extracts by Enzymatic Phospholipid Disintegration Combined with Thin-Layer Chromatography Immunodetection and IR-MALDI Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:1215-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4035696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan U. Kouzel
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Pirkl
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gottfried Pohlentz
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jens Soltwisch
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Dreisewerd
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Helge Karch
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Müthing
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Bauwens A, Betz J, Meisen I, Kemper B, Karch H, Müthing J. Facing glycosphingolipid-Shiga toxin interaction: dire straits for endothelial cells of the human vasculature. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:425-57. [PMID: 22766973 PMCID: PMC11113656 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1060-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The two major Shiga toxin (Stx) types, Stx1 and Stx2, produced by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) in particular injure renal and cerebral microvascular endothelial cells after transfer from the human intestine into the circulation. Stxs are AB(5) toxins composed of an enzymatically active A subunit and the pentameric B subunit, which preferentially binds to the glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer/CD77). This review summarizes the current knowledge on Stx-caused cellular injury and the structural diversity of Stx receptors as well as the initial molecular interaction of Stxs with the human endothelium of different vascular beds. The varying lipoforms of Stx receptors and their spatial organization in lipid rafts suggest a central role in different modes of receptor-mediated endocytosis and intracellular destiny of the toxins. The design and development of tailored Stx neutralizers targeting the oligosaccharide-toxin recognition event has become a very real prospect to ameliorate or prevent life-threatening renal and neurological complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bauwens
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Josefine Betz
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Iris Meisen
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Münster, Domagkstr. 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Björn Kemper
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Helge Karch
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Müthing
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Münster, Domagkstr. 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Bergan J, Dyve Lingelem AB, Simm R, Skotland T, Sandvig K. Shiga toxins. Toxicon 2012; 60:1085-107. [PMID: 22960449 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxins are virulence factors produced by the bacteria Shigella dysenteriae and certain strains of Escherichia coli. There is currently no available treatment for disease caused by these toxin-producing bacteria, and understanding the biology of the Shiga toxins might be instrumental in addressing this issue. In target cells, the toxins efficiently inhibit protein synthesis by inactivating ribosomes, and they may induce signaling leading to apoptosis. To reach their cytoplasmic target, Shiga toxins are endocytosed and transported by a retrograde pathway to the endoplasmic reticulum, before the enzymatically active moiety is translocated to the cytosol. The toxins thereby serve as powerful tools to investigate mechanisms of intracellular transport. Although Shiga toxins are a serious threat to human health, the toxins may be exploited for medical purposes such as cancer therapy or imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Bergan
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
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