1
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Matye D, Leak J, Woolbright BL, Taylor JA. Preclinical models of bladder cancer: BBN and beyond. Nat Rev Urol 2024:10.1038/s41585-024-00885-9. [PMID: 38769130 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-024-00885-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Preclinical modelling is a crucial component of advancing the understanding of cancer biology and therapeutic development. Several models exist for understanding the pathobiology of bladder cancer and evaluating therapeutics. N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine (BBN)-induced bladder cancer is a commonly used model that recapitulates many of the features of human disease. Particularly in mice, BBN is a preferred laboratory model owing to a high level of reproducibility, high genetic fidelity to the human condition, and its relative ease of use. However, important aspects of the model are often overlooked in laboratory studies. Moreover, the advent of new models has yielded a variety of methodologies that complement the use of BBN. Toxicokinetics, histopathology, molecular genetics and sex can differ between available models and are important factors to consider in bladder cancer modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Matye
- School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Juliann Leak
- School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Benjamin L Woolbright
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - John A Taylor
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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2
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Lima TRR, Kohori NA, de Camargo JLV, da Silva CA, Pereira LC. Diuron and its metabolites induce mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated cytotoxicity in urothelial cells. Toxicol Mech Methods 2024; 34:32-45. [PMID: 37664877 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2023.2250430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
In the environment, or during mammalian metabolism, the diuron herbicide (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) is transformed mainly into 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methylurea (DCPMU) and 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA). Previous research suggests that such substances are toxic to the urothelium of Wistar rats where, under specific exposure conditions, they may induce urothelial cell degeneration, necrosis, hyperplasia, and eventually tumors. However, the intimate mechanisms of action associated with such chemical toxicity are not fully understood. In this context, the purpose of the current in vitro study was to analyze the underlying mechanisms involved in the urothelial toxicity of those chemicals, addressing cell death and the possible role of mitochondrial dysfunction. Thus, human 1T1 urothelial cells were exposed to six different concentrations of diuron, DCA, and DCPMU, ranging from 0.5 to 500 µM. The results showed that tested chemicals induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage, cell cycle instability, and cell death, which were more expressive at the higher concentrations of the metabolites. These data corroborate previous studies from this laboratory and, collectively, suggest mitochondrial dysfunction as an initiating event triggering urothelial cell degeneration and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thania Rios Rossi Lima
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Medical School, Botucatu, Brazil
- Center for Evaluation of Environmental Impact on Human Health (TOXICAM), UNESP, Medical School, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Natalia Akemi Kohori
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Medical School, Botucatu, Brazil
- Center for Evaluation of Environmental Impact on Human Health (TOXICAM), UNESP, Medical School, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - João Lauro Viana de Camargo
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Medical School, Botucatu, Brazil
- Center for Evaluation of Environmental Impact on Human Health (TOXICAM), UNESP, Medical School, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Carla Adriene da Silva
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Medical School, Botucatu, Brazil
- Center for Evaluation of Environmental Impact on Human Health (TOXICAM), UNESP, Medical School, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Lilian Cristina Pereira
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Medical School, Botucatu, Brazil
- Center for Evaluation of Environmental Impact on Human Health (TOXICAM), UNESP, Medical School, Botucatu, Brazil
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agriculture, Botucatu, Brazil
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3
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Galateanu B, Hudita A, Biru EI, Iovu H, Zaharia C, Simsensohn E, Costache M, Petca RC, Jinga V. Applications of Polymers for Organ-on-Chip Technology in Urology. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:1668. [PMID: 35566836 PMCID: PMC9105302 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Organ-on-chips (OOCs) are microfluidic devices used for creating physiological organ biomimetic systems. OOC technology brings numerous advantages in the current landscape of preclinical models, capable of recapitulating the multicellular assemblage, tissue-tissue interaction, and replicating numerous human pathologies. Moreover, in cancer research, OOCs emulate the 3D hierarchical complexity of in vivo tumors and mimic the tumor microenvironment, being a practical cost-efficient solution for tumor-growth investigation and anticancer drug screening. OOCs are compact and easy-to-use microphysiological functional units that recapitulate the native function and the mechanical strain that the cells experience in the human bodies, allowing the development of a wide range of applications such as disease modeling or even the development of diagnostic devices. In this context, the current work aims to review the scientific literature in the field of microfluidic devices designed for urology applications in terms of OOC fabrication (principles of manufacture and materials used), development of kidney-on-chip models for drug-toxicity screening and kidney tumors modeling, bladder-on-chip models for urinary tract infections and bladder cancer modeling and prostate-on-chip models for prostate cancer modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Galateanu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei Street, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (B.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Ariana Hudita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei Street, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (B.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Elena Iuliana Biru
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, Department of Bioresources and Polymer Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (H.I.); (C.Z.)
| | - Horia Iovu
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, Department of Bioresources and Polymer Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (H.I.); (C.Z.)
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov Street, 50044 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Catalin Zaharia
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, Department of Bioresources and Polymer Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (H.I.); (C.Z.)
| | - Eliza Simsensohn
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (E.S.); (R.-C.P.); (V.J.)
| | - Marieta Costache
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei Street, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (B.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Razvan-Cosmin Petca
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (E.S.); (R.-C.P.); (V.J.)
| | - Viorel Jinga
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (E.S.); (R.-C.P.); (V.J.)
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4
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Fosciclopirox suppresses growth of high-grade urothelial cancer by targeting the γ-secretase complex. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:562. [PMID: 34059639 PMCID: PMC8166826 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03836-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ciclopirox (CPX) is an FDA-approved topical antifungal agent that has demonstrated preclinical anticancer activity in a number of solid and hematologic malignancies. Its clinical utility as an oral anticancer agent, however, is limited by poor oral bioavailability and gastrointestinal toxicity. Fosciclopirox, the phosphoryloxymethyl ester of CPX (Ciclopirox Prodrug, CPX-POM), selectively delivers the active metabolite, CPX, to the entire urinary tract following parenteral administration. We characterized the activity of CPX-POM and its major metabolites in in vitro and in vivo preclinical models of high-grade urothelial cancer. CPX inhibited cell proliferation, clonogenicity and spheroid formation, and increased cell cycle arrest at S and G0/G1 phases. Mechanistically, CPX suppressed activation of Notch signaling. Molecular modeling and cellular thermal shift assays demonstrated CPX binding to γ-secretase complex proteins Presenilin 1 and Nicastrin, which are essential for Notch activation. To establish in vivo preclinical proof of principle, we tested fosciclopirox in the validated N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (BBN) mouse bladder cancer model. Once-daily intraperitoneal administration of CPX-POM for four weeks at doses of 235 mg/kg and 470 mg/kg significantly decreased bladder weight, a surrogate for tumor volume, and resulted in a migration to lower stage tumors in CPX-POM treated animals. This was coupled with a reduction in the proliferation index. Additionally, there was a reduction in Presenilin 1 and Hes-1 expression in the bladder tissues of CPX-POM treated animals. Following the completion of the first-in-human Phase 1 trial (NCT03348514), the pharmacologic activity of fosciclopirox is currently being characterized in a Phase 1 expansion cohort study of muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients scheduled for cystectomy (NCT04608045) as well as a Phase 2 trial of newly diagnosed and recurrent urothelial cancer patients scheduled for transurethral resection of bladder tumors (NCT04525131).
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5
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Zhu S, Zhu Z, Ma AH, Sonpavde GP, Cheng F, Pan CX. Preclinical Models for Bladder Cancer Research. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2021; 35:613-632. [PMID: 33958154 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
At diagnosis, more than 70% of bladder cancers (BCs) are at the non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) stages, which are usually treated with transurethral resection followed by intravesical instillation. For the remaining advanced cancers, systemic therapy is the standard of care, with addition of radical cystectomy in cases of locally advanced cancer. Because of the difference in treatment modalities, different models are needed to advance the care of NMIBC and advanced BC. This article gives a comprehensive review of both in vitro and in vivo BC models and compares the advantages and drawbacks of these preclinical systems in BC research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoming Zhu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuchang District, Hubei Province, 430060, China; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, USA
| | - Zheng Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ai-Hong Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, 2700 Stockton BLVD, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Guru P Sonpavde
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard University, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Fan Cheng
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuchang District, Hubei Province, 430060, China.
| | - Chong-Xian Pan
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, USA.
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6
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Kim K, Hu W, Audenet F, Almassi N, Hanrahan AJ, Murray K, Bagrodia A, Wong N, Clinton TN, Dason S, Mohan V, Jebiwott S, Nagar K, Gao J, Penson A, Hughes C, Gordon B, Chen Z, Dong Y, Watson PA, Alvim R, Elzein A, Gao SP, Cocco E, Santin AD, Ostrovnaya I, Hsieh JJ, Sagi I, Pietzak EJ, Hakimi AA, Rosenberg JE, Iyer G, Vargas HA, Scaltriti M, Al-Ahmadie H, Solit DB, Coleman JA. Modeling biological and genetic diversity in upper tract urothelial carcinoma with patient derived xenografts. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1975. [PMID: 32332851 PMCID: PMC7181640 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15885-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment paradigms for patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) are typically extrapolated from studies of bladder cancer despite their distinct clinical and molecular characteristics. The advancement of UTUC research is hampered by the lack of disease-specific models. Here, we report the establishment of patient derived xenograft (PDX) and cell line models that reflect the genomic and biological heterogeneity of the human disease. Models demonstrate high genomic concordance with the corresponding patient tumors, with invasive tumors more likely to successfully engraft. Treatment of PDX models with chemotherapy recapitulates responses observed in patients. Analysis of a HER2 S310F-mutant PDX suggests that an antibody drug conjugate targeting HER2 would have superior efficacy versus selective HER2 kinase inhibitors. In sum, the biological and phenotypic concordance between patient and PDXs suggest that these models could facilitate studies of intrinsic and acquired resistance and the development of personalized medicine strategies for UTUC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanghee Kim
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Wenhuo Hu
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - François Audenet
- Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Nima Almassi
- Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Aphrothiti J Hanrahan
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Katie Murray
- Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Aditya Bagrodia
- Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Nathan Wong
- Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Timothy N Clinton
- Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Shawn Dason
- Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Vishnu Mohan
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Sylvia Jebiwott
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Karan Nagar
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Jianjiong Gao
- Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Alex Penson
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Chris Hughes
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Benjamin Gordon
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Ziyu Chen
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yiyu Dong
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Philip A Watson
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Ricardo Alvim
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Arijh Elzein
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Sizhi P Gao
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Emiliano Cocco
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Alessandro D Santin
- Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Irina Ostrovnaya
- Department of Epidemiology-Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10017, USA
| | - James J Hsieh
- Molecular Oncology, Department of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Irit Sagi
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Eugene J Pietzak
- Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - A Ari Hakimi
- Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Jonathan E Rosenberg
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Gopa Iyer
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Herbert A Vargas
- Body Imaging Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Maurizio Scaltriti
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Hikmat Al-Ahmadie
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - David B Solit
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Jonathan A Coleman
- Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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Whole-Organ Genomic Characterization of Mucosal Field Effects Initiating Bladder Carcinogenesis. Cell Rep 2020; 26:2241-2256.e4. [PMID: 30784602 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We used whole-organ mapping to study the locoregional molecular changes in a human bladder containing multifocal cancer. Widespread DNA methylation changes were identified in the entire mucosa, representing the initial field effect. The field effect was associated with subclonal low-allele frequency mutations and a small number of DNA copy alterations. A founder mutation in the RNA splicing gene, ACIN1, was identified in normal mucosa and expanded clonally with an additional 21 mutations in progression to carcinoma. The patterns of mutations and copy number changes in carcinoma in situ and foci of carcinoma were almost identical, confirming their clonal origins. The pathways affected by the DNA copy alterations and mutations, including the Kras pathway, were preceded by the field changes in DNA methylation, suggesting that they reinforced mechanisms that had already been initiated by methylation. The results demonstrate that DNA methylation can serve as the initiator of bladder carcinogenesis.
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8
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Emerging Roles of Cancer Stem Cells in Bladder Cancer Progression, Tumorigenesis, and Resistance to Chemotherapy: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Bladder Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010235. [PMID: 31963556 PMCID: PMC7016964 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is a complex and highly heterogeneous stem cell disease associated with high morbidity and mortality rates if it is not treated properly. Early diagnosis with personalized therapy and regular follow-up are the keys to a successful outcome. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the leading power behind tumor growth, with the ability of self-renewal, metastasis, and resistance to conventional chemotherapy. The fast-developing CSC field with robust genome-wide screening methods has found a platform for establishing more reliable therapies to target tumor-initiating cell populations. However, the high heterogeneity of the CSCs in BC disease remains a large issue. Therefore, in the present review, we discuss the various types of bladder CSC heterogeneity, important regulatory pathways, roles in tumor progression and tumorigenesis, and the experimental culture models. Finally, we describe the current stem cell-based therapies for BC disease.
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9
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Seyer AK, Lehman HL, DeGraff DJ. Modeling Tumor Heterogeneity in Bladder Cancer: The Current State of the Field and Future Needs. Bladder Cancer 2019. [DOI: 10.3233/blc-199009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Seyer
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Heather L. Lehman
- Department of Biology, Millersville University, Millersville, PA, USA
| | - David J. DeGraff
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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10
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Guo P, Shang W, Peng L, Wang L, Wang H, Han Z, Jiang H, Tian J, Wang K, Xu W. A gel system for single instillation of non-muscle-invasive bladder Cancer: A “divide-and-rule” strategy. J Control Release 2018; 285:46-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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11
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Nagaya T, Okuyama S, Ogata F, Maruoka Y, Knapp DW, Karagiannis SN, Fazekas-Singer J, Choyke PL, LeBlanc AK, Jensen-Jarolim E, Kobayashi H. Near infrared photoimmunotherapy targeting bladder cancer with a canine anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody. Oncotarget 2018; 9:19026-19038. [PMID: 29721181 PMCID: PMC5922375 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody therapy is used in EGFR expressing cancers including lung, colon, head and neck, and bladder cancers, however results have been modest. Near infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a highly selective tumor treatment that employs an antibody-photo-absorber conjugate which is activated by NIR light. NIR-PIT is in clinical trials in patients with recurrent head and neck cancers using cetuximab-IR700 as the conjugate. However, its use has otherwise been restricted to mouse models. This is an effort to explore larger animal models with NIR-PIT. We describe the use of a recombinant canine anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody (mAb), can225IgG, conjugated to the photo-absorber, IR700DX, in three EGFR expressing canine transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) cell lines as a prelude to possible canine clinical studies. Can225-IR700 conjugate showed specific binding and cell-specific killing after NIR-PIT on EGFR expressing cells in vitro. In the in vivo study, can225-IR700 conjugate demonstrated accumulation of the fluorescent conjugate with high tumor-to-background ratio. Tumor-bearing mice were separated into 4 groups: (1) no treatment; (2) 100 µg of can225-IR700 i.v. only; (3) NIR light exposure only; (4) 100 µg of can225-IR700 i.v., NIR light exposure. Tumor growth was significantly inhibited by NIR-PIT treatment compared with the other groups (p < 0.001), and significantly prolonged survival was achieved (p < 0.001 vs. other groups) in the treatment groups. In conclusion, NIR-PIT with can225-IR700 is a promising treatment for canine EGFR-expressing cancers, including invasive transitional cell carcinoma in pet dogs, that could provide a pathway to translation to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanobu Nagaya
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shuhei Okuyama
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Fusa Ogata
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Maruoka
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Deborah W. Knapp
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Sophia N. Karagiannis
- St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King’s College London, London, UK
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Cancer Centre, London, UK
| | - Judit Fazekas-Singer
- Comparative Medicine, The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter L. Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy K. LeBlanc
- Comparative Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- Comparative Medicine, The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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12
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Skowron MA, Sathe A, Romano A, Hoffmann MJ, Schulz WA, van Koeveringe GA, Albers P, Nawroth R, Niegisch G. Applying the chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane assay to study treatment approaches in urothelial carcinoma. Urol Oncol 2017; 35:544.e11-544.e23. [PMID: 28551413 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid development of novel treatment options demands valid preclinical screening models for urothelial carcinoma (UC). The translational value of high-throughput drug testing using 2-dimensional (2D) cultures is limited while for xenograft models handling efforts and costs often become prohibitive for larger-scale drug testing. Therefore, we investigated to which extent the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay might provide an alternative model to study antineoplastic treatment approaches for UC. METHODS The ability of 8 human UC cell lines (UCCs) to form tumors after implantation on CAMs was investigated. Epithelial-like RT-112 and mesenchymal-like T-24 UCCs in cell culture or as CAM tumors were treated with cisplatin alone or combined with histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) romidepsin and suberanilohydroxamic acid. Tumor weight, size, and bioluminescence activity were monitored; tumor specimens were analyzed by histology and immunohistochemistry. Western blotting and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction were used to measure protein and mRNA expression. RESULTS UCCs were reliably implantable on the CAM, but tumor development varied among cell lines. Expression of differentiation markers (E-cadherin, vimentin, CK5, CK18, and CK20) was similar in CAM tumors and 2D cultures. Cellular phenotypes also remained stable after recultivation of CAM tumors in 2D cultures. Bioluminescence images correlated with tumor weight. Cisplatin and HDACi decreased weight and growth of CAM tumors in a dose-dependent manner, but HDACi treatment acted less efficiently as in 2D cultures, especially on its typically associated molecular markers. Synergistic effects of HDACi and subsequent cisplatin treatment on UCCs were neither detected in 2D cultures nor detected in CAM tumors. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that the CAM assay is a useful tool for studying tumor growth and response to conventional anticancer drugs under 3D conditions, especially cytotoxic drugs as cisplatin. With some limitations, it might serve as a cost- and time-effective preclinical screening assay for novel therapeutic approaches before further assessment in expensive and cumbersome animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaretha A Skowron
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anuja Sathe
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Romano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michèle J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Peter Albers
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Roman Nawroth
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Günter Niegisch
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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13
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John BA, Said N. Insights from animal models of bladder cancer: recent advances, challenges, and opportunities. Oncotarget 2017; 8:57766-57781. [PMID: 28915710 PMCID: PMC5593682 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (urothelial cancer of the bladder) is the most common malignancy affecting the urinary system with increasing incidence and mortality. Treatment of bladder cancer has not advanced in the past 30 years. Therefore, there is a crucial unmet need for novel therapies, especially for high grade/stage disease that can only be achieved by preclinical model systems that faithfully recapitulate the human disease. Animal models are essential elements in bladder cancer research to comprehensively study the multistep cascades of carcinogenesis, progression and metastasis. They allow for the investigation of premalignant phases of the disease that are not clinically encountered. They can be useful for identification of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for disease progression and for preclinical identification and validation of therapeutic targets/candidates, advancing translation of basic research to clinic. This review summarizes the latest advances in the currently available bladder cancer animal models, their translational potential, merits and demerits, and the prevalent tumor evaluation modalities. Thereby, findings from these model systems would provide valuable information that can help researchers and clinicians utilize the model that best answers their research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bincy Anu John
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Neveen Said
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Urology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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14
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Kamat AM, Agarwal P, Bivalacqua T, Chisolm S, Daneshmand S, Doroshow JH, Efstathiou JA, Galsky M, Iyer G, Kassouf W, Shah J, Taylor J, Williams SB, Quale DZ, Rosenberg JE. Collaborating to Move Research Forward: Proceedings of the 10th Annual Bladder Cancer Think Tank. Bladder Cancer 2016; 2:203-213. [PMID: 27376139 PMCID: PMC4927866 DOI: 10.3233/blc-169007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The 10th Annual Bladder Cancer Think Tank was hosted by the Bladder Cancer Advocacy Network and brought together a multidisciplinary group of clinicians, researchers, representatives and Industry to advance bladder cancer research efforts. Think Tank expert panels, group discussions, and networking opportunities helped generate ideas and strengthen collaborations between researchers and physicians across disciplines and between institutions. Interactive panel discussions addressed a variety of timely issues: 1) data sharing, privacy and social media; 2) improving patient navigation through therapy; 3) promising developments in immunotherapy; 4) and moving bladder cancer research from bench to bedside. Lastly, early career researchers presented their bladder cancer studies and had opportunities to network with leading experts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish M Kamat
- Department of Urology, MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Piyush Agarwal
- Section of Urological Surgery, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Trinity Bivalacqua
- Brady Urological Institute , Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Sia Daneshmand
- Institute of Urology, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James H Doroshow
- Section of Urological Surgery, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jason A Efstathiou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Galsky
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine , New York, NY, USA
| | - Gopa Iyer
- Department of Medicine, Genitourinary Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY, USA
| | - Wassim Kassouf
- Department of Urology, McGill University , Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jay Shah
- Department of Urology, MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - John Taylor
- Division of Urology, University of Connecticut Health , Farmington, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Jonathan E Rosenberg
- Department of Medicine, Genitourinary Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY, USA
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15
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Zhou H, Wang X, Mo L, Liu Y, He F, Zhang F, Huang KH, Wu XR. Role of isoenzyme M2 of pyruvate kinase in urothelial tumorigenesis. Oncotarget 2016; 7:23947-60. [PMID: 26992222 PMCID: PMC5029676 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The conversion of precancerous lesions to full-fledged cancers requires the affected cells to surpass certain rate-limiting steps. We recently showed that activation of HRAS proto-oncogene in urothelial cells of transgenic mice causes simple urothelial hyperplasia (SUH) which is persistent and whose transition to low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma (UC) must undergo nodular urothelial hyperplasia (NUH). We hypothesized that NUH, which has acquired fibrovascular cores, plays critical roles in mesenchymal-to-epithelial signaling, breaching the barriers of urothelial tumor initiation. Using proteomics involving two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting with pan-phosphotyrosine antibody and MALDI-mass spectrometry, we identified isoform 2 of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) as the major tyrosine-phosphorylated protein switched on during NUH. We extended this finding using specimens from transgenic mice, human UC and UC cell lines, establishing that PKM2, but not its spliced variant PKM1, was over-expressed in low-grade and, more prominently, high-grade UC. In muscle-invasive UC, PKM2 was co-localized with cytokeratins 5 and 14, UC progenitor markers. Specific inhibition of PKM2 by siRNA or shRNA suppressed UC cell proliferation via increased apoptosis, autophagy and unfolded protein response. These results strongly suggest that PKM2 plays an important role in the genesis of low-grade non-invasive and high-grade invasive urothelial carcinomas.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Papillary/genetics
- Carcinoma, Papillary/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Papillary/pathology
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Humans
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Protein Isoforms
- Proto-Oncogene Mas
- Thyroid Hormones/genetics
- Thyroid Hormones/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/genetics
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology
- Uroplakin II/physiology
- Thyroid Hormone-Binding Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Zhou
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lan Mo
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Feng He
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Fenglin Zhang
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kuo-How Huang
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System Manhattan Campus, New York, NY 10010, USA
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16
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Dual ligand/receptor interactions activate urothelial defenses against uropathogenic E. coli. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16234. [PMID: 26549759 PMCID: PMC4637824 DOI: 10.1038/srep16234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During urinary tract infection (UTI), the second most common bacterial infection, dynamic interactions take place between uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) and host urothelial cells. While significant strides have been made in the identification of the virulence factors of UPEC, our understanding of how the urothelial cells mobilize innate defenses against the invading UPEC remains rudimentary. Here we show that mouse urothelium responds to the adhesion of type 1-fimbriated UPEC by rapidly activating the canonical NF-κB selectively in terminally differentiated, superficial (umbrella) cells. This activation depends on a dual ligand/receptor system, one between FimH adhesin and uroplakin Ia and another between lipopolysaccharide and Toll-like receptor 4. When activated, all the nuclei (up to 11) of a multinucleated umbrella cell are affected, leading to significant amplification of proinflammatory signals. Intermediate and basal cells of the urothelium undergo NF-κB activation only if the umbrella cells are detached or if the UPEC persistently express type 1-fimbriae. Inhibition of NF-κB prevents the urothelium from clearing the intracellular bacterial communities, leading to prolonged bladder colonization by UPEC. Based on these data, we propose a model of dual ligand/receptor system in innate urothelial defenses against UPEC.
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17
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Palmbos PL, Wang L, Yang H, Wang Y, Leflein J, Ahmet ML, Wilkinson JE, Kumar-Sinha C, Ney GM, Tomlins SA, Daignault S, Kunju LP, Wu XR, Lotan Y, Liebert M, Ljungman ME, Simeone DM. ATDC/TRIM29 Drives Invasive Bladder Cancer Formation through miRNA-Mediated and Epigenetic Mechanisms. Cancer Res 2015; 75:5155-66. [PMID: 26471361 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a common and deadly malignancy but its treatment has advanced little due to poor understanding of the factors and pathways that promote disease. ATDC/TRIM29 is a highly expressed gene in several lethal tumor types, including bladder tumors, but its role as a pathogenic driver has not been established. Here we show that overexpression of ATDC in vivo is sufficient to drive both noninvasive and invasive bladder carcinoma development in transgenic mice. ATDC-driven bladder tumors were indistinguishable from human bladder cancers, which displayed similar gene expression signatures. Clinically, ATDC was highly expressed in bladder tumors in a manner associated with invasive growth behaviors. Mechanistically, ATDC exerted its oncogenic effects by suppressing miR-29 and subsequent upregulation of DNMT3A, leading to DNA methylation and silencing of the tumor suppressor PTEN. Taken together, our findings established a role for ATDC as a robust pathogenic driver of bladder cancer development, identified downstream effector pathways, and implicated ATDC as a candidate biomarker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip L Palmbos
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lidong Wang
- Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Huibin Yang
- Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yin Wang
- Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jacob Leflein
- Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - McKenzie L Ahmet
- Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - John E Wilkinson
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Chandan Kumar-Sinha
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gina M Ney
- Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Scott A Tomlins
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Stephanie Daignault
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lakshmi P Kunju
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Departments of Urology and Pathology and Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Manhattan, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Yair Lotan
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Monica Liebert
- Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mats E Ljungman
- Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Diane M Simeone
- Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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18
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Progress made in the use of animal models for the study of high-risk, nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. Curr Opin Urol 2015; 24:512-6. [PMID: 24921908 DOI: 10.1097/mou.0000000000000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW High-risk, nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (HR-NMIBC) represents a costly and difficult-to-treat disease, the molecular pathogenesis of which has a limited understanding. Most preclinical models for the study of bladder cancer are more appropriate for the study of advanced disease. However, recent key advances in preclinical animal models places us at an opportune position to better understand HR-NMIBC. RECENT FINDINGS Discoveries in the basic sciences allow us to better understand tumor biology when building models of bladder cancer. Of note, a key study on urothelial progenitor cells recently highlighted an important role for Sonic hedgehog-positive cells and retinoid signaling that is essential for urothelial development and regeneration. In the translational realm, transgenic mouse models continue to be used, with a recent interest in the role of Wnt/beta-catenin in urothelial carcinomas. Tissue recombination models are also being increasingly utilized to better recreate the tissue microenvironment and better understand stromal-epithelial interactions and the impact of genetic alterations on tissue differentiation. Lastly, the avatar mouse systems, which involve direct xenotransplantation of human tumor specimens into immunocompromised mice, represent an additional approach to study cancer characteristics in a preserved tissue context. SUMMARY With molecular alterations remaining an unclear area of our understanding of HR-NMIBC, preclinical models of bladder cancer serve as essential tools to discover specific genetic compromises in disease pathogenesis and the therapeutics to treat them.
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19
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He F, Melamed J, Tang MS, Huang C, Wu XR. Oncogenic HRAS Activates Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Confers Stemness to p53-Deficient Urothelial Cells to Drive Muscle Invasion of Basal Subtype Carcinomas. Cancer Res 2015; 75:2017-28. [PMID: 25795707 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Muscle-invasive urothelial carcinomas of the bladder (MIUCB) exhibit frequent receptor tyrosine kinase alterations, but the precise nature of their contributions to tumor pathophysiology is unclear. Using mutant HRAS (HRAS*) as an oncogenic prototype, we obtained evidence in transgenic mice that RTK/RAS pathway activation in urothelial cells causes hyperplasia that neither progresses to frank carcinoma nor regresses to normal urothelium through a period of one year. This persistent hyperplastic state appeared to result from an equilibrium between promitogenic factors and compensatory tumor barriers in the p19-MDM2-p53-p21 axis and a prolonged G2 arrest. Conditional inactivation of p53 in urothelial cells of transgenic mice expressing HRAS* resulted in carcinoma in situ and basal-subtype MIUCB with focal squamous differentiation resembling the human counterpart. The transcriptome of microdissected MIUCB was enriched in genes that drive epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, the upregulation of which is associated with urothelial cells expressing multiple progenitor/stem cell markers. Taken together, our results provide evidence for RTK/RAS pathway activation and p53 deficiency as a combinatorial theranostic biomarker that may inform the progression and treatment of urothelial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng He
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York. Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Manhattan Campus, New York, New York
| | - Jonathan Melamed
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Moon-Shong Tang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Chuanshu Huang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York. Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Manhattan Campus, New York, New York. Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.
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20
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Increased expression of L-selectin (CD62L) in high-grade urothelial carcinoma: A potential marker for metastatic disease. Urol Oncol 2015; 33:387.e17-27. [PMID: 25618296 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION L-Selectin (CD62L) is a vascular adhesion molecule constitutively expressed on leukocytes with a primary function of directing leukocyte migration and homing of lymphocytes to lymph nodes. In a gene expression microarray study comparing laser-captured microdissected high-grade muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) without prior treatment and low-grade bladder cancer (LGBC) human samples, we found CD62L to be the highest differentially expressed gene. We sought to examine the differential expression of CD62L in MIBCs and its clinical relevance. METHODS Unfixed fresh and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human bladder cancer specimens and serum samples were obtained from the University of Connecticut Health Center tumor bank. Tumor cells were isolated from frozen tumor tissue sections by laser-captured microdissected followed by RNA isolation. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to validate the level of CD62L transcripts. Immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were performed to evaluate the CD62L protein localization and expression level. Flow cytometry was used to identify the relative number of cells expressing CD62L in fresh tumor tissue. In silico studies were performed using the Oncomine database. RESULTS Immunostaining showed a uniformly higher expression of CD62L in MIBC specimens vs. LGBCs specimens. Further, CD62L localization was seen in foci of metastatic tumor cells in lymph node specimens from patients with high-grade MIBC and known nodal involvement. Up-regulated expression of CD62L was also observed by flow cytometric analysis of freshly isolated tumor cells from biopsies of high-grade cancers vs. LGBC specimens. Circulating CD62L levels were also found to be higher in serum samples from patients with high-grade metastatic vs. high-grade nonmetastatic MIBC. In addition, in silico analysis of Oncomine Microarray Database showed a significant correlation between CD62L expression and tumor aggressiveness and clinical outcomes. CONCLUSION These data confirm the expression of CD62L on urothelial carcinoma cells and suggest that CD62L may serve as biomarker to predict the presence of or risk for developing metastatic disease in patients with bladder cancer.
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21
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Kobayashi T, Owczarek TB, McKiernan JM, Abate-Shen C. Modelling bladder cancer in mice: opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Cancer 2015; 15:42-54. [PMID: 25533675 PMCID: PMC4386904 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis and treatment of bladder cancer have improved little in the past 20 years. Bladder cancer remains a debilitating and often fatal disease, and is among the most costly cancers to treat. The generation of informative mouse models has the potential to improve our understanding of bladder cancer progression, as well as to affect its diagnosis and treatment. However, relatively few mouse models of bladder cancer have been described, and in particular, few that develop invasive cancer phenotypes. This Review focuses on opportunities for improving the landscape of mouse models of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kobayashi
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tomasz B Owczarek
- 1] Department of Urology, Columbia University Medical Center. [2] Institute of Cancer Genetics, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | | | - Cory Abate-Shen
- 1] Department of Urology, Columbia University Medical Center. [2] Institute of Cancer Genetics, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA. [3] Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA. [4] Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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22
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Madka V, Zhang Y, Li Q, Mohammed A, Sindhwani P, Lightfoot S, Wu XR, Kopelovich L, Rao CV. p53-stabilizing agent CP-31398 prevents growth and invasion of urothelial cancer of the bladder in transgenic UPII-SV40T mice. Neoplasia 2013; 15:966-74. [PMID: 23908596 PMCID: PMC3730047 DOI: 10.1593/neo.13704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The high prevalence of bladder cancer and its recurrence make it an important target for chemoprevention. About half of invasive urothelial tumors have mutations in p53. We determined the chemopreventive efficacy of a p53-stabilizing agent, CP-31398, in a transgenic UPII-SV40T mouse model of bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) that strongly resembles human TCC. After genotyping, six-week-old UPII-SV40T mice (n = 30/group) were fed control (AIN-76A) or experimental diets containing 150 or 300 ppm of CP-31398 for 34 weeks. Progression of bladder cancer growth was monitored by magnetic resonance imaging. At 40 weeks of age, all mice were killed; urinary bladders were collected to determine weights, tumor incidence, and histopathology. There was a significant increase in bladder weights of transgenic versus wild-type mice (male: 140.2 mg vs 27.3 mg, P < .0001; female: 34.2 mg vs 14.8 mg, P < .0001). A significant decrease in the bladder tumor weights (by 68.6-80.2%, P < .0001 in males and by 36.9-55.3%, P < .0001 in females) was observed in CP-31398-treated mice. Invasive papillary TCC incidence was 100% in transgenic mice fed control diet. Both male and female mice exposed to CP-31398 showed inhibition of invasive TCC. CP-31398 (300 ppm) completely blocked invasion in female mice. Molecular analysis of the bladder tumors showed an increase in apoptosis markers (p53, p21, Bax, and Annexin V) with a decrease in vascular endothelial growth factor in transgenic mice fed CP-31398. These results suggest that p53-modulating agents can serve as potential chemopreventive agents for bladder TCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkateshwar Madka
- Department of Medicine, Hem-Onc Section, PC Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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