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Takakura T, Shimizu T, Yamamoto N. Antibody-drug conjugates in solid tumors; new strategy for cancer therapy. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2024; 54:837-846. [PMID: 38704241 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyae054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged as a novel class of anticancer treatment. ADCs are composed of three parts: a monoclonal antibody, a linker and a payload. A monoclonal antibody binds to the specific antigen present at the cancer cells, allowing selective delivery of the cytotoxic agents to the tumor site. Several ADCs are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of hematologic cancers and solid tumors with clinically meaningful survival benefit. However, the development of ADCs faces a lot of challenges and there is a need to get better understanding of ADCs in order to improve patient outcomes. Here, we briefly discuss the structure and mechanism of ADCs, as well as the clinical data of current approved ADCs in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Takakura
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Medical Oncology, Wakayama Medical University Faculty of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Wakayama 641-8510, Japan
| | - Toshio Shimizu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Medical Oncology, Wakayama Medical University Faculty of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Wakayama 641-8510, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Medical Oncology, Wakayama Medical University Faculty of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Wakayama 641-8510, Japan
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2
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Jeon JH, Woo Kim S, Kim YJ, Park JW, Eun Moon J, Beom Lee Y, Yu H, Lee GH, Jin SH, Jeong JH. Synthesis and evaluation of antibody-drug conjugates with high drug-to-antibody ratio using dimaleimide-DM1 as a linker- payload. Bioorg Chem 2024; 149:107504. [PMID: 38850783 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
The notable characteristics of recently emerged Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) encompass the targeting of Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2 (HER2) through monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and a high ratio of drug to antibody (DAR). The achievements of Kadcyla® (T-DM1) and Enhertu® (T-Dxd) have demonstrated that HER2-targeting antibodies, such as trastuzumab, have shown to be competitive in terms of efficacy and price for development. Furthermore, with the arrival of T-Dxd and Trodelvy®, high-DAR (7-8) ADCs, which differ from the moderate DAR (3-4) ADCs that were formerly regarded as conventional, are being acknowledged for their worth. Following this trend of drug development, we endeavored to develop a high-DAR ADC using a straightforward approach involving the utilization of DM1, a highly potent substance, in combination with the widely recognized trastuzumab. To achieve a high DAR, DM1 was conjugated to reduced cysteine through the simple design and synthesis of various dimaleimide linkers with differing lengths. Using LC and MS analysis, we have demonstrated that our synthesis methodology is uncomplicated and efficacious, yielding trastuzumab-based ADCs that exhibit a remarkable degree of uniformity. These ADCs have been experimentally substantiated to exert an inhibitory effect on cancer cells in vitro, thus affirming their value as noteworthy additions to the realm of ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Hyun Jeon
- AbchemBio co., Ltd., D 111, Veritas Hall, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogqahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Woo Kim
- AbchemBio co., Ltd., D 111, Veritas Hall, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogqahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Jung Kim
- AbchemBio co., Ltd., D 111, Veritas Hall, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogqahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Woo Park
- AbchemBio co., Ltd., D 111, Veritas Hall, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogqahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Eun Moon
- AbchemBio co., Ltd., D 111, Veritas Hall, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogqahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Beom Lee
- AbchemBio co., Ltd., D 111, Veritas Hall, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogqahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Hana Yu
- AbchemBio co., Ltd., D 111, Veritas Hall, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogqahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon-Ho Lee
- AbchemBio co., Ltd., D 111, Veritas Hall, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogqahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ha Jin
- AbchemBio co., Ltd., D 111, Veritas Hall, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogqahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin-Hyun Jeong
- AbchemBio co., Ltd., D 111, Veritas Hall, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogqahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Satomaa T, Pynnönen H, Aitio O, Hiltunen JO, Pitkänen V, Lähteenmäki T, Kotiranta T, Heiskanen A, Hänninen AL, Niemelä R, Helin J, Kuusanmäki H, Vänttinen I, Rathod R, Nieminen AI, Yatkin E, Heckman CA, Kontro M, Saarinen J. Targeting CD33+ Acute Myeloid Leukemia with GLK-33, a Lintuzumab-Auristatin Conjugate with a Wide Therapeutic Window. Mol Cancer Ther 2024; 23:1073-1083. [PMID: 38561023 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
CD33 (Siglec-3) is a cell surface receptor expressed in approximately 90% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blasts, making it an attractive target for therapy of AML. Although previous CD33-targeting antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) like gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO, Mylotarg) have shown efficacy in AML treatment, they have suffered from toxicity and narrow therapeutic window. This study aimed to develop a novelADCwith improved tolerability and a wider therapeutic window. GLK-33 consists of the anti-CD33 antibody lintuzumab and eight mavg-MMAU auristatin linkerpayloads per antibody. The experimental methods included testing in cell cultures, patient-derived samples, mouse xenograft models, and rat toxicology studies. GLK-33 exhibited remarkable efficacy in reducing cell viability within CD33-positive leukemia cell lines and primary AML samples. Notably, GLK-33 demonstrated antitumor activity at single dose as low as 300 mg/kg in mice, while maintaining tolerability at single dose of 20 to 30 mg/kg in rats. In contrast with both GO and lintuzumab vedotin, GLK-33 exhibited a wide therapeutic window and activity against multidrug-resistant cells. The development of GLK-33 addresses the limitations of previous ADCs, offering a wider therapeutic window, improved tolerability, and activity against drug-resistant leukemia cells. These findings encourage further exploration of GLK-33 in AML through clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Heikki Kuusanmäki
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Cancer Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ida Vänttinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ramji Rathod
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anni I Nieminen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emrah Yatkin
- Central Animal Laboratory, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Caroline A Heckman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Kontro
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Cancer Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Hematology, Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland
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4
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Journeaux T, Bernardes GJL. Homogeneous multi-payload antibody-drug conjugates. Nat Chem 2024; 16:854-870. [PMID: 38760431 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01507-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Many systemic cancer chemotherapies comprise a combination of drugs, yet all clinically used antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) contain a single-drug payload. These combination regimens improve treatment outcomes by producing synergistic anticancer effects and slowing the development of drug-resistant cell populations. In an attempt to replicate these regimens and improve the efficacy of targeted therapy, the field of ADCs has moved towards developing techniques that allow for multiple unique payloads to be attached to a single antibody molecule with high homogeneity. However, the methods for generating such constructs-homogeneous multi-payload ADCs-are both numerous and complex owing to the plethora of reactive functional groups that make up the surface of an antibody. Here, by summarizing and comparing the methods of both single- and multi-payload ADC generation and their key preclinical and clinical results, we provide a timely overview of this relatively new area of research. The methods discussed range from branched linker installation to the incorporation of unnatural amino acids, with a generalized comparison tool of the most promising modification strategies also provided. Finally, the successes and challenges of this rapidly growing field are critically evaluated, and from this, future areas of research and development are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Journeaux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gonçalo J L Bernardes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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5
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Tsuchikama K, Anami Y, Ha SYY, Yamazaki CM. Exploring the next generation of antibody-drug conjugates. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2024; 21:203-223. [PMID: 38191923 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-023-00850-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a promising cancer treatment modality that enables the selective delivery of highly cytotoxic payloads to tumours. However, realizing the full potential of this platform necessitates innovative molecular designs to tackle several clinical challenges such as drug resistance, tumour heterogeneity and treatment-related adverse effects. Several emerging ADC formats exist, including bispecific ADCs, conditionally active ADCs (also known as probody-drug conjugates), immune-stimulating ADCs, protein-degrader ADCs and dual-drug ADCs, and each offers unique capabilities for tackling these various challenges. For example, probody-drug conjugates can enhance tumour specificity, whereas bispecific ADCs and dual-drug ADCs can address resistance and heterogeneity with enhanced activity. The incorporation of immune-stimulating and protein-degrader ADCs, which have distinct mechanisms of action, into existing treatment strategies could enable multimodal cancer treatment. Despite the promising outlook, the importance of patient stratification and biomarker identification cannot be overstated for these emerging ADCs, as these factors are crucial to identify patients who are most likely to derive benefit. As we continue to deepen our understanding of tumour biology and refine ADC design, we will edge closer to developing truly effective and safe ADCs for patients with treatment-refractory cancers. In this Review, we highlight advances in each ADC component (the monoclonal antibody, payload, linker and conjugation chemistry) and provide more-detailed discussions on selected examples of emerging novel ADCs of each format, enabled by engineering of one or more of these components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoji Tsuchikama
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Yasuaki Anami
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Summer Y Y Ha
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chisato M Yamazaki
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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6
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Youssef S, Tsang E, Samanta A, Kumar V, Gothelf KV. Reversible Protection and Targeted Delivery of DNA Origami with a Disulfide-Containing Cationic Polymer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2301058. [PMID: 37916910 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
DNA nanostructures have considerable biomedical potential as intracellular delivery vehicles as they are highly homogeneous and can be functionalized with high spatial resolution. However, challenges like instability under physiological conditions, limited cellular uptake, and lysosomal degradation limit their use. This paper presents a bio-reducible, cationic polymer poly(cystaminebisacrylamide-1,6-diaminohexane) (PCD) as a reversible DNA origami protector. PCD displays a stronger DNA affinity than other cationic polymers. DNA nanostructures with PCD protection are shielded from low salt conditions and DNase I degradation and show a 40-fold increase in cell-association when linked to targeting antibodies. Confocal microscopy reveals a potential secondary cell uptake mechanism, directly delivering the nanostructures to the cytoplasm. Additionally, PCD can be removed by cleaving its backbone disulfides using the intracellular reductant, glutathione. Finally, the application of these constructs is demonstrated for targeted delivery of a cytotoxic agent to cancer cells, which efficiently decreases their viability. The PCD protective agent that is reported here is a simple and efficient method for the stabilization of DNA origami structures. With the ability to deprotect the DNA nanostructures upon entry of the intracellular space, the possibility for the use of DNA origami in pharmaceutical applications is enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Youssef
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Emily Tsang
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Anirban Samanta
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Kurt V Gothelf
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
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7
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Zhou L, Lu Y, Liu W, Wang S, Wang L, Zheng P, Zi G, Liu H, Liu W, Wei S. Drug conjugates for the treatment of lung cancer: from drug discovery to clinical practice. Exp Hematol Oncol 2024; 13:26. [PMID: 38429828 PMCID: PMC10908151 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-024-00493-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
A drug conjugate consists of a cytotoxic drug bound via a linker to a targeted ligand, allowing the targeted delivery of the drug to one or more tumor sites. This approach simultaneously reduces drug toxicity and increases efficacy, with a powerful combination of efficient killing and precise targeting. Antibody‒drug conjugates (ADCs) are the best-known type of drug conjugate, combining the specificity of antibodies with the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs to reduce adverse reactions by preferentially targeting the payload to the tumor. The structure of ADCs has also provided inspiration for the development of additional drug conjugates. In recent years, drug conjugates such as ADCs, peptide‒drug conjugates (PDCs) and radionuclide drug conjugates (RDCs) have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The scope and application of drug conjugates have been expanding, including combination therapy and precise drug delivery, and a variety of new conjugation technology concepts have emerged. Additionally, new conjugation technology-based drugs have been developed in industry. In addition to chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy, drug conjugate therapy has undergone continuous development and made significant progress in treating lung cancer in recent years, offering a promising strategy for the treatment of this disease. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the use of drug conjugates for lung cancer treatment, including structure-based drug design, mechanisms of action, clinical trials, and side effects. Furthermore, challenges, potential approaches and future prospects are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunlong Lu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Shanglong Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengdou Zheng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guisha Zi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiguo Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wukun Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, China.
| | - Shuang Wei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, China.
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8
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Al Sbihi A, Alasfour M, Pongas G. Innovations in Antibody-Drug Conjugate (ADC) in the Treatment of Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:827. [PMID: 38398219 PMCID: PMC10887180 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16040827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemoimmunotherapy and cellular therapy are the mainstay of the treatment of relapsed/refractory (R/R) lymphomas. Development of resistance and commonly encountered toxicities of these treatments limit their role in achieving desired response rates and durable remissions. The Antibody-Drug Conjugate (ADC) is a novel class of targeted therapy that has demonstrated significant efficacy in treating various cancers, including lymphomas. To date, three ADC agents have been approved for different lymphomas, marking a significant advancement in the field. In this article, we aim to review the concept of ADCs and their application in lymphoma treatment, provide an analysis of currently approved agents, and discuss the ongoing advancements of ADC development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Georgios Pongas
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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9
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Douez E, Allard-Vannier E, Amar IAM, Jolivet L, Boursin F, Maisonial-Besset A, Witkowski T, Chezal JM, Colas C, Letast S, Auvert E, Denevault-Sabourin C, Aubrey N, Joubert N. Branched pegylated linker-auristatin to control hydrophobicity for the production of homogeneous minibody-drug conjugate against HER2-positive breast cancer. J Control Release 2024; 366:567-584. [PMID: 38215985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla®) was the first antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2013 against a solid tumor, and the first ADC to treat human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive (HER2+) breast cancer. However, this second generation ADC is burden by several limitations included heterogeneity, limited activity against heterogeneous tumor (regarding antigen expression) and suboptimal tumor penetration. To address this, different development strategies are oriented towards homogeneous conjugation, new drugs, optimized linkers and/or smaller antibody formats. To reach better developed next generation ADCs, a key parameter to consider is the management of the hydrophobicity associated with the linker-drug, increasing with and limiting the drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of the ADC. Here, an innovative branched pegylated linker was developed, to control the hydrophobicity of the monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) and its cathepsin B-sensitive trigger. This branched pegylated linker-MMAE was then used for the efficient generation of internalizing homogeneous ADC of DAR 8 and minibody-drug conjugate of DAR 4, targeting HER2. Both immunoconjugates were then evaluated in vitro and in vivo on breast cancer models. Interestingly, this study highlighted that the minibody-MMAE conjugate of DAR 4 was the best immunoconjugate regarding in vitro cellular internalization and cytotoxicity, gamma imaging, ex vivo biodistribution profile in mice and efficient reduction of tumor size in vivo. These results are very promising and encourage us to explore further fragment-drug conjugate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Douez
- UPR 4301 CBM, CNRS, University of Tours, University of Orléans, F-45071 Orléans, France; Pharmacy Department, Tours University Hospital, F-37200 Tours, France
| | - Emilie Allard-Vannier
- UPR 4301 CBM, CNRS, University of Tours, University of Orléans, F-45071 Orléans, France.
| | | | - Louis Jolivet
- UMR 1282 ISP, INRAE, University of Tours, Team BioMAP, F-37200 Tours, France
| | - Fanny Boursin
- UMR 1282 ISP, INRAE, University of Tours, Team BioMAP, F-37200 Tours, France
| | - Aurélie Maisonial-Besset
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, UMR 1240, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Tiffany Witkowski
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, UMR 1240, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Michel Chezal
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, UMR 1240, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cyril Colas
- UPR 4301 CBM, CNRS, University of Tours, University of Orléans, F-45071 Orléans, France; UMR 7311 ICOA, CNRS, University of Orléans, F-45067 Orléans, France
| | - Stéphanie Letast
- UMR 1100 CEPR, INSERM, University of Tours, F-37200 Tours, France
| | - Etienne Auvert
- UMR 1100 CEPR, INSERM, University of Tours, F-37200 Tours, France
| | | | - Nicolas Aubrey
- UMR 1282 ISP, INRAE, University of Tours, Team BioMAP, F-37200 Tours, France
| | - Nicolas Joubert
- UMR 1100 CEPR, INSERM, University of Tours, F-37200 Tours, France.
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10
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Schmitt S, Machui P, Mai I, Herterich S, Wunder S, Cyprys P, Gerlach M, Ochtrop P, Hackenberger CP, Schumacher D, Helma J, Vogl AM, Kasper MA. Design and Evaluation of Phosphonamidate-Linked Exatecan Constructs for Highly Loaded, Stable, and Efficacious Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Mol Cancer Ther 2024; 23:199-211. [PMID: 37828728 PMCID: PMC10831470 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Topoisomerase I (TOP1) Inhibitors constitute an emerging payload class to engineer antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) as next-generation biopharmaceutical for cancer treatment. Existing ADCs are using camptothecin payloads with lower potency and suffer from limited stability in circulation. With this study, we introduce a novel camptothecin-based linker-payload platform based on the highly potent camptothecin derivative exatecan. First, we describe general challenges that arise from the hydrophobic combination of exatecan and established dipeptidyl p-aminobenzyl-carbamate (PAB) cleavage sites such as reduced antibody conjugation yields and ADC aggregation. After evaluating several linker-payload structures, we identified ethynyl-phosphonamidates in combination with a discrete PEG24 chain to compensate for the hydrophobic PAB-exatecan moiety. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the identified linker-payload structure enables the construction of highly loaded DAR8 ADCs with excellent solubility properties. Head-to-head comparison with Enhertu, an approved camptothecin-based ADC, revealed improved target-mediated killing of tumor cells, excellent bystander killing, drastically improved linker stability in vitro and in vivo and superior in vivo efficacy over four tested dose levels in a xenograft model. Moreover, we show that ADCs based on the novel exatecan linker-payload platform exhibit antibody-like pharmacokinetic properties, even when the ADCs are highly loaded with eight drug molecules per antibody. This ADC platform constitutes a new and general solution to deliver TOP1 inhibitors with highest efficiency to the site of the tumor, independent of the antibody and its target, and is thereby broadly applicable to various cancer indications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christian P.R. Hackenberger
- Chemical Biology Department, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Wang L, Hobson AD, Fitzgibbons J, Hernandez A, Jia Y, Xu Z, Wang Z, Yu Y, Li X. Impact of dipeptide on ADC physicochemical properties and efficacy identifies Ala-Ala as the optimal dipeptide. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:355-365. [PMID: 38283215 PMCID: PMC10809321 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00473b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Side chains of natural occurring amino acids vary greatly in terms of charge state, polarity, size and hydrophobicity. Using a linear synthetic route, two amino acids were sequentially coupled to a potent glucocorticoid receptor modulator (GRM) to afford a library of dipeptide-GRM linker payloads with a range of in silico properties. The linker payloads were conjugated to a mouse anti-TNF antibody through interchain disulfide Cys. Impact of various dipeptide linkers on ADC physical properties, including solubility, hydrophobicity, and aggregation were evaluated and the in silico properties pI, Log P and tPSA of the linker drugs used to correlate with these properties. ADCs were screened in a GRE luciferase reporter assay to compare their in vitro efficacy. Data identified Ala-Ala as a superior dipeptide linker that allowed a maximum drug load of 10 while affording ADCs with low aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center 381 Plantation Street Worcester Massachusetts 01605 USA
| | - Adrian D Hobson
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center 381 Plantation Street Worcester Massachusetts 01605 USA
| | - Julia Fitzgibbons
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center 381 Plantation Street Worcester Massachusetts 01605 USA
| | - Axel Hernandez
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center 381 Plantation Street Worcester Massachusetts 01605 USA
| | - Ying Jia
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center 381 Plantation Street Worcester Massachusetts 01605 USA
| | - Zhou Xu
- WuXi AppTec 168 Nanhai Road, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area TEDA TJS 300457 China
| | - Zhongyuan Wang
- WuXi AppTec 168 Nanhai Road, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area TEDA TJS 300457 China
| | - Yajie Yu
- WuXi AppTec 168 Nanhai Road, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area TEDA TJS 300457 China
| | - Xiang Li
- WuXi AppTec 168 Nanhai Road, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area TEDA TJS 300457 China
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12
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Kumari S, Raj S, Babu MA, Bhatti GK, Bhatti JS. Antibody-drug conjugates in cancer therapy: innovations, challenges, and future directions. Arch Pharm Res 2024; 47:40-65. [PMID: 38153656 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01479-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) as a potential therapeutic avenue in cancer treatment has garnered significant attention. By combining the selective specificity of monoclonal antibodies with the cytotoxicity of drug molecules, ADCs aim to increase the therapeutic index, selectively targeting cancer cells while minimizing systemic toxicity. Various ADCs have been licensed for clinical usage, with ongoing research paving the way for additional options. However, the manufacture of ADCs faces several challenges. These include identifying suitable target antigens, enhancing antibodies, linkers, and payloads, and managing resistance mechanisms and side effects. This review focuses on the strategies to overcome these hurdles, such as site-specific conjugation techniques, novel antibody formats, and combination therapy. Our focus lies on current advancements in antibody engineering, linker technology, and cytotoxic payloads while addressing the challenges associated with ADC development. Furthermore, we explore the future potential of personalized medicine, leveraging individual patients' molecular profiles, to propel ADC treatments forward. As our understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving cancer progression continues to expand, we anticipate the development of new ADCs that offer more effective and personalized therapeutic options for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Kumari
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Sonam Raj
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - M Arockia Babu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, U.P., India
| | - Gurjit Kaur Bhatti
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, University Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.
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13
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Marvin CC, Hobson AD, McPherson M, Dunstan TA, Vargo TR, Hayes ME, Fettis MM, Bischoff A, Wang L, Wang L, Hernandez A, Jia Y, Oh JZ, Tian Y. Self-Immolative Carbamate Linkers for CD19-Budesonide Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:1835-1850. [PMID: 37788373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates consist of potent small-molecule payloads linked to a targeting antibody. Payloads must possess a viable functional group by which a linker for conjugation can be attached. Linker-attachment options remain limited for the connection to payloads via hydroxyl groups. A releasing group based on 2-aminopyridine was developed to enable stable attachment of para-aminobenzyl carbamate (PABC) linkers to the C21-hydroxyl group of budesonide, a glucocorticoid receptor agonist. Payload release involves a cascade of two self-immolative events that are initiated by the protease-mediated cleavage of the dipeptide-PABC bond. Budesonide release rates were determined for a series of payload-linker intermediates in buffered solution at pH 7.4 and 5.4, leading to the identification of 2-aminopyridine as the preferred releasing group. Addition of a poly(ethylene glycol) group improved linker hydrophilicity, thereby providing CD19-budesonide ADCs with suitable properties. ADC23 demonstrated targeted delivery of budesonide to CD19-expressing cells and inhibited B-cell activation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Marvin
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Adrian D Hobson
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Michael McPherson
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Theresa A Dunstan
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Thomas R Vargo
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Martin E Hayes
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Margaret M Fettis
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Agnieszka Bischoff
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Lu Wang
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Lu Wang
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Axel Hernandez
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Ying Jia
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Jason Z Oh
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Yu Tian
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
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14
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Kiyoshi M, Nakakido M, Rafique A, Tada M, Aoyama M, Terao Y, Nagatoishi S, Shibata H, Ide T, Tsumoto K, Ito Y, Ishii-Watabe A. Specific peptide conjugation to a therapeutic antibody leads to enhanced therapeutic potency and thermal stability by reduced Fc dynamics. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16561. [PMID: 37783706 PMCID: PMC10545826 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43431-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates are powerful tools for combatting a wide array of cancers. Drug conjugation to a therapeutic antibody often alters molecular characteristics, such as hydrophobicity and effector function, resulting in quality deterioration. To develop a drug conjugation methodology that maintains the molecular characteristics of the antibody, we engineered a specific peptide for conjugation to the Fc region. We used trastuzumab and the chelator (DOTA) as model antibody and payload, respectively. Interestingly, peptide/DOTA-conjugated trastuzumab exhibited enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and increased thermal stability. Detailed structural and thermodynamic analysis clarified that the conjugated peptide blocks the Fc dynamics like a "wedge." We revealed that (1) decreased molecular entropy results in enhanced ADCC, and (2) blockade of Fc denaturation results in increased thermal stability. Thus, we believe that our methodology is superior not only for drug conjugation but also as for reinforcing therapeutic antibodies to enhance ADCC and thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kiyoshi
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Makoto Nakakido
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Abdur Rafique
- Chemistry Program, Department of Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Minoru Tada
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Michihiko Aoyama
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Satoru Nagatoishi
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Shibata
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Ito
- Chemistry Program, Department of Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima, Japan.
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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15
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Duvall JR, Thomas JD, Bukhalid RA, Catcott KC, Bentley KW, Collins SD, Eitas T, Jones BD, Kelleher EW, Lancaster K, Protopopova M, Ray SS, Ter-Ovanesyan E, Xu L, Yang L, Zurita J, Damelin M, Toader D, Lowinger TB. Discovery and Optimization of a STING Agonist Platform for Application in Antibody Drug Conjugates. J Med Chem 2023; 66:10715-10733. [PMID: 37486969 PMCID: PMC10424177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
While STING agonists have proven to be effective preclinically as anti-tumor agents, these promising results have yet to be translated in the clinic. A STING agonist antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) could overcome current limitations by improving tumor accessibility, allowing for systemic administration as well as tumor-localized activation of STING for greater anti-tumor activity and better tolerability. In line with this effort, a STING agonist ADC platform was identified through systematic optimization of the payload, linker, and scaffold based on multiple factors including potency and specificity in both in vitro and in vivo evaluations. The platform employs a potent non-cyclic dinucleotide STING agonist, a cleavable ester-based linker, and a hydrophilic PEG8-bisglucamine scaffold. A tumor-targeted ADC built with the resulting STING agonist platform induced robust and durable anti-tumor activity and demonstrated high stability and favorable pharmacokinetics in nonclinical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R. Duvall
- Mersana
Therapeutics, Inc., 840
Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Joshua D. Thomas
- Mersana
Therapeutics, Inc., 840
Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Raghida A. Bukhalid
- Mersana
Therapeutics, Inc., 840
Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kalli C. Catcott
- Mersana
Therapeutics, Inc., 840
Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Keith W. Bentley
- Mersana
Therapeutics, Inc., 840
Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Scott D. Collins
- Mersana
Therapeutics, Inc., 840
Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy Eitas
- Mersana
Therapeutics, Inc., 840
Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Brian D. Jones
- Mersana
Therapeutics, Inc., 840
Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Eugene W. Kelleher
- Mersana
Therapeutics, Inc., 840
Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kelly Lancaster
- Mersana
Therapeutics, Inc., 840
Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Marina Protopopova
- Mersana
Therapeutics, Inc., 840
Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Soumya S. Ray
- 3-Dimensional
Consulting, 134 Franklin
Avenue, Quincy, Massachusetts 02170, United States
| | - Elena Ter-Ovanesyan
- Mersana
Therapeutics, Inc., 840
Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ling Xu
- Mersana
Therapeutics, Inc., 840
Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Liping Yang
- Mersana
Therapeutics, Inc., 840
Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeffrey Zurita
- Mersana
Therapeutics, Inc., 840
Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Marc Damelin
- Mersana
Therapeutics, Inc., 840
Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dorin Toader
- Mersana
Therapeutics, Inc., 840
Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy B. Lowinger
- Mersana
Therapeutics, Inc., 840
Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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16
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Gogia P, Ashraf H, Bhasin S, Xu Y. Antibody-Drug Conjugates: A Review of Approved Drugs and Their Clinical Level of Evidence. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3886. [PMID: 37568702 PMCID: PMC10417123 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are an innovative family of agents assembled through linking cytotoxic drugs (payloads) covalently to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to be delivered to tumor tissue that express their particular antigen, with the theoretical advantage of an augmented therapeutic ratio. As of June 2023, eleven ADCs have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and are on the market. These drugs have been added to the therapeutic armamentarium of acute myeloblastic and lymphoblastic leukemias, various types of lymphoma, breast, gastric or gastroesophageal junction, lung, urothelial, cervical, and ovarian cancers. They have proven to deliver more potent and effective anti-tumor activities than standard practice in a wide variety of indications. In addition to targeting antigen-expressing tumor cells, bystander effects have been engineered to extend cytotoxic killing to low-antigen-expressing or negative tumor cells in the heterogenous tumor milieu. Inevitably, myelosuppression is a common side effect with most of the ADCs due to the effects of the cytotoxic payload. Also, other unique side effects are specific to the tissue antigen that is targeted for, such as the cardiac toxicity with Her-2 targeting ADCs, and the hemorrhagic side effects with the tissue factor (TF) targeting Tisotumab vedotin. Further exciting developments are centered in the strategies to improve the tolerability and efficacy of the ADCs to improve the therapeutic window; as well as the development of novel payloads including (1) peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs), with the peptide replacing the monoclonal antibody, rendering greater tumor penetration; (2) immune-stimulating antibody conjugates (ISACs), which upon conjugation of the antigen, cause an influx of pro-inflammatory cytokines to activate dendritic cells and harness an anti-tumor T-cell response; and (3) the use of radioactive isotopes as a payload to enhance cytotoxic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Gogia
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11219, USA;
| | - Hamza Ashraf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Overlook Medical Center, Summit, NJ 07901, USA;
| | - Sidharth Bhasin
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Saint Peter’s University Hospital, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;
| | - Yiqing Xu
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11219, USA;
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17
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Petersen ME, Brant MG, Lasalle M, Fung VKC, Rojas AH, Wong J, Das S, Barnscher SD, Rich JR, Winters GC. Structure-Activity Relationships of Bis-Intercalating Peptides and Their Application as Antibody-Drug Conjugate Payloads. J Med Chem 2023. [PMID: 37307297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic analogs based on the DNA bis-intercalating natural product peptides sandramycin and quinaldopeptin were investigated as antibody drug conjugate (ADC) payloads. Synthesis, biophysical characterization, and in vitro potency of 34 new analogs are described. Conjugation of an initial drug-linker derived from a novel bis-intercalating peptide produced an ADC that was hydrophobic and prone to aggregation. Two strategies were employed to improve ADC physiochemical properties: addition of a solubilizing group in the linker and the use of an enzymatically cleavable hydrophilic mask on the payload itself. All ADCs showed potent in vitro cytotoxicity in high antigen expressing cells; however, masked ADCs were less potent than payload matched unmasked ADCs in lower antigen expressing cell lines. Two pilot in vivo studies were conducted using stochastically conjugated DAR4 anti-FRα ADCs, which showed toxicity even at low doses, and site-specific conjugated (THIOMAB) DAR2 anti-cMet ADCs that were well tolerated and highly efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Petersen
- ADC Therapeutic Development, Zymeworks Inc., Vancouver, BC V5T 1G4, Canada
| | - Michael G Brant
- ADC Therapeutic Development, Zymeworks Inc., Vancouver, BC V5T 1G4, Canada
| | - Manuel Lasalle
- ADC Therapeutic Development, Zymeworks Inc., Vancouver, BC V5T 1G4, Canada
| | - Vincent K C Fung
- ADC Therapeutic Development, Zymeworks Inc., Vancouver, BC V5T 1G4, Canada
| | | | - Jodi Wong
- ADC Therapeutic Development, Zymeworks Inc., Vancouver, BC V5T 1G4, Canada
| | - Samir Das
- ADC Therapeutic Development, Zymeworks Inc., Vancouver, BC V5T 1G4, Canada
| | - Stuart D Barnscher
- ADC Therapeutic Development, Zymeworks Inc., Vancouver, BC V5T 1G4, Canada
| | - Jamie R Rich
- ADC Therapeutic Development, Zymeworks Inc., Vancouver, BC V5T 1G4, Canada
| | - Geoffrey C Winters
- Technical and Manufacturing Operations, Zymeworks Inc., Vancouver, BC V5T 1G4, Canada
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18
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van der Wulp W, Gram AM, Bleijlevens B, Hagedoorn RS, Araman C, Kim RQ, Drijfhout JW, Parren PWHI, Hibbert RG, Hoeben RC, van Kasteren SI, Schuurman J, Ressing ME, Heemskerk MHM. Comparison of methods generating antibody-epitope conjugates for targeting cancer with virus-specific T cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1183914. [PMID: 37261346 PMCID: PMC10227578 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1183914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic antibody-epitope conjugates (AECs) are promising new modalities to deliver immunogenic epitopes and redirect virus-specific T-cell activity to cancer cells. Nevertheless, many aspects of these antibody conjugates require optimization to increase their efficacy. Here we evaluated different strategies to conjugate an EBV epitope (YVL/A2) preceded by a protease cleavage site to the antibodies cetuximab and trastuzumab. Three approaches were taken: chemical conjugation (i.e. a thiol-maleimide reaction) to reduced cysteine side chains, heavy chain C-terminal enzymatic conjugation using sortase A, and genetic fusions, to the heavy chain (HC) C-terminus. All three conjugates were capable of T-cell activation and target-cell killing via proteolytic release of the EBV epitope and expression of the antibody target was a requirement for T-cell activation. Moreover, AECs generated with a second immunogenic epitope derived from CMV (NLV/A2) were able to deliver and redirect CMV specific T-cells, in which the amino sequence of the attached peptide appeared to influence the efficiency of epitope delivery. Therefore, screening of multiple protease cleavage sites and epitopes attached to the antibody is necessary. Taken together, our data demonstrated that multiple AECs could sensitize cancer cells to virus-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willemijn van der Wulp
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anna M. Gram
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Renate S. Hagedoorn
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Can Araman
- Division of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Robbert Q. Kim
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Rob C. Hoeben
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sander I. van Kasteren
- Division of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Maaike E. Ressing
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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19
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Ochtrop P, Jahzerah J, Machui P, Mai I, Schumacher D, Helma J, Kasper MA, Hackenberger CPR. Compact hydrophilic electrophiles enable highly efficacious high DAR ADCs with excellent in vivo PK profile. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2259-2266. [PMID: 36873847 PMCID: PMC9977445 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05678j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent success of antibody-drug conjugates (ADC), exemplified by seven new FDA-approvals within three years, has led to increased attention for antibody based targeted therapeutics and fueled efforts to develop new drug-linker technologies for improved next generation ADCs. We present a highly efficient phosphonamidate-based conjugation handle that combines a discrete hydrophilic PEG-substituent, an established linker-payload and a cysteine-selective electrophile in one compact building block. This reactive entity provides homogeneous ADCs with a high drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of 8 in a one-pot reduction and alkylation protocol from non-engineered antibodies. The compact branched PEG-architecture introduces hydrophilicity without increasing the distance between antibody and payload, allowing the generation of the first homogeneous DAR 8 ADC from VC-PAB-MMAE without increased in vivo clearance rates. This high DAR ADC exhibits excellent in vivo stability and increased antitumor activity in tumour xenograft models relative to the established FDA approved VC-PAB-MMAE ADC Adcetris, clearly showing the benefit of the phosphonamidate based building-blocks as a general tool for the efficient and stable antibody-based delivery of highly hydrophobic linker-payload systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Ochtrop
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Department of Chemical Biology Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10 13125 Berlin Germany .,Tubulis GmbH Am Klopferspitz 19 a 82152 Planegg-Martinsried Germany
| | - Jahaziel Jahzerah
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Department of Chemical Biology Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10 13125 Berlin Germany
| | - Paul Machui
- Tubulis GmbH Am Klopferspitz 19 a 82152 Planegg-Martinsried Germany
| | - Isabelle Mai
- Tubulis GmbH Am Klopferspitz 19 a 82152 Planegg-Martinsried Germany
| | | | - Jonas Helma
- Tubulis GmbH Am Klopferspitz 19 a 82152 Planegg-Martinsried Germany
| | - Marc-André Kasper
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Department of Chemical Biology Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10 13125 Berlin Germany .,Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry Brook-Taylor-Str.2 12489 Berlin Germany.,Tubulis GmbH Am Klopferspitz 19 a 82152 Planegg-Martinsried Germany
| | - Christian P R Hackenberger
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Department of Chemical Biology Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10 13125 Berlin Germany .,Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry Brook-Taylor-Str.2 12489 Berlin Germany
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20
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Nguyen TD, Bordeau BM, Balthasar JP. Mechanisms of ADC Toxicity and Strategies to Increase ADC Tolerability. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:713. [PMID: 36765668 PMCID: PMC9913659 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-cancer antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) aim to expand the therapeutic index of traditional chemotherapy by employing the targeting specificity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to increase the efficiency of the delivery of potent cytotoxic agents to malignant cells. In the past three years, the number of ADCs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has tripled. Although several ADCs have demonstrated sufficient efficacy and safety to warrant FDA approval, the clinical use of all ADCs leads to substantial toxicity in treated patients, and many ADCs have failed during clinical development due to their unacceptable toxicity profiles. Analysis of the clinical data has demonstrated that dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) are often shared by different ADCs that deliver the same cytotoxic payload, independent of the antigen that is targeted and/or the type of cancer that is treated. DLTs are commonly associated with cells and tissues that do not express the targeted antigen (i.e., off-target toxicity), and often limit ADC dosage to levels below those required for optimal anti-cancer effects. In this manuscript, we review the fundamental mechanisms contributing to ADC toxicity, we summarize common ADC treatment-related adverse events, and we discuss several approaches to mitigating ADC toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toan D Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Brandon M Bordeau
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Joseph P Balthasar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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21
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Payload diversification: a key step in the development of antibody-drug conjugates. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:3. [PMID: 36650546 PMCID: PMC9847035 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01397-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) is a fast moving class of targeted biotherapeutics that currently combines the selectivity of monoclonal antibodies with the potency of a payload consisting of cytotoxic agents. For many years microtubule targeting and DNA-intercalating agents were at the forefront of ADC development. The recent approval and clinical success of trastuzumab deruxtecan (Enhertu®) and sacituzumab govitecan (Trodelvy®), two topoisomerase 1 inhibitor-based ADCs, has shown the potential of conjugating unconventional payloads with differentiated mechanisms of action. Among future developments in the ADC field, payload diversification is expected to play a key role as illustrated by a growing number of preclinical and clinical stage unconventional payload-conjugated ADCs. This review presents a comprehensive overview of validated, forgotten and newly developed payloads with different mechanisms of action.
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22
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Shi W, Zhang J, Liu L, Li W, Liu Z, Ren A, Wang J, Tang C, Yang Y, Xu D, Huang Q, Wang Y, Luo C, Huang W, Tang F. Hiding Payload Inside the IgG Fc Cavity Significantly Enhances the Therapeutic Index of Antibody-Drug Conjugates. J Med Chem 2023; 66:1011-1026. [PMID: 36584232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The inadequate understanding of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of glycosite-specific antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) hinders its design and development. Herein, we revealed the systemic SAR and structure-toxicity relationship (STR) of gsADCs by constructing 50 gsADC structures bearing three glycan subtypes and diverse linker-drug combinations. According to the results, extra hydrophilic linkers are indispensable for the intact glycan-based gsADCs to achieve better in vivo efficacy. Meanwhile, the gsADCs that conjugate linker-drug complexes onto the terminal sialic acid are more stable and potent than the ones conjugated onto the terminal galactose in vivo. Notably, the LacNAc-based gsADCs, which shortened the spacer and located the linker-drug more inside the immunoglobulin class G (IgG) Fc cavity, showed excellent hydrophilicity, in vivo activity, pharmacokinetics, and safety. Conclusively, we found that hiding the linker-toxin into the Fc cavity can significantly enhance the therapeutic index of LacNAc-based gsADCs, which will benefit the further design of ADCs with optimal druggability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jianxin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Liya Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wanzhen Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Anni Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Caihong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Dandan Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Qianqian Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yongqin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Caili Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Wei Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China.,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.,Shanghai GlycanLink Biotech. Co. Ltd. Minhang, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Feng Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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23
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Maecker H, Jonnalagadda V, Bhakta S, Jammalamadaka V, Junutula JR. Exploration of the antibody-drug conjugate clinical landscape. MAbs 2023; 15:2229101. [PMID: 37639687 PMCID: PMC10464553 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2229101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) field has undergone a renaissance, with substantial recent developmental investment and subsequent drug approvals over the past 6 y. In November 2022, ElahereTM became the latest ADC to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). To date, over 260 ADCs have been tested in the clinic against various oncology indications. Here, we review the clinical landscape of ADCs that are currently FDA approved (11), agents currently in clinical trials but not yet approved (164), and candidates discontinued following clinical testing (92). These clinically tested ADCs are further analyzed by their targeting tumor antigen(s), linker, payload choices, and highest clinical stage achieved, highlighting limitations associated with the discontinued drug candidates. Lastly, we discuss biologic engineering modifications preclinically demonstrated to improve the therapeutic index that if incorporated may increase the proportion of molecules that successfully transition to regulatory approval.
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24
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Sun Y, Sha Y, Cui G, Meng F, Zhong Z. Lysosomal-mediated drug release and activation for cancer therapy and immunotherapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 192:114624. [PMID: 36435229 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of carrier systems that are able to transport and release therapeutics to target cells is an emergent strategy to treat cancer; however, they following endocytosis are usually trapped in the endo/lysosomal compartments. The efficacy of drug conjugates and nanotherapeutics relies critically on their intracellular drug release ability, for which advanced systems responding to the unique lysosomal environment such as acidic pH and abundant enzymes (e.g. cathepsin B, sulfatase and β-glucuronidase) or equipped with photochemical internalization property have been energetically pursued. In this review, we highlight the recent designs of smart systems that promote efficient lysosomal release and/or escape of anticancer agents including chemotherapeutics (e.g. doxorubicin, platinum, chloroquine and hydrochloroquine) and biotherapeutics (e.g. proteins, siRNA, miRNA, mRNA and pDNA) to cancer cells or immunotherapeutic agents (e.g. antigens, mRNA and immunoadjuvants) to antigen-presenting cells (APCs), thereby boosting cancer therapy and immunotherapy. Lysosomal-mediated drug release presents an appealing approach to develop innovative cancer therapeutics and immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinping Sun
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Yongjie Sha
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Guanhong Cui
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Fenghua Meng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
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25
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Hanby AR, Walsh SJ, Counsell AJ, Ashman N, Mortensen KT, Carroll JS, Spring DR. Antibody dual-functionalisation enabled through a modular divinylpyrimidine disulfide rebridging strategy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:9401-9404. [PMID: 35912884 PMCID: PMC9387566 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02515a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the development of a methodology for the dual-functionalisation of IgG antibodies. This is accomplished through the combination of disulfide rebridging divinylpyrimidine technology, with bicyclononyne and methylcyclopropene handles to facilitate sequential SPAAC and IEDDA reactions. Advantageously, the strategy does not require metal catalysis and avoids the need for purification between functionalisation steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail R Hanby
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Stephen J Walsh
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Andrew J Counsell
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Nicola Ashman
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Kim T Mortensen
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Jason S Carroll
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - David R Spring
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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26
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Han S, Lim KS, Blackburn BJ, Yun J, Putnam CW, Bull DA, Won YW. The Potential of Topoisomerase Inhibitor-Based Antibody–Drug Conjugates. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081707. [PMID: 36015333 PMCID: PMC9413092 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA topoisomerases are essential enzymes that stabilize DNA supercoiling and resolve entanglements. Topoisomerase inhibitors have been widely used as anti-cancer drugs for the past 20 years. Due to their selectivity as topoisomerase I (TOP1) inhibitors that trap TOP1 cleavage complexes, camptothecin and its derivatives are promising anti-cancer drugs. To increase accumulation of TOP1 inhibitors in cancer cells through the targeting of tumors, TOP1 inhibitor antibody–drug conjugates (TOP1-ADC) have been developed and marketed. Some TOP1-ADCs have shown enhanced therapeutic efficacy compared to prototypical anti-cancer ADCs, such as T-DM1. Here, we review various types of camptothecin-based TOP1 inhibitors and recent developments in TOP1-ADCs. We then propose key points for the design and construction of TOP1-ADCs. Finally, we discuss promising combinatorial strategies, including newly developed approaches to maximizing the therapeutic potential of TOP1-ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungmin Han
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine—Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Kwang Suk Lim
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, College of Art, Culture and Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Department of Smart Health Science and Technology, College of Art, Culture and Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Brody J. Blackburn
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine—Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Jina Yun
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 14584, Korea
| | - Charles W. Putnam
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine—Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - David A. Bull
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine—Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Young-Wook Won
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine—Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- Correspondence:
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27
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Burnouf PA, Roffler SR, Wu CC, Su YC. Glucuronides: From biological waste to bio-nanomedical applications. J Control Release 2022; 349:765-782. [PMID: 35907593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Long considered as no more than biological waste meant to be eliminated in urine, glucuronides have recently contributed to tremendous developments in the biomedical field, particularly against cancer. While glucuronide prodrugs monotherapy and antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy have been around for some time, new facets have emerged that combine the unique properties of glucuronides notably in the fields of antibody-drug conjugates and nanomedicine. In both cases, glucuronides are utilized as a vector to improve pharmacokinetics and confer localized activation of potent drugs at tumor sites while also decreasing systemic toxicity. Here we will discuss some of the most promising strategies using glucuronides to promote successful anti-tumor therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Alain Burnouf
- International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Steve R Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ching Wu
- International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Su
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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28
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Polli JR, Balthasar JP. Cell Penetrating Peptides Conjugated to Anti-Carcinoembryonic Antigen "Catch-and-Release" Monoclonal Antibodies Alter Plasma and Tissue Pharmacokinetics in Colorectal Cancer Xenograft Mice. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:1456-1466. [PMID: 35867869 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cell penetrating peptides conjugated to delivery vehicles, such as nanoparticles or antibodies, can enhance the cytosolic delivery of macromolecules. The present study examines the effects of conjugation to cell penetrating and endosomal escape peptides (i.e., TAT, GALA, and H6CM18) on the pharmacokinetics and distribution of an anti-carcinoembryonic antigen "catch-and-release" monoclonal antibody, 10H6, in a murine model of colorectal cancer. GALA and TAT were conjugated to 10H6 using SoluLINK technology that allowed the evaluation of peptide-to-antibody ratio by ultraviolet spectroscopy. H6CM18 was conjugated to either NHS or maleimide-modified 10H6 using an azide-modified valine-citrulline linker and copper-free click chemistry. Unmodified and peptide-conjugated 10H6 preparations were administered intravenously at 6.67 nmol/kg to mice-bearing MC38CEA+ tumors. Unconjugated 10H6 demonstrated a clearance of 19.9 ± 1.36 mL/day/kg, with an apparent volume of distribution of 62.4 ± 7.78 mL/kg. All antibody-peptide conjugates exhibited significantly decreased plasma and tissue exposure, increased plasma clearance, and increased distribution volume. Examination of tissue-to-plasma exposure ratios showed an enhanced selectivity of 10H6-TAT for the GI tract (+25%), kidney (+24%), liver (+38%), muscle (+3%), and spleen (+33%). 10H6-GALA and 10H6-H6CM18 conjugates demonstrated decreased exposure in all tissues, relative to unmodified 10H6. All conjugates demonstrated decreased tumor exposure and selectivity; however, differences in tumor selectivity between 10H6 and 10H6-H6CM18 (maleimide) were not statistically significant. Relationships between the predicted peptide conjugate isoelectric point (pI) and pharmacokinetic parameters were bell-shaped, where pI values around 6.8-7 exhibit the slowest plasma clearance and smallest distribution volume. The data and analyses presented in this work may guide future efforts to develop immunoconjugates with cell penetrating and endosomal escape peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Ryan Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14215, United States
| | - Joseph P Balthasar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14215, United States
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29
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Evans N, Grygorash R, Williams P, Kyle A, Kantner T, Pathak R, Sheng X, Simoes F, Makwana H, Resende R, de Juan E, Jenkins A, Morris D, Michelet A, Jewitt F, Rudge F, Camper N, Manin A, McDowell W, Pabst M, Godwin A, Frigerio M, Bird M. Incorporation of Hydrophilic Macrocycles Into Drug-Linker Reagents Produces Antibody-Drug Conjugates With Enhanced in vivo Performance. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:764540. [PMID: 35784686 PMCID: PMC9247464 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.764540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have begun to fulfil their promise as targeted cancer therapeutics with ten clinical approvals to date. As the field matures, much attention has focused upon the key factors required to produce safe and efficacious ADCs. Recently the role that linker-payload reagent design has on the properties of ADCs has been highlighted as an important consideration for developers. We have investigated the effect of incorporating hydrophilic macrocycles into reagent structures on the in vitro and in vivo behavior of ADCs. Bis-sulfone based disulfide rebridging reagents bearing Val-Cit-PABC-MMAE linker-payloads were synthesized with a panel of cyclodextrins and crown ethers integrated into their structures via a glutamic acid branching point. Brentuximab was selected as a model antibody and ten ADCs with a drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of 4 were prepared for biological evaluation. In vitro, the ADCs prepared showed broadly similar potency (range: 16–34 pM) and were comparable to Adcetris® (16 pM). In vivo, the cyclodextrin containing ADCs showed greater efficacy than Adcetris® and the most efficacious variant (incorporating a 3′-amino-α-cyclodextrin component) matched a 24-unit poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) containing comparator. The ADCs bearing crown ethers also displayed enhanced in vivo efficacy compared to Adcetris®, the most active variant (containing a 1-aza-42-crown-14 macrocycle) was superior to an analogous ADC with a larger 24-unit PEG chain. In summary, we have demonstrated that hydrophilic macrocycles can be effectively incorporated into ADC reagent design and offer the potential for enhanced alternatives to established drug-linker architectures.
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30
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Thapaliya ER, Usama SM, Patel NL, Feng Y, Kalen JD, St Croix B, Schnermann MJ. Cyanine Masking: A Strategy to Test Functional Group Effects on Antibody Conjugate Targeting. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:718-725. [PMID: 35389618 PMCID: PMC10506421 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Conjugates of small molecules and antibodies are broadly employed diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Appending a small molecule to an antibody often significantly impacts the properties of the resulting conjugate. Here, we detail a systematic study investigating the effect of various functional groups on the properties of antibody-fluorophore conjugates. This was done through the preparation and analysis of a series of masked heptamethine cyanines (CyMasks)-bearing amides with varied functional groups. These were designed to exhibit a broad range of physical properties, and include hydrophobic (-NMe2), pegylated (NH-PEG-8 or NH-PEG-24), cationic (NH-(CH2)2NMe3+), anionic (NH-(CH2)2SO3-), and zwitterionic (N-(CH2)2NMe3+)-(CH2)3SO3-) variants. The CyMask series was appended to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and analyzed for the effects on tumor targeting, clearance, and non-specific organ uptake. Among the series, zwitterionic and pegylated dye conjugates had the highest tumor-to-background ratio (TBR) and a low liver-to-background ratio. By contrast, the cationic and zwitterionic probes had high tumor signal and high TBR, although the latter also exhibited an elevated liver-to-background ratio (LBR). Overall, these studies provide a strategy to test the functional group effects and suggest that zwitterionic substituents possess an optimal combination of high tumor signal, TBR, and low LBR. These results suggest an appealing strategy to mask hydrophobic payloads, with the potential to improve the properties of bioconjugates in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ek Raj Thapaliya
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Syed Muhammad Usama
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Nimit L Patel
- Small Animal Imaging Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Yang Feng
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Joseph D Kalen
- Small Animal Imaging Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Brad St Croix
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Martin J Schnermann
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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31
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Fu Z, Li S, Han S, Shi C, Zhang Y. Antibody drug conjugate: the "biological missile" for targeted cancer therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:93. [PMID: 35318309 PMCID: PMC8941077 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00947-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 207.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody–drug conjugate (ADC) is typically composed of a monoclonal antibody (mAbs) covalently attached to a cytotoxic drug via a chemical linker. It combines both the advantages of highly specific targeting ability and highly potent killing effect to achieve accurate and efficient elimination of cancer cells, which has become one of the hotspots for the research and development of anticancer drugs. Since the first ADC, Mylotarg® (gemtuzumab ozogamicin), was approved in 2000 by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), there have been 14 ADCs received market approval so far worldwide. Moreover, over 100 ADC candidates have been investigated in clinical stages at present. This kind of new anti-cancer drugs, known as “biological missiles”, is leading a new era of targeted cancer therapy. Herein, we conducted a review of the history and general mechanism of action of ADCs, and then briefly discussed the molecular aspects of key components of ADCs and the mechanisms by which these key factors influence the activities of ADCs. Moreover, we also reviewed the approved ADCs and other promising candidates in phase-3 clinical trials and discuss the current challenges and future perspectives for the development of next generations, which provide insights for the research and development of novel cancer therapeutics using ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Sifei Han
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, (Parkville Campus) 381 Royal Parade,, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China. .,Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China. .,Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.
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32
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Boghaert ER, Cox MC, Vaidya KS. Pathophysiological and pharmacological considerations to improve the design and application of antibody-drug conjugates. Cancer Res 2022; 82:1858-1869. [PMID: 35298624 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-3236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) have emerged as one of the pillars of clinical disease management in oncology. The biggest hurdle to widespread development and application of ADCs has been a narrow therapeutic index. Advances in antibody technologies and formats as well as novel linker and payload chemistries have begun to facilitate structural improvements to ADCs. However, the interplay of structural characteristics with physiologic and pharmacologic factors determining therapeutic success has garnered less attention. This review elaborates on the pharmacology of ADCs, the pathophysiology of cancerous tissues, and the reciprocal consequences on ADC properties and functions. While most currently approved ADCs utilize either microtubule inhibition or DNA damage as primary mechanisms of action, we present arguments to expand this repertoire and highlight the need for payload mechanisms that exploit disease-specific vulnerabilities. We promote the idea that the choice of antibody format, targeting antigen, linker properties, and payload of an ADC should be deliberately fit for purpose by taking the pathophysiology of disease and the specific pharmacology of the drug entity into account, thus allowing a higher probability of clinical success.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan C Cox
- Abbvie, Inc., North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kedar S Vaidya
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals (United States), Palo Alto, CA, United States
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33
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Teicher BA, Morris J. Antibody-Drug Conjugate Targets, Drugs and Linkers. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2022; 22:463-529. [PMID: 35209819 DOI: 10.2174/1568009622666220224110538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates offer the possibility of directing powerful cytotoxic agents to a malignant tumor while sparing normal tissue. The challenge is to select an antibody target expressed exclusively or at highly elevated levels on the surface of tumor cells and either not all or at low levels on normal cells. The current review explores 78 targets that have been explored as antibody-drug conjugate targets. Some of these targets have been abandoned, 9 or more are the targets of FDA-approved drugs, and most remain active clinical interest. Antibody-drug conjugates require potent cytotoxic drug payloads, several of these small molecules are discussed, as are the linkers between the protein component and small molecule components of the conjugates. Finally, conclusions regarding the elements for the successful antibody-drug conjugate are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly A Teicher
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, DCTD, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892,United States
| | - Joel Morris
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, DCTD, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892,United States
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34
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Bivalent EGFR-Targeting DARPin-MMAE Conjugates. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052468. [PMID: 35269611 PMCID: PMC8909960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a validated tumor marker overexpressed in various cancers such as squamous cell carcinoma (SSC) of the head and neck and gliomas. We constructed protein-drug conjugates based on the anti-EGFR Designed Ankyrin Repeat Protein (DARPin) E01, and compared the bivalent DARPin dimer (DD1) and a DARPin-Fc (DFc) to the monomeric DARPin (DM) and the antibody derived scFv425-Fc (scFvFc) in cell culture and a mouse model. The modular conjugation system, which was successfully applied for the preparation of protein-drug and -dye conjugates, uses bio-orthogonal protein-aldehyde generation by the formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE). The generated carbonyl moiety is addressed by a bifunctional linker with a pyrazolone for a tandem Knoevenagel reaction and an azide for strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC). The latter reaction with a PEGylated linker containing a dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO) for SPAAC and monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) as the toxin provided the stable conjugates DD1-MMAE (drug-antibody ratio, DAR = 2.0) and DFc-MMAE (DAR = 4.0) with sub-nanomolar cytotoxicity against the human squamous carcinoma derived A431 cells. In vivo imaging of Alexa Fluor 647-dye conjugates in A431-xenografted mice bearing subcutaneous tumors as the SCC model revealed unspecific binding of bivalent DARPins to the ubiquitously expressed EGFR. Tumor-targeting was verified 6 h post-injection solely for DD1 and scFvFc. The total of four administrations of 6.5 mg/kg DD1-MMAE or DFc-MMAE twice weekly did not cause any sequela in mice. MMAE conjugates showed no significant anti-tumor efficacy in vivo, but a trend towards increased necrotic areas (p = 0.2213) was observed for the DD1-MMAE (n = 5).
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35
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Antibody–Drug Conjugates as an Emerging Therapy in Oncodermatology. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030778. [PMID: 35159045 PMCID: PMC8833781 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Currently, the therapeutic arsenal to fight cancers is extensive. Among these, antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) consist in an antibody linked to a cytotoxic agent, allowing a specific delivery to tumor cells. ADCs are an emerging class of therapeutics, with twelve FDA- and EMA-approved drugs for hematological and solid cancers. In recent years, tremendous progress has been observed in therapeutic approaches for advanced skin cancer patients. ADCs appear as an emerging therapeutic option in oncodermatology. After providing an overview of ADC design and development, the goal of this article is to review the potential ADC indications in the field of oncodermatology. Abstract Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are an emerging class of therapeutics, with twelve FDA- and EMA-approved drugs for hematological and solid cancers. Such drugs consist in a monoclonal antibody linked to a cytotoxic agent, allowing a specific cytotoxicity to tumor cells. In recent years, tremendous progress has been observed in therapeutic approaches for advanced skin cancer patients. In this regard, targeted therapies (e.g., kinase inhibitors) or immune checkpoint-blocking antibodies outperformed conventional chemotherapy, with proven benefit to survival. Nevertheless, primary and acquired resistances as well as adverse events remain limitations of these therapies. Therefore, ADCs appear as an emerging therapeutic option in oncodermatology. After providing an overview of ADC design and development, the goal of this article is to review the potential ADC indications in the field of oncodermatology.
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36
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Forsythe NL, Tan MF, Maynard HD. Diazido Macrocyclic Sulfates as a Platform for the Synthesis of Sequence-Defined Polymers for Antibody Drug Conjugates. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3888-3893. [PMID: 35432892 PMCID: PMC8966716 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06242e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the efficacy of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), there has been significant focus on increasing the drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) in order to deliver more payload. However, due to the...
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil L Forsythe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles California 90095-1569 USA
| | - Mikayla F Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles California 90095-1569 USA
| | - Heather D Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles California 90095-1569 USA
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37
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Pettinato MC. Introduction to Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Antibodies (Basel) 2021; 10:antib10040042. [PMID: 34842621 PMCID: PMC8628511 DOI: 10.3390/antib10040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are innovative biopharmaceutical products in which a monoclonal antibody is linked to a small molecule drug with a stable linker. Most of the ADCs developed so far are for treating cancer, but there is enormous potential for using ADCs to treat other diseases. Currently, ten ADCs have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and more than 90 ADCs are under worldwide clinical development. Monoclonal antibodies have evolved from research tools to powerful therapeutics in the past 30 years. Tremendous strides have been made in antibody discovery, protein bioengineering, formulation, and delivery devices. This manuscript provides an overview of the biology, chemistry, and biophysical properties of each component of ADC design. This review summarizes the advances and challenges in the field to date, with an emphasis on antibody conjugation, linker-payload chemistry, novel payload classes, drug-antibody ratio (DAR), and product development. The review emphasizes the lessons learned in the development of oncology antibody conjugates and look towards future innovations enabling other therapeutic indications. The review discusses resistance mechanisms to ADCs, and give an opinion on future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Pettinato
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Catholic University of America, 620 Michigan Avenue NE, Washington, DC 20064-0001, USA
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38
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Giese M, Davis PD, Woodman RH, Hermanson G, Pokora A, Vermillion M. Linker Architectures as Steric Auxiliaries for Altering Enzyme-Mediated Payload Release from Bioconjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:2257-2267. [PMID: 34587447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated prodrugs leverage the increased activity of proteases in the tumor microenvironment and the tight regulation in healthy tissues to provide selective activation of cytotoxins in the tumor while minimizing toxicity to normal tissues. One of the largest classes of protease-activated prodrugs are composed of therapeutic agents conjugated to macromolecular carriers via peptide motifs that are substrates for cathepsin B, and antibody-drug conjugates are one of the most successful designs within this class. However, many of these peptide motifs are also cleaved by extracellular enzymes such as elastase and carboxylesterase 1C. Additionally, some peptide sequences have little selectivity for other lysosomal cathepsins, which have also been found to have extracellular activity in normal physiological processes. A lack of selectivity or oversensitivity to other extracellular enzymes can lead to off-target release of the cytotoxic payload and subsequent toxicities. In this report, we describe an approach for modulating cathepsin-mediated release of the cytotoxic payload through steric shielding provided by the synergistic effects of appropriately designed hydrophilic linkers and the conjugated carrier. We prepared a fluorogenic model payload with a Val-Cit cleavable trigger and attached the trigger-payload to a variety of PEG-based linker architectures with different numbers of PEG arms (y), different numbers of ethylene oxide units in each arm (n), and different distances between the cleavable trigger and PEG branch point (D'). These linker-payloads were then used to prepare DAR2 conjugates with the cleavable triggers at three different distances (D) from the antibody, and cathepsin-mediated payload release was monitored with in vitro assays. The results show that structural variables of the linker architectures can be manipulated to effectively shield enzymatically labile trigger-payloads from enzymes with readily accessible binding sites, and may offer an additional strategy for balancing off-target and tumor-targeted payload release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Giese
- Quanta BioDesign, 7470 Montgomery Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064, United States
| | - Paul D Davis
- Quanta BioDesign, 7470 Montgomery Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064, United States
| | - Robert H Woodman
- Quanta BioDesign, 7470 Montgomery Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064, United States
| | - Greg Hermanson
- Quanta BioDesign, 7470 Montgomery Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064, United States
| | - Alex Pokora
- Quanta BioDesign, 7470 Montgomery Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064, United States
| | - Melissa Vermillion
- Quanta BioDesign, 7470 Montgomery Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064, United States
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Krzyscik MA, Zakrzewska M, Sørensen V, Øy GF, Brunheim S, Haugsten EM, Mælandsmo GM, Wiedlocha A, Otlewski J. Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 Conjugated with Monomethyl Auristatin E Inhibits Tumor Growth in a Mouse Model. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:4169-4180. [PMID: 34542998 PMCID: PMC8512659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Worldwide, cancer
is the second leading cause of death. Regardless
of the continuous progress in medicine, we still do not have a fully
effective anti-cancer therapy. Therefore, the search for new targeted
anti-cancer drugs is still an unmet need. Here, we present novel protein–drug
conjugates that inhibit tumor growth in a mouse model of human breast
cancer. We developed conjugates based on fibroblast growth factor
(FGF2) with improved biophysical and biological properties for the
efficient killing of cancer cells overproducing fibroblast growth
factor receptor 1 (FGFR1). We used hydrophilic and biocompatible PEG4
or PEG27 molecules as a spacer between FGF2 and the toxic agent monomethyl
auristatin E. All conjugates exhibited a cytotoxic effect on FGFR1-positive
cancer cell lines. The conjugate with the highest hydrodynamic size
(42 kDa) and cytotoxicity was found to efficiently inhibit tumor growth
in a mouse model of human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz A Krzyscik
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Zakrzewska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Vigdis Sørensen
- Advanced Light Microscopy Core Facility, Dept. Core Facilities, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo 0379, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, Oslo 0379, Norway
| | - Geir Frode Øy
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo 0379, Norway
| | - Skjalg Brunheim
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo 0379, Norway
| | - Ellen M Haugsten
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, Oslo 0379, Norway.,Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo 0379, Norway
| | - Gunhild M Mælandsmo
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo 0379, Norway.,University in Tromso - Arctic University of Norway, Tromso 9019, Norway
| | - Antoni Wiedlocha
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, Oslo 0379, Norway.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo 0379, Norway.,Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw 01-163, Poland
| | - Jacek Otlewski
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
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40
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Märcher A, Nijenhuis MAD, Gothelf KV. A Wireframe DNA Cube: Antibody Conjugate for Targeted Delivery of Multiple Copies of Monomethyl Auristatin E. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Märcher
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO) Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus Denmark
| | - Minke A. D. Nijenhuis
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO) Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus Denmark
| | - Kurt V. Gothelf
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO) Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus Denmark
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41
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Chiu D, Pan L, Fay L, Eakin C, Valliere-Douglass J. Structural characterization of a monomethylauristatin-E based ADC that contains 8 drugs conjugated at interchain cysteine residues. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 205:114309. [PMID: 34403866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) with a drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of 8 are attractive as therapeutic anti-cancer agents due to the higher levels of cytotoxic payload delivered to tumors. Biophysical characterization of a DAR 8 ADC fully conjugated at all interchain cysteine residues was carried out to determine if IgG1 interchain disulfide reduction and conjugation led to structural perturbations that impacted product stability. Comparisons between the DAR 8 ADC and the unconjugated parent antibody identified minor tertiary and quaternary structural changes localized to the CL, CH1, and CH2 domains and CH2-CH3 domain interface. Stability studies of the DAR 8 ADC indicated that the structural changes had minimal impacts to product stability as demonstrated by low levels of fragmentation and aggregation under nominal storage and temperature stress stability conditions. Additionally, no detectable higher order structural changes were observed by CD or DSC in the DAR 8 ADC after 3 months at (25 °C) stability conditions. The structural and stability results support the developability of DAR 8 ADCs fully conjugated to interchain cysteines residues with an optimized and clinically relevant second generation monomethylauristatin-E (MMAE) drug-linker.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Chiu
- Quality Control, Seagen Inc., 21823 30th Drive Southeast, Bothell, WA, 98021, United States.
| | - Lucy Pan
- Quality Control, Seagen Inc., 21823 30th Drive Southeast, Bothell, WA, 98021, United States.
| | - Lindsay Fay
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seagen Inc., 21823 30th Drive Southeast, Bothell, WA, 98021, United States.
| | - Catherine Eakin
- Analytical Sciences, Seagen Inc., 21823 30th Drive Southeast, Bothell, WA, 98021, United States.
| | - John Valliere-Douglass
- Analytical Sciences, Seagen Inc., 21823 30th Drive Southeast, Bothell, WA, 98021, United States.
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42
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Tedeschini T, Campara B, Grigoletto A, Bellini M, Salvalaio M, Matsuno Y, Suzuki A, Yoshioka H, Pasut G. Polyethylene glycol-based linkers as hydrophilicity reservoir for antibody-drug conjugates. J Control Release 2021; 337:431-447. [PMID: 34329685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are an established therapeutic entity in which potent cytotoxic drugs are conjugated to a monoclonal antibody. In parallel with the great emphasis put on novel site-specific bioconjugation technologies, future advancements in this field also rely on exploring novel linker-drug architectures that improve the efficacy and stability of ADCs. In this context, the use of hydrophilic linkers represents a valid strategy to mask or reduce the inherent hydrophobicity of the most used cytotoxic drugs and positively impact the physical stability and in vivo performance of ADCs. Here, we describe the use of linkers containing monodisperse poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) moieties for the construction of highly-loaded lysine-conjugated ADCs. The studied ADCs differ in the positioning of PEG (linear or pendant), the bonding type with the antibody (amide or carbamate), and the drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR). These ADCs were first evaluated for their stability in solution under thermal stress, showing that both the drug-linker-polymer design and the nature of the antibody-linker bonding are of great importance for their physical and chemical stability. Amide-coupled ADCs bearing two pendant 12-unit poly(ethylene glycol) chains within the drug-linker structure were the best performing conjugates, distancing themselves from the ADCs obtained with a conventional linear 24-unit PEG oligomer or the linker of Kadcyla®. The pharmacokinetic profiles of amide-linked ADCs, with a linear or pendant configuration of the PEG, were tested in mice in comparison to Kadcyla®. Total antibody pharmacokinetics paralleled the trends in aggregation tendency, with slower clearance rates for the ADCs based on the pendant drug-linker format. The above-mentioned findings have provided important clues on the drug-linker design and revealed that the positioning and configuration of a PEG unit have to be carefully tuned to achieve ADCs with improved stability and pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tedeschini
- University of Padova, Dept. Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - B Campara
- University of Padova, Dept. Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - A Grigoletto
- University of Padova, Dept. Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M Bellini
- University of Padova, Dept. Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M Salvalaio
- University of Padova, Dept. Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Y Matsuno
- NOF CORPORATION, DDS Research Laboratory, 3-3 Chidori-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0865, Japan
| | - A Suzuki
- NOF CORPORATION, DDS Research Laboratory, 3-3 Chidori-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0865, Japan
| | - H Yoshioka
- NOF CORPORATION, DDS Research Laboratory, 3-3 Chidori-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0865, Japan
| | - G Pasut
- University of Padova, Dept. Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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43
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Lucas AT, Moody A, Schorzman AN, Zamboni WC. Importance and Considerations of Antibody Engineering in Antibody-Drug Conjugates Development from a Clinical Pharmacologist's Perspective. Antibodies (Basel) 2021; 10:30. [PMID: 34449544 PMCID: PMC8395454 DOI: 10.3390/antib10030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) appear to be in a developmental boom, with five FDA approvals in the last two years and a projected market value of over $4 billion by 2024. Major advancements in the engineering of these novel cytotoxic drug carriers have provided a few early success stories. Although the use of these immunoconjugate agents are still in their infancy, valuable lessons in the engineering of these agents have been learned from both preclinical and clinical failures. It is essential to appreciate how the various mechanisms used to engineer changes in ADCs can alter the complex pharmacology of these agents and allow the ADCs to navigate the modern-day therapeutic challenges within oncology. This review provides a global overview of ADC characteristics which can be engineered to alter the interaction with the immune system, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles, and therapeutic index of ADCs. In addition, this review will highlight some of the engineering approaches being explored in the creation of the next generation of ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T. Lucas
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (A.T.L.); (A.N.S.)
- Carolina Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Amber Moody
- Carolina Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Allison N. Schorzman
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (A.T.L.); (A.N.S.)
| | - William C. Zamboni
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (A.T.L.); (A.N.S.)
- Carolina Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- Glolytics, LLC, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA
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44
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Märcher A, Nijenhuis MAD, Gothelf KV. A Wireframe DNA Cube: Antibody Conjugate for Targeted Delivery of Multiple Copies of Monomethyl Auristatin E. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21691-21696. [PMID: 34309988 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, several antibody drug conjugates (ADC) have been accepted by the FDA as therapeutics against cancer. It is well-known that control of drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) is vital for the success of an ADC, which inspires the advancement of better and simpler methods for tight control of DAR. We present the development of an antibody DNA wireframe cube conjugate for precise control of DAR. The DNA wireframe cube consists of four single strands, which when folded present eight single stranded domains. One domain is bound to a monofunctionalized antibody DNA conjugate, and the seven others are attached to DNA functionalized with the potent tubulin inhibitor MMAE, thereby preparing an ADC with a DAR of precisely seven. The formation of the ADC is investigated by gel electrophoresis and atomic force microscopy. Lastly, the developed MMAE loaded ADC was used for targeted drug delivery in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Märcher
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Minke A D Nijenhuis
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kurt V Gothelf
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
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45
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Mckertish CM, Kayser V. Advances and Limitations of Antibody Drug Conjugates for Cancer. Biomedicines 2021; 9:872. [PMID: 34440076 PMCID: PMC8389690 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The popularity of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) has increased in recent years, mainly due to their unrivalled efficacy and specificity over chemotherapy agents. The success of the ADC is partly based on the stability and successful cleavage of selective linkers for the delivery of the payload. The current research focuses on overcoming intrinsic shortcomings that impact the successful development of ADCs. This review summarizes marketed and recently approved ADCs, compares the features of various linker designs and payloads commonly used for ADC conjugation, and outlines cancer specific ADCs that are currently in late-stage clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. In addition, it addresses the issues surrounding drug resistance and strategies to overcome resistance, the impact of a narrow therapeutic index on treatment outcomes, the impact of drug-antibody ratio (DAR) and hydrophobicity on ADC clearance and protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veysel Kayser
- Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
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Nicolaou KC, Rigol S, Pitsinos EN, Das D, Lu Y, Rout S, Schammel AW, Holte D, Lin B, Gu C, Sarvaiya H, Trinidad J, Barbour N, Valdiosera AM, Sandoval J, Lee C, Aujay M, Fernando H, Dhar A, Karsunky H, Taylor N, Pysz M, Gavrilyuk J. Uncialamycin-based antibody-drug conjugates: Unique enediyne ADCs exhibiting bystander killing effect. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2107042118. [PMID: 34155147 PMCID: PMC8237573 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2107042118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged as valuable targeted anticancer therapeutics with at least 11 approved therapies and over 80 advancing through clinical trials. Enediyne DNA-damaging payloads represented by the flagship of this family of antitumor agents, N-acetyl calicheamicin [Formula: see text], have a proven success track record. However, they pose a significant synthetic challenge in the development and optimization of linker drugs. We have recently reported a streamlined total synthesis of uncialamycin, another representative of the enediyne class of compounds, with compelling synthetic accessibility. Here we report the synthesis and evaluation of uncialamycin ADCs featuring a variety of cleavable and noncleavable linkers. We have discovered that uncialamycin ADCs display a strong bystander killing effect and are highly selective and cytotoxic in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- BioScience Research Collaborative, Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005;
| | - Stephan Rigol
- BioScience Research Collaborative, Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005
| | - Emmanuel N Pitsinos
- BioScience Research Collaborative, Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005
- Laboratory of Natural Products Synthesis & Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", 153 10 Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Dipendu Das
- BioScience Research Collaborative, Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005
| | - Yong Lu
- BioScience Research Collaborative, Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005
| | - Subhrajit Rout
- BioScience Research Collaborative, Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005
| | | | - Dane Holte
- Discovery Chemistry Department, AbbVie Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Baiwei Lin
- Bioconjugation and Process Development Department, AbbVie Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Christine Gu
- Bioconjugation and Process Development Department, AbbVie Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Hetal Sarvaiya
- Bioconjugation and Process Development Department, AbbVie Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Jose Trinidad
- Bioconjugation and Process Development Department, AbbVie Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Nicole Barbour
- Bioconjugation and Process Development Department, AbbVie Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Amanda M Valdiosera
- Bioconjugation and Process Development Department, AbbVie Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Joseph Sandoval
- Assay Development Department, AbbVie Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Christina Lee
- Assay Development Department, AbbVie Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Monette Aujay
- Assay Development Department, AbbVie Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Hanan Fernando
- Cancer Biology Department, AbbVie Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Anukriti Dhar
- Cancer Biology Department, AbbVie Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Holger Karsunky
- Cancer Biology Department, AbbVie Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Nicole Taylor
- In Vivo Pharmacology Department, AbbVie Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Marybeth Pysz
- In Vivo Pharmacology Department, AbbVie Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Julia Gavrilyuk
- Discovery Chemistry Department, AbbVie Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080;
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47
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Yamazaki CM, Yamaguchi A, Anami Y, Xiong W, Otani Y, Lee J, Ueno NT, Zhang N, An Z, Tsuchikama K. Antibody-drug conjugates with dual payloads for combating breast tumor heterogeneity and drug resistance. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3528. [PMID: 34112795 PMCID: PMC8192907 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23793-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast tumors generally consist of a diverse population of cells with varying gene expression profiles. Breast tumor heterogeneity is a major factor contributing to drug resistance, recurrence, and metastasis after chemotherapy. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are emerging chemotherapeutic agents with striking clinical success, including T-DM1 for HER2-positive breast cancer. However, these ADCs often suffer from issues associated with intratumor heterogeneity. Here, we show that homogeneous ADCs containing two distinct payloads are a promising drug class for addressing this clinical challenge. Our conjugates show HER2-specific cell killing potency, desirable pharmacokinetic profiles, minimal inflammatory response, and marginal toxicity at therapeutic doses. Notably, a dual-drug ADC exerts greater treatment effect and survival benefit than does co-administration of two single-drug variants in xenograft mouse models representing intratumor HER2 heterogeneity and elevated drug resistance. Our findings highlight the therapeutic potential of the dual-drug ADC format for treating refractory breast cancer and perhaps other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato M Yamazaki
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Aiko Yamaguchi
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yasuaki Anami
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Otani
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jangsoon Lee
- Section of Translational Breast Cancer Research, Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Naoto T Ueno
- Section of Translational Breast Cancer Research, Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kyoji Tsuchikama
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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48
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Clinical Pharmacology of Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Antibodies (Basel) 2021; 10:antib10020020. [PMID: 34063812 PMCID: PMC8161445 DOI: 10.3390/antib10020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are biopharmaceutical products where a monoclonal antibody is linked to a biologically active drug (a small molecule) forming a conjugate. Since the approval of first ADC (Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (trade name: Mylotarg)) for the treatment of CD33-positive acute myelogenous leukemia, several ADCs have been developed for the treatment of cancer. The goal of an ADC as a cancer agent is to release the cytotoxic drug to kill the tumor cells without harming the normal or healthy cells. With time, it is being realized that ADCS can also be used to manage or cure other diseases such as inflammatory diseases, atherosclerosis, and bacteremia and some research in this direction is ongoing. The focus of this review is on the clinical pharmacology aspects of ADC development. From the selection of an appropriate antibody to the finished product, the entire process of the development of an ADC is a difficult and challenging task. Clinical pharmacology is one of the most important tools of drug development since this tool helps in finding the optimum dose of a product, thus preserving the safety and efficacy of the product in a patient population. Unlike other small or large molecules where only one moiety and/or metabolite(s) is generally measured for the pharmacokinetic profiling, there are several moieties that need to be measured for characterizing the PK profiles of an ADC. Therefore, knowledge and understanding of clinical pharmacology of ADCs is vital for the selection of a safe and efficacious dose in a patient population.
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Baah S, Laws M, Rahman KM. Antibody-Drug Conjugates-A Tutorial Review. Molecules 2021; 26:2943. [PMID: 34063364 PMCID: PMC8156828 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a family of targeted therapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer. ADC development is a rapidly expanding field of research, with over 80 ADCs currently in clinical development and eleven ADCs (nine containing small-molecule payloads and two with biological toxins) approved for use by the FDA. Compared to traditional small-molecule approaches, ADCs offer enhanced targeting of cancer cells along with reduced toxic side effects, making them an attractive prospect in the field of oncology. To this end, this tutorial review aims to serve as a reference material for ADCs and give readers a comprehensive understanding of ADCs; it explores and explains each ADC component (monoclonal antibody, linker moiety and cytotoxic payload) individually, highlights several EMA- and FDA-approved ADCs by way of case studies and offers a brief future perspective on the field of ADC research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Khondaker Miraz Rahman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK; (S.B.); (M.L.)
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50
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Edupuganti VVSR, Tyndall JDA, Gamble AB. Self-immolative Linkers in Prodrugs and Antibody Drug Conjugates in Cancer Treatment. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2021; 16:479-497. [PMID: 33966624 DOI: 10.2174/1574892816666210509001139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The design of anti-cancer therapies with high anti-tumour efficacy and reduced toxicity continues to be challenging. Anti-cancer prodrug and antibody-drug-conjugate (ADC) strategies that can specifically and efficiently deliver cytotoxic compounds to cancer cells have been used to overcome some of the challenges. Key to the success of many of these strategies is a self-immolative linker, which after activation can release the drug payload. Various types of triggerable self-immolative linkers are used in prodrugs and ADCs to improve their efficacy and safety. OBJECTIVE Numerous patents have reported the significance of self-immolative linkers in prodrugs and ADCs in cancer treatment. Based on the recent patent literature, we summarise methods for designing the site-specific activation of non-toxic prodrugs and ADCs in order to improve selectivity for killing cancer cells. METHODS In this review, an integrated view of the potential use of prodrugs and ADCs in cancer treatment are provided. This review presents recent patents and related publications over the past ten years to 2020. RESULTS The recent patent literature has been summarised for a wide variety of self-immolative PABC linkers, which are cleaved by factors including responding to the difference between the extracellular and intracellular environments (pH, ROS, glutathione), by over-expressed enzymes (cathepsin, plasmin, β-glucuronidase) or bioorthogonal activation. The mechanism for self-immolation involves the linker undergoing a 1,4- or 1,6-elimination (via electron cascade) or intramolecular cyclisation to release cytotoxic drug at the targeted site. CONCLUSION This review provides the commonly used strategies from recent patent literature in the development of prodrugs based on targeted cancer therapy and antibody-drug conjugates, which show promising results in therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel D A Tyndall
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054. New Zealand
| | - Allan B Gamble
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054. New Zealand
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