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Tsang ES, Dhawan MS, Pacaud R, Thomas S, Grabowsky J, Wilch L, Karipineni S, Kelley RK, Ko AH, Collisson E, Chapman JS, Ueda S, Bergsland EK, Munster P. Synthetic Lethality Beyond BRCA: A Phase I Study of Rucaparib and Irinotecan in Metastatic Solid Tumors With Homologous Recombination-Deficiency Mutations Beyond BRCA1/2. JCO Precis Oncol 2024; 8:e2300494. [PMID: 38865673 DOI: 10.1200/po.23.00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Combining poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) and topoisomerase I inhibitors has demonstrated synergistic effects in in vivo models. This phase I trial evaluated rucaparib and irinotecan in metastatic solid tumors with homologous recombination deficiency. METHODS This study enrolled patients in three cohorts to determine the tolerability and preliminary efficacy of (1) rucaparib 400 mg PO twice a day (days 1-7, 15-21) and irinotecan 65 mg/m2 intravenously once every 2 weeks; (2) rucaparib 400 mg PO twice a day (D1-7, 15-21) and irinotecan 100 mg/m2 once every 2 weeks; and (3) rucaparib 400 mg per os twice a day (D1-7) and irinotecan 100 mg/m2 once every 3 weeks. RESULTS Twenty patients were enrolled: 95% with previous platinum, 40% with previous irinotecan, and 20% with previous PARP inhibitor. The maximally tolerated was determined as rucaparib 400 mg twice a day days 1-7 and irinotecan 100 mg/m2 once every 3 weeks. Four dose-limiting toxicities (all grade 3-4 neutropenia) occurred during dose escalation with only neutropenia as other grade 3-4 toxicities (25%; grade 3 [n = 3], grade 4 [n = 2]). Treatment-related grade 1-2 adverse events included neutropenia (45%), diarrhea (45%), nausea (40%), and fatigue (30%). Of 17 patients with evaluable disease, six patients (35%) derived clinical benefit (n = 2 with PR, n = 4 with stable disease for over 6 months). Three patients remained on study >1 year: two with ATM mutations (small bowel carcinoma and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor) and one patient with a PALB2 mutation (primary peritoneal cancer). CONCLUSION Pulse dosing of rucaparib and once every 3 weeks irinotecan was well tolerated for up to 18 months with durable responses in BRCA-, PALB2-, and ATM-mutated cancers despite progression on previous platinum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica S Tsang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Mallika S Dhawan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Romain Pacaud
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Scott Thomas
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jennifer Grabowsky
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Lauren Wilch
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Silpa Karipineni
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Robin Kate Kelley
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Andrew H Ko
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Eric Collisson
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jocelyn S Chapman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Stefanie Ueda
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Emily K Bergsland
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Pamela Munster
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Yuan M, Chen T, Jin L, Zhang P, Xie L, Zhou S, Fan L, Wang L, Zhang C, Tang N, Guo L, Xie C, Duo Y, Li L, Shi L. A carrier-free supramolecular nano-twin-drug for overcoming irinotecan-resistance and enhancing efficacy against colorectal cancer. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:393. [PMID: 37898773 PMCID: PMC10612220 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02157-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Irinotecan (Ir) is commonly employed as a first-line chemotherapeutic treatment for colorectal cancer (CRC). However, tremendous impediments remain to be addressed to surmount drug resistance and ameliorate adverse events. Poly-ADP-Ribose Polymerase (PARP) participates in the maintenance of genome stability and the repair of DNA damage, thus playing a critical role in chemotherapy resistance. In this work, we introduce a novel curative strategy that utilizes nanoparticles (NPs) prepared by dynamic supramolecular co-assembly of Ir and a PARP inhibitor (PARPi) niraparib (Nir) through π-π stacking and hydrogen bond interactions. The Ir and Nir self-assembled Nano-Twin-Drug of (Nir-Ir NPs) could enhance the therapeutic effect on CRC by synergistically inhibiting the DNA damage repair pathway and activating the tumor cell apoptosis process without obvious toxicity. In addition, the Nir-Ir NPs could effectively reverse irinotecan-resistance by inhibiting the expression of multiple resistance protein-1 (MRP-1). Overall, our study underscores the distinctive advantages and potential of Nir-Ir NPs as a complementary strategy to chemotherapy by simultaneously overcoming the Ir resistance and improving the anti-tumor efficacy against CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Yuan
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases in Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Department of pharmacology, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong-Hong Kong, Sun Yat-sen University, Universities for Nutritional Metabolism and Precise Prevention and Control of Major Chronic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Department of pharmacology, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong-Hong Kong, Sun Yat-sen University, Universities for Nutritional Metabolism and Precise Prevention and Control of Major Chronic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lu Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital (The Affiliated Luohu Hospital) of Shenzhen University, 47 Youyi Road, Shenzhen, 518001, China.
| | - Luoyijun Xie
- Department of pharmacology, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong-Hong Kong, Sun Yat-sen University, Universities for Nutritional Metabolism and Precise Prevention and Control of Major Chronic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuyi Zhou
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases in Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Lianfeng Fan
- Department of pharmacology, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong-Hong Kong, Sun Yat-sen University, Universities for Nutritional Metabolism and Precise Prevention and Control of Major Chronic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Wang
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases in Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- Department of pharmacology, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong-Hong Kong, Sun Yat-sen University, Universities for Nutritional Metabolism and Precise Prevention and Control of Major Chronic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ning Tang
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases in Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - LiHao Guo
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases in Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Chengmei Xie
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases in Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yanhong Duo
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ling Li
- Department of pharmacology, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong-Hong Kong, Sun Yat-sen University, Universities for Nutritional Metabolism and Precise Prevention and Control of Major Chronic Diseases, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Leilei Shi
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases in Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Phan Z, Ford CE, Caldon CE. DNA repair biomarkers to guide usage of combined PARP inhibitors and chemotherapy: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Pharmacol Res 2023; 196:106927. [PMID: 37717683 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The addition of PARP inhibitors to chemotherapy has been assessed in > 80 clinical trials across multiple malignancies, on the premise that PARP inhibitors will increase chemotherapy effectiveness regardless of whether cancers have underlying disruption of DNA repair pathways. Consequently, the majority of combination therapy trials have been performed on patients without biomarker selection, despite the use of homologous recombination deficiency to dictate use of PARP inhibitors in the maintenance setting. An unresolved question is whether biomarkers are needed to identify patients who respond to combination PARP inhibitors and chemotherapy. METHODS A systematic literature review identified studies using PARP inhibitors in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone, where the study included a biomarker of DNA repair function (BRCA1, BRCA2, homologous recombination deficiency test, ATM, ERCC1, SLFN11). Hazard ratios (HR) were pooled in a meta-analysis using generic inverse-variance, and fixed or random effects modelling. Subgroup analyses were conducted on biomarker selection and type of malignancy. RESULTS Nine studies comprising 2547 patients met the inclusion criteria. Progression-free survival (PFS) was significantly better in patients with a DNA repair biomarker (HR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.48-0.68, p < 0.00001), but there was no benefit in patients who lacked a biomarker (HR: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.82-1.08, p = 0.38). Subgroup analysis showed that BRCA status and SLFN11 biomarkers could predict benefit, and biomarker-driven benefit occurred in ovarian, breast and small cell lung cancers. The addition of PARP inhibitors to chemotherapy was associated with increased grade 3/4 side effects, and particularly neutropenia. CONCLUSIONS Combination therapy only improves PFS in patients with identifiable DNA repair biomarkers. This indicates that PARP inhibitors do not sensitise patients to chemotherapy treatment, except where their cancer has a homologous recombination defect, or an alternative biomarker of altered DNA repair. While effective in patients with DNA repair biomarkers, there is a risk of high-grade haematological side-effects with the use of combination therapy. Thus, the benefit in PFS from combination therapy must be weighed against potential adverse effects, as individual arms of treatment can also confer benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Phan
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Caroline E Ford
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - C Elizabeth Caldon
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Guha Majumdar A, Shree S, Das A, Kumar BK, Dey P, Subramanian M, Patro BS. Design, synthesis and development of a dual inhibitor of Topoisomerase 1 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 for efficient killing of cancer cells. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 258:115598. [PMID: 37406384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Combinatorial inhibition of Topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is an attractive therapeutic strategy which is under active investigation to address chemoresistance to TOP1 inhibitors. However, this combinatorial regimen suffers from severe dose limiting toxicities. Dual inhibitors often offer significant advantages over combinatorial therapies involving individual agents by minimizing toxicity and providing conducive pharmacokinetic profiles. In this study, we have designed, synthesized and evaluated a library of 11 candidate conjugated dual inhibitors for PARP1 and TOP1, named as DiPT-1 to DiPT-11. Our extensive screening showed that one of the hits i.e.DiPT-4 has promising cytotoxicity profile against multiple cancers with limited toxicities towards normal cells. DiPT-4 induces extensive DNA double stand breaks (DSBs), cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells. Mechanistically, DiPT-4 has the propensity to bind catalytic pockets of TOP1 and PARP1, leading to significant inhibition of both TOP1 and PARP1 at in vitro and cellular level. Interestingly, DiPT-4 causes extensive stabilization of TOP1-DNA covalent complex (TOP1cc), a key lethal intermediate associated with induction of DSBs and cell death. Moreover, DiPT-4 inhibited poly (ADP-ribosylation) i.e. PARylation of TOP1cc, leading to long lived TOP1cc with a slower kinetics of degradation. This is one of the important molecular processes which helps in overcoming resistance in cancer in response to TOP1 inhibitors. Together, our investigation showed DiPT-4 as a promising dual inhibitor of TOP1 and PARP1, which may have the potential to offer significant advantages over combinatorial therapy in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Guha Majumdar
- Bio-Organic Division, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400094, India
| | - Shikha Shree
- Bio-Organic Division, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400094, India
| | - Amit Das
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400094, India
| | - Binita K Kumar
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400085, India
| | | | - Mahesh Subramanian
- Bio-Organic Division, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400094, India
| | - Birija Sankar Patro
- Bio-Organic Division, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400094, India.
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Wainberg ZA, Singh AS, Konecny GE, McCann KE, Hecht JR, Goldman J, Chmielowski B, Finn RS, O'Brien N, Von Euw E, Price MM, Martinez D, Yonemoto L, Brennan M, Glaspy JA, Slamon DJ. Preclinical and Clinical Trial Results Using Talazoparib and Low-Dose Chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:40-49. [PMID: 36136304 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-1553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE On the basis of preclinical data, we hypothesized that low doses of chemotherapy (10% of therapeutic doses) with full dose of a PARP inhibitor could have improved efficacy and tolerability. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this phase I dose-escalation study, patients with BRCA-normal advanced malignancies were assigned to either talazoparib/temozolomide or talazoparib/irinotecan. Talazoparib was dose-escalated from 500 mcg to 1 mg daily before dose escalation of temozolomide/irinotecan. The starting dose of temozolomide was 25 mg/m2/day orally on days 1 to 5 and irinotecan was 25 mg/m2/day intravenously on days 1 and 15. The primary objectives of this trial were safety and tolerability, dose-limiting toxicities (DLT), and maximum tolerated dose (MTD). RESULTS Of 40 patients enrolled, 18 (mean: 7 prior therapies) were enrolled in talazoparib + temozolomide and 22 in talazoparib + irinotecan. DLTs were hematologic in both arms, but all hematologic adverse events resolved with either treatment interruption and/or dose reductions of talazoparib. The MTDs were talazoparib 1 mg + temozolomide 37.5 mg/m2 and talazoparib 1 mg + irinotecan 37.5 mg/m2. There were four partial responses in the talazoparib + temozolomide arm and five in the talazoparib + irinotecan arm for a response rate of 23% (9/40). The pharmacokinetic profiles of talazoparib + temozolomide/irinotecan were similar to that of talazoparib monotherapy. Responses were seen independent of homologous recombination (HR) status and HR deficiency score. CONCLUSIONS These results show that talazoparib with low-dose temozolomide or irinotecan is reasonably well tolerated and demonstrates clinical activity in a wide range of cancers. Randomized trials of talazoparib with or without low-dose chemotherapy are ongoing in small cell lung cancer and ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zev A Wainberg
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Arun S Singh
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gottfried E Konecny
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kelly E McCann
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - J Randolph Hecht
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jonathan Goldman
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bartosz Chmielowski
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Richard S Finn
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Neil O'Brien
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Erika Von Euw
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Megan M Price
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Diego Martinez
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lisa Yonemoto
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Meghan Brennan
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - John A Glaspy
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dennis J Slamon
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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Combined PARP and Dual Topoisomerase Inhibition Potentiates Genome Instability and Cell Death in Ovarian Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810503. [PMID: 36142413 PMCID: PMC9505822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although ovarian cancer is a rare disease, it constitutes the fifth leading cause of cancer death among women. It is of major importance to develop new therapeutic strategies to improve survival. Combining P8-D6, a novel dual topoisomerase inhibitor with exceptional anti-tumoral properties in ovarian cancer and compounds in preclinical research, and olaparib, a PARP inhibitor targeting DNA damage repair, is a promising approach. P8-D6 induces DNA damage that can be repaired by base excision repair or homologous recombination in which PARP plays a major role. This study analyzed benefits of combining P8-D6 and olaparib treatment in 2D and 3D cultures with ovarian cancer cells. Measurement of viability, cytotoxicity and caspase activity were used to assess therapy efficacy and to calculate the combination index (CI). Further DNA damage was quantified using the biomarkers RAD51 and γH2A.X. The combinational treatment led to an increased caspase activity and reduced viability. CI values partially show synergisms in combinations at 100 nM and 500 nM P8-D6. More DNA damage accumulated, and spheroids lost their membrane integrity due to the combinational treatment. While maintaining the same therapy efficacy as single-drug therapy, doses of P8-D6 and olaparib can be reduced in combinational treatments. Synergisms can be seen in some tested combinations. In summary, the combination therapy indicates benefits and acts synergistic at 100 nM and 500 nM P8-D6.
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Pheophorbide A and SN38 conjugated hyaluronan nanoparticles for photodynamic- and cascadic chemotherapy of cancer stem-like ovarian cancer. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 289:119455. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Jahan Z, Benthani FA, Currey N, Parker HW, Dahlstrom JE, Caldon CE, Kohonen-Corish MRJ. MCC Gene Silencing Is a CpG Island Methylator Phenotype-Associated Factor That Predisposes Colon Cancer Cells to Irinotecan and Olaparib. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14122859. [PMID: 35740525 PMCID: PMC9221012 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary DNA hypermethylation of specific regulatory regions causes gene silencing that is an important cancer-promoting mechanism. A subset of colorectal cancers display concordant hypermethylation and silencing of multiple genes, and this appears to change the way in which tumors respond to some cancer therapies. The aim of this study was to evaluate how the presence of the MCC gene silencing relates to the highly methylated subset of colorectal cancers and how it may affect therapy responsiveness. We found that strong MCC silencing is found throughout the hypermethylated subset, but MCC expression is also lost or reduced in some other tumors which show hypomethylated regions of the gene. In cell culture experiments, the deletion of MCC increased the responsiveness of cancer cells to the chemotherapy drug irinotecan (SN38), and this was further augmented by a targeted cancer drug, the PARP-inhibitor Olaparib. Abstract Chemotherapy is a mainstay of colorectal cancer treatment, and often involves a combination drug regime. CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP)-positive tumors are potentially more responsive to the topoisomerase-inhibitor irinotecan. The mechanistic basis of the increased sensitivity of CIMP cancers to irinotecan is poorly understood. Mutated in Colorectal Cancer (MCC) is emerging as a multifunctional tumor suppressor gene in colorectal and liver cancers, and has been implicated in drug responsiveness. Here, we found that CIMP tumors undergo MCC loss almost exclusively via promoter hypermethylation rather than copy number variation or mutations. A subset of cancers display hypomethylation which is also associated with low MCC expression, particularly in rectal cancer, where CIMP is rare. MCC knockdown or deletion was found to sensitize cells to SN38 (the active metabolite of irinotecan) or the PARP-inhibitor Olaparib. A synergistic effect on cell death was evident when these drugs were used concurrently. The improved SN38/irinotecan efficacy was accompanied by the down-regulation of DNA repair genes. Thus, differential methylation of MCC is potentially a valuable biomarker to identify colorectal cancers suitable for irinotecan therapy, possibly in combination with PARP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeenat Jahan
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, 431 Glebe Point Road, Glebe, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia; (Z.J.); (H.W.P.)
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; (F.A.B.); (N.C.); (C.E.C.)
| | - Fahad A. Benthani
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; (F.A.B.); (N.C.); (C.E.C.)
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Nicola Currey
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; (F.A.B.); (N.C.); (C.E.C.)
| | - Hannah W. Parker
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, 431 Glebe Point Road, Glebe, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia; (Z.J.); (H.W.P.)
- Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Jane E. Dahlstrom
- ACT Pathology, The Canberra Hospital and Australian National University Medical School, Canberra, ACT 2605, Australia;
| | - C. Elizabeth Caldon
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; (F.A.B.); (N.C.); (C.E.C.)
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Maija R. J. Kohonen-Corish
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, 431 Glebe Point Road, Glebe, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia; (Z.J.); (H.W.P.)
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; (F.A.B.); (N.C.); (C.E.C.)
- Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
- Microbiome Research Centre, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2560, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-9114-0275
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Bychkovsky BL, Li T, Sotelo J, Tayob N, Mercado J, Gomy I, Chittenden A, Kane S, Stokes S, Hughes ME, Kim JS, Umeton R, Awad MM, Konstantinopoulos PA, Yurgelun MB, Wolpin BM, Taplin ME, Newmark RE, Johnson BE, Lindeman NI, MacConaill LE, Garber JE, Lin NU. Identification and Management of Pathogenic Variants in BRCA1, BRCA2, and PALB2 in a Tumor-Only Genomic Testing Program. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:2349-2360. [PMID: 35363308 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-2861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor-only genomic testing can uncover somatic and germline pathogenic variants (P/LPs) in cancer predisposition genes. We describe the prevalence of P/LPs in BRCA1/2 and PALB2 (B1B2P2) across malignancies and the frequency of clinical germline testing (CGT) in patients with P/LPs in B1B2P2 identified on tumor-only testing. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Among 7,575 patients tested between 2016-2018 with the OncoPanel tumor-only sequencing assay, we characterized P/LP frequencies by tumor type, receipt of CGT prior to or within 12 months (m) after OncoPanel, and factors associated with CGT. RESULTS 272 (3.6%) had OncoPanel-detected P/LPs in B1B2P2: 37.5% of P/LPs were in BRCA-related cancers; the remainder were in non-BRCA tumors. P/LPs were detected in {greater than or equal to}5% of breast, pancreatic, prostate, ovarian, non-melanoma skin, endometrial, small-cell lung and colorectal cancers. 37.9% of patients with P/LPs received GCT prior to OncoPanel; an additional 10.7% underwent CGT within 12m of OncoPanel. Among 132 with CGT, 88.6% had {greater than or equal to}1 clinical factor for CGT compared to 47.1% who did not undergo CGT. Patients with BRCA-tumors were more likely to have CGT compared to those without (81.4% vs. 29.0%, p<0.0001). Among patients with CGT, 70.5% (93/132) of P/LPs were germline. CONCLUSION Tumor-only genomic testing identified P/LPs in B1B2P2 in 3.6% of patients. 52.9% of patients with tumor-detected P/LPs and without CGT did not meet personal or family history criteria for CGT. Additionally, some patients with tumor-detected P/LPs were not referred for CGT, especially those with non-BRCA tumors. Given implications for treatment selection and familial cancer risk, processes to reliably trigger CGT from tumor-genomic findings are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tianyu Li
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, United States
| | | | - Nabihah Tayob
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | | | - Israel Gomy
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Sarah Kane
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | | | | | - Ji Seok Kim
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States
| | - Renato Umeton
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mark M Awad
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | | | | | - Brian M Wolpin
- Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Judy E Garber
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nancy U Lin
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
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10
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Catalano F, Borea R, Puglisi S, Boutros A, Gandini A, Cremante M, Martelli V, Sciallero S, Puccini A. Targeting the DNA Damage Response Pathway as a Novel Therapeutic Strategy in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061388. [PMID: 35326540 PMCID: PMC8946235 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Defective DNA damage response (DDR) is a hallmark of cancer leading to genomic instability. Up to 15–20% of colorectal cancers carry alterations in DDR. However, the role of DDR alterations as a prognostic factor and as a therapeutic target must be elucidated. To date, disappointing results have been obtained in different clinical trials mainly due to poor molecular selection of patients. Several challenges must be overcome before these compounds may have an impact on colorectal cancer. For instance, although some preclinical evidence showed the vulnerability of a subset of CRCs to PARP inhibitors, no specific clinical or molecular biomarkers have been validated to select patients. Moreover, different DDR alterations may not equally confer platinum sensitivity in CRC patients. Further efforts are needed in both preclinical and clinical settings to exploit DDR alterations as therapeutic targets and to eventually discover PARP or other DDR inhibitors (e.g., Wee1) with clinical benefit on colorectal cancer patients. Abstract Major advances have been made in CRC treatment in recent years, especially in molecularly driven therapies and immunotherapy. Despite this, a large number of advanced colorectal cancer patients do not benefit from these treatments and their prognosis remains poor. The landscape of DNA damage response (DDR) alterations is emerging as a novel target for treatment in different cancer types. PARP inhibitors have been approved for the treatment of ovarian, breast, pancreatic, and prostate cancers carrying deleterious BRCA1/2 pathogenic variants or homologous recombination repair (HRR) deficiency (HRD). Recent research reported on the emerging role of HRD in CRC and showed that alterations in these genes, either germline or somatic, are carried by up to 15–20% of CRCs. However, the role of HRD is still widely unknown, and few data about their clinical impact are available, especially in CRC patients. In this review, we report preclinical and clinical data currently available on DDR inhibitors in CRC. We also emphasize the predictive role of DDR mutations in response to platinum-based chemotherapy and the potential clinical role of DDR inhibitors. More preclinical and clinical trials are required to better understand the impact of DDR alterations in CRC patients and the therapeutic opportunities with novel DDR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Catalano
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.C.); (R.B.); (S.P.); (A.B.); (A.G.); (M.C.); (V.M.); (S.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberto Borea
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.C.); (R.B.); (S.P.); (A.B.); (A.G.); (M.C.); (V.M.); (S.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Puglisi
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.C.); (R.B.); (S.P.); (A.B.); (A.G.); (M.C.); (V.M.); (S.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Boutros
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.C.); (R.B.); (S.P.); (A.B.); (A.G.); (M.C.); (V.M.); (S.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Annalice Gandini
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.C.); (R.B.); (S.P.); (A.B.); (A.G.); (M.C.); (V.M.); (S.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Malvina Cremante
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.C.); (R.B.); (S.P.); (A.B.); (A.G.); (M.C.); (V.M.); (S.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Valentino Martelli
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.C.); (R.B.); (S.P.); (A.B.); (A.G.); (M.C.); (V.M.); (S.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefania Sciallero
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.C.); (R.B.); (S.P.); (A.B.); (A.G.); (M.C.); (V.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Alberto Puccini
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.C.); (R.B.); (S.P.); (A.B.); (A.G.); (M.C.); (V.M.); (S.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0105553301 (ext.3302); Fax: +39-0105555141
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11
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Yap TA, Hamilton E, Bauer T, Dumbrava EE, Jeselsohn R, Enke A, Hurley S, Lin KK, Habeck J, Giordano H, Shapiro GI. Phase Ib SEASTAR Study: Combining Rucaparib and Sacituzumab Govitecan in Patients With Cancer With or Without Mutations in Homologous Recombination Repair Genes. JCO Precis Oncol 2022; 6:e2100456. [PMID: 35138920 PMCID: PMC8865521 DOI: 10.1200/po.21.00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Yap
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Erika Hamilton
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute/Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, TN
| | - Todd Bauer
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute/Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, TN
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12
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Tools used to assay genomic instability in cancers and cancer meiomitosis. J Cell Commun Signal 2021; 16:159-177. [PMID: 34841477 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-021-00661-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability is a defining characteristic of cancer and the analysis of DNA damage at the chromosome level is a crucial part of the study of carcinogenesis and genotoxicity. Chromosomal instability (CIN), the most common level of genomic instability in cancers, is defined as the rate of loss or gain of chromosomes through successive divisions. As such, DNA in cancer cells is highly unstable. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. There is a debate as to whether instability succeeds transformation, or if it is a by-product of cancer, and therefore, studying potential molecular and cellular contributors of genomic instability is of high importance. Recent work has suggested an important role for ectopic expression of meiosis genes in driving genomic instability via a process called meiomitosis. Improving understanding of these mechanisms can contribute to the development of targeted therapies that exploit DNA damage and repair mechanisms. Here, we discuss a workflow of novel and established techniques used to assess chromosomal instability as well as the nature of genomic instability such as double strand breaks, micronuclei, and chromatin bridges. For each technique, we discuss their advantages and limitations in a lab setting. Lastly, we provide detailed protocols for the discussed techniques.
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13
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Therapeutic Potential of PARP Inhibitors in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Cancers. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9081024. [PMID: 34440228 PMCID: PMC8392860 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9081024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies are a major global health burden, with high mortality rates. The identification of novel therapeutic strategies is crucial to improve treatment and survival of patients. The poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes involved in the DNA damage response (DDR) play major roles in the development, progression and treatment response of cancer, with PARP inhibitors (PARPi) currently used in the clinic for breast, ovarian, fallopian, primary peritoneal, pancreatic and prostate cancers with deficiencies in homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair. This article examines the current evidence for the role of the DDR PARP enzymes (PARP1, 2, 3 and 4) in the development, progression and treatment response of GI cancers. Furthermore, we discuss the role of HR status as a predictive biomarker of PARPi efficacy in GI cancer patients and examine the pre-clinical and clinical evidence for PARPi and cytotoxic therapy combination strategies in GI cancer. We also include an analysis of the genomic and transcriptomic landscape of the DDR PARP genes and key HR genes (BRCA1, BRCA2, ATM, RAD51, MRE11, PALB2) in GI patient tumours (n = 1744) using publicly available datasets to identify patients that may benefit from PARPi therapeutic approaches.
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14
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Vitiello PP, Martini G, Mele L, Giunta EF, De Falco V, Ciardiello D, Belli V, Cardone C, Matrone N, Poliero L, Tirino V, Napolitano S, Della Corte C, Selvaggi F, Papaccio G, Troiani T, Morgillo F, Desiderio V, Ciardiello F, Martinelli E. Vulnerability to low-dose combination of irinotecan and niraparib in ATM-mutated colorectal cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:15. [PMID: 33407715 PMCID: PMC7789007 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01811-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the advancements in new therapies for colorectal cancer (CRC), chemotherapy still constitutes the mainstay of the medical treatment. For this reason, new strategies to increase the efficacy of chemotherapy are desirable. Poly-ADP-Ribose Polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) have shown to increase the activity of DNA damaging chemotherapeutics used in the treatment of CRC, however previous clinical trials failed to validate these results and pointed out dose-limiting toxicities that hamper the use of such combinations in unselected CRC patients. Nevertheless, in these studies little attention was paid to the mutational status of homologous recombination repair (HRR) genes. METHODS We tested the combination of the PARPi niraparib with either 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin or irinotecan (SN38) in a panel of 12 molecularly annotated CRC cell lines, encompassing the 4 consensus molecular subtypes (CMSs). Synergism was calculated using the Chou-Talalay method for drug interaction. A correlation between synergism and genetic alterations in genes involved in homologous recombination (HR) repair was performed. We used clonogenic assays, mice xenograft models and patient-derived 3D spheroids to validate the results. The induction of DNA damage was studied by immunofluorescence. RESULTS We showed that human CRC cell lines, as well as patient-derived 3D spheroids, harboring pathogenic ATM mutations are significantly vulnerable to PARPi/chemotherapy combination at low doses, regardless of consensus molecular subtypes (CMS) and microsatellite status. The strongest synergism was shown for the combination of niraparib with irinotecan, and the presence of ATM mutations was associated to a delay in the resolution of double strand breaks (DSBs) through HRR and DNA damage persistence. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrates that a numerically relevant subset of CRCs carrying heterozygous ATM mutations may benefit from the combination treatment with low doses of niraparib and irinotecan, suggesting a new potential approach in the treatment of ATM-mutated CRC, that deserves to be prospectively validated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Paolo Vitiello
- Department of Precision Medicine, Medical Oncology, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Campania Italy
| | - Giulia Martini
- Department of Precision Medicine, Medical Oncology, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Campania Italy
| | - Luigi Mele
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Campania Italy
| | - Emilio Francesco Giunta
- Department of Precision Medicine, Medical Oncology, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Campania Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Falco
- Department of Precision Medicine, Medical Oncology, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Campania Italy
| | - Davide Ciardiello
- Department of Precision Medicine, Medical Oncology, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Campania Italy
| | - Valentina Belli
- Department of Precision Medicine, Medical Oncology, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Campania Italy
| | - Claudia Cardone
- Department of Precision Medicine, Medical Oncology, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Campania Italy
| | - Nunzia Matrone
- Department of Precision Medicine, Medical Oncology, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Campania Italy
| | - Luca Poliero
- Department of Precision Medicine, Medical Oncology, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Campania Italy
| | - Virginia Tirino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Campania Italy
| | - Stefania Napolitano
- Department of Precision Medicine, Medical Oncology, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Campania Italy
| | - Carminia Della Corte
- Department of Precision Medicine, Medical Oncology, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Campania Italy
| | - Francesco Selvaggi
- Department of Medical, Surgical, General and oncology surgery, Neurologic, Metabolic and Ageing Sciences, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Campania Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Papaccio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Campania Italy
| | - Teresa Troiani
- Department of Precision Medicine, Medical Oncology, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Campania Italy
| | - Floriana Morgillo
- Department of Precision Medicine, Medical Oncology, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Campania Italy
| | - Vincenzo Desiderio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Campania Italy
| | - Fortunato Ciardiello
- Department of Precision Medicine, Medical Oncology, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Campania Italy
| | - Erika Martinelli
- Department of Precision Medicine, Medical Oncology, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Campania Italy
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15
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Nakamura K, Takae S, Shiraishi E, Shinya K, Igualada AJ, Suzuki N. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor exposure reduces ovarian reserve followed by dysfunction in granulosa cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17058. [PMID: 33051529 PMCID: PMC7553950 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74087-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors is expected to increase, but their effect on fertility is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of PARP inhibitors on ovarian function. In an in vitro study, cultures of ovaries and granulosa cells (GCs) exposed to the PARP inhibitor olaparib were evaluated by real-time RT-PCR, histological study, and hormone assays. In an in vivo study, mice were administered olaparib orally and evaluated via in vitro fertilization (IVF), follicle count, immunohistochemical staining, and real-time RT-PCR. In vitro, the gene expression of GC markers decreased in the olaparib-treated group. Olaparib also negatively affected estradiol production and the expression of GC markers in cultured GCs, with abnormal morphology of GCs observed in the treated group. The follicle number indicated depletion of follicles due to atretic changes in the treatment group, both in vitro and in vivo. Also, olaparib reduced the number of retrieved oocytes and the fertilization rate of IVF, but they recovered after 3 weeks of cessation. Our results indicate that olaparib is toxic to ovaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Seido Takae
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan.
| | - Eriko Shiraishi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Kiemi Shinya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Arby Jane Igualada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Nao Suzuki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
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16
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Mauri G, Arena S, Siena S, Bardelli A, Sartore-Bianchi A. The DNA damage response pathway as a land of therapeutic opportunities for colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol 2020; 31:1135-1147. [PMID: 32512040 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents a major cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Although significant progress has been made by molecular and immune therapeutic approaches, prognosis of advanced stage disease is still dismal. Alterations in the DNA damage response (DDR) pathways are emerging as novel targets for treatment across different cancer types. However, even though preclinical studies have shown the potential exploitation of DDR alterations in CRC, systematic and comprehensive testing is lagging and clinical development is based on analogies with other solid tumors according to a tissue-agnostic paradigm. Recently, functional evidence from patient-derived xenografts and organoids have suggested that maintenance with PARP inhibitors might represent a therapeutic opportunity in CRC patients previously responsive to platinum-based treatment. DESIGN AND RESULTS In this review, we highlight the most promising preclinical data and systematically summarize published clinical trials in which DDR inhibitors have been used for CRC and provide evidence that disappointing results have been mainly due to a lack of clinical and molecular selection. CONCLUSIONS Future preclinical and translational research will help in better understanding the role of DDR alterations in CRC and pave the way to novel strategies that might have a transformative impact on treatment by identifying new therapeutic options including tailored use of standard chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mauri
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - S Arena
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO - IRCCS, Candiolo (TO), Torino, Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo (TO), Italy.
| | - S Siena
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - A Bardelli
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO - IRCCS, Candiolo (TO), Torino, Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo (TO), Italy.
| | - A Sartore-Bianchi
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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17
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Cohen J, Vo NTK, Chettle DR, McNeill FE, Seymour CB, Mothersill CE. Quantifying Biophoton Emissions From Human Cells Directly Exposed to Low-Dose Gamma Radiation. Dose Response 2020; 18:1559325820926763. [PMID: 32489340 PMCID: PMC7238447 DOI: 10.1177/1559325820926763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Biophoton emission leading to bystander effects (BEs) was shown in beta-irradiated cells; however, technical challenges precluded the analysis of the biophoton role in gamma-induced BEs. The present work was to design an experimental approach to determine if, what type, and how many biophotons could be produced in gamma-irradiated cells. Photon emission was measured in HCT116 p53+/+ cells irradiated with a total dose of 22 mGy from a cesium-137 source at a dose rate of 45 mGy/min. A single-photon detection unit was used and shielded with lead to reduce counts from stray gammas reaching the detector. Higher quantities of photon emissions were observed when the cells in a tissue culture vessel were present and being irradiated compared to a cell-free vessel. Photon emissions were captured at either 340 nm (in the ultraviolet A [UVA] range) or 610 nm. At the same cell density, radiation exposure time, and radiation dose, HCT116 p53+/+ cells emitted 2.5 times more UVA biophotons than 610-nm biophotons. For the first time, gamma radiation was shown to induce biophoton emissions from biological cells. As cellular emissions of UVA biophotons following beta radiation lead to BEs, the involvement of cellular emissions of the same type of UVA biophotons in gamma radiation-induced BEs is highly likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Cohen
- Radiation Sciences Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nguyen T K Vo
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - David R Chettle
- Radiation Sciences Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fiona E McNeill
- Radiation Sciences Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colin B Seymour
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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18
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TDP1 and TOP1 Modulation in Olaparib-Resistant Cancer Determines the Efficacy of Subsequent Chemotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020334. [PMID: 32028591 PMCID: PMC7072281 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate the carryover effect of olaparib to subsequent chemotherapy and its underlying mechanisms. We generated olaparib-resistant SNU-484, SNU-601, SNU-668, and KATO-III gastric cancer cell lines and confirmed their resistance by cell viability and colony forming assays. Notably, olaparib-resistant cell lines displayed cross-resistance to cisplatin except for KATO-III. Inversely, olaparib-resistant SNU-484, SNU-668, and KATO-III were more sensitive to irinotecan than their parental cells. However, sensitivity to paclitaxel remained unaltered. There were compensatory changes in the ATM/ATR axis and p-Chk1/2 protein expression. ERCC1 was also induced in olaparib-resistant SNU-484, SNU-601, and SNU-668, which showed cross-resistance to cisplatin. Olaparib-resistant cells showed tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) downregulation with higher topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) activity, which is a target of irinotecan. These changes of TOP1 and TDP1 in olaparib-resistant cells was confirmed as the underlying mechanism for increased irinotecan sensitivity through manipulated gene expression of TOP1 and TDP1 by specific plasmid transfection and siRNA. The patient-derived xenograft model established from the patient who acquired resistance to olaparib with BRCA2 mutation showed increased sensitivity in irinotecan. In conclusion, the carryover effects of olaparib to improve antitumor effect of subsequent irinotecan were demonstrated. These effects should be considered when determining the subsequent therapy with olaparib.
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19
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Role of Rad51 and DNA repair in cancer: A molecular perspective. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 208:107492. [PMID: 32001312 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of genome integrity is essential for any organism survival and for the inheritance of traits to offspring. To the purpose, cells have developed a complex DNA repair system to defend the genetic information against both endogenous and exogenous sources of damage. Accordingly, multiple repair pathways can be aroused from the diverse forms of DNA lesions, which can be effective per se or via crosstalk with others to complete the whole DNA repair process. Deficiencies in DNA healing resulting in faulty repair and/or prolonged DNA damage can lead to genes mutations, chromosome rearrangements, genomic instability, and finally carcinogenesis and/or cancer progression. Although it might seem paradoxical, at the same time such defects in DNA repair pathways may have therapeutic implications for potential clinical practice. Here we provide an overview of the main DNA repair pathways, with special focus on the role played by homologous repair and the RAD51 recombinase protein in the cellular DNA damage response. We next discuss the recombinase structure and function per se and in combination with all its principal mediators and regulators. Finally, we conclude with an analysis of the manifold roles that RAD51 plays in carcinogenesis, cancer progression and anticancer drug resistance, and conclude this work with a survey of the most promising therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting RAD51 in experimental oncology.
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20
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Sinner HF, Johnson J, Rychahou PG, Watt DS, Zaytseva YY, Liu C, Evers BM. Novel chemotherapeutic agent, FND-4b, activates AMPK and inhibits colorectal cancer cell proliferation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224253. [PMID: 31648230 PMCID: PMC6812860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the US with the majority of deaths due to metastatic disease. Current chemotherapeutic regimens involve highly toxic agents, which limits their utility; therefore, more effective and less toxic agents are required to see a reduction in CRC mortality. Novel fluorinated N,N’-diarylureas (FND) were developed and characterized by our group as potent activators of adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase (AMPK) that inhibit cell cycle progression. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a lead FND compound, FND-4b, either alone or combined with PI-103 (a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor) or SN-38 (active metabolite of irinotecan) on cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of CRC cell lines (both commercially-available and novel lines established from our patient population). Treatment with FND-4b for 24h resulted in a marked induction of phosphorylated AMPK expression and a concomitant reduction in markers of cell proliferation, such as cyclin D1, in all CRC cell lines. Apoptosis was also notably increased in CRC cells treated with FND-4b. Regardless of the genetic profile of the CRC cells, FND-4b treatment alone resulted in decreased cell proliferation. Moreover, the combination of FND-4b with PI-103 resulted in increased cell death in all cell lines, while the combination of FND-4b with SN-38 resulted in increased cell death in select cell lines. Our findings identify FND-4b, which activates AMPK at micromolar concentrations, as a novel and effective inhibitor of CRC growth either alone or in combination with PI-103 and SN-38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather F. Sinner
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Johnson
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Piotr G. Rychahou
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - David S. Watt
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Organic Synthesis Core, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Yekaterina Y. Zaytseva
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Chunming Liu
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - B. Mark Evers
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Kato Y, Kondo S, Itakura T, Tokunaga M, Hatayama S, Katayama K, Sugimoto Y. SNAIL- and SLUG-induced side population phenotype of HCT116 human colorectal cancer cells and its regulation by BET inhibitors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 521:152-157. [PMID: 31653342 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is associated with cancer malignancies such as invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. In this study, HCT116 human colorectal cancer cells were transduced with SLUG or SNAIL retroviruses, and EMT cells with mesenchymal morphology were established. The EMT cells showed a high invasive activity and resistance to several anticancer agents such as methotrexate, SN-38, and cisplatin. Furthermore, they contained about 1-10% side population (SP) cells that were not stained by Hoechst 33342. This SP phenotype was not stable; the isolated SP cells generated both SP and non-SP cells, suggesting a potential for differentiation. Gene expression analysis of SP cells suggested the alteration of genes that are involved in epigenetic changes. Therefore, we examined the effect of 74 epigenetic inhibitors, and found that two inhibitors, namely I-BET151 and bromosporine, targeting the bromodomain and extra-terminal motif (BET) proteins, decreased the ratio of SP cells to <50% compared with the control, without affecting the immediate efflux of Hoechst 33342 by transporters. In addition, compared with the parental cells, the EMT cells showed a higher sensitivity to I-BET151 and bromosporine. This study suggests that EMT development and SP phenotype can be independent events but both are regulated by BET inhibitors in SLUG- or SNAIL-transducted HCT116 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kato
- Division of Chemotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan.
| | - Shingo Kondo
- Division of Chemotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Taira Itakura
- Division of Chemotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Miku Tokunaga
- Division of Chemotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Shiori Hatayama
- Division of Chemotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Katayama
- Division of Chemotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Sugimoto
- Division of Chemotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
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22
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Choosing wisely: Selecting PARP inhibitor combinations to promote anti-tumor immune responses beyond BRCA mutations. Gynecol Oncol 2019; 156:488-497. [PMID: 31630846 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2019.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PARP inhibitors have transformed the management of advanced high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Despite the overwhelming success of PARP inhibition, particularly in BRCA-mutated ovarian cancer, several limitations and unanswered questions remain. With PARP inhibitors now being used in earlier treatment settings, the issue of both de novo and acquired resistance mechanisms and appropriate post-PARP management are pressing concerns. In addition, the population appropriate to target with PARP inhibitors and their use in patients without BRCA mutations is controversial and evolving. In this review we will discuss exciting PARP combinations and biologic rationale for the development and selection of PARP inhibitor combinations.
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23
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Bianchi A, Lopez S, Altwerger G, Bellone S, Bonazzoli E, Zammataro L, Manzano A, Manara P, Perrone E, Zeybek B, Han C, Menderes G, Ratner E, Silasi DA, Huang GS, Azodi M, Newberg JY, Pavlick DC, Elvin J, Frampton GM, Schwartz PE, Santin AD. PARP-1 activity (PAR) determines the sensitivity of cervical cancer to olaparib. Gynecol Oncol 2019; 155:144-150. [PMID: 31434613 PMCID: PMC6788971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cervical cancer (CC) remains a major health problem worldwide. Poly (adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPi) have emerged as a promising class of chemotherapeutics in ovarian cancer. We explored the preclinical in vitro and in vivo activity of olaparib against multiple primary whole exome sequenced (WES) CC cells lines and xenografts. METHODS Olaparib cell-cycle, apoptosis, homologous-recombination-deficiency (HRD), PARP trapping and cytotoxicity activity was evaluated against 9 primary CC cell lines in vitro. PARP and PAR expression were analyzed by Western blot assays. Finally, olaparib in vivo antitumor activity was tested against CC xenografts. RESULTS While none of the cell lines demonstrated HRD, three out of 9 (33.3%) primary CC cell lines showed strong PARylation activity and demonstrated high sensitivity to olaparib in vitro treatment (cutoff IC50 values < 2 μM, p = 0.0012). Olaparib suppressed CC cell growth through cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and caused apoptosis (p < 0.0001). Olaparib activity in CC involved both PARP enzyme inhibition and trapping. In vivo, olaparib significantly impaired CC xenografts tumor growth (p = 0.0017) and increased overall animal survival (p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS A subset of CC primary cell lines is highly responsive to olaparib treatment in vitro and in vivo. High level of PARylation correlated with olaparib preclinical activity and may represent a useful biomarker for the identification of CC patients benefitting the most from PARPi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bianchi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Salvatore Lopez
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Gary Altwerger
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Stefania Bellone
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Elena Bonazzoli
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Luca Zammataro
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Aranzazu Manzano
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Paola Manara
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Emanuele Perrone
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Women's and Children's Health, "Agostino Gemelli" Foundation University Hospital, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Burak Zeybek
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Chanhee Han
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gulden Menderes
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Elena Ratner
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Dan-Arin Silasi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gloria S Huang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Masoud Azodi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Justin Y Newberg
- Cancer Genomics Research, Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Dean C Pavlick
- Cancer Genomics Research, Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Julia Elvin
- Cancer Genomics Research, Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | | | - Peter E Schwartz
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Alessandro D Santin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Dasatinib attenuates overexpression of Src signaling induced by the combination treatment of veliparib plus carboplatin in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2019; 84:1241-1256. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-019-03962-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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25
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Lian J, Xia L, Chen Y, Zheng J, Ma K, Luo L, Ye F. Aldolase B impairs DNA mismatch repair and induces apoptosis in colon adenocarcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:152597. [PMID: 31564566 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.152597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that DNA repair capacity manifested by intact functional base excision repair and mismatch repair (MMR) pathways is related to the prognosis of multiple cancer types. Aldolase B (ALDOB) is well known for its role in metabolism and glycolysis. The expression of ALDOB in colon adenocarcinoma and the relationship between its expression and colon adenocarcinoma prognosis remain controversial; in addition, the potential role of ALDOB in DNA MMR has not yet been reported. In this study, we identified a cluster of DNA repair-related proteins that interact with ALDOB in the colon adenocarcinoma cell line HCT116. Expression analysis of colon adenocarcinoma data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA-COAD data, n = 551) indicated that ALDOB mRNA expression was significantly higher in specimens with microsatellite instability (MSI) than in specimens with microsatellite stability (MSS). Regarding prognosis, colon adenocarcinoma patients with high ALDOB mRNA expression had longer overall survival (OS). Higher expression of ALDOB protein was significantly correlated with MMR deficiency (d-MMR) in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) patient specimens. The expression of ALDOB was significantly elevated in colon adenocarcinoma cell lines. Further evidence indicated that rather than affecting proliferation, ALDOB overexpression induced the functional loss of MMR proteins and in turn caused irreversible DNA damage via disrupting EZH2-Rad51 expression and then caused apoptosis by ERK inactivation. Overall, our study demonstrates that high ALDOB expression impairs DNA MMR and induces apoptosis in colon adenocarcinoma. ALDOB may be a new biomarker associated with d-MMR and an independent prognostic factor for colon adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabian Lian
- Laboratory of Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Clinical Medical, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Cancer Prevention Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lu Xia
- Laboratory of Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Clinical Medical, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Cancer Prevention Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yixing Chen
- Laboratory of Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Clinical Medical, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiani Zheng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Clinical Medical, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Cancer Prevention Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ke Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lingtao Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Clinical Medical, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Cancer Prevention Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Feng Ye
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Clinical Medical, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Cancer Prevention Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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26
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Murai J, Pommier Y. PARP Trapping Beyond Homologous Recombination and Platinum Sensitivity in Cancers. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030518-055914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPis) have recently been approved for the treatment of ovarian and breast cancers with BRCA mutations, as well as for maintenance therapies regardless of BRCA mutation for ovarian and primary peritoneal cancers that previously responded to platinum-based chemotherapy. The rationale of these indications is derived from the facts that cancer cells with BRCA mutations are defective in homologous recombination (HR), which confers synthetic lethality with PARPis, and that some of the sensitivity-determining factors for PARPis are shared with platinums. Although BRCA1 and BRCA2 are central for HR, more players within and beyond HR are emerging as response determinants to PARPis. Furthermore, there are similarities as well as differences in the DNA lesions and repair pathways induced by PARPis, platinums, and camptothecin topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) inhibitors. Here we review the sensitivity-determining factors for PARPis and the rationale for using PARPis as single agents and in combination therapy for cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Murai
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;,
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;,
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27
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Li M, Li A, Zhou S, Lv H, Yang W. SPAG5 upregulation contributes to enhanced c-MYC transcriptional activity via interaction with c-MYC binding protein in triple-negative breast cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:14. [PMID: 30736840 PMCID: PMC6367803 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype that lacks effective therapeutic targets. Sperm-associated antigen 5 (SPAG5) is a mitotic spindle-associated protein that is involved in various biological processes in cervical cancer and bladder urothelial carcinoma. However, the role of SPAG5 in TNBC remains undefined. METHODS The expression of SPAG5 was examined in TNBC patients via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blotting, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The biological functions of SPAG5 in TNBC and the underlying mechanisms were investigated in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS SPAG5 expression was significantly upregulated in TNBC tissues compared with that in paired adjacent noncancerous tissues (ANTs). High SPAG5 expression was associated with increased lymph node metastasis and high risk of local recurrence. SPAG5 protein expression was significantly associated with poor disease-free survival in TNBC. Gene set enrichment analysis of TNBC data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) indicated that high SPAG5 expression was significantly associated with cell cycle and the ATR-BRCA pathway. Functional assays demonstrated that SPAG5 expression promoted tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. In addition, SPAG5-silenced cells were more sensitive to the PARP inhibitor (PARPi) olaparib. Mechanistically, SPAG5 interacted with c-MYC binding protein (MYCBP), thereby increasing MYCBP protein levels and leading to increased c-MYC transcriptional activity, which promoted the expression of the c-MYC target genes: CDC20, CDC25C, BRCA1, BRCA2, and RAD51.Knockdown of MYCBP or c-MYC abolished the SPAG5-induced cell-cycle progression and cell proliferation of TNBC. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our results indict that SPAG5 is an efficient prognostic factor in TNBC, and that SPAG5 knockdown increases the sensitivity of TNBC to the PARPi olaparib. SPAG5 promotes tumor growth and DNA repair by increasing c-MYC transcriptional activity via interaction with MYCBP. The SPAG5/MYCBP/c-MYC axis may represent a potential therapeutic target for TNBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Anqi Li
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuling Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Lv
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wentao Yang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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28
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Ngo G, Hyatt S, Grimstead J, Jones R, Hendrickson E, Pepper C, Baird D. PARP inhibition prevents escape from a telomere-driven crisis and inhibits cell immortalisation. Oncotarget 2018; 9:37549-37563. [PMID: 30680069 PMCID: PMC6331021 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeric crisis is the final replicative barrier to cell immortalisation; it is characterised by genome instability and cell death and is triggered when telomeres become critically short and are subjected to fusion. Pre-cancerous lesions, or early stage cancers, often show signs of a telomere crisis, suggesting that escape from telomere crisis is a prerequisite for disease progression. Telomeric crisis therefore represents an attractive, and as yet unexplored, opportunity for therapeutic intervention. Here, we show that two clinically approved PARP inhibitors, selectively eliminate human cells undergoing a telomere-driven crisis. Clonal populations of a colorectal cancer cell line (HCT116), or the plasma cell leukaemia cell line (JJN-3), expressing a dominant-negative telomerase, entered a telomere-driven crisis at defined population doubling points and telomere lengths. The addition of the PARP inhibitors, olaparib or rucaparib prevented these cells from escaping crisis. PARP inhibition did not alter cellular proliferation prior to crisis, rates of telomere erosion or the telomere length at which crisis was initiated, but affected repair of eroded telomeres, resulting in an increased in intra-chromosomal telomere fusion. This was accompanied by enhanced DNA damage checkpoint activation and elevated levels of apoptosis. We propose that PARP inhibitors impair the repair of dysfunctional telomeres and/or induce replicative stress at telomeres to inhibit escape from a telomere crisis. This is the first demonstration that a drug can selectively kill cells experiencing telomeric crisis. We propose that this type of drug, which we term 'crisolytic', has the potential to eliminate pre-cancerous lesions and tumours exhibiting short dysfunctional telomeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Ngo
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sam Hyatt
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Julia Grimstead
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Rhiannon Jones
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Eric Hendrickson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Chris Pepper
- University of Sussex, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Duncan Baird
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
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29
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Gorbunova V, Beck JT, Hofheinz RD, Garcia-Alfonso P, Nechaeva M, Cubillo Gracian A, Mangel L, Elez Fernandez E, Deming DA, Ramanathan RK, Torres AH, Sullivan D, Luo Y, Berlin JD. A phase 2 randomised study of veliparib plus FOLFIRI±bevacizumab versus placebo plus FOLFIRI±bevacizumab in metastatic colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2018; 120:183-189. [PMID: 30531832 PMCID: PMC6342906 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0343-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) has low survival rates. We assessed if addition of veliparib, concurrent to FOLFIRI, improves survival in patients with previously untreated mCRC. Methods This study compared veliparib (200 mg BID for 7 days of each 14-day cycle) to placebo, each with FOLFIRI. Bevacizumab was allowed in both arms. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). Results Patients were randomised to receive veliparib (n = 65) or placebo (n = 65) in combination with FOLFIRI. Median PFS was 12 vs 11 months (veliparib vs placebo) [HR = 0.94 (95% CI: 0.60, 1.48)]. Median OS was 25 vs 27 months [HR = 1.26 (95% CI: 0.74, 2.16)]. Response rate was 57% vs 62%. Median DOR was 11 vs 9 months [HR = 0.73 (95% CI: 0.38, 1.40)]. AEs with significantly higher frequency (p < 0.05) in the veliparib group were anaemia (39% vs 19%, p = 0.019) and neutropenia (66% vs 37%, p = 0.001) for common AEs (≥20%); neutropenia (59% vs 22%, p < 0.001) for common Grade 3/4 AEs (≥5%); none in serious AEs. Haematopoietic cytopenias were more common with veliparib (79% vs 52%, p = 0.003). Fourteen percent of patients on veliparib and 15% on placebo discontinued treatment due to AEs. Conclusion Veliparib added to FOLFIRI ± bevacizumab demonstrated similar efficacy as FOLFIRI ± bevacizumab in frontline mCRC patients. No unexpected safety concerns occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Gorbunova
- N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Ralf-Dieter Hofheinz
- Interdisciplinary Tumor Center, University Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Antonio Cubillo Gracian
- Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal Hospital Universitario Madrid Sanchinarro, Madrid, Spain, and Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Clínicas, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laszlo Mangel
- Pecsi Tudomanyegyetem Klinikai Kozpont, Onkoterapias Intezet, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yan Luo
- AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA
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30
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Abstract
Background Veliparib is a potent poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor. This phase 1 study aimed to establish the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) of veliparib combined with various FOLFIRI regimens in patients with solid tumours. Methods Patients received veliparib (10–270 mg BID, days 1–5, 15–19) and FOLFIRI (days 1–3, 15–17) in three regimens containing 5-fluorouracil 2,400 mg/m2: irinotecan 150 mg/m2 and folinic acid 400 mg/m2 (part 1); irinotecan 180 mg/m2, folinic acid 400 mg/m2, and 5-fluorouracil 400 mg/m2 bolus (part 2), or irinotecan 180 mg/m2 (part 3). The RP2D was further evaluated in safety expansion cohorts. Preliminary antitumour activity was also assessed. Results Ninety-two patients received ≥1 veliparib dose. MTD was not reached; RP2D was set at 200 mg BID veliparib plus FOLFIRI (without 5-fluorouracil bolus). Most common treatment-emergent adverse events were neutropenia (66.3%), diarrhoea, and nausea (60.9% each). Dose-limiting toxicities (n = 4) were grade 3 gastritis and grade 4 neutropenia and febrile neutropenia. Veliparib exposure was dose-proportional, with no effects on the pharmacokinetics of FOLFIRI components. Fifteen patients had a partial response (objective response rate, 17.6%). Conclusions The acceptable safety profile and preliminary antitumour activity of veliparib plus FOLFIRI support further evaluation of this combination.
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Nickoloff JA, Jones D, Lee SH, Williamson EA, Hromas R. Drugging the Cancers Addicted to DNA Repair. J Natl Cancer Inst 2017; 109:3832892. [PMID: 28521333 PMCID: PMC5436301 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djx059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in DNA repair can result in oncogenic genomic instability. Cancers occurring from DNA repair defects were once thought to be limited to rare inherited mutations (such as BRCA1 or 2). It now appears that a clinically significant fraction of cancers have acquired DNA repair defects. DNA repair pathways operate in related networks, and cancers arising from loss of one DNA repair component typically become addicted to other repair pathways to survive and proliferate. Drug inhibition of the rescue repair pathway prevents the repair-deficient cancer cell from replicating, causing apoptosis (termed synthetic lethality). However, the selective pressure of inhibiting the rescue repair pathway can generate further mutations that confer resistance to the synthetic lethal drugs. Many such drugs currently in clinical use inhibit PARP1, a repair component to which cancers arising from inherited BRCA1 or 2 mutations become addicted. It is now clear that drugs inducing synthetic lethality may also be therapeutic in cancers with acquired DNA repair defects, which would markedly broaden their applicability beyond treatment of cancers with inherited DNA repair defects. Here we review how each DNA repair pathway can be attacked therapeutically and evaluate DNA repair components as potential drug targets to induce synthetic lethality. Clinical use of drugs targeting DNA repair will markedly increase when functional and genetic loss of repair components are consistently identified. In addition, future therapies will exploit artificial synthetic lethality, where complementary DNA repair pathways are targeted simultaneously in cancers without DNA repair defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jac A Nickoloff
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Dennie Jones
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Suk-Hee Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Williamson
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Robert Hromas
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Ning J, Wakimoto H, Peters C, Martuza RL, Rabkin SD. Rad51 Degradation: Role in Oncolytic Virus-Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitor Combination Therapy in Glioblastoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2017; 109:1-13. [PMID: 28376211 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djw229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical success of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARP i ) has been limited to repair-deficient cancers and by resistance. Oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (oHSVs) selectively kill cancer cells, irrespective of mutation, and manipulate DNA damage responses (DDR). Here, we explore potential synthetic lethal-like interactions between oHSV and PARP i . Methods The efficacy of combining PARP i , oHSV MG18L, and G47Δ in killing patient-derived glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) was assessed using cell viability assays and Chou-Talalay synergy analysis. Effects on DDR pathways, apoptosis, and cell cycle after manipulation with pharmacological inhibitors and lentivirus-mediated knockdown or overexpression were examined by immunoblotting and FACS. In vivo efficacy was evaluated in two GSC-derived orthotopic xenograft models (n = 7-8 per group). All statistical tests were two-sided. Results GSCs are differentially sensitive to PARP i despite uniform inhibition of PARP activity. oHSV sensitized GSCs to PARP i , irrespective of their PARP i sensitivity through selective proteasomal degradation of key DDR proteins; Rad51, mediating the combination effects; and Chk1. Rad51 degradation required HSV DNA replication. This synthetic lethal-like interaction increased DNA damage, apoptosis, and cell death in vitro and in vivo. Combined treatment of mice bearing PARP i -sensitive or -resistant GSC-derived brain tumors greatly extended median survival compared to either agent alone (vs olaparib: P ≤.001; vs MG18L: P = .005; median survival for sensitive of 83 [95% CI = 77 to 86], 94 [95% CI = 75 to 107], 102 [95% CI = 85 to 110], and 131 [95% CI = 108 to 170] days and for resistant of 54 [95% CI = 52 to 58], 56 [95% CI = 52 to 61], 62 [95% CI = 56 to 72], and 75 [95% CI = 64 to 90] days for mock, PARPi, oHSV, and combination, respectively). Conclusions The unique oHSV property to target multiple components of DDR generates cancer selective sensitivity to PARP i . This combination of oHSV with PARP i is a new anticancer strategy that overcomes the clinical barriers of PARP i resistance and DNA repair proficiency and is applicable not only to glioblastoma, an invariably lethal tumor, but also to other tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfang Ning
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory, Brain Tumor Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hiroaki Wakimoto
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory, Brain Tumor Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cole Peters
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory, Brain Tumor Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert L Martuza
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory, Brain Tumor Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel D Rabkin
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory, Brain Tumor Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Phosphorylated fraction of H2AX as a measurement for DNA damage in cancer cells and potential applications of a novel assay. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171582. [PMID: 28158293 PMCID: PMC5291513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylated H2AX (γ-H2AX) is a sensitive marker for DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), but the variability of H2AX expression in different cell and tissue types makes it difficult to interpret the meaning of the γ-H2AX level. Furthermore, the assays commonly used for γ-H2AX detection utilize laborious and low-throughput microscopy-based methods. We describe here an ELISA assay that measures both phosphorylated H2AX and total H2AX absolute amounts to determine the percentage of γ-H2AX, providing a normalized value representative of the amount of DNA damage. We demonstrate the utility of the assay to measure DSBs introduced by either ionizing radiation or DNA-damaging agents in cultured cells and in xenograft models. Furthermore, utilizing the NCI-60 cancer cell line panel, we show a correlation between the basal fraction of γ-H2AX and cellular mutation levels. This additional application highlights the ability of the assay to measure γ-H2AX levels in many extracts at once, making it possible to correlate findings with other cellular characteristics. Overall, the γ-H2AX ELISA represents a novel approach to quantifying DNA damage, which may lead to a better understanding of mutagenic pathways in cancer and provide a useful biomarker for monitoring the effectiveness of DNA-damaging anticancer agents.
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Dréan A, Lord CJ, Ashworth A. PARP inhibitor combination therapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 108:73-85. [PMID: 27931843 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2014, olaparib (Lynparza) became the first PARP (Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase) inhibitor to be approved for the treatment of cancer. When used as single agents, PARP inhibitors can selectively target tumour cells with BRCA1 or BRCA2 tumour suppressor gene mutations through synthetic lethality. However, PARP inhibition also shows considerable promise when used together with other therapeutic agents. Here, we summarise both the pre-clinical and clinical evidence for the utility of such combinations and discuss the future prospects and challenges for PARP inhibitor combinatorial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Dréan
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Christopher J Lord
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK.
| | - Alan Ashworth
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Deficient Mismatch Repair and the Role of Immunotherapy in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2016; 17:41. [DOI: 10.1007/s11864-016-0414-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Chen EX, Jonker DJ, Siu LL, McKeever K, Keller D, Wells J, Hagerman L, Seymour L. A Phase I study of olaparib and irinotecan in patients with colorectal cancer: Canadian Cancer Trials Group IND 187. Invest New Drugs 2016; 34:450-7. [PMID: 27075016 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-016-0351-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Olaparib is an orally available inhibitor of PARP-1. In pre-clinical studies, olaparib was shown to potentiate anti-tumor effects of irinotecan in colon cancer cell lines. This phase I study was conducted to evaluate the safety and tolerability of olaparib in combination with irinotecan. Patients and Methods Patients with advanced colorectal cancer whose disease progressed after at least one systemic therapy regimen were enrolled. Dose escalation and de-escalation were based on toxicity assessment. Pharmacokinetic samples were collected in Cycle 1 for olaparib, irinotecan and SN-38. Results Twenty-five patients were enrolled, 11 patients on a schedule of continuous olaparib and irinotecan every 3 weeks (Part A) and 14 patients on a schedule of intermittent olaparib and irinotecan every 2 weeks (Part B). Continuous olaparib administration was associated with higher than expected toxicities and was not considered to be tolerable. Intermittent olaparib administration was better tolerated, and the recommended phase 2 doses were olaparib 50 mg p.o twice daily days 1-5 and irinotecan 125 mg/m(2) i.v. every 2 weeks. Common toxicities included fatigue, anorexia, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and abdominal pain. Nine patients had stable disease as the best response, 2 from Part A (3 and 9 months respectively), and 7 from Part B (median duration: 7.4 months; range: 4 to 13 months). There was no pharmacokinetic interaction between olaparib and irinotecan. Conclusions Olaparib can be combined with irinotecan if administered intermittently. Both olaparib and irinotecan required significant dose reductions. The lack of anti-tumor efficacy observed in this trial makes this combination of little interest for further clinical development. Trial Registration ID NCT00535353.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric X Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Room 5-719, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 2 M9.
| | | | - Lillian L Siu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Room 5-719, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 2 M9
| | - Karyn McKeever
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Room 5-719, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 2 M9
| | | | - Julie Wells
- Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Leichman L, Groshen S, O'Neil BH, Messersmith W, Berlin J, Chan E, Leichman CG, Cohen SJ, Cohen D, Lenz HJ, Gold P, Boman B, Fielding A, Locker G, Cason RC, Hamilton SR, Hochster HS. Phase II Study of Olaparib (AZD-2281) After Standard Systemic Therapies for Disseminated Colorectal Cancer. Oncologist 2016; 21:172-7. [PMID: 26786262 PMCID: PMC4746089 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective new agents for patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) with disease progression during standard therapy regimens are needed. We hypothesized that poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor therapy in patients with CRC and inefficient tumor DNA repair mechanisms, such as those with high-level microsatellite instability (MSI-H), would result in synthetic lethality. METHODS This was an open-label phase II trial testing olaparib 400 mg p.o. b.i.d. for patients with disseminated, measurable CRC failing standard therapies with centrally confirmed tumor MSI status. The primary endpoint was the tumor response, assessed by RECIST, version 1.0. The secondary endpoints were safety/toxicity, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). RESULTS Thirty-three patients (20 microsatellite stable [MSS], 13 MSI-H) were enrolled. The median age for all patients was 57 years and for MSS and MSI-H patients was 51 and 61 years, respectively. All patients received at least one 28-day cycle of olaparib. No patient had a complete or partial response. Nausea (48%), fatigue (36%), and vomiting (33%) were the most commonly reported treatment-related adverse events. The median PFS for all patients was 1.84 months. No statistically significant differences were found in the median PFS or OS for the MSS group compared with the MSI-H group. CONCLUSION Single-agent olaparib delivered after failure of standard systemic therapy did not demonstrate activity for CRC patients, regardless of microsatellite status. Future trials, testing PARP inhibitors in patients with CRC should focus on the use of DNA-damaging chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy, combined with PARP inhibitors, remembering the toxicity reported in the present study. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Microsatellite instability (MSI-H) colorectal tumors exhibit hypermethylation in tumor mismatch repair genes, or have mutations in one or more of these genes resulting from a germ-line defect (Lynch syndrome). PARP inhibitors such as olaparib are most effective in tumors associated with inability to repair DNA damage. However, in this trial, single agent olaparib failed to elicit responses in patients with MSI-H colorectal tumors, and in those with microsatellite-stable tumors. It is possible that by adding olaparib to radiation therapy, or to a systemic DNA damaging agent, tumor lethality could be obtained. However, the price would be increased toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Leichman
- New York University, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Susan Groshen
- University of Southern California, Norris Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bert H O'Neil
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Jordan Berlin
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Emily Chan
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Steven J Cohen
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Deirdre Cohen
- New York University, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Heinz-Josef Lenz
- University of Southern California, Norris Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Philip Gold
- Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bruce Boman
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, Deleware, USA
| | | | | | - Ronald C Cason
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer, Houston, Texas, USA
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Shao J, Xu Z, Peng X, Chen M, Zhu Y, Xu L, Zhu H, Yang B, Luo P, He Q. Gefitinib Synergizes with Irinotecan to Suppress Hepatocellular Carcinoma via Antagonizing Rad51-Mediated DNA-Repair. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146968. [PMID: 26752698 PMCID: PMC4709237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is the only choice for most of the advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients, while few agents were available, making it an urgent need to develop new chemotherapy strategies. A phase II clinical trial suggested that the efficacy of irinotecan in HCC was limited due to dose-dependent toxicities. Here, we found that gefitinib exhibited synergistic activity in combination with SN-38, an active metabolite of irinotecan, in HCC cell lines. And the enhanced apoptosis induced by gefitinib plus SN-38 was a result from caspase pathway activation. Mechanistically, gefitinib dramatically promoted the ubiquitin–proteasome-dependent degradation of Rad51 protein, suppressed the DNA repair, gave rise to more DNA damages, and ultimately resulted in the synergism of these two agents. In addition, the increased antitumor efficacy of gefitinib combined with irinotecan was further validated in a HepG2 xenograft mice model. Taken together, our data demonstrated for the first time that the combination of irinotecan and gefitinib showed potential benefit in HCC, which suggests that Rad51 is a promising target and provides a rationale for clinical trials investigating the efficacy of the combination of topoisomerase I inhibitors and gefitinib in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Shao
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhifei Xu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xueming Peng
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Min Chen
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuanrun Zhu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Li Xu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Peihua Luo
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- * E-mail: (PL); (QH)
| | - Qiaojun He
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- * E-mail: (PL); (QH)
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PARP Inhibitor PJ34 Suppresses Osteogenic Differentiation in Mouse Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Modulating BMP-2 Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:24820-38. [PMID: 26492236 PMCID: PMC4632778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161024820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is known to be involved in a variety of cellular processes, such as DNA repair, cell death, telomere regulation, genomic stability and cell differentiation by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). While PARP inhibitors are presently under clinical investigation for cancer therapy, little is known about their side effects. However, PARP involvement in mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation potentiates MSC-related side effects arising from PARP inhibition. In this study, effects of PARP inhibitors on MSCs were examined. MSCs demonstrated suppressed osteogenic differentiation after 1 µM PJ34 treatment without cytotoxicity, while differentiation of MSCs into chondrocytes or adipocytes was unaffected. PJ34 suppressed mRNA induction of osteogenic markers, such as Runx2, Osterix, Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2, Osteocalcin, bone sialoprotein, and Osteopontin, and protein levels of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2, Osterix and Osteocalcin. PJ34 treatment also inhibited transcription factor regulators such as Smad1, Smad4, Smad5 and Smad8. Extracellular mineralized matrix formation was also diminished. These results strongly suggest that PARP inhibitors are capable of suppressing osteogenic differentiation and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation may play a physiological role in this process through regulation of BMP-2 signaling. Therefore, PARP inhibition may potentially attenuate osteogenic metabolism, implicating cautious use of PARP inhibitors for cancer treatments and monitoring of patient bone metabolism levels.
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Yao Y, Yu L, Su X, Wang Y, Li W, Wu Y, Cheng X, Zhang H, Wei X, Chen H, Zhang R, Gou L, Chen X, Xie Y, Zhang B, Zhang Y, Yang J, Wei Y. Synthesis, characterization and targeting chemotherapy for ovarian cancer of trastuzumab-SN-38 conjugates. J Control Release 2015; 220:5-17. [PMID: 26439663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), combining monoclonal antibody with high cytotoxicity chemotherapeutic drug (warhead), have been successfully applied for clinical cancer therapy. Linker technology to select and design linker connecting warhead with antibody, is critical to the success of therapeutic ADCs. In this study, three kinds of linkers were designed to connect SN-38, the bioactive metabolite of the anticancer drug irinotecan (CPT-11), which is 100-1000 times more potent than CPT-11, with the anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab to prepare three different ADC conjugates (T-SN38 A, B and C). Meanwhile, we compared the anti-ovarian cancer effect of these three T-SN38 conjugates with trastuzumab in vitro and in vivo. Our in vitro results showed that T-SN38 A, B and C (drug-to-antibody ratio, DAR=3.7, 3.2, 3.4) were 2 to 3 times as cytotoxic as SN-38, and the IC50 for these three conjugates on SKOV-3 cell line at 72 h were 5.2 ± 0.3, 4.4 ± 0.7, and 5.1 ± 0.4 nM respectively. In our in vivo studies, T-SN38 conjugates had well targeting ability for tumor tissue and all three of them had much higher anti-ovarian cancer potency than trastuzumab. Among of them, T-SN38 B, which coupled SN-38 with trastuzumab by a carbonate bond, has the best anti-ovarian cancer potency. In conclusion, the novel HER2-targeting ADCs T-SN38 have great potential for HER2-positive ovarian cancer. Moreover, the SN-38-Linkers designed in this study can also be used to connect with other antibodies for the therapy of other cancers.
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Key Words
- 10-hydroxycamptothecin (PubChem CID: 97,226)
- 4-dimethylaminopyridine (PubChem CID:14,284)
- 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (PubChem CID:104,842)
- Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)
- Bi-function linker
- N-hydroxysuccinimide (PubChem CID:80,170)
- Ovarian cancer
- PEG4 (PubChem CID:21,896,924)
- SN-38
- Targeting chemotherapy
- Trastuzumab
- dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (PubChem CID:10,868)
- dithiothreitol (PubChem CID:19,001)
- ethyldiisopropylamine (PubChem CID:81,531)
- mercaptoacetic acid (PubChem CID:1133)
- triphosgene (PubChem CID:94,429)
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China; Research Center for Public Health and Preventive Medicine, West China School of Public Health/No.4 West China Teaching Hospital, Sichuan University, PR China; Guangdong Zhongsheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., PR China
| | - Lin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Xiaolan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Wenting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yangpin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Xiangzheng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Hang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Xian Wei
- Guangdong Zhongsheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., PR China
| | - Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Rundong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Lantu Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- Guangdong Zhongsheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., PR China
| | - Yongmei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hostpital, Sichuan University, PR China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Medicine/ Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jinliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| | - Yuquan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
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Sand LGL, Szuhai K, Hogendoorn PCW. Sequencing Overview of Ewing Sarcoma: A Journey across Genomic, Epigenomic and Transcriptomic Landscapes. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:16176-215. [PMID: 26193259 PMCID: PMC4519945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160716176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is an aggressive neoplasm occurring predominantly in adolescent Caucasians. At the genome level, a pathognomonic EWSR1-ETS translocation is present. The resulting fusion protein acts as a molecular driver in the tumor development and interferes, amongst others, with endogenous transcription and splicing. The Ewing sarcoma cell shows a poorly differentiated, stem-cell like phenotype. Consequently, the cellular origin of Ewing sarcoma is still a hot discussed topic. To further characterize Ewing sarcoma and to further elucidate the role of EWSR1-ETS fusion protein multiple genome, epigenome and transcriptome level studies were performed. In this review, the data from these studies were combined into a comprehensive overview. Presently, classical morphological predictive markers are used in the clinic and the therapy is dominantly based on systemic chemotherapy in combination with surgical interventions. Using sequencing, novel predictive markers and candidates for immuno- and targeted therapy were identified which were summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens G L Sand
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands.
| | - Karoly Szuhai
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands.
| | - Pancras C W Hogendoorn
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands.
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Ma J, Zhang Y, Shen H, Kapesa L, Liu W, Zeng M, Zeng S. Association between mismatch repair gene and irinotecan-based chemotherapy in metastatic colon cancer. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:9599-609. [PMID: 26142736 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3723-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mismatch repair (MMR) gene is closely related to the pathogenesis of colon cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the association between MMR status and efficacy of irinotecan-based chemotherapy. As a target of 5-FU, thymidylate synthase (TS) expression level might be influenced by irinotecan. Understanding whether this influence of TS is related with MMR status is helpful to the further exploration of the mechanism of irinotecan sensitivity in metastatic colon cancer with different MMR status. One hundred eighty-four patients with metastatic colon cancer receiving irinotecan-based chemotherapy for the first-line treatment were included. Correlations between MMR and clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis were determined. Two pairs of colon cancer cell lines (HCT-116-hMLH1(Vector) (deficient MMR, dMMR) versus HCT-116-hMLH1(+) (proficient MMR, pMMR); SW480-shRNA-hMLH1 (dMMR) versus SW480-shRNA-Control (pMMR)) were established by regulating MMR status. Sensitivity of these cell lines to irinotecan was determined by MTT assay. Regulation of TS by irinotecan was evaluated by western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR assay. dMMR accounted for 18.5 % and was related with proximal colon cancer (p = 0.005), poorly differentiated tumors (p = 0.018) and favorable efficacy with a higher disease control rate (DCR), a longer progression-free survival (PFS) and a trend of longer overall survival (OS). dMMR colon cancer cells were more sensitive to irinotecan. TS expression level was reduced more in dMMR cells after irinotecan treatment (p < 0.05). Our study favors an increased sensitivity of irinotecan in colon cancer with dMMR status. MMR status may be a predictive biomarker of response to irinotecan-based chemotherapy in metastatic colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Ma
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Hong Shen
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Linda Kapesa
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Mengsi Zeng
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Shan Zeng
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
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Murai J, Pommier Y. Classification of PARP Inhibitors Based on PARP Trapping and Catalytic Inhibition, and Rationale for Combinations with Topoisomerase I Inhibitors and Alkylating Agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-14151-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Ward A, Khanna KK, Wiegmans AP. Targeting homologous recombination, new pre-clinical and clinical therapeutic combinations inhibiting RAD51. Cancer Treat Rev 2014; 41:35-45. [PMID: 25467108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is essential for maintaining genomic stability and cell survival. However, when tumour cells with deficiencies in HR are faced with radio- and chemotherapies they are forced to rely on error-prone, alternative repair pathways or aberrant HR for survival; threatening genome integrity and driving further mutation. Accurate therapeutic targeting of the key drivers of DNA repair can circumvent survival pathways and avoid aggressive therapy resistant mutants. Several studies have identified that stabilization of the cancer genome in HR deficient cells can be achieved by overexpression of the recombinase RAD51. Radio- and chemotherapeutic resistance is associated with overactive HR repair mechanisms. However no clinical trials have directly targeted RAD51, despite RAD51 displaying synergy in several drug screens against multiple cancer types. Currently synthetic lethality targeting the DDR pathways and HR deficiency has had clinical success with BRCA1 functional loss and PARP inhibition. In this review we suggest that clinical outcomes could be improved by additionally targeting RAD51. We examine the latest developments in directly and indirectly targeting RAD51. We scrutinize the potential treatment efficacy and future clinical applications of RAD51 inhibitors as single agents and in combination with other therapies and consider the best therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambber Ward
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer, Herston Rd, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia.
| | - Kum Kum Khanna
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer, Herston Rd, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia.
| | - Adrian P Wiegmans
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer, Herston Rd, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia.
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