1
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Peng YF, Ma LY, Luo M. Elevation of Serum Prostate-Specific Antigen Levels in Males With Pulmonary Embolism. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2024; 30:10760296241250002. [PMID: 38779806 PMCID: PMC11113070 DOI: 10.1177/10760296241250002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypoxemia is a clinical characteristic of pulmonary embolism (PE). Hypoxemia is associated with variations in serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. Thus, the present study aimed to determine serum PSA levels in patients with PE, which may be helpful in improving clinical evaluation in screening for prostate diseases in those with PE. Clinical data from 61 consecutive male patients with PE and 113 age-matched healthy male controls were retrospectively analyzed. The pulmonary artery obstruction index (PAOI) was used to evaluate the pulmonary embolic burden. Compared with healthy controls, serum total PSA (tPSA) levels were significantly increased (P = .003), and free PSA (fPSA)/tPSA ratio was significantly decreased in patients with PE (P < .001). There was no significantly difference in serum fPSA levels between patients with PE and healthy controls (P = .253). A significant positive association was observed between serum tPSA levels and PAOI in patients with PE (β = .270, P = .036). Multivariable linear regression analysis revealed that serum tPSA levels were independently associated with PAOI in patients with PE (β = .347, P = .003). Serum tPSA levels were higher in male patients with PE than those in healthy controls, but fPSA was not affected. These findings highlight that PE may elevate serum tPSA levels, and that measures of tPSA should be interpreted with caution in screening for prostate diseases in patients with PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Fan Peng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Li-Ya Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Miao Luo
- Life Science and Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
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2
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Jinna N, Rida P, Smart M, LaBarge M, Jovanovic-Talisman T, Natarajan R, Seewaldt V. Adaptation to Hypoxia May Promote Therapeutic Resistance to Androgen Receptor Inhibition in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168844. [PMID: 36012111 PMCID: PMC9408190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) surpasses other BC subtypes as the most challenging to treat due to its lack of traditional BC biomarkers. Nearly 30% of TNBC patients express the androgen receptor (AR), and the blockade of androgen production and AR signaling have been the cornerstones of therapies for AR-positive TNBC. However, the majority of women are resistant to AR-targeted therapy, which is a major impediment to improving outcomes for the AR-positive TNBC subpopulation. The hypoxia signaling cascade is frequently activated in the tumor microenvironment in response to low oxygen levels; activation of the hypoxia signaling cascade allows tumors to survive despite hypoxia-mediated interference with cellular metabolism. The activation of hypoxia signaling networks in TNBC promotes resistance to most anticancer drugs including AR inhibitors. The activation of hypoxia network signaling occurs more frequently in TNBC compared to other BC subtypes. Herein, we examine the (1) interplay between hypoxia signaling networks and AR and (2) whether hypoxia and hypoxic stress adaptive pathways promote the emergence of resistance to therapies that target AR. We also pose the well-supported question, “Can the efficacy of androgen-/AR-targeted treatments be enhanced by co-targeting hypoxia?” By critically examining the evidence and the complex entwinement of these two oncogenic pathways, we argue that the simultaneous targeting of androgen biosynthesis/AR signaling and hypoxia may enhance the sensitivity of AR-positive TNBCs to AR-targeted treatments, derail the emergence of therapy resistance, and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Jinna
- Department of Population Science, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | | | - Max Smart
- Rowland Hall, Salt Lake City, UT 84102, USA
| | - Mark LaBarge
- Department of Population Science, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | | | - Rama Natarajan
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Victoria Seewaldt
- Department of Population Science, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Correspondence:
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3
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Srinivasan S, Kryza T, Batra J, Clements J. Remodelling of the tumour microenvironment by the kallikrein-related peptidases. Nat Rev Cancer 2022; 22:223-238. [PMID: 35102281 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-021-00436-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are critical regulators of the tumour microenvironment. KLKs are proteolytic enzymes regulating multiple functions of bioactive molecules including hormones and growth factors, membrane receptors and the extracellular matrix architecture involved in cancer progression and metastasis. Perturbations of the proteolytic cascade generated by these peptidases, and their downstream signalling actions, underlie tumour emergence or blockade of tumour growth. Recent studies have also revealed their role in tumour immune suppression and resistance to cancer therapy. Here, we present an overview of the complex biology of the KLK family and its context-dependent nature in cancer, and discuss the different therapeutic strategies available to potentially target these proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srilakshmi Srinivasan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas Kryza
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Judith Clements
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
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4
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Alcantara-Zapata DE, Llanos AJ, Nazzal C. High altitude exposure affects male reproductive parameters: Could it also affect the prostate?†. Biol Reprod 2021; 106:385-396. [PMID: 34725677 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Living at high altitudes and living with prostatic illness are two different conditions closely related to a hypoxic environment. People at high altitudes exposed to acute, chronic, or intermittent hypobaric hypoxia turn on several mechanisms at the system, cellular and molecular level to cope with oxygen atmosphere scarcity maintaining the oxygen homeostasis. This exposure affects the whole organism and function of many systems, such as cardiovascular, respiratory, and reproductive. On the other hand, malignant prostate is related to the scarcity of oxygen in the tissue microenvironment due to its low availability and high consumption due to the swift cell proliferation rates. Based on the literature, this similarity in the oxygen scarcity suggests that hypobaric hypoxia, and other common factors between these two conditions, could be involved in the aggravation of the pathological prostatic status. However, there is still a lack of evidence in the association of this disease in males at high altitudes. This review aims to examine the possible mechanisms that hypobaric hypoxia might negatively add to the pathological prostate function in males who live and work at high altitudes. More profound investigations of hypobaric hypoxia's direct action on the prostate could help understand this exposure's effect and prevent worse prostate illness impact in males at high altitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aníbal J Llanos
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Fisiopatología del Desarrollo, Programa de Fisiopatología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro Internacional de Estudios Andinos (INCAS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Nazzal
- Department of Epidemiology. School of Public Health. Faculty of Medicine. University of Chile
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5
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Roy S, Huang B, Sinha N, Wang J, Sen A. Androgens regulate ovarian gene expression by balancing Ezh2-Jmjd3 mediated H3K27me3 dynamics. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009483. [PMID: 33784295 PMCID: PMC8034747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventionally viewed as male hormone, androgens play a critical role in female fertility. Although androgen receptors (AR) are transcription factors, to date very few direct transcriptional targets of ARs have been identified in the ovary. Using mouse models, this study provides three critical insights about androgen-induced gene regulation in the ovary and its impact on female fertility. First, RNA-sequencing reveals a number of genes and biological processes that were previously not known to be directly regulated by androgens in the ovary. Second, androgens can also influence gene expression by decreasing the tri-methyl mark on lysine 27 of histone3 (H3K27me3), a gene silencing epigenetic mark. ChIP-seq analyses highlight that androgen-induced modulation of H3K27me3 mark within gene bodies, promoters or distal enhancers have a much broader impact on ovarian function than the direct genomic effects of androgens. Third, androgen-induced decrease of H3K27me3 is mediated through (a) inhibiting the expression and activity of Enhancer of Zeste Homologue 2 (EZH2), a histone methyltransferase that promotes tri-methylation of K27 and (b) by inducing the expression of a histone demethylase called Jumonji domain containing protein-3 (JMJD3/KDM6B), responsible for removing the H3K27me3 mark. Androgens through the PI3K/Akt pathway, in a transcription-independent fashion, increase hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α) protein levels, which in turn induce JMJD3 expression. Furthermore, proof of concept studies involving in vivo knockdown of Ar in the ovary and ovarian (granulosa) cell-specific Ar knockout mouse model show that ARs regulate the expression of key ovarian genes through modulation of H3K27me3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambit Roy
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Binbin Huang
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Niharika Sinha
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Jianrong Wang
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Aritro Sen
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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6
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Cardoso HJ, Carvalho TMA, Fonseca LRS, Figueira MI, Vaz CV, Socorro S. Revisiting prostate cancer metabolism: From metabolites to disease and therapy. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:1499-1538. [PMID: 33274768 DOI: 10.1002/med.21766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa), one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide, still presents important unmet clinical needs concerning treatment. In the last years, the metabolic reprogramming and the specificities of tumor cells emerged as an exciting field for cancer therapy. The unique features of PCa cells metabolism, and the activation of specific metabolic pathways, propelled the use of metabolic inhibitors for treatment. The present work revises the knowledge of PCa metabolism and the metabolic alterations that underlie the development and progression of the disease. A focus is given to the role of bioenergetic sources, namely, glucose, lipids, and glutamine sustaining PCa cell survival and growth. Moreover, it is described as the action of oncogenes/tumor suppressors and sex steroid hormones in the metabolic reprogramming of PCa. Finally, the status of PCa treatment based on the inhibition of metabolic pathways is presented. Globally, this review updates the landscape of PCa metabolism, highlighting the critical metabolic alterations that could have a clinical and therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique J Cardoso
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago M A Carvalho
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Lara R S Fonseca
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Marília I Figueira
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Cátia V Vaz
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Socorro
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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7
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Investigating the Benefit of Combined Androgen Modulation and Hypofractionation in Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228447. [PMID: 33182844 PMCID: PMC7698244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypofractionation is currently considered a valid alternative to conventional radiotherapy for the treatment of patients with organ-confined prostate cancer. Recent data have demonstrated that extreme hypofractionation, which involves the use of a high radiation dose per delivered fraction and concomitant reduction of sessions, is a safe and effective treatment, even though its radiobiological rationale is still lacking. The present work aims to investigate the biological basis sustaining this approach and to evaluate the potential of a hypofractionated regimen in combination with androgen deprivation therapy, one of the major standards of care for prostate cancer. Findings show that androgen receptor (AR) modulation, by use of androgens and antiandrogens, has a significant impact on cell survival, especially in hypoxic conditions (4% O2). Subsequent experiments have revealed that AR activity as a transcription factor is involved in the onset of malignant senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and activation of DNA repair cascade. In particular, we found that AR stimulation in hypoxic conditions promotes the enhanced transcription of ATM gene, the cornerstone kinase of the DNA damage repair genes. Together, these data provide new potential insights to justify the use of androgen deprivation therapy, in particular with second-generation anti-androgens such as enzalutamide, in combination with radiotherapy.
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8
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Nakano N, Sakata N, Katsu Y, Nochise D, Sato E, Takahashi Y, Yamaguchi S, Haga Y, Ikeno S, Motizuki M, Sano K, Yamasaki K, Miyazawa K, Itoh S. Dissociation of the AhR/ARNT complex by TGF-β/Smad signaling represses CYP1A1 gene expression and inhibits benze[a]pyrene-mediated cytotoxicity. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:9033-9051. [PMID: 32409577 PMCID: PMC7335805 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) catalyzes the metabolic activation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and is transcriptionally regulated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)/AhR nuclear translocator (ARNT) complex upon exposure to PAHs. Accordingly, inhibition of CYP1A1 expression reduces production of carcinogens from PAHs. Although transcription of the CYP1A1 gene is known to be repressed by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), how TGF-β signaling is involved in the suppression of CYP1A1 gene expression has yet to be clarified. In this study, using mammalian cell lines, along with shRNA-mediated gene silencing, CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing, and reporter gene and quantitative RT-PCR assays, we found that TGF-β signaling dissociates the B[a]P-mediated AhR/ARNT heteromeric complex. Among the examined Smads, Smad family member 3 (Smad3) strongly interacted with both AhR and ARNT via its MH2 domain. Moreover, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), which is stabilized upon TGF-β stimulation, also inhibited AhR/ARNT complex formation in the presence of B[a]P. Thus, TGF-β signaling negatively regulated the transcription of the CYP1A1 gene in at least two different ways. Of note, TGF-β abrogated DNA damage in B[a]P-exposed cells. We therefore conclude that TGF-β may protect cells against carcinogenesis because it inhibits CYP1A1-mediated metabolic activation of PAHs as part of its anti-tumorigenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Nakano
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuo Sakata
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Katsu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daiki Nochise
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Erika Sato
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Takahashi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saori Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Haga
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Souichi Ikeno
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Motizuki
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Keigo Sano
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Yamasaki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Miyazawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Susumu Itoh
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan.
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9
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Tran MGB, Bibby BAS, Yang L, Lo F, Warren AY, Shukla D, Osborne M, Hadfield J, Carroll T, Stark R, Scott H, Ramos-Montoya A, Massie C, Maxwell P, West CML, Mills IG, Neal DE. Independence of HIF1a and androgen signaling pathways in prostate cancer. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:469. [PMID: 32450824 PMCID: PMC7249645 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-06890-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Therapeutic targeting of the androgen signaling pathway is a mainstay treatment for prostate cancer. Although initially effective, resistance to androgen targeted therapies develops followed by disease progression to castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Hypoxia and HIF1a have been implicated in the development of resistance to androgen targeted therapies and progression to CRCP. The interplay between the androgen and hypoxia/HIF1a signaling axes was investigated. Methods In vitro stable expression of HIF1a was established in the LNCaP cell line by physiological induction or retroviral transduction. Tumor xenografts with stable expression of HIF1a were established in castrated and non-castrated mouse models. Gene expression analysis identified transcriptional changes in response to androgen treatment, hypoxia and HIF1a. The binding sites of the AR and HIF transcription factors were identified using ChIP-seq. Results Androgen and HIF1a signaling promoted proliferation in vitro and enhanced tumor growth in vivo. The stable expression of HIF1a in vivo restored tumor growth in the absence of endogenous androgens. Hypoxia reduced AR binding sites whereas HIF binding sites were increased with androgen treatment under hypoxia. Gene expression analysis identified seven genes that were upregulated both by AR and HIF1a, of which six were prognostic. Conclusions The oncogenic AR, hypoxia and HIF1a pathways support prostate cancer development through independent signaling pathways and transcriptomic profiles. AR and hypoxia/HIF1a signaling pathways independently promote prostate cancer progression and therapeutic targeting of both pathways simultaneously is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxine G B Tran
- Uro-oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, CB02 0RE, UK.,UCL division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, London, NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Becky A S Bibby
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, M20 4BX, Manchester, UK
| | - Lingjian Yang
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, M20 4BX, Manchester, UK
| | - Franklin Lo
- Uro-oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, CB02 0RE, UK
| | - Anne Y Warren
- Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Cambridge University Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Deepa Shukla
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michelle Osborne
- Uro-oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, CB02 0RE, UK
| | - James Hadfield
- Uro-oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, CB02 0RE, UK
| | - Thomas Carroll
- Uro-oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, CB02 0RE, UK
| | - Rory Stark
- Uro-oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, CB02 0RE, UK
| | - Helen Scott
- Uro-oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, CB02 0RE, UK
| | - Antonio Ramos-Montoya
- Uro-oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, CB02 0RE, UK
| | - Charlie Massie
- Uro-oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, CB02 0RE, UK.,Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, London, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Patrick Maxwell
- Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Catharine M L West
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, M20 4BX, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Manchester, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Ian G Mills
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK. .,Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - David E Neal
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,Academic Urology Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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10
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Cardiac glycosides with target at direct and indirect interactions with nuclear receptors. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 127:110106. [PMID: 32248001 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac glycosides are compounds isolated from plants and animals and have been known since ancient times. These compounds inhibit the activity of the sodium potassium pump in eukaryotic cells. Cardiac glycosides were used as drugs in heart ailments to increase myocardial contraction force and, at the same time, to lower frequency of this contraction. An increasing number of studies have indicated that the biological effects of these compounds are not limited to inhibition of sodium-potassium pump activity. Furthermore, an increasing number of data have shown that they are synthesized in tissues of mammals, where they may act as a new class of steroid hormones or other hormones by mimicry to modulate various signaling pathways and influence whole organisms. Thus, we discuss the interactions of cardiac glycosides with the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors activated by low-weight molecular ligands (including hormones) that regulate many functions of cells and organisms. Cardiac glycosides of endogenous and exogenous origin by interacting with nuclear receptors can affect the processes regulated by these transcription factors, including hormonal management, immune system, body defense, and carcinogenesis. They can also be treated as initial structures for combinatorial chemistry to produce new compounds (including drugs) with the desired properties.
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11
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Suppression of TRPM7 Inhibited Hypoxia-Induced Migration and Invasion of Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer Cells by Enhancing RACK1-Mediated Degradation of HIF-1 α. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:6724810. [PMID: 32215176 PMCID: PMC7079255 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6724810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential melastatin subfamily member 7 (TRPM7) was essential in the growth and metastatic ability of prostate cancer cells. However, the effects and the relevant molecular mechanisms of TRPM7 on metastasis of prostate cancer under hypoxic atmosphere remain unclear. This study investigated the role of TRPM7 in the metastatic ability of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells under hypoxia. First, data mining was carried out to disclose the relationship between the TRPM7 gene level and the survival of prostate cancer patients. Specific siRNAs were used to knockdown target genes. Western blotting and qPCR were employed to determine protein and gene expression, respectively. The gene transcription activity was evaluated by luciferase activity assay of promoter gene. The protein interaction was determined by coimmunoprecipitation. Wound healing and transwell assays were employed to evaluated cell migration and invasion, respectively. Open access database results showed that high expression of TRPM7 was closely related to the poor survival of prostate cancer patients. Hypoxia simultaneously increased TRPM7 expression and induced HIF-1α accumulation in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. Knockdown of TRPM7 significantly promoted HIF-1α degradation through the proteasome and inhibited EMT changes in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells under hypoxic condition. Moreover, TRPM7 knockdown increased the phosphorylation of RACK1 and strengthened the interaction between RACK1 and HIF-1α but attenuated the binding of HSP90 to HIF-1α. Whereas knockdown of RACK1 increased the binding of HSP90 to HIF-1α. Furthermore, both TRPM7 and HIF-1α knockdown significantly suppressed hypoxia-induced Annexin A1 protein expression, and suppression of HIF-1α/Annexin A1 signaling significantly inhibited hypoxia-induced cell migration and invasion of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. Our findings demonstrate that TRPM7 knockdown promotes HIF-1α degradation via an oxygen-independent mechanism involving increased binding of RAKC1 to HIF-1α, and TRPM7-HIF-1α-Annexin A1 signaling axis plays a crucial role in the EMT, cell migration, and invasion of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells under hypoxic conditions.
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12
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Ghashghaei M, Kucharczyk M, Elakshar S, Muanza T, Niazi T. Combining prostate cancer radiotherapy with therapies targeting the androgen receptor axis. Curr Oncol 2019; 26:e640-e650. [PMID: 31708657 PMCID: PMC6821115 DOI: 10.3747/co.26.5005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer (pca) is the most common non-dermatologic cancer and the 3rd leading cause of male cancer mortality in Canada. In patients with high-risk localized or recurrent pca, management typically includes the combination of long-term androgen deprivation therapy (adt) and radiotherapy (rt). New androgen-receptor-axis targeted therapies (arats), which await validation, offer an option to intensify therapy. Methods In this narrative review, we report the relevant history that has supported combining adt with rt. The literature in PubMed was searched for studies involving pca and novel arats (abiraterone acetate, enzalutamide, apalutamide, darolutamide) published between 1995 and 2019. Literature discussing clinical trials in which those modalities were combined was extracted and synthesized into a combined molecular and clinical discussion. Potential treatment intensification mechanisms and rationales are explored. Results Early results from three phase i/ii trials demonstrated that concurrent abiraterone acetate, adt, and rt is safe, improves the extent of chemical castration, and is associated with limited treatment failures. A single in vitro study implies synergy for radiosensitization beyond that facilitated by conventional adt. Studies investigating the combination of other arats with rt are under way, including multiple phase iii trials, but short-term results are not yet available.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ghashghaei
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC
| | - M Kucharczyk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC
| | - S Elakshar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC
| | - T Muanza
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC
| | - T Niazi
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC
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13
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Melegh Z, Oltean S. Targeting Angiogenesis in Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2676. [PMID: 31151317 PMCID: PMC6600172 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among men in the Western world. Although localized disease can be effectively treated with established surgical and radiopharmaceutical treatments options, the prognosis of castration-resistant advanced prostate cancer is still disappointing. The objective of this study was to review the role of angiogenesis in prostate cancer and to investigate the effectiveness of anti-angiogenic therapies. A literature search of clinical trials testing the efficacy of anti-angiogenic therapy in prostate cancer was performed using Pubmed. Surrogate markers of angiogenic activity (microvessel density and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) expression) were found to be associated with tumor grade, metastasis, and prognosis. Six randomizedstudies were included in this review: two phase II trials on localized and hormone-sensitive disease (n = 60 and 99 patients) and four phase III trials on castration-resistant refractory disease (n = 873 to 1224 patients). Although the phase II trials showed improved relapse-free survival and stabilisation of the disease, the phase III trials found increased toxicity and no significant improvement in overall survival. Although angiogenesis appears to have an important role in prostate cancer, the results of anti-angiogenic therapy in castration-resistant refractory disease have hitherto been disappointing. There are various possible explanations for this lack of efficacy in castration-resistant refractory disease: redundancy of angiogenic pathways, molecular heterogeneity of the disease, loss of tumor suppressor protein phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) expression as well as various VEGF-A splicing isoforms with pro- and anti-angiogenic activity. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of angiogenesis may help to develop effective anti-angiogenic therapy in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsombor Melegh
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK.
| | - Sebastian Oltean
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter EX12LU, UK.
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14
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Rice MA, Hsu EC, Aslan M, Ghoochani A, Su A, Stoyanova T. Loss of Notch1 Activity Inhibits Prostate Cancer Growth and Metastasis and Sensitizes Prostate Cancer Cells to Antiandrogen Therapies. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1230-1242. [PMID: 31028097 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains among the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in men. Patients with aggressive disease typically undergo hormone deprivation therapy. Although treatment is initially very successful, these men commonly progress to lethal, castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) in 2 to 3 years. Standard therapies for CRPC include second-generation antiandrogens, which prolong patient lifespan by only several months. It is imperative to advance our understanding of the mechanisms leading to resistance to identify new therapies for aggressive prostate cancer. This study identifies Notch1 as a therapeutic target in prostate cancer. Loss of NOTCH1 in aggressive prostate cancer cells decreases proliferation, invasion, and tumorsphere formation. Therapeutic inhibition of Notch1 activity with gamma secretase inhibitors RO4929097 or DAPT in prostate cancer cells further results in decreased proliferative abilities. Loss of NOTCH1 and treatment of immunocompromised mice bearing prostate cancer xenografts with RO4929097 display significantly impaired tumor growth. Loss of NOTCH1 additionally decreased metastatic potential of prostate cancer cells in invasion assays in vitro as well as in vivo experiments. Moreover, treatment with gamma secretase inhibitors or NOTCH1 gene deletion synergized with antiandrogen therapies, enzalutamide or abiraterone, to decrease the growth of prostate cancer cells. Combination of gamma secretase inhibitors with abiraterone significantly inhibited cell migration and invasion, while combination with enzalutamide reversed enzalutamide-induced migration and invasion. These collective findings suggest loss of NOTCH1 delays growth of CRPC and inhibits metastasis, and inhibition of Notch1 activation in conjunction with second-generation antiandrogen therapies could delay growth and progression of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan A Rice
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - En-Chi Hsu
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Merve Aslan
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Ali Ghoochani
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Austin Su
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Tanya Stoyanova
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
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15
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Geng H, Xue C, Mendonca J, Sun XX, Liu Q, Reardon PN, Chen Y, Qian K, Hua V, Chen A, Pan F, Yuan J, Dang S, Beer TM, Dai MS, Kachhap SK, Qian DZ. Interplay between hypoxia and androgen controls a metabolic switch conferring resistance to androgen/AR-targeted therapy. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4972. [PMID: 30478344 PMCID: PMC6255907 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07411-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances, the efficacy of androgen/androgen receptor (AR)-targeted therapy remains limited for many patients with metastatic prostate cancer. This is in part because prostate cancers adaptively switch to the androgen/AR-independent pathway for survival and growth, thereby conferring therapy resistance. Tumor hypoxia is considered as a major cause of treatment resistance. However, the exact mechanism is largely unclear. Here we report that chronic-androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in the condition of hypoxia induces adaptive androgen/AR-independence, and therefore confers resistance to androgen/AR-targeted therapy, e.g., enzalutamide. Mechanistically, this is mediated by glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI), which is transcriptionally repressed by AR in hypoxia, but restored and increased by AR inhibition. In turn, GPI maintains glucose metabolism and energy homeostasis in hypoxia by redirecting the glucose flux from androgen/AR-dependent pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) to hypoxia-induced glycolysis pathway, thereby reducing the growth inhibitory effect of enzalutamide. Inhibiting GPI overcomes the therapy resistance in hypoxia in vitro and increases enzalutamide efficacy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Geng
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Prostate Cancer Program, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Changhui Xue
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Prostate Cancer Program, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Janet Mendonca
- Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, 401 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Xiao-Xin Sun
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Qiong Liu
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Prostate Cancer Program, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Patrick N Reardon
- NMR Core facility, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Yingxiao Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Kendrick Qian
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Prostate Cancer Program, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Vivian Hua
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Prostate Cancer Program, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Alice Chen
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Prostate Cancer Program, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Freddy Pan
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Prostate Cancer Program, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Julia Yuan
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Prostate Cancer Program, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Sang Dang
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Prostate Cancer Program, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Tomasz M Beer
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Prostate Cancer Program, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Mu-Shui Dai
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Sushant K Kachhap
- Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, 401 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - David Z Qian
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Prostate Cancer Program, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA. .,Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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16
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Licon-Munoz Y, Fordyce CA, Hayek SR, Parra KJ. V-ATPase-dependent repression of androgen receptor in prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:28921-28934. [PMID: 29988966 PMCID: PMC6034745 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate Cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the third leading cause of death for men in the United States. Suppression of androgen receptor (AR) expression is a desirable mechanism to manage PCa. Our studies showed that AR expression was reduced in LAPC4 and LNCaP PCa cell lines treated with nanomolar concentrations of the V-ATPase inhibitor concanamycin A (CCA). This treatment decreased PSA mRNA levels, indicative of reduced AR activity. V-ATPase-dependent repression of AR expression was linked to defective endo-lysosomal pH regulation and reduced AR expression at the transcriptional level. CCA treatment increased the protein level and nuclear localization of the alpha subunit of the transcription factor HIF-1 (HIF-1α) in PCa cells via decreased hydroxylation and degradation of HIF-1α. The addition of iron (III) citrate restored HIF-1α hydroxylation and decreased total HIF-1α levels in PCa cells treated with CCA. Moreover, iron treatment partially rescued CCA-mediated AR repression. Dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG), which prevents HIF-1α degradation independently of V-ATPase, also decreased AR levels, supporting our hypothesis that HIF-1α serves as a downstream mediator in the V-ATPase-AR axis. We propose a new V-ATPase-dependent mechanism to inhibit androgen receptor expression in prostate cancer cells involving defective endosomal trafficking of iron and the inhibition of HIF-1 α-subunit turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamhilette Licon-Munoz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA
| | - Colleen A Fordyce
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA
| | - Summer Raines Hayek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA
| | - Karlett J Parra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA
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17
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Maly IV, Hofmann WA. Fatty Acids and Calcium Regulation in Prostate Cancer. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10060788. [PMID: 29921791 PMCID: PMC6024573 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a widespread malignancy characterized by a comparative ease of primary diagnosis and difficulty in choosing the individualized course of treatment. Management of prostate cancer would benefit from a clearer understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind the transition to the lethal, late-stage forms of the disease, which could potentially yield new biomarkers for differential prognosis and treatment prioritization in addition to possible new therapeutic targets. Epidemiological research has uncovered a significant correlation of prostate cancer incidence and progression with the intake (and often co-intake) of fatty acids and calcium. Additionally, there is evidence of the impact of these nutrients on intracellular signaling, including the mechanisms mediated by the calcium ion as a second messenger. The present review surveys the recent literature on the molecular mechanisms associated with the critical steps in the prostate cancer progression, with special attention paid to the regulation of these processes by fatty acids and calcium homeostasis. Testable hypotheses are put forward that integrate some of the recent results in a more unified picture of these phenomena at the interface of cell signaling and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V Maly
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
| | - Wilma A Hofmann
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
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18
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Nguyen EV, Centenera MM, Moldovan M, Das R, Irani S, Vincent AD, Chan H, Horvath LG, Lynn DJ, Daly RJ, Butler LM. Identification of Novel Response and Predictive Biomarkers to Hsp90 Inhibitors Through Proteomic Profiling of Patient-derived Prostate Tumor Explants. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:1470-1486. [PMID: 29632047 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.000633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) chaperone is a promising therapeutic strategy to target expression of the androgen receptor (AR) and other oncogenic drivers in prostate cancer cells. However, identification of clinically-relevant responses and predictive biomarkers is essential to maximize efficacy and treatment personalization. Here, we combined mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomic analyses with a unique patient-derived explant (PDE) model that retains the complex microenvironment of primary prostate tumors. Independent discovery and validation cohorts of PDEs (n = 16 and 30, respectively) were cultured in the absence or presence of Hsp90 inhibitors AUY922 or 17-AAG. PDEs were analyzed by LC-MS/MS with a hyper-reaction monitoring data independent acquisition (HRM-DIA) workflow, and differentially expressed proteins identified using repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA; raw p value <0.01). Using gene set enrichment, we found striking conservation of the most significantly AUY922-altered gene pathways between the discovery and validation cohorts, indicating that our experimental and analysis workflows were robust. Eight proteins were selectively altered across both cohorts by the most potent inhibitor, AUY922, including TIMP1, SERPINA3 and CYP51A (adjusted p < 0.01). The AUY922-mediated decrease in secretory TIMP1 was validated by ELISA of the PDE culture medium. We next exploited the heterogeneous response of PDEs to 17-AAG in order to detect predictive biomarkers of response and identified PCBP3 as a marker with increased expression in PDEs that had no response or increased in proliferation. Also, 17-AAG treatment led to increased expression of DNAJA1 in PDEs that exhibited a cytostatic response, revealing potential drug resistance mechanisms. This selective regulation of DNAJA1 was validated by Western blot analysis. Our study establishes "proof-of-principle" that proteomic profiling of drug-treated PDEs represents an effective and clinically-relevant strategy for identification of biomarkers that associate with certain tumor-specific responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth V Nguyen
- From the ‡Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,§Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Margaret M Centenera
- ¶Adelaide Medical School and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.,‖South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Max Moldovan
- ‖South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Rajdeep Das
- ¶Adelaide Medical School and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Swati Irani
- ¶Adelaide Medical School and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.,‖South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Andrew D Vincent
- ¶Adelaide Medical School and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Howard Chan
- From the ‡Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,§Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Lisa G Horvath
- **Cancer Division, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre/Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,‡‡Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia.,§§Department of Medical Oncology, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - David J Lynn
- ‖South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.,¶¶School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Roger J Daly
- From the ‡Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; .,§Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Lisa M Butler
- ¶Adelaide Medical School and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.,‖South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
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19
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Smeets E, Lynch AG, Prekovic S, Van den Broeck T, Moris L, Helsen C, Joniau S, Claessens F, Massie CE. The role of TET-mediated DNA hydroxymethylation in prostate cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 462:41-55. [PMID: 28870782 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ten-eleven translocation (TET) proteins are recently characterized dioxygenases that regulate demethylation by oxidizing 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and further derivatives. The recent finding that 5hmC is also a stable and independent epigenetic modification indicates that these proteins play an important role in diverse physiological and pathological processes such as neural and tumor development. Both the genomic distribution of (hydroxy)methylation and the expression and activity of TET proteins are dysregulated in a wide range of cancers including prostate cancer. Up to now it is still unknown how changes in TET and 5(h)mC profiles are related to the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. In this review, we explore recent advances in the current understanding of how TET expression and function are regulated in development and cancer. Furthermore, we look at the impact on 5hmC in prostate cancer and the potential underlying mechanisms. Finally, we tried to summarize the latest techniques for detecting and quantifying global and locus-specific 5hmC levels of genomic DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Smeets
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - A G Lynch
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - S Prekovic
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - T Van den Broeck
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Moris
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - C Helsen
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Joniau
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - F Claessens
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - C E Massie
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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20
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Deep G, Panigrahi GK. Hypoxia-Induced Signaling Promotes Prostate Cancer Progression: Exosomes Role as Messenger of Hypoxic Response in Tumor Microenvironment. Crit Rev Oncog 2018; 20:419-34. [PMID: 27279239 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.v20.i5-6.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCA) is the leading malignancy in men and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Hypoxia (low O2 condition) is considered an early event in prostate carcinogenesis associated with an aggressive phenotype. In fact, clinically, hypoxia and hypoxia-related biomarkers are associated with treatment failure and disease progression. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is the key factor that is activated under hypoxia, and mediates adaptation of cells to hypoxic conditions through regulating the expression of genes associated with angiogenesis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), metastasis, survival, proliferation, metabolism, sternness, hormone-refractory progression, and therapeutic resistance. Besides HIF-1, several other signaling pathways including PI3K/Akt/mTOR, NADPH oxidase (NOX), Wnt/b-catenin, and Hedgehog are activated in cancer cells under hypoxic conditions, and also contribute in hypoxia-induced biological effects in HIF-1-dependent and -independent manners. Hypoxic cancer cells cause extensive changes in the tumor microenvironment both local and distant, and recent studies have provided ample evidence supporting the crucial role of nanosized vesicles "exosomes" in mediating hypoxia-induced tumor microenvironment remodeling. Exosomes' role has been reported in hypoxia-induced angiogenesis, sternness, activation of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and EMT. Together, existing literature suggests that hypoxia plays a predominant role in PCA growth and progression, and PCA could be effectively prevented and treated via targeting hypoxia/hypoxia-related signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Deep
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO; University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Gati K Panigrahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO
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21
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Elevated expression of HIF-lα in actively growing prostate tissues is associated with clinical features of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Oncotarget 2017; 7:12053-62. [PMID: 26919249 PMCID: PMC4914268 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common diseases in middle-age or older men. Increasing evidence has shown that BPH is associated with hypoxia microenvironment. Methods We retrospectively collected patient data and tissue samples from fetal prostates(FP), normal prostates(NP), intra-acinar of BPH, peri-acinar of BPH, prostate cancers and sarcomas of prostate. The expression of HIF-1α, as well as VEGF was visualized by immunohistochemistry and statistically analyzed with clinical parameters. Results Expression of HIF-lα was observed in intra-acinar of BPH (69.5%), prostate cancer (85.7%) and all FPs, while NP and peri-acinar of BPH tissues were all stained negative. HIF-lα levels in FPs and the malignant tumors were higher than BPH tissues(p < 0.05), and the expression of HIF-lα in intra-acinar of BPH was higher than NP and peri-acinar of BPH (p < 0.05). The expression of HIF-lα was correlated with the weight of intra-acinar of prostate (p < 0.05). And patients with prostate weight larger that 72.45g were prone to have HIF-lα moderate-positive expression, according to the ROC curve (AUC = 0.734, 95%CI = 0.630-0.838). Moreover, the risk of acute urine retention (AUR) for HIF-lα moderate-positive patients increased significantly (OR=5.517, 95%CI = 2.434-12.504). Conclusions HIF-lα expression is increased in highly proliferative prostate tissues and correlated with the weight of intra-acinar prostate. Moreover, HIF-lα is also an independent risk factor for AUR occurrence in BPH patients.
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22
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Maina PK, Shao P, Jia X, Liu Q, Umesalma S, Marin M, Long D, Concepción-Román S, Qi HH. Histone demethylase PHF8 regulates hypoxia signaling through HIF1α and H3K4me3. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2017; 1860:1002-1012. [PMID: 28734980 PMCID: PMC5776039 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia through transcription factor HIF1α plays a critical role in cancer development. In prostate cancer, HIF1α interplays with androgen receptor (AR) to contribute to the progression of this disease to its lethal form—castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Hypoxia upregulates several epigenetic factors including histone demethylase KDM3A which is a critical co-factor of HIF1α. However, how histone demethylases regulate hypoxia signaling is not fully understood. Here, we report that histone demethylase PHF8 plays an essential role in hypoxia signaling. Knockdown or knockout of PHF8 by RNAi or CRISPR-Cas9 system reduced the activation of HIF1α and the induction of HIF1α target genes including KDM3A. Mechanistically, PHF8 regulates hypoxia inducible genes mainly through sustaining the level of trimethylated histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3), an active mark in transcriptional regulation. The positive role of PHF8 in hypoxia signaling extended to hypoxia-induced neuroendocrine differentiation (NED), wherein PHF8 cooperates with KDM3A to regulate the expression of NED genes. Moreover, we discovered that the role of PHF8 in hypoxia signaling is associated with the presence of full-length AR in CRPC cells. Collectively, our study identified PHF8 as a novel epigenetic factor in hypoxia signaling, and the underlying regulatory mechanisms likely apply to general cancer development involving HIF1α. Therefore, targeting PHF8 can potentially be a novel therapeutic strategy in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peterson Kariuki Maina
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
| | - Peng Shao
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
| | - Xiongfei Jia
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
| | - Shaikamjad Umesalma
- Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
| | - Maximo Marin
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Donald Long
- Department of Biology, Southern Utah University, Cedar City, UT 84720, USA
| | | | - Hank Heng Qi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA.
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Eisermann K, Fraizer G. The Androgen Receptor and VEGF: Mechanisms of Androgen-Regulated Angiogenesis in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:E32. [PMID: 28394264 PMCID: PMC5406707 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9040032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer progression is controlled by the androgen receptor and new blood vessel formation, or angiogenesis, which promotes metastatic prostate cancer growth. Angiogenesis is induced by elevated expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF is regulated by many factors in the tumor microenvironment including lowered oxygen levels and elevated androgens. Here we review evidence delineating hormone mediated mechanisms of VEGF regulation, including novel interactions between the androgen receptor (AR), epigenetic and zinc-finger transcription factors, AR variants and the hypoxia factor, HIF-1. The relevance of describing the impact of both hormones and hypoxia on VEGF expression and angiogenesis is revealed in recent reports of clinical therapies targeting both VEGF and AR signaling pathways. A better understanding of the complexities of VEGF expression could lead to improved targeting and increased survival time for a subset of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurtis Eisermann
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
| | - Gail Fraizer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
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Koido M, Sakurai J, Tsukahara S, Tani Y, Tomida A. PMEPA1, a TGF-β- and hypoxia-inducible gene that participates in hypoxic gene expression networks in solid tumors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 479:615-621. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Meunier A, Belle VA, McDermott N, Rivera-Figueroa K, Perry A, Lynch T, Redalen KR, Marignol L. Hypoxia regulates Notch-3 mRNA and receptor activation in prostate cancer cells. Heliyon 2016; 2:e00104. [PMID: 27441277 PMCID: PMC4946174 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Notch-3 receptor is a recognized key regulator of vascular responses and is increasingly associated with tumorigenesis. Hypoxia-inducible factors activate specific signaling pathways such as Notch in a number of cellular models. This study aimed to evaluate the regulation of Notch-3 by hypoxia in prostate cancer cells. Notch-3 gene and protein expression was established in a panel of aerobic and hypoxic prostate cell lines in vitro, the CWR22 xenograft model and RNA extracted from low grade (Gleason score < = 6); high grade (Gleason score > = 7); non-hypoxic (low HIF, low VEGF); hypoxic (high HIF, high VEGF) patient FFPE specimens. NOTCH-3 was upregulated in PC3 (3-fold), 22Rv1 (4.1-fold) and DU145 (3.8-fold) but downregulated in LnCaP (12-fold) compared to the normal cell lines. NOTCH-3 expression was modified following hypoxic exposure in these cells. NOTCH-3 was upregulated (2.2-fold) in higher grade and hypoxic tumors, when compared to benign and aerobic pools. In the CWR22 xenograft model, Notch-3 expression was restored in castrate resistant tumors. Nuclear translocation of the Notch-3 intracellular domain was no longer detected following exposure of cells to hypoxia but not associated with a change in expression of HES-1. Our data further identifies Notch-3 as a potentially key hypoxic-responsive member of the Notch pathway in prostate tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Meunier
- Radiobiology and Molecular Oncology, Applied Radiation Therapy Trinity, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Niamh McDermott
- Radiobiology and Molecular Oncology, Applied Radiation Therapy Trinity, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Antoinette Perry
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thomas Lynch
- Department of Urology, St James’s Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | | | - Laure Marignol
- Radiobiology and Molecular Oncology, Applied Radiation Therapy Trinity, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland,Corresponding author at: Applied Radiation Therapy Trinity, Discipline of Radiation Therapy, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James’s Hospital, Dublin.
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Wang T, Song W, Chen Y, Chen R, Liu Z, Wu L, Li M, Yang J, Wang L, Liu J, Ye Z, Wang C, Chen K. Flightless I Homolog Represses Prostate Cancer Progression through Targeting Androgen Receptor Signaling. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:1531-44. [PMID: 26527749 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Flightless I (FLII), member of the gelsolin superfamily of actin-remodeling proteins, functions as a transcriptional coregulator. We aim to evaluate a tumor-suppressive function of FLII in regulating androgen receptor (AR) in prostate cancer progression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We examined FLII protein and mRNA expression in clinical prostate cancer specimens by immunohistochemistry. Kaplan-Meier analysis was conducted to evaluate the difference in disease-overall survival associated with the expression levels of FLII and AR. Prostate cancer cells stably expressing FLII or shRNA knockdown were used for functional analyses. Immunoprecipitation, Luciferase reporter, and immunofluorescence staining assays were performed to examine the functional interaction between FLII and AR. RESULTS Our analysis of the expression levels of FLII in a clinical gene expression array dataset showed that the expression of FLII was positively correlated with the overall survival of prostate cancer patients exhibiting high levels of AR expression. Examination of protein and mRNA levels of FLII showed a significant decrease of FLII expression in human prostate cancers. AR and FLII formed a complex in a ligand-dependent manner through the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of AR. Subsequently, we observed a competitive binding to AR between FLII and the ligand. FLII inhibited AR transactivation and decreased AR nuclear localization. Furthermore, FLII contributed to castration-sensitive and castration-resistant prostate cancer cell growth through AR-dependent signaling, and reintroduction of FLII in prostate cancer cells sensitized the cells to bicalutamide and enzalutamide treatment. CONCLUSIONS FLII plays a tumor-suppressive role and serves as a crucial determinant of resistance of prostate cancer to endocrine therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wen Song
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ruibao Chen
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhuo Liu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Licheng Wu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mingchao Li
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jihong Liu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhangqun Ye
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chenguang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tianjin Radiation and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Downregulation of key regulatory proteins in androgen dependent prostate tumor cells by oncolytic reovirus. Virology 2015; 485:153-61. [PMID: 26264969 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As prostate tumor cell growth depends on hormones, androgen ablation is an effective therapy for prostate cancer (PCa). However, progression of PCa cells to androgen independent growth (castrate resistant prostate cancer, CRPC) results in relapse and mortality. Hypoxia, a microenvironment of low oxygen that modifies the activity of PCa regulatory proteins including the androgen receptor (AR), plays a critical role in progression to CRPC. Therapies targeting hypoxia and the AR may lengthen the time to CRPC progression thereby increasing survival time of PCa patients. Mammalian Orthoreovirus (MRV) has shown promise for the treatment of prostate tumors in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we found that MRV infection induces downregulation of proteins implicated in CRPC progression, interferes with hypoxia-induced AR activity, and induces apoptosis in androgen dependent cells. This suggests MRV possesses traits that could be exploited to create novel therapies for the inhibition of progression to CRPC.
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Vaz CV, Marques R, Alves MG, Oliveira PF, Cavaco JE, Maia CJ, Socorro S. Androgens enhance the glycolytic metabolism and lactate export in prostate cancer cells by modulating the expression of GLUT1, GLUT3, PFK, LDH and MCT4 genes. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015; 142:5-16. [PMID: 26048031 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-015-1992-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study aims to investigate the role of androgens in controlling the glycolytic metabolism and lactate efflux in prostate cancer (PCa) cells. METHODS Androgen-responsive LNCaP cells were treated with 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT, 10 nM) for 12-48 h, and their glycolytic metabolism, lactate production and viability were analyzed. Intracellular and extracellular levels of glucose and lactate were determined spectrophotometrically, and the expression of glucose transporters (GLUT1/GLUT3), phosphofructokinase 1, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and monocarboxylate transporter (MCT4) was analyzed by real-time PCR and Western blot. The enzymatic activity of LDH was determined by means of a colorimetric assay. Experiments were reproduced in androgen-non-responsive DU145 and PC3 cells. RESULTS Androgens stimulated glucose consumption in LNCaP cells by increasing the expression of GLUT3, GLUT1 and PFK, which was underpinned by increased cell viability. Accordingly, lactate production by LNCaP cells was enhanced upon DHT stimulation as evidenced by the increased levels of lactate found in cell culture medium. Although LDH enzymatic activity decreased in LNCaP cells treated with DHT, the expression of MCT4 was significantly increased with androgenic treatment, which sustains the increase on lactate export. Glucose consumption and the expression of GLUTs and PFK remained unchanged in DHT-treated DU145 and PC3 cells. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained establish androgens as modulators of glycolytic metabolism in PCa cells by stimulating glucose consumption, as well as the production and export of lactate, which may represent a crucial issue-driven prostate tumor development. These findings also highlight the importance of PCa therapies targeting AR and metabolism-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia V Vaz
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Marques
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Marco G Alves
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Pedro F Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - José E Cavaco
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Cláudio J Maia
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Socorro
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
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Quero L, Rozet F, Beuzeboc P, Hennequin C. The androgen receptor for the radiation oncologist. Cancer Radiother 2015; 19:220-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Fernandez EV, Reece KM, Ley AM, Troutman SM, Sissung TM, Price DK, Chau CH, Figg WD. Dual targeting of the androgen receptor and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α pathways synergistically inhibits castration-resistant prostate cancer cells. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 87:1006-12. [PMID: 25829060 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.097477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzalutamide is a potent second-generation androgen receptor (AR) antagonist with activity in metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Although enzalutamide is initially effective, disease progression inevitably ensues with the emergence of resistance. Intratumoral hypoxia is also associated with CRPC progression and treatment resistance. Given that both AR and hypoxia inducible factor-1 α (HIF-1α) are key regulators of these processes, dual targeting of both signaling axes represents an attractive therapeutic approach. Crosstalk of the AR and HIF-1α signaling pathways were examined in prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, 22Rv1) with assays measuring the effect of androgen and hypoxia on AR-dependent and hypoxia-inducible gene transcription, protein expression, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. HIF-1α inhibition was achieved by siRNA silencing HIF-1α or via chetomin, a disruptor of HIF-1α-p300 interactions. In prostate cancer cells, the gene expression of AR targets (KLK3, FKBP5, TMPRSS2) was repressed by HIF-signaling; conversely, specific HIF-1α target expression was induced by dihydrotestosterone-mediated AR signaling. Treatment of CRPC cells with enzalutamide or HIF-1α inhibition attenuated AR-regulated and HIF-1α-mediated gene transcription. The combination of enzalutamide and HIF-1α inhibition was more effective than either treatment alone. Similarly, the combination also reduced vascular endothelial growth factor protein levels. HIF-1α siRNA synergistically enhanced the inhibitory effect of enzalutamide on cell growth in LNCaP and enzalutamide-resistant 22Rv1 cells via increased enzalutamide-induced apoptosis. In conclusion, the combination of enzalutamide with HIF-1α inhibition resulted in synergistic inhibition of AR-dependent and gene-specific HIF-dependent expression and prostate cancer cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Fernandez
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kelie M Reece
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ariel M Ley
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sarah M Troutman
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tristan M Sissung
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Douglas K Price
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Cindy H Chau
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William D Figg
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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Pettersen EO, Ebbesen P, Gieling RG, Williams KJ, Dubois L, Lambin P, Ward C, Meehan J, Kunkler IH, Langdon SP, Ree AH, Flatmark K, Lyng H, Calzada MJ, Peso LD, Landazuri MO, Görlach A, Flamm H, Kieninger J, Urban G, Weltin A, Singleton DC, Haider S, Buffa FM, Harris AL, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT, Moser I, Jobst G, Busk M, Toustrup K, Overgaard J, Alsner J, Pouyssegur J, Chiche J, Mazure N, Marchiq I, Parks S, Ahmed A, Ashcroft M, Pastorekova S, Cao Y, Rouschop KM, Wouters BG, Koritzinsky M, Mujcic H, Cojocari D. Targeting tumour hypoxia to prevent cancer metastasis. From biology, biosensing and technology to drug development: the METOXIA consortium. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 30:689-721. [PMID: 25347767 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2014.966704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypoxic areas of solid cancers represent a negative prognostic factor irrespective of which treatment modality is chosen for the patient. Still, after almost 80 years of focus on the problems created by hypoxia in solid tumours, we still largely lack methods to deal efficiently with these treatment-resistant cells. The consequences of this lack may be serious for many patients: Not only is there a negative correlation between the hypoxic fraction in tumours and the outcome of radiotherapy as well as many types of chemotherapy, a correlation has been shown between the hypoxic fraction in tumours and cancer metastasis. Thus, on a fundamental basis the great variety of problems related to hypoxia in cancer treatment has to do with the broad range of functions oxygen (and lack of oxygen) have in cells and tissues. Therefore, activation-deactivation of oxygen-regulated cascades related to metabolism or external signalling are important areas for the identification of mechanisms as potential targets for hypoxia-specific treatment. Also the chemistry related to reactive oxygen radicals (ROS) and the biological handling of ROS are part of the problem complex. The problem is further complicated by the great variety in oxygen concentrations found in tissues. For tumour hypoxia to be used as a marker for individualisation of treatment there is a need for non-invasive methods to measure oxygen routinely in patient tumours. A large-scale collaborative EU-financed project 2009-2014 denoted METOXIA has studied all the mentioned aspects of hypoxia with the aim of selecting potential targets for new hypoxia-specific therapy and develop the first stage of tests for this therapy. A new non-invasive PET-imaging method based on the 2-nitroimidazole [(18)F]-HX4 was found to be promising in a clinical trial on NSCLC patients. New preclinical models for testing of the metastatic potential of cells were developed, both in vitro (2D as well as 3D models) and in mice (orthotopic grafting). Low density quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-based assays were developed measuring multiple hypoxia-responsive markers in parallel to identify tumour hypoxia-related patterns of gene expression. As possible targets for new therapy two main regulatory cascades were prioritised: The hypoxia-inducible-factor (HIF)-regulated cascades operating at moderate to weak hypoxia (<1% O(2)), and the unfolded protein response (UPR) activated by endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) stress and operating at more severe hypoxia (<0.2%). The prioritised targets were the HIF-regulated proteins carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), the lactate transporter MCT4 and the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4-arm of the UPR. The METOXIA project has developed patented compounds targeting CAIX with a preclinical documented effect. Since hypoxia-specific treatments alone are not curative they will have to be combined with traditional anti-cancer therapy to eradicate the aerobic cancer cell population as well.
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Gonzalez-Menendez P, Hevia D, Rodriguez-Garcia A, Mayo JC, Sainz RM. Regulation of GLUT transporters by flavonoids in androgen-sensitive and -insensitive prostate cancer cells. Endocrinology 2014; 155:3238-50. [PMID: 24932809 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells show different metabolic requirements from normal cells. In prostate cancer, particularly, glycolytic metabolism differs in androgen-responsive and nonresponsive cells. In addition, some natural compounds with antiproliferative activities are able to modify glucose entry into cells by either modulating glucose transporter (GLUT) expression or by altering glucose binding. The aim of this work was to study the regulation of some GLUTs (GLUT1 and GLUT4) in both androgen-sensitive (LNCaP) and -insensitive (PC-3) prostate cancer cells by 4 structurally different flavonoids (ie, genistein, phloretin, apigenin, and daidzein). Glucose uptake was measured using nonradiolabeled 2-deoxyglucose. The evaluation of protein levels as well as subcellular distribution of GLUT1/4 were analyzed by Western blot and immunocytochemistry, respectively. Androgen-insensitive LNCaP-R and androgen-sensitive PC-3-AR cells were used to study the effect of androgen signaling. Additionally, a docking simulation was employed to compare interactions between flavonoids and XylE, a bacterial homolog of GLUT1 to -4. Results show for the first time the presence of functionally relevant GLUT4 in prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, differences in GLUT1 and GLUT4 levels and glucose uptake were found, without differences on subcellular distribution, after incubation with flavonoids. Docking simulation showed that all compounds interact with the same location of transporters. More importantly, differences between androgen-sensitive and -insensitive prostate cancer cells were found in both GLUT protein levels and glucose uptake. Thus, phenotypic characteristics of prostate cancer cells are responsible for the different effects of these flavonoids in glucose uptake and in GLUT expression rather than their structural differences, with the most effective in reducing cell growth being the highest in modifying glucose uptake and GLUT levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Gonzalez-Menendez
- Departamento de Morfologia y Biologia Celular, Instituto Universitario de Oncologia del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Facultad de Medicina, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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MITANI T, HARADA N, TANIMORI S, NAKANO Y, INUI H, YAMAJI R. Resveratrol Inhibits Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1^|^alpha;-Mediated Androgen Receptor Signaling and Represses Tumor Progression in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2014. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.60.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kryza T, Achard C, Parent C, Marchand-Adam S, Guillon-Munos A, Iochmann S, Korkmaz B, Respaud R, Courty Y, Heuzé-Vourc'h N. Angiogenesis stimulated by human kallikrein-related peptidase 12 acting via a platelet-derived growth factor B-dependent paracrine pathway. FASEB J 2013; 28:740-51. [PMID: 24225148 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-237503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
KLK12, a kallikrein peptidase, is thought to take part in the control of angiogenesis. Our analysis of the secretome of endothelial cells (ECs) that had been treated with KLK12 showed that KLK12 converts the extracellular matrix- or membrane-bound precursor of platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGF-B) into a soluble form. Both PDGF-B and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) take part in the induction of angiogenesis by KLK12 in a coculture model of angiogenesis that mimics endothelial tubule formation. We used a cellular approach to analyze the interplay between KLK12, PDGF-B, and VEGF-A and showed that release of PDGF-B by KLK12 leads to the fibroblast-mediated secretion of VEGF-A. This then stimulates EC differentiation and the formation of capillary tube-like structures. Thus, KLK12 favors the interaction of ECs and stromal cells. The released PDGF-B acts as a paracrine factor that modulates VEGF-A secretion by stromal cells, which ultimately leads to angiogenesis. Moreover, the genes encoding KLK12 and PDGFB are both expressed in ECs and up-regulated in tumor cells kept under hypoxic conditions, which is consistent with the physiological involvement of KLK12 in PDGF-B maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kryza
- 2CEPR INSERM U1100/EA 6305, Faculté de Médecine, 10 Blvd. Tonnellé, F-37032 Tours cedex, France.
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Ragnum HB, Røe K, Holm R, Vlatkovic L, Nesland JM, Aarnes EK, Ree AH, Flatmark K, Seierstad T, Lilleby W, Lyng H. Hypoxia-independent downregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 targets by androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2013; 87:753-60. [PMID: 24035332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We explored changes in hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1) signaling during androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) of androgen-sensitive prostate cancer xenografts under conditions in which no significant change in immunostaining of the hypoxia marker pimonidazole had occurred. METHODS AND MATERIALS Gene expression profiles of volume-matched androgen-exposed and androgen-deprived CWR22 xenografts, with similar pimonidazole-positive fractions, were compared. Direct targets of androgen receptor (AR) and HIF1 transcription factors were identified among the differentially expressed genes by using published lists. Biological processes affected by ADT were determined by gene ontology analysis. HIF1α protein expression in xenografts and biopsy samples from 35 patients receiving neoadjuvant ADT was assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS A total of 1344 genes showed more than 2-fold change in expression by ADT, including 35 downregulated and 5 upregulated HIF1 targets. Six genes were shared HIF1 and AR targets, and their downregulation was confirmed with quantitative RT-PCR. Significant suppression of the biological processes proliferation, metabolism, and stress response in androgen-deprived xenografts was found, consistent with tumor regression. Nineteen downregulated HIF1 targets were involved in those significant biological processes, most of them in metabolism. Four of these were shared AR and HIF1 targets, including genes encoding the regulatory glycolytic proteins HK2, PFKFB3, and SLC2A1. Most of the downregulated HIF1 targets were induced by hypoxia in androgen-responsive prostate cancer cell lines, confirming their role as hypoxia-responsive HIF1 targets in prostate cancer. Downregulation of HIF1 targets was consistent with the absence of HIF1α protein in xenografts and downregulation in patients by ADT (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS AR repression by ADT may lead to downregulation of HIF1 signaling independently of hypoxic fraction, and this may contribute to tumor regression. HIF1α expression is probably not a useful hypoxia biomarker during ADT in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Bull Ragnum
- Department of Radiation Biology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Lee HY, Yang EG, Park H. Hypoxia enhances the expression of prostate-specific antigen by modifying the quantity and catalytic activity of Jumonji C domain-containing histone demethylases. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:2706-15. [PMID: 23884959 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen concentration in prostate cancer tissue is significantly low, i.e. ~0.3% O2. This study showed that pathological hypoxia (<0.5% O2) increased the expression of androgen receptor (AR) target genes such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and kallikrein-related peptidase 2 in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells by modifying the quantity and activity of related Jumonji C domain-containing histone demethylases (JMJDs). Under pathological hypoxia, the catalytic activities of JMJD2A, JMJD2C and Jumonji/ARID domain-containing protein 1B (JARID1B) were blocked due to the lack of their substrate, i.e. oxygen. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses showed that hypoxia increased the appearance of H3K9me3 and H3K4me3, substrates of JMJD2s and JARID1B, respectively, in the PSA enhancer. In contrast, JMJD1A, which demethylates both H3K9me2 and H3K9me1, maintained its catalytic activity even under severe hypoxia. Furthermore, hypoxia increased the expression of JMJD1A. Hypoxia and androgen additively increased the recruitment of JMJD1A and p300 on the enhancer region of PSA through interaction with the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and AR, both of which bind the PSA enhancer. Thus, hypoxia enhanced the demethylation of H3K9me2 and H3K9me1, leading to provide unmethylated H3K9 residues that are substrates for histone acetyltransferase, p300. Consequently, hypoxia increased the acetylation of histones of the PSA enhancer, which facilitates its transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Youl Lee
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Siripdae-gil 13, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-743, Korea and
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37
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Abstract
The notch signalling pathway is involved in differentiation, proliferation, angiogenesis, vascular remodelling, and apoptosis. Deregulated expression of notch receptors, ligands, and targets is observed in many solid tumours, including prostate cancer. Hypoxia is a common feature of prostate tumours, leading to increased gene instability, reduced treatment response, and increased tumour aggressiveness. The notch signalling pathway is known to regulate vascular cell fate and is responsive to hypoxia-inducible factors. Evidence to date suggests similar, therapeutically exploitable, behaviour of notch-activated and hypoxic prostate cancer cells.
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Coffey K, Rogerson L, Ryan-Munden C, Alkharaif D, Stockley J, Heer R, Sahadevan K, O'Neill D, Jones D, Darby S, Staller P, Mantilla A, Gaughan L, Robson CN. The lysine demethylase, KDM4B, is a key molecule in androgen receptor signalling and turnover. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:4433-46. [PMID: 23435229 PMCID: PMC3632104 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a key molecule involved in prostate cancer (PC) development and progression. Post-translational modification of the AR by co-regulator proteins can modulate its transcriptional activity. To identify which demethylases might be involved in AR regulation, an siRNA screen was performed to reveal that the demethylase, KDM4B, may be an important co-regulator protein. KDM4B enzymatic activity is required to enhance AR transcriptional activity; however, independently of this activity, KDM4B can enhance AR protein stability via inhibition of AR ubiquitination. Importantly, knockdown of KDM4B in multiple cell lines results in almost complete depletion of AR protein levels. For the first time, we have identified KDM4B to be an androgen-regulated demethylase enzyme, which can influence AR transcriptional activity not only via demethylation activity but also via modulation of ubiquitination. Together, these findings demonstrate the close functional relationship between AR and KDM4B, which work together to amplify the androgen response. Furthermore, KDM4B expression in clinical PC specimens positively correlates with increasing cancer grade (P < 0.001). Consequently, KDM4B is a viable therapeutic target in PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Coffey
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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Tsai YP, Wu KJ. Hypoxia-regulated target genes implicated in tumor metastasis. J Biomed Sci 2012; 19:102. [PMID: 23241400 PMCID: PMC3541338 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is an important microenvironmental factor that induces cancer metastasis. Hypoxia/hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) regulates many important steps of the metastatic processes, especially epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) that is one of the crucial mechanisms to cause early stage of tumor metastasis. To have a better understanding of the mechanism of hypoxia-regulated metastasis, various hypoxia/HIF-1α-regulated target genes are categorized into different classes including transcription factors, histone modifiers, enzymes, receptors, kinases, small GTPases, transporters, adhesion molecules, surface molecules, membrane proteins, and microRNAs. Different roles of these target genes are described with regards to their relationship to hypoxia-induced metastasis. We hope that this review will provide a framework for further exploration of hypoxia/HIF-1α-regulated target genes and a comprehensive view of the metastatic picture induced by hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Tsai
- Institute of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Li-Nong St., Sec.2, Peitou, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Kou-Juey Wu
- Institute of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Li-Nong St., Sec.2, Peitou, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Head and Neck Cancer Research Program, Cancer Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Li-Nong St., Sec.2, Peitou, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Genome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
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40
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Bao B, Azmi AS, Ali S, Ahmad A, Li Y, Banerjee S, Kong D, Sarkar FH. The biological kinship of hypoxia with CSC and EMT and their relationship with deregulated expression of miRNAs and tumor aggressiveness. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1826:272-96. [PMID: 22579961 PMCID: PMC3788359 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is one of the fundamental biological phenomena that are intricately associated with the development and aggressiveness of a variety of solid tumors. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) function as a master transcription factor, which regulates hypoxia responsive genes and has been recognized to play critical roles in tumor invasion, metastasis, and chemo-radiation resistance, and contributes to increased cell proliferation, survival, angiogenesis and metastasis. Therefore, tumor hypoxia with deregulated expression of HIF and its biological consequence lead to poor prognosis of patients diagnosed with solid tumors, resulting in higher mortality, suggesting that understanding of the molecular relationship of hypoxia with other cellular features of tumor aggressiveness would be invaluable for developing newer targeted therapy for solid tumors. It has been well recognized that cancer stem cells (CSCs) and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotypic cells are associated with therapeutic resistance and contribute to aggressive tumor growth, invasion, metastasis and believed to be the cause of tumor recurrence. Interestingly, hypoxia and HIF signaling pathway are known to play an important role in the regulation and sustenance of CSCs and EMT phenotype. However, the molecular relationship between HIF signaling pathway with the biology of CSCs and EMT remains unclear although NF-κB, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Notch, Wnt/β-catenin, and Hedgehog signaling pathways have been recognized as important regulators of CSCs and EMT. In this article, we will discuss the state of our knowledge on the role of HIF-hypoxia signaling pathway and its kinship with CSCs and EMT within the tumor microenvironment. We will also discuss the potential role of hypoxia-induced microRNAs (miRNAs) in tumor development and aggressiveness, and finally discuss the potential effects of nutraceuticals on the biology of CSCs and EMT in the context of tumor hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Bao
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Asfar S. Azmi
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Shadan Ali
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Aamir Ahmad
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yiwei Li
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sanjeev Banerjee
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Dejuan Kong
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Fazlul H. Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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41
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Vaz CV, Alves MG, Marques R, Moreira PI, Oliveira PF, Maia CJ, Socorro S. Androgen-responsive and nonresponsive prostate cancer cells present a distinct glycolytic metabolism profile. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:2077-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Russo G, Mischi M, Scheepens W, De la Rosette JJ, Wijkstra H. Angiogenesis in prostate cancer: onset, progression and imaging. BJU Int 2012; 110:E794-808. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2012.11444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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43
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Mitani T, Harada N, Nakano Y, Inui H, Yamaji R. Coordinated action of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and β-catenin in androgen receptor signaling. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:33594-606. [PMID: 22865883 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.388298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) acts as a ligand-dependent transcriptional factor and plays a critical role in the development and progression of androgen-dependent and castration-resistant prostate cancer. Castration results in hypoxia in prostate cancer cells, and hypoxia enhances transcriptional activity of AR through hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α at low serum androgen levels mimicking the castration-resistant stage. However, HIF-1α is necessary but not sufficient for hypoxia-activated AR transactivation, and the molecular mechanism that regulates AR function in castration-resistant prostate cancer remains unclear. Here, we report that β-catenin is required for HIF-1α-mediated AR transactivation in hypoxic LNCaP prostate cancer cells under low androgen conditions. HIF-1α and β-catenin coordinately enhanced AR N-terminal and C-terminal interaction. β-Catenin accumulated in the nucleus in the HIF-1α protein-positive cells of LNCaP xenografts in castrated mice. In LNCaP cells, when HIF-1α was knocked down or was exogenously expressed in the cytoplasm, hypoxia-induced nuclear localization of β-catenin was inhibited. β-Catenin formed a complex with HIF-1α both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. Hypoxia increased the amount of a complex composed of AR and β-catenin, and knockdown of HIF-1α attenuated the recruitment of AR and β-catenin to the androgen response elements (AREs) of androgen-responsive genes. Furthermore, together with β-catenin, HIF-1α bound to the AREs in the presence of androgen. These results demonstrate that (i) HIF-1α and β-catenin coordinately enhance AR transactivation by accelerating N-terminal and C-terminal interaction; (ii) HIF-1α promotes nuclear translocation of β-catenin in hypoxia; and (iii) AR, HIF-1α, and β-catenin form a ternary complex on AREs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takakazu Mitani
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
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Watanabe M, Abe N, Oshikiri Y, Stanbridge EJ, Kitagawa T. Selective growth inhibition by glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitors in tumorigenic HeLa hybrid cells is mediated through NF-κB-dependent GLUT3 expression. Oncogenesis 2012; 1:e21. [PMID: 23552737 PMCID: PMC3412655 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2012.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinogenesis and cancer progression, driven by mutations in oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes, result in biological differences between normal and cancer cells in various cellular processes. Specific genes and signaling molecules involved in such cellular processes may be potential therapeutic targets of agents that specifically interact with the key factors in cancer cells. Increased glucose uptake is fundamental to many solid tumors and well associated with increases in glycolysis and the overexpression of glucose transporters (GLUTs) such as GLUT1 and GLUT3 at the plasma membrane. Here, we used cell-based screening to identify glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) inhibitors that selectively target GLUT3-expressing tumorigenic HeLa cell hybrids as compared with non-tumorigenic hybrids that express GLUT1 alone. The GSK-3 inhibitors as well as GSK-3β RNAi suppressed GLUT3 expression at the level of transcription, leading to apoptosis. This suppression was associated with NF-κB in a p53-independent manner. Furthermore, GSK-3 inhibitors exhibited a synergistic effect with anticancer agents such as adriamycin and camptothecin in GULT3-overexpressing colon cancer cells, but little effect in non-producing A431 cells. These results suggest a potential use of GSK-3 inhibitors to selectively kill cancer cells that overexpress GLUT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Watanabe
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Pathology, Iwate Medical University, School of Pharmacy, Yahaba, Japan
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45
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Hypoxia enhances ligand-occupied androgen receptor activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 418:319-23. [PMID: 22266320 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia and the androgen receptor (AR) play important roles in the development and progression of prostate cancer. In this study, the combined effects of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and hypoxia on AR-mediated transactivation were investigated. Hypoxia alone did not induce a detectable ARE-mediated response in the absence of DHT. DHT-induced AR transcriptional activity was dramatically increased by hypoxia or ectopic expression of HIF-1α, as determined by introducing ARE-responsive reporter plasmids into LNCaP prostate cancer cells. The secretion of VEGF was enhanced by the combination of hypoxia and DHT as compared to each treatment alone. These effects were not due to increased expression of the AR or HIF-1α as a result of hypoxia and DHT treatment. These results provide evidence that hypoxia may stimulate as yet unknown factors, which further stimulate AR signal transduction pathways.
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46
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Chen J, Wu Y, Shao P, Cao Q, Qin C, Li P, Ding Q, Zhu J, Wang M, Zhang Z, Li J, Yin C. Association between VHL single nucleotide polymorphism (rs779805) and the susceptibility to prostate cancer in Chinese. DNA Cell Biol 2011; 31:790-6. [PMID: 22084938 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2011.1408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene is a crucial regulator of the hypoxia response pathway and plays an important role in tumorigenesis, particularly in tumor growth and vascularization. We hypothesize that polymorphisms in the functional region of VHL may influence susceptibility to prostate cancer (PCa). We genotyped a potentially functional polymorphism (rs779805) in 5' UTR region of VHL in a case-control study of 665 PCa patients and 715 cancer-free controls in a Chinese population using the Taqman assay. The genetic associations between the incidence and progression of PCa were assessed by logistic regression. We observed that the rs779805 A>G polymorphism was significantly associated with risk for PCa. Compared with the AA genotype, the AG and AG/GG genotypes were associated with decreased risk of PCa (adjusted odds ratio [OR]=0.79, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.62-0.99, and adjusted OR=0.76, 95% CI=0.61-0.95, respectively). Further, this decreased risk was more pronounced in the subgroups of nonsmokers (OR=0.73, 95% CI=0.54-0.98), nondrinkers (OR=0.70, 95% CI=0.54-0.91) and patients without family history of cancer (OR=0.72, 95% CI=0.57-0.92). In addition, the decreased risk associated with rs779805 variant genotypes (AG/GG) was more pronounced among the prostate specific antigen (PSA)>20 ng/mL subgroup (OR=0.68, 95% CI=0.49-0.95). Our findings suggest that the rs779805 A>G polymorphism in VHL may confer susceptibility to PCa in the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Chung LC, Tsui KH, Feng TH, Lee SL, Chang PL, Juang HH. Curcumin provides potential protection against the activation of hypoxia and prolyl 4-hydroxylase inhibitors on prostate-specific antigen expression in human prostate carcinoma cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55:1666-76. [PMID: 21936051 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a well-known marker for diagnosing and monitoring prostate cancer. Curcumin, a yellow curry pigment, has been reported to enhance androgen receptor (AR) degradation. We examined the effects of curcumin on increasing PSA expression by hypoxia and prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors, L-mimosine and dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG), in human prostate carcinoma LNCaP cells. METHODS AND RESULTS The 3H-thymidine incorporation assay revealed that either L-mimosine or DMOG treatments attenuated cell proliferation. Immunoblot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) indicated that both L-mimosine and DMOG have an effect similar to hypoxia, which stabilized hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and induced PSA gene expression. The results of the immunoblot and transient gene expression assays indicated that induction of the PSA expression by hypoxia is both HIF-1α- and AR-dependent. Immunoblot assays revealed that a curcumin treatment (10 μM) decreased the protein abundance of AR but did not significantly affect the protein levels of HIF-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor, which were induced by hypoxia. ELISA and transient gene expression assays indicated that curcumin blocked the activation of L-mimosine or DMOG treatment on PSA expression. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that curcumin blocked the enhanced effect of PSA expression by L-mimosine and DMOG that induce hypoxia condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chuan Chung
- Department of Bioengineering, Tatung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Connolly D, Abdesselam I, Verdier-Pinard P, Montagna C. Septin roles in tumorigenesis. Biol Chem 2011; 392:725-38. [PMID: 21740328 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2011.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Septins are a family of cytoskeleton related proteins consisting of 14 members that associate and interact with actin and tubulin. From yeast to humans, septins maintain a conserved role in cytokinesis and they are also involved in a variety of other cellular functions including chromosome segregation, DNA repair, migration and apoptosis. Tumorigenesis entails major alterations in these processes. A substantial body of literature reveals that septins are overexpressed, downregulated or generate chimeric proteins with MLL in a plethora of solid tumors and in hematological malignancies. Thus, members of this gene family are emerging as key players in tumorigenesis. The analysis of septins during cancer initiation and progression is challenged by the presence of many family members and by their potential to produce numerous isoforms. However, the development and application of advanced technologies is allowing for a more detailed analysis of septins during tumorigenesis. Specifically, such applications have led to the establishment and validation of SEPT9 as a biomarker for the early detection of colorectal cancer. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the role of septins in tumorigenesis, emphasizing their significance and supporting their use as potential biomarkers in various cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Connolly
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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49
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Emonds KM, Swinnen JV, van Weerden WM, Vanderhoydonc F, Nuyts J, Mortelmans L, Mottaghy FM. Do androgens control the uptake of 18F-FDG, 11C-choline and 11C-acetate in human prostate cancer cell lines? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2011; 38:1842-53. [PMID: 21732108 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-011-1861-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of androgen ablation therapy in different prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines--reflecting different stages of the disease--on (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), 11C-choline and 11C-acetate uptake. METHODS Uptake experiments were performed in androgen-sensitive (LNCaP, PC346C) and independent cell lines (22Rv1, PC346DCC, PC-3) as well as in a benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH-1) cell line. Tracer uptake was assessed under androgen ablation. Results of the cancer cell lines were normalized to those of BPH-1. To evaluate the effect of androgen on the uptake of 18F-FDG, 11C-choline and 11C-acetate in PCa cell lines, 10(-8) M R1881, 10(-10) M R1881, the combination of 10(-10) M R1881 plus 10(-6) M Casodex or 10(-6) M Casodex alone were added in parallel cell cultures 1 day before uptake experiments. Uptake in androgen-supplemented cell cultures was compared to the uptake under androgen deprivation. Uptake was corrected for cell number using protein content. RESULTS Compared to BPH-1, a higher 18F-FDG uptake was observed only in PC346C cells, whereas a higher 11C-choline and markedly increased 11C-acetate uptake was seen in all cancer cell lines. Androgens significantly modulated the uptake of 18F-FDG in LNCaP, PC346C and 22Rv1 cells, and of 11C-choline in the PC346C and 22Rv1 cell line. No androgenic effect on 11C-choline and 18F-FDG uptake was observed in PC-3 and PC346DCC cells. 11C-Acetate uptake was independent of androgen status in all PCa cell lines studied. CONCLUSION 18F-FDG uptake in PCa cell lines showed the highest variability and strongest androgen effect, suggesting its poor potential for metabolic imaging of advanced PCa. In contrast to 18F-FDG and 11C-choline, 11C-acetate uptake was unaffected by androgens and thus 11C-acetate seems best for monitoring PCa progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimy M Emonds
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Gasthuisberg Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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50
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Foley R, Marignol L, Keane JP, Lynch TH, Hollywood D. Androgen hypersensitivity in prostate cancer: molecular perspectives on androgen deprivation therapy strategies. Prostate 2011; 71:550-7. [PMID: 20945429 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy is initially successful in treating advanced prostate cancer. However, after a period of time tumors inevitably recur. Improved understanding of the various biochemical causes of resistance to hormonal therapy is of crucial importance for developing more effective therapeutic strategies in this cohort of patients. This review discusses the preclinical evidence for androgen hypersensitivity (AH), as a mechanism by which tumors become hormone-refractory (HR). We propose that the growth of some such tumors may be not only stimulated by, but also dependent on low hormone levels, and furthermore, that normal hormone concentrations can have an inhibitory effect on growth. The incidence and importance of AH merits further investigation both in preclinical studies and during clinical trials of intermittent androgen withdrawal or testosterone replacement. We suggest that a subset of HR prostate cancer patients who have androgen-hypersensitive tumors could be particularly amenable to these treatments. Finally, potential approaches for developing biomarkers to identify such patients are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Foley
- Prostate Molecular Oncology Group, Academic Unit of Clinical and Molecular Oncology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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