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Song H, Liu C, Ruan J, Cai Y, Wang J, Wang X, Fang L. Rhamnose-PEG-induced supramolecular helices: Addressing challenges of drug solubility and release efficiency in transdermal patch. J Control Release 2024; 367:848-863. [PMID: 38355053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) demand both high drug loading capacity and efficient delivery. In order to improve both simultaneously, this study aims to develop a novel rhamnose-induced pressure-sensitive adhesive (HPR) by dispersing the drug in the supramolecular helical structure. Ten model drugs, categorized as acidic and basic compounds, were chosen to understand the characteristics of the HPR and its inner mechanism. Notably, it enhanced drug loading by 1.41 to 5 times over commercially available pressure-sensitive adhesives Duro-Tak@ 87-4098 and Duro-Tak@ 87-2287, in addition to increasing drug release efficiency by a factor of about 5. Pharmacokinetic evaluation demonstrated that the HPR group had >4-fold (Tulobuterol TUL) and 3-fold (Diclofenac DIC) more area under the blood drug concentration curve (AUC) than the commercial TUL and DIC patches in the absence of added excipients and a significantly prolonged mean residence time (MRT) of >4-fold (TUL) and 3-fold (DIC), demonstrating the potential for highly efficacious and prolonged dosing. Furthermore, its safety and mechanical properties meet the requisite standards. Mechanistic inquiries unveiled that both acidic and basic drugs establish hydrogen bonds with HPR and become encapsulated within supramolecular helical structures. The supramolecular helical structures, significantly elevated both the enthalpy of the drug-HPR and entropy of the drugs release, thereby substantially enhancing drug delivery efficiency. In summary, HPR enabled a significant simultaneous enhancement of drug loading and drug delivery, which, together with its unique spatial structure, would contribute to the development of TDDS. In addition, the establishment of rhamnose-induced supramolecular helical structures would provide innovative pathways for different drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyuan Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jiuheng Ruan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, 783 Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu 510100, China
| | - Yu Cai
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, 6Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, 977 7Gongyuan Road, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiaoxu Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Liang Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
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2
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Hong H, Zhao J, Zhou K, Li Y, Li D, Wu Z. Rhamnose modified antibodies show improved immune killing towards EGFR-positive solid tumor cells. Carbohydr Res 2024; 536:109038. [PMID: 38219633 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have shown clinical efficacy in colorectal cancer and other solid cancers. Enhancing the effector functions of these anti-EGFR mAbs is believed to be a valuable approach to achieve improved efficacy in clinical setting. Here, we report the development of an effector function-enhanced antibody by rhamnose (Rha) functionalization. Cetuximab, a human/mouse chimeric anti-EGFR mAb, was selected and site-specifically conjugated with Rha haptens. The obtained cetuximab-Rha conjugate was shown to be able to selectively redirect amounts of endogenous anti-Rha antibodies onto EGFR-positive solid tumor cells and thereby provide more Fc domains to achieve enhancement of effector functions including complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP). Particularly, CDC, one powerful cell killing mechanism which is inactive in cetuximab, was dramatically improved. This study demonstrates the potential of rhamnose-modified antibody for EGFR-positive solid tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofei Hong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Yanchun Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhimeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China.
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3
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Shen C, Li Y, Lu G, Meng Q. Electrodialysis treatment of rhamnolipids hydrolysate and its waste water for use as water-soluble fertilizer. Bioresour Technol 2024; 393:130080. [PMID: 37993068 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Rhamnolipids can serve as a precursor for rhamnose production, but using ion exchange resin in purifying rhamnolipids hydrolysate results in excessive high-salinity wastewater, making the process environmentally and economically unfeasible. This study introduced electrodialysis technology as an alternative for purifying rhamnolipids hydrolysate, significantly reducing wastewater to less than 5 % compared to the resin method. To achieve zero wastewater discharge, the electrodialysis-treated wastewater was repurposed into a water-soluble fertilizer containing 7.1 g/L of rhamnolipids, 11.4 g/L of fatty acid, 2.4 g/L of amino acid, and 8.2 g/L of potassium. Unlike traditional fertilizers, the nutritional components with rhamnolipids showed remarkable potential in enhancing tomato plant growth, flowering, and fruit quality. Taken together, the electrodialysis treatment of rhamnolipids hydrolysate largely reduced the water volume, the economic cost, and took a full use of the final wastewater as efficient water-soluble fertilizers, making it applicable for large-scale rhamnose production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Center for Membrane and Water Science & Technology, Institute of Oceanic and Environmental Chemical Engineering, State Key Lab Base of Green Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yizeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qin Meng
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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4
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Xu Y, Qian L, Fang M, Liu Y, Xu ZJ, Ge X, Zhang Z, Liu ZP, Lou H. Tumor selective self-assembled nanomicelles of carbohydrate-epothilone B conjugate for targeted chemotherapy. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 259:115693. [PMID: 37531745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Epothilone B (Epo B) is a potent antitumor natural product with sub-nanomolar anti-proliferation action against several human cancer cells. However, poor selectivity to tumor cells and unacceptable therapeutic windows of Epo B and its analogs are the major obstacles to their development into clinical drugs. Herein, we present self-assembled nanomicelles based on an amphiphilic carbohydrate-Epo B conjugate that is inactive until converted to active Epo B within the tumor. Four Epo B-Rhamnose conjugates linked via two linkers containing a disulfide bond that is sensitive to GSH were synthesized. Conjugate 34 can self-assemble into nanomicelles with a high concentration of Rha on the surface, allowing for better tumor targeting. After internalization by cancer cells, the disulfide bond can be cleaved in the presence of high levels of GSH to release active Epo B, thereby exhibiting significant anticancer efficiency and selectivity in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Xu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Lilin Qian
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Min Fang
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Ze-Jun Xu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Zhiyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Zhao-Peng Liu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Hongxiang Lou
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
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5
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Khodse VB, Amberkar U, Khandeparker R, Ramaiah N. Variability of biochemical compounds in surface sediments along the eastern margin of the Arabian Sea. Environ Monit Assess 2023; 195:414. [PMID: 36808010 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-10991-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Different fractions of organic matter in surface sediments from three transects along the eastern margin of the Arabian Sea (AS) were quantified to determine the sources of organic matter, and also to study its impact on microbial community structure. From the extensive analyses of different biochemical parameters, it was evident that the distribution of total carbohydrate (TCHO), total neutral carbohydrate (TNCHO), proteins, lipids, and uronic acids (URA) concentrations and yield (% TCHO-C/TOC) are affected by organic matter (OM) sources and microbial degradation of sedimentary OM. Monosaccharide compositions from surface sediment was quantified to assess the sources and diagenetic fate of carbohydrates, suggesting that the deoxysugars (rhamnose plus fucose) had significant inverse relationship (r = 0.928, n = 13, p < 0.001) with hexoses (mannose plus galactose plus glucose) and positive relationship (r = 0.828, n = 13, p < 0.001) with pentoses (ribose plus arabinose plus xylose). This shows that marine microorganisms are the source of carbohydrates and there is no influence of terrestrial OM along the eastern margin of AS. During the degradation of algal material, the hexoses seem to be preferentially used by heterotrophic organisms in this region. Arabinose plus galactose (glucose free wt %) values between 28 and 64 wt% indicate that OM was derived from phytoplankton, zooplankton, and non-woody tissues. In the principal component analysis, rhamnose, fucose, and ribose form one cluster of positive loadings while glucose, galactose, and mannose form another cluster of negative loadings which suggest that during OM sinking process, hexoses were removed resulting in increase in bacterial biomass and microbial sugars. Results indicate sediment OM to be derived from marine microbial source along the eastern margin of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwas B Khodse
- Microbial Ecology Lab, Biological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography, CSIR, Goa, 403004, India
| | - Ujwala Amberkar
- Microbial Ecology Lab, Biological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography, CSIR, Goa, 403004, India
| | - Rakhee Khandeparker
- Microbial Ecology Lab, Biological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography, CSIR, Goa, 403004, India.
| | - N Ramaiah
- Microbial Ecology Lab, Biological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography, CSIR, Goa, 403004, India
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6
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Nagarajan D, Chen CY, Ariyadasa TU, Lee DJ, Chang JS. Macroalgal biomass as a potential resource for lactic acid fermentation. Chemosphere 2022; 309:136694. [PMID: 36206920 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lactic acid is an essential platform chemical with various applications in the chemicals, food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Currently, the demand for lactic acid is driven by the role of lactic acid as the starting material for the production of bioplastic polylactide. Microbial fermentation for lactic acid production is favored due to the production of enantiomerically pure lactic acid required for polylactide synthesis, as opposed to the racemic mixture obtained via chemical synthesis. The utilization of first-generation feedstock for commercial lactic acid production is challenged by feedstock costs and sustainability issues. Macroalgae are photosynthetic benthic aquatic plants that contribute tremendously towards carbon capture with subsequent carbon-rich biomass production. Macroalgae are commercially cultivated to extract hydrocolloids, and recent studies have focused on applying biomass as a fermentation feedstock. This review provides comprehensive information on the design and development of sustainable and cost-effective, algae-based lactic acid production. The central carbon regulation in lactic acid bacteria and the metabolism of seaweed-derived sugars are described. An exhaustive compilation of lactic acid fermentation of macroalgae hydrolysates revealed that lactic acid bacteria can effectively ferment the mixture of sugars present in the hydrolysate with comparable yields. The environmental impacts and economic prospects of macroalgal lactic acid are analyzed. Valorization of the vast amounts of spent macroalgal biomass residue post hydrocolloid extraction in a biorefinery is a viable strategy for cost-effective lactic acid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillirani Nagarajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Yen Chen
- University Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Research Center for Circular Economy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Thilini U Ariyadasa
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, 10400, Sri Lanka
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tang, Hong Kong
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, 407, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung, 407, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, 32003, Taiwan.
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7
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Larkey NE, Fatica EM, Singh RJ. Detection of 13C-Mannitol and Other Saccharides Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Evaluation of Intestinal Permeability or Leaky Gut. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2546:285-294. [PMID: 36127598 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2565-1_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Urine tests for intestinal permeability typically detect the secretion of administered saccharides with relatively different absorptions over a designated time period to determine severity of disease. Traditionally, a disaccharide/monosaccharide ratio such as lactulose/mannitol is used. Due to the potential for contamination of mannitol from different foods and commercial products causing an elevated baseline measurement, 13C mannitol can be used instead. In this chapter, a method of detecting various administered saccharides in urine for the evaluation of intestinal permeability is described. Three monosaccharides and two disaccharides are included so researchers can choose which combinations best fit their needs. Here lactulose, mannitol, 13C mannitol, rhamnose, and sucralose levels are separated and detected in urine using HPLC separation and MS/MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Larkey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Erica M Fatica
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ravinder J Singh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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8
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Liu Z, Li X, Lu Z, Qin X, Hong H, Zhou Z, Pieters RJ, Shi J, Wu Z. Repurposing the Pentameric B-subunit of Shiga Toxin for Gb3-targeted Immunotherapy of Colorectal Cancer by Rhamnose Conjugation. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2719-2729. [PMID: 35905973 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Globotriaosylceramide (Gb3 or CD77) is a tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen implicated in several types of cancer that serves as a potential cancer marker for developing target-specific diagnosis and therapy. However, the development of Gb3-targeted therapeutics has been challenging due to its carbohydrate nature. In the present work, taking advantage of its natural pentamer architecture and Gb3-specific targeting of shiga toxin B subunit (StxB), we constructed a pentameric antibody recruiting chimera by site-specifically conjugating StxB with the rhamnose hapten for immunotherapy of colorectal cancer. The Sortase A-catalyzed enzymatic tethering of rhamnose moieties to the C terminus of Stx1B and Stx2B had very moderate effect on their pentamer architectures and thus the resultant conjugates maintained the potent ability to bind to Gb3 antigen both immobilized on an assay plate and expressed on colorectal cancer cells. All StxB-rhamnose constructs were capable of efficiently mediating the binding of rhamnose antibodies onto HT29 colorectal cancer cells, which was further shown to be able to induce cancer cell lysis by eliciting potent antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) in vitro. Finally, the best StxB-rhamnose conjugate, i.e. 1B-3R, was confirmed to be able to inhibit the colorectal tumor growth using a HT29-derived xenograft murine model. Taken together, our data demonstrated the potential of repurposing StxB as an excellent multivalent scaffold for developing Gb3-targeted biotherapeutics and StxB-rhamnose conjugates might be promising candidates for targeted immunotherapy of Gb3-related colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Xia Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhongkai Lu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Xinfang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Haofei Hong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhifang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Roland J Pieters
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jie Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China.
| | - Zhimeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China.
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9
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Kaczmarska A, Pieczywek PM, Cybulska J, Zdunek A. Structure and functionality of Rhamnogalacturonan I in the cell wall and in solution: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 278:118909. [PMID: 34973730 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) belongs to the pectin family and is found in many plant cell wall types at different growth stages. It plays a significant role in cell wall and plant biomechanics and shows a gelling ability in solution. However, it has a significantly more complicated structure than smooth homogalacturonan (HG) and its variability due to plant source and physiological state contributes to the fact that RG-I's structure and function is still not so well known. Since functionality is a product of structure, we present a comprehensive review concerning the chemical structure and conformation of RG-I, its functions in plants and properties in solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Kaczmarska
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr M Pieczywek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Justyna Cybulska
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland.
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10
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Villalobos-Duno HL, Barreto LA, Alvarez-Aular Á, Mora-Montes HM, Lozoya-Pérez NE, Franco B, Lopes-Bezerra LM, Niño-Vega GA. Comparison of Cell Wall Polysaccharide Composition and Structure Between Strains of Sporothrix schenckii and Sporothrix brasiliensis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:726958. [PMID: 34616384 PMCID: PMC8489378 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.726958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, and Sporothrix globosa are the main causative agents of sporotrichosis, a human subcutaneous mycosis. Differences in virulence patterns are associated with each species but remain largely uncharacterized. The S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis cell wall composition and virulence are influenced by the culturing media, with little or no influence on S. globosa. By keeping constant the culturing media, we compared the cell wall composition of three S. schenckii and two S. brasiliensis strains, previously described as presenting different virulence levels on a murine model of infection. The cell wall composition of the five Sporothrix spp. strains correlated with the biochemical composition of the cell wall previously reported for the species. However, the rhamnose-to-β-glucan ratio exhibits differences among strains, with an increase in cell wall rhamnose-to-β-glucan ratio as their virulence increased. This relationship can be expressed mathematically, which could be an important tool for the determination of virulence in Sporothrix spp. Also, structural differences in rhamnomannan were found, with longer side chains present in strains with lower virulence reported for both species here studied, adding insight to the importance of this polysaccharide in the pathogenic process of these fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor L Villalobos-Duno
- Laboratorio de Micología, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Laura A Barreto
- Instituto Superior de Formación Docente Salome Ureña, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Álvaro Alvarez-Aular
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica y Productos Naturales, Centro de Química, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Nancy E Lozoya-Pérez
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Bernardo Franco
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Gustavo A Niño-Vega
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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11
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Gräßle F, Plugge C, Franchini P, Schink B, Schleheck D, Müller N. Pelorhabdus rhamnosifermentans gen. nov., sp. nov., a strictly anaerobic rhamnose degrader from freshwater lake sediment. Syst Appl Microbiol 2021; 44:126225. [PMID: 34198168 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2021.126225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A rhamnose-degrading bacterium, strain BoRhaAT, was isolated from profundal sediment of Lake Constance in agar dilution series with l-rhamnose as substrate and with a background lawn of Methanospirillum hungatei. The isolated strain was a motile rod that stained Gram positive. Growth was observed within a pH range of 4.0-7.5 and a temperature range of 15-30°C. Fermentation products of rhamnose or glucose were acetate, propionate, ethanol, butyrate, and 1-propanol. The G+C content was 40.6% G+C. The dominant fatty acids are C16:1ω9c, i-C13:03OH, C16:0 and C17:1ω8c with 8-21% relative abundance. Polar lipids were glycolipids, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphoaminolipid and other lipids, of which phosphatidylethanolamine was most abundant. The sequence of the 16S rRNA gene of the new isolate matches the sequence of its closest relative Anaerosporomusa subterranea to 92.4%. A comparison of the genome with this strain showed 60.2% genome-wide average amino acid identity (AAI), comparisons with other type strains showed a maximum of 62.7% AAI. Thus, the definition of a new genus is justified for which we propose the name Pelorhabdus. For strain BoRhaAT, we propose the name Pelorhabdus rhamnosifermentans gen. nov., sp. nov., with strain BoRhaAT (DSM 111565T = JCM 39158T) as the type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Gräßle
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany; Research Training Group R3 - Resilience of Lake Ecosystems, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Caroline Plugge
- Research Training Group R3 - Resilience of Lake Ecosystems, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany; Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Paolo Franchini
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schink
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany; Research Training Group R3 - Resilience of Lake Ecosystems, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - David Schleheck
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany; Research Training Group R3 - Resilience of Lake Ecosystems, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Nicolai Müller
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany; Research Training Group R3 - Resilience of Lake Ecosystems, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
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12
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Wu Y, Liu L, Zhao Y, Zhao R. Polysaccharides of vinegar-baked radix bupleuri promote the hepatic targeting effect of oxymatrine by regulating the protein expression of HNF4α, Mrp2, and OCT1. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 267:113471. [PMID: 33075440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Vinegar-baked Radix Bupleuri (VBRB) is a processed form of Bupleurum chinense DC. As a well-known meridian-guiding drug, it is traditionally used as a component of traditional Chinese medicine formulations indicated for the treatment of liver diseases. However, the liver targeting component in VBRB remains unclear. Therefore, this study aims to explore the efficacy and mechanism of PSS (polysaccharides in Vinegar-baked Radix Bupleuri) in enhancing liver targeting. MATERIALS AND METHODS Drug distribution of OM alone or combined with PSS was investigated in vivo. Relative uptake efficiency (RUE) and relative targeting efficiency (RTE) were calculated to evaluate liver targeting efficiency. The mRNA and protein expression of organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1), multi-drug resistance protein 2 (Mrp2), and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) in the liver were determined by q-PCR and Western blot. Then, AZT, the inhibitor of OCT1 and BI6015, the inhibitor of HNF4α were used to investigate regulatory mechanisms involved in the uptake of OM in the cell. At last, the role of PSS in the anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) was explored on HepG2.2.15. RESULTS PSS increased the AUC of OM in the liver and increase the RUE and RTE in the liver which indicated a liver targeting enhancing effect. The mRNA and protein expression of OCT1 was increased while Mrp2 and HNF4α decreased. PSS could increase the uptake of OM in HepG2 by increasing the protein expression of HNF4α and OCT1, while inhibited Mrp2. Moreover, PSS combined with OM could enhance the anti-HBV effect of OM. CONCLUSION PSS enhanced the liver targeting efficiency and the underlying mechanism related to up-regulating the expression of OCT1 and HNF4α, while down-regulating of Mrp2. These results suggest that PSS may become a potential excipient and provide a new direction for new targeted research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayun Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Ya Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Ruizhi Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, 510120, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, China.
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13
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Hernández-Vázquez JMV, López-Muñoz H, Escobar-Sánchez ML, Flores-Guzmán F, Weiss-Steider B, Hilario-Martínez JC, Sandoval-Ramírez J, Fernández-Herrera MA, Sánchez Sánchez L. Apoptotic, necrotic, and antiproliferative activity of diosgenin and diosgenin glycosides on cervical cancer cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 871:172942. [PMID: 31972180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.172942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
(25R)-spirost-5-en-3β-ol, also known as diosgenin (DSG), exerts antiproliferative activity on diverse cell lines, induces apoptosis, and acts as a chemopreventative agent. However, the relationship between DSG glycosides and apoptotic, necrotic, and antiproliferative activity remains unclear. It is in this regard that we report the antiproliferative, necrotic, and apoptotic activities of DSG and its glycoside derivatives: (25R)-spirost-5-en-3β-yl O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3GD), (25R)-spirost-5-en-3β-yl O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-β-D-glucopyranoside (3GRD); and (25R)-spirost-5-en-3β-yl O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 4)]-β-D-glucopyranoside), also known as dioscin (DSC), in in vitro assays of cervical HeLa and CaSki cancer cells. The results demonstrated that DSG glycosidic derivatives preserved their antiproliferative activity. However, in both cancer cell lines, 3GD and 3GRD were less potent than DSG, while DSC was more potent than DSG. With respect to necrotic activity, all tested compounds showed no or low activity on the two cervical cancer cell lines. Regarding apoptosis, the results showed that DSG glycosides were better apoptosis-inducers than DSG, suggesting that glucose and rhamnose residues play a central role in enhancing the apoptotic activity of DSG. Finally, DSG and its glycosidic derivatives were shown to affect the proliferative potential of lymphocytes (non-tumour cells) to a lesser extent than cancer cells, suggesting that these compounds have selective action. In conclusion, the results indicate that DSG and its glycosidic derivatives are promising anticancer compounds since they are compounds with low necrotic activity and selective action.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Misael Vicente Hernández-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular del Cáncer, Lab. 6, 2do piso, UMIEZ, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ejercito de Oriente, Iztapalapa, 09230, México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Hugo López-Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular del Cáncer, Lab. 6, 2do piso, UMIEZ, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ejercito de Oriente, Iztapalapa, 09230, México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - María Luisa Escobar-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Fernando Flores-Guzmán
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular del Cáncer, Lab. 6, 2do piso, UMIEZ, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ejercito de Oriente, Iztapalapa, 09230, México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Benny Weiss-Steider
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular del Cáncer, Lab. 6, 2do piso, UMIEZ, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ejercito de Oriente, Iztapalapa, 09230, México, CDMX, Mexico
| | | | - Jesús Sandoval-Ramírez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, 72570, Puebla, Pue, Mexico.
| | - María A Fernández-Herrera
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN - Unidad Mérida, Departamento de Física Aplicada, Antigua Carretera a Progreso km 6, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Luis Sánchez Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular del Cáncer, Lab. 6, 2do piso, UMIEZ, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ejercito de Oriente, Iztapalapa, 09230, México, CDMX, Mexico.
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Abstract
In this chapter, a highly sensitive method to measure plasmid stability in Gram-negative bacteria is described. This procedure is based on the counterselection of plasmid-containing cells using an aph-parE cassette. When bacteria carrying the aph-parE module in the plasmid of interest are grown in media containing rhamnose as the only carbon source, the PparE promoter is induced, ParE is synthesized, and plasmid-containing cells are eliminated; bacteria that have lost the plasmid survive. The absence of the kanamycin resistance marker (aph) can be used to confirm the loss of the plasmid in rhamnose grown bacteria.
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15
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Kusuma SAF, Parwati I, Rostinawati T, Yusuf M, Fadhlillah M, Ahyudanari RR, Rukayadi Y, Subroto T. Optimization of culture conditions for Mpt64 synthetic gene expression in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) using surface response methodology. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02741. [PMID: 31844694 PMCID: PMC6895765 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
MPT64 is a specific protein that is secreted by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). The objective of this study was to obtain optimum culture conditions for MPT64 synthetic gene expression in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by response surface methodology (RSM). The RSM was undertaken to optimize the culture conditions under different cultivation conditions (medium concentration, induction time and inducer concentration), designed by the factorial Box-Bhenken using Minitab 17 statistical software. From the randomized combination, 15 treatments and three center point repetitions were obtained. Furthermore, expression methods were carried out in the flask scale fermentation in accordance with the predetermined design. Then, the MPT64 protein in the cytoplasm of E. coli cell was isolated and characterized using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrilamide electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) then quantified using the ImageJ program. The optimum conditions were two-fold medium concentration (tryptone 20 mg/mL, yeast extract 10 mg/mL, and sodium chloride 20 mg/mL), 5 h of induction time and 4 mM rhamnose. The average concentration of recombinant MPT64 at optimum conditions was 0.0392 mg/mL, higher than the predicted concentration of 0.0311 mg/mL. In conclusion, the relationship between the selected optimization parameters strongly influenced the level of MPT64 gene expression in E. coli BL21 (DE3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Agung Fitri Kusuma
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia.,Department of Biology Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Ida Parwati
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Tina Rostinawati
- Department of Biology Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Yusuf
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia.,Research Center for Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Fadhlillah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia.,Research Center for Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.,PT. Genpro Multiguna Sejahtera, Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Risa R Ahyudanari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Yaya Rukayadi
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Toto Subroto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia.,Research Center for Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
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16
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Zhang D, Beck BH, Lange M, Zhao H, Thongda W, Ye Z, Li C, Peatman E. Impact of oral and waterborne administration of rhamnolipids on the susceptibility of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) to Flavobacterium columnare infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2017; 60:44-49. [PMID: 27818340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Flavobacterium columnare is the causative agent of columnaris disease and causes tremendous morbidity and mortality of farmed fish globally. Previously, we identified a potential lectin-mediator (a rhamnose-binding lectin; RBL1a) of F. columnare adhesion and showed higher RBL1a expression in susceptible channel catfish under basal conditions and following infection. Exposure of challenged fish to the carbohydrate ligand l-rhamnose just prior to a challenge substantially decreased columnaris mortality and pathogen adherence via the down-regulation of RBL1a. While highly effective in protecting fish from columnaris, l-rhamnose is prohibitively expensive, underscoring the need for alternative cost-effective sources of rhamnose for disease control. One such alternative may be microbially produced glycolipid compounds termed rhamnolipids (RLs), which feature abundant l-rhamnose moieties and are readily available from commercial sources. In the present study, we examined whether commercially available RLs (administered either by immersion or via feed) would function similarly to l-rhamnose in affording host protection against F. columnare. A four-week feeding trial with basal and RL top-coated diets (basal diet + RLs) was conducted in channel catfish fingerlings. Surprisingly, columnaris challenges revealed significantly lower survival following the 10 d challenge period in RL diet fed fish when compared with the basal treatment group (p < 0.001). In fish fed RLs, we observed a rapid and large-scale upregulation of RBL1a immediately after challenge combined with a suppression of mucin and lysozyme transcripts. Similarly, fish that were briefly pre-exposed to RLs by immersion and then challenged exhibited lower survival as compared to unexposed fish during a 4 d trial. In conclusion, RLs do not represent an alternative to rhamnose as an experimental treatment for protecting catfish from columnaris mortality. Further research is needed to find other affordable and efficacious alternative sources of l-rhamnose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Zhang
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Benjamin H Beck
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL 36832, USA
| | - Miles Lange
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Stuttgart, AR, USA
| | - Honggang Zhao
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Wilawan Thongda
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Zhi Ye
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Chao Li
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Eric Peatman
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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17
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Ryan DP, Tremethick DJ. A dual affinity-tag strategy for the expression and purification of human linker histone H1.4 in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 120:160-8. [PMID: 26739785 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Linker histones are an abundant and critical component of the eukaryotic chromatin landscape. They play key roles in regulating the higher order structure of chromatin and many genetic processes. Higher eukaryotes possess a number of different linker histone subtypes and new data are consistently emerging that indicate these subtypes are functionally distinct. We were interested in studying one of the most abundant human linker histone subtypes, H1.4. We have produced recombinant full-length H1.4 in Escherichia coli. An N-terminal Glutathione-S-Transferase tag was used to promote soluble expression and was combined with a C-terminal hexahistidine tag to facilitate a simple non-denaturing two-step affinity chromatography procedure that results in highly pure full-length H1.4. The purified H1.4 was shown to be functional via in vitro chromatin assembly experiments and remains active after extended storage at -80 °C.
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18
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Balsamo R, Boak M, Nagle K, Peethambaran B, Layton B. Leaf biomechanical properties in Arabidopsis thaliana polysaccharide mutants affect drought survival. J Biomech 2015; 48:4124-4129. [PMID: 26520913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Individual sugars are the building blocks of cell wall polysaccharides, which in turn comprise a plant׳s overall architectural structure. But which sugars play the most prominent role in maintaining a plant׳s mechanical stability during large cellular deformations induced by drought? We investigated the individual contributions of several genes that are involved in the synthesis of monosaccharides which are important for cell wall structure. We then measured drought tolerance and mechanical integrity during simulated drought in Arabidopsis thaliana. To assess mechanical properties, we designed a small-scale tensile tester for measuring failure strain, ultimate tensile stress, work to failure, toughness, and elastic modulus of 6-week-old leaves in both hydrated and drought-simulated states. Col-0 mutants used in this study include those deficient in lignin, cellulose, components of hemicellulose such as xylose and fucose, the pectic components arabinose and rhamnose, as well as mutants with enhanced arabinose and total pectin content. We found that drought tolerance is correlated to the mechanical and architectural stability of leaves as they experience dehydration. Of the mutants, S096418 with mutations for reduced xylose and galactose was the least drought tolerant, while the arabinose-altered CS8578 mutants were the least affected by water loss. There were also notable correlations between drought tolerance and mechanical properties in the diminished rhamnose mutant, CS8575 and the dehydrogenase-disrupted S120106. Our findings suggest that components of hemicellulose and pectins affect leaf biomechanical properties and may play an important role in the ability of this model system to survive drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Balsamo
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, United States
| | - Merewyn Boak
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, United States
| | - Kayla Nagle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States
| | - Bela Peethambaran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of the Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Bradley Layton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States; Department of Applied Computing and Engineering Technology, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States.
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19
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Hatakeyama T, Ichise A, Yonekura T, Unno H, Goda S, Nakagawa H. cDNA cloning and characterization of a rhamnose-binding lectin SUL-I from the toxopneustid sea urchin Toxopneustes pileolus venom. Toxicon 2014; 94:8-15. [PMID: 25475394 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.11.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The globiferous pedicellariae of the venomous sea urchin Toxopneustes pileolus contain several biologically active proteins. Among these, a galactose-binding lectin SUL-I isolated from the venom in the large globiferous pedicellariae shows several activities such as mitogenic, chemotactic, and cytotoxic activities through binding to the carbohydrate chains on the cells. We cloned cDNA encoding SUL-I by reverse transcription-PCR using the degenerate primers designed on the basis of the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the protein and expressed the recombinant SUL-I (rSUL-I) in Escherichia coli cells. The SUL-I gene contains an open reading frame of 927 nucleotides corresponding to 308 amino acid residues, including 24 residues of a putative signal sequence. The mature protein with 284 residues is composed of three homologous regions, each showing similarity with the carbohydrate-recognition domains of the rhamnose-binding lectins, which have been mostly found in fish eggs. While rSUL-I exhibited binding activity for several galactose-related sugars, the highest affinity was found for l-rhamnose among carbohydrates tested, confirming that SUL-I is a rhamnose-binding lectin. rSUL-I also showed hemagglutinating activity toward rabbit erythrocytes, indicating the existence of more than one carbohydrate-binding site to cross-link the carbohydrate chains on the cell surface, which may be closely related to its biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomitsu Hatakeyama
- Biomolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
| | - Ayaka Ichise
- Biomolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Yonekura
- Biomolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Hideaki Unno
- Biomolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Goda
- Biomolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Nakagawa
- Division of Environmental Symbiosis, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
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20
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Ziaco M, De Castro C, Silipo A, Corsaro MM, Molinaro A, Iadonisi A, Lanzetta R, Parrilli M, Bedini E. Synthesis of the tetrasaccharide outer core fragment of Burkholderia multivorans lipooligosaccharide. Carbohydr Res 2015; 403:182-91. [PMID: 24933233 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The first synthesis of the outer core fragment of Burkholderia multivorans lipooligosaccharide [β-D-Glc-(1→3)-α-D-GalNAc-(1→3)-β-D-GalNAc-(1→3)-L-Rha] as α-allyl tetrasaccharide was accomplished. The glycosylations involving GalNAc units were studied in depth testing them under several conditions. This allowed the building of both the α- and the β-configured glycosidic bonds by employing the same GalNAc glycosyl donor, thus considerably shortening the total number of synthetic steps. The target tetrasaccharide was synthesized with an allyl aglycone to allow its future conjugation with an immunogenic protein en route to the development of a synthetic neoglycoconjugate vaccine against the Burkholderia cepacia pathogens.
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