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Hintermann E, Tondello C, Fuchs S, Bayer M, Pfeilschifter JM, Taubert R, Mollenhauer M, Elferink RPJO, Manns MP, Christen U. Blockade of neutrophil extracellular trap components ameliorates cholestatic liver disease in Mdr2 (Abcb4) knockout mice. J Autoimmun 2024; 146:103229. [PMID: 38653165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is an (auto)immune-mediated cholestatic liver disease with a yet unclear etiology. Increasing evidence points to an involvement of neutrophils in chronic liver inflammation and cirrhosis but also liver repair. Here, we investigate the role of the neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) component myeloperoxidase (MPO) and the therapeutic potential of DNase I and of neutrophil elastase (NE) inhibitor GW311616A on disease outcome in the multidrug resistance 2 knockout (Mdr2-/-) mouse, a PSC animal model. Initially, we observed the recruitment of MPO expressing cells and the formation of NETs in liver biopsies of PSC patients and in Mdr2-/- livers. Furthermore, sera of Mdr2-/- mice contained perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (p-ANCA)-like reactivity similar to PSC patient sera. Also, hepatic NE activity was significantly higher in Mdr2-/- mice than in wild type littermates. Flow cytometry analyses revealed that during disease development a highly active neutrophil subpopulation established specifically in the liver of Mdr2-/- mice. However, absence of their MPO activity, as in MPO-deficient Mdr2-/- mice, showed no effect on hepatobiliary disease severity. In contrast, clearance of extracellular DNA by DNase I reduced the frequency of liver-resident neutrophils, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and CD103+ conventional DCs and decreased cholangiocyte injury. Combination of DNase I with a pDC-depleting antibody was additionally hepatocyte-protective. Most importantly, GW311616A, an orally bioavailable inhibitor of human NE, attenuated hepatobiliary injury in a TNFα-dependent manner and damped hyperproliferation of biliary epithelial cells. Further, hepatic immigration and activity of CD11b+ DCs as well as the secretion of IFNγ by hepatic CD4 and CD8 T cells were reduced. Our findings delineate neutrophils as important participants in the immune cell crosstalk that drives cholestatic liver disease and identify NET components as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Hintermann
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt / ZAFES, Goethe University, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Camilla Tondello
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt / ZAFES, Goethe University, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sina Fuchs
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt / ZAFES, Goethe University, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Monika Bayer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt / ZAFES, Goethe University, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Josef M Pfeilschifter
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt / ZAFES, Goethe University, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Richard Taubert
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Germany
| | - Martin Mollenhauer
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Roland P J Oude Elferink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Germany
| | - Michael P Manns
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Germany
| | - Urs Christen
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt / ZAFES, Goethe University, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Markezana A, Paldor M, Liao H, Ahmed M, Zorde-Khvalevsky E, Rozenblum N, Stechele M, Salvermoser L, Laville F, Goldmann S, Rosenberg N, Andrasina T, Ricke J, Galun E, Goldberg SN. Fibroblast growth factors induce hepatic tumorigenesis post radiofrequency ablation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16341. [PMID: 37770545 PMCID: PMC10539492 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42819-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Image-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is used to treat focal tumors in the liver and other organs. Despite potential advantages over surgery, hepatic RFA can promote local and distant tumor growth by activating pro-tumorigenic growth factor and cytokines. Thus, strategies to identify and suppress pro-oncogenic effects of RFA are urgently required to further improve the therapeutic effect. Here, the proliferative effect of plasma of Hepatocellular carcinoma or colorectal carcinoma patients 90 min post-RFA was tested on HCC cell lines, demonstrating significant cellular proliferation compared to baseline plasma. Multiplex ELISA screening demonstrated increased plasma pro-tumorigenic growth factors and cytokines including the FGF protein family which uniquely and selectively activated HepG2. Primary mouse and immortalized human hepatocytes were then subjected to moderate hyperthermia in-vitro, mimicking thermal stress induced during ablation in the peri-ablational normal tissue. Resultant culture medium induced proliferation of multiple cancer cell lines. Subsequent non-biased protein array revealed that these hepatocytes subjected to moderate hyperthermia also excrete a similar wide spectrum of growth factors. Recombinant FGF-2 activated multiple cell lines. FGFR inhibitor significantly reduced liver tumor load post-RFA in MDR2-KO inflammation-induced HCC mouse model. Thus, Liver RFA can induce tumorigenesis via the FGF signaling pathway, and its inhibition suppresses HCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Markezana
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Ein Karem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Mor Paldor
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Ein Karem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Haixing Liao
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Ein Karem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Muneeb Ahmed
- Laboratory for Minimally Invasive Tumor Therapies, Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elina Zorde-Khvalevsky
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Ein Karem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nir Rozenblum
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Ein Karem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Matthias Stechele
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Ein Karem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lukas Salvermoser
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Ein Karem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Flinn Laville
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Ein Karem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Salome Goldmann
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Ein Karem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nofar Rosenberg
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Ein Karem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tomas Andrasina
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Brno and Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jens Ricke
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eithan Galun
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Ein Karem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shraga Nahum Goldberg
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Ein Karem, Jerusalem, Israel.
- Laboratory for Minimally Invasive Tumor Therapies, Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Image-Guided Therapy and Interventional Oncology, Department of Radiology, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Sampson C, Wang Q, Otkur W, Zhao H, Lu Y, Liu X, Piao H. The roles of E3 ubiquitin ligases in cancer progression and targeted therapy. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1204. [PMID: 36881608 PMCID: PMC9991012 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is one of the most important post-translational modifications which plays a significant role in conserving the homeostasis of cellular proteins. In the ubiquitination process, ubiquitin is conjugated to target protein substrates for degradation, translocation or activation, dysregulation of which is linked to several diseases including various types of cancers. E3 ubiquitin ligases are regarded as the most influential ubiquitin enzyme owing to their ability to select, bind and recruit target substrates for ubiquitination. In particular, E3 ligases are pivotal in the cancer hallmarks pathways where they serve as tumour promoters or suppressors. The specificity of E3 ligases coupled with their implication in cancer hallmarks engendered the development of compounds that specifically target E3 ligases for cancer therapy. In this review, we highlight the role of E3 ligases in cancer hallmarks such as sustained proliferation via cell cycle progression, immune evasion and tumour promoting inflammation, and in the evasion of apoptosis. In addition, we summarise the application and the role of small compounds that target E3 ligases for cancer treatment along with the significance of targeting E3 ligases as potential cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibuzo Sampson
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical ChemistryDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalianChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Qiuping Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical ChemistryDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalianChina
| | - Wuxiyar Otkur
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical ChemistryDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalianChina
| | - Haifeng Zhao
- Department of OrthopedicsDalian Second People's HospitalDalianChina
| | - Yun Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical ChemistryDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalianChina
- Department of StomatologyDalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical ChemistryDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalianChina
| | - Hai‐long Piao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical ChemistryDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalianChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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KLAAB ZEINAB, HASSAN AZIZA, ALBAQAMI JAWAHER, A. ALMALKI FAIZAH. The effect of natural products combination on MCF-7 cells exceeds tamoxifen therapeutic dose effects in vitro. BIOCELL 2023. [DOI: 10.32604/biocell.2023.026556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
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Rosenberg N, Van Haele M, Lanton T, Brashi N, Bromberg Z, Adler H, Giladi H, Peled A, Goldenberg DS, Axelrod JH, Simerzin A, Chai C, Paldor M, Markezana A, Yaish D, Shemulian Z, Gross D, Barnoy S, Gefen M, Amran O, Claerhout S, Fernández-Vaquero M, García-Beccaria M, Heide D, Shoshkes-Carmel M, Schmidt Arras D, Elgavish S, Nevo Y, Benyamini H, Tirnitz-Parker JEE, Sanchez A, Herrera B, Safadi R, Kaestner KH, Rose-John S, Roskams T, Heikenwalder M, Galun E. Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma derives from liver progenitor cells and depends on senescence and IL-6 trans-signaling. J Hepatol 2022; 77:1631-1641. [PMID: 35988690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Primary liver cancers include hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and combined HCC-CCA tumors (cHCC-CCA). It has been suggested, but not unequivocally proven, that hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) can contribute to hepatocarcinogenesis. We aimed to determine whether HPCs contribute to HCC, cHCC-CCA or both types of tumors. METHODS To trace progenitor cells during hepatocarcinogenesis, we generated Mdr2-KO mice that harbor a yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) reporter gene driven by the Foxl1 promoter which is expressed specifically in progenitor cells. These mice (Mdr2-KOFoxl1-CRE;RosaYFP) develop chronic inflammation and HCCs by the age of 14-16 months, followed by cHCC-CCA tumors at the age of 18 months. RESULTS In this Mdr2-KOFoxl1-CRE;RosaYFP mouse model, liver progenitor cells are the source of cHCC-CCA tumors, but not the source of HCC. Ablating the progenitors, caused reduction of cHCC-CCA tumors but did not affect HCCs. RNA-sequencing revealed enrichment of the IL-6 signaling pathway in cHCC-CCA tumors compared to HCC tumors. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis revealed that IL-6 is expressed by immune and parenchymal cells during senescence, and that IL-6 is part of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Administration of an anti-IL-6 antibody to Mdr2-KOFoxl1-CRE;RosaYFP mice inhibited the development of cHCC-CCA tumors. Blocking IL-6 trans-signaling led to a decrease in the number and size of cHCC-CCA tumors, indicating their dependence on this pathway. Furthermore, the administration of a senolytic agent inhibited IL-6 and the development of cHCC-CCA tumors. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that cHCC-CCA, but not HCC tumors, originate from HPCs, and that IL-6, which derives in part from cells in senescence, plays an important role in this process via IL-6 trans-signaling. These findings could be applied to develop new therapeutic approaches for cHCC-CCA tumors. LAY SUMMARY Combined hepatocellular carcinoma-cholangiocarcinoma is the third most prevalent type of primary liver cancer (i.e. a cancer that originates in the liver). Herein, we show that this type of cancer originates in stem cells in the liver and that it depends on inflammatory signaling. Specifically, we identify a cytokine called IL-6 that appears to be important in the development of these tumors. Our results could be used for the development of novel treatments for these aggressive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nofar Rosenberg
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Matthias Van Haele
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Translational Cell and Tissue Research, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Pathology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Tali Lanton
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Neta Brashi
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Zohar Bromberg
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hanan Adler
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hilla Giladi
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amnon Peled
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Daniel S Goldenberg
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jonathan H Axelrod
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alina Simerzin
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Chofit Chai
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mor Paldor
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Auerlia Markezana
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dayana Yaish
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Zohar Shemulian
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dvora Gross
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shanny Barnoy
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Maytal Gefen
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Osher Amran
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sofie Claerhout
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Translational Cell and Tissue Research, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mirian Fernández-Vaquero
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - María García-Beccaria
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Danijela Heide
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michal Shoshkes-Carmel
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Center for Translational Research, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Dirk Schmidt Arras
- Institut für Biochemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sharona Elgavish
- Bioinformatics Unit, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yuval Nevo
- Bioinformatics Unit, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hadar Benyamini
- Bioinformatics Unit, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Janina E E Tirnitz-Parker
- Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia & Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Crawley, Australia
| | - Aranzazu Sanchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Herrera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | - Rifaat Safadi
- The Liver Institute, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Center for Translational Research, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Institut für Biochemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tania Roskams
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Translational Cell and Tissue Research, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; The M3 Research Institute, Rosenauer Weg 30, Medical Faculty Tuebingen (MFT), 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Eithan Galun
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.
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The altered lipidome of hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:445-456. [PMID: 35131480 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in metabolic pathways are a hallmark of cancer. A deeper understanding of the contribution of different metabolites to carcinogenesis is thus vitally important to elucidate mechanisms of tumor initiation and progression to inform therapeutic strategies. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide and its altered metabolic landscape is beginning to unfold with the advancement of technologies. In particular, characterization of the lipidome of human HCCs has accelerated, and together with biochemical analyses, are revealing recurrent patterns of alterations in glycerophospholipid, sphingolipid, cholesterol and bile acid metabolism. These widespread alterations encompass a myriad of lipid species with numerous roles affecting multiple hallmarks of cancer, including aberrant growth signaling, metastasis, evasion of cell death and immunosuppression. In this review, we summarize the current trends and findings of the altered lipidomic landscape of HCC and discuss their potential biological significance for hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Habenicht LKL, Wang Z, Zhang X, Li Y, Mogler C, Huspenina JS, Schmid RM, Weber C, Mohanta SK, Ma Z, Yin C. The C1q-ApoE complex: A new hallmark pathology of viral hepatitis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:970938. [PMID: 36304458 PMCID: PMC9592549 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.970938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently identified a high-affinity C1q-ApoE complex in human artery atherosclerotic intima lesions and in human amyloid plaques of Alzheimer's Disease brains defining a common pathogenetic pathway of two diverse diseases, i.e. atherosclerosis and dementia. C1q is the initiating and controlling protein of the classical complement cascade (CCC), which occupies a key role in multiple acute and chronic inflammatory tissue responses. C1q is largely produced by myeloid cells including Kupffer cells (KCs) and subsequently secreted into the circulation as an inactive preprotein. Its binding partner, Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), is produced by KCs and hepatocytes and it is also secreted into the circulation, where it regulates essential steps of lipid transport. In addition to its major source, ApoE can be produced by non-liver cells including immune cells and multiple other cells depending on local tissue contexts. To initiate the CCC cascade, C1q must be activated by molecules as varied as oxidized lipids, amyloid fibrils, and immune complexes. However, ApoE is mute towards inactive C1q but binds at high-affinity to its activated form. Specifically, our studies revealed that ApoE is a CCC-specific checkpoint inhibitor via the formation of the C1q-ApoE complex. We proposed that it may arise in multiple if not all CCC-associated diseases and that its presence indicates ongoing CCC activity. Here, we turned to the liver to examine C1q-ApoE complexes in human B- and C-viral hepatitis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In addition, we used multidrug-resistance-2 gene-knockout (Mdr2-KO) mice as a model for inflammatory liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) pathogenesis. In normal murine and human livers, KCs were the major C1q-producing cell type while hepatocytes were the primary ApoE-forming cell type though the C1q-ApoE complex was rare or nonexistent. However, significant numbers of C1q-ApoE complexes formed in both Mdr2-KO, human viral hepatitis, and NAFLD around portal triads where immune cells had infiltrated the liver. Additionally, high numbers of C1q-ApoE complexes emerged in human livers in areas of extracellular lipid droplets across the entire liver parenchyma in NAFLD-affected patients. Thus, the C1q-ApoE complex is a new pathological hallmark of viral hepatitis B and C and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia K. L. Habenicht
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Zhihua Wang
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Xi Zhang
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Yuanfang Li
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Carolin Mogler
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Slotta Huspenina
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Tissue biobank of the Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland M. Schmid
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Sarajo K. Mohanta
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Zhe Ma
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Changjun Yin
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Vascular Remodeling Is a Crucial Event in the Early Phase of Hepatocarcinogenesis in Rodent Models for Liver Tumorigenesis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142129. [PMID: 35883572 PMCID: PMC9320355 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly vascularized tumor and remodeling of the tumor vasculature is one of the hallmarks of tumor progression. Mouse models are elegant tools to study the onset and progression of liver tumors. However, only few data exist on the vasculature and vascular remodeling processes especially in the early phase of hepatocarcinogenesis. The aim of this study was therefore to perform a comprehensive characterization and comparison of the vasculature in mouse models used for hepatocarcinogenesis studies. For this purpose, we characterized the preneoplastic foci of cellular alteration (FCA) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by using tissue-based techniques and computer-assisted analysis to better understand if and how vascular remodeling appears in rodent models for liver tumorigenesis. Our findings demonstrated crucial differences in the number and size of the vessels, degree of maturation and intratumoral localization of the vasculature in FCA and HCC, clearly indicating that vascular remodeling is an important step in the early phase of liver tumorigenesis of rodent models. Abstract The investigation of hepatocarcinogenesis is a major field of interest in oncology research and rodent models are commonly used to unravel the pathophysiology of onset and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. HCC is a highly vascularized tumor and vascular remodeling is one of the hallmarks of tumor progression. To date, only a few detailed data exist about the vasculature and vascular remodeling in rodent models used for hepatocarcinogenesis. In this study, the vasculature of HCC and the preneoplastic foci of alteration (FCA) of different mouse models with varying genetic backgrounds were comprehensively characterized by using immunohistochemistry (CD31, Collagen IV, αSMA, Desmin and LYVE1) and RNA in situ hybridization (VEGF-A). Computational image analysis was performed to evaluate selected parameters including microvessel density, pericyte coverage, vessel size, intratumoral vessel distribution and architecture using the Aperio ImageScope and Definiens software programs. HCC presented with a significantly lower number of vessels, but larger vessel size and increased coverage, leading to a higher degree of maturation, whereas FCA lesions presented with a higher microvessel density and a higher amount of smaller but more immature vessels. Our results clearly demonstrate that vascular remodeling is present and crucial in early stages of experimental hepatocarcinogenesis. In addition, our detailed characterization provides a strong basis for further angiogenesis studies in these experimental models.
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Abstract
Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) is a transcriptional coactivator that activates transcriptional enhanced associate domain transcription factors upon inactivation of the Hippo signaling pathway, to regulate biological processes like proliferation, survival, and differentiation. YAP1 is most prominently expressed in biliary epithelial cells (BECs) in normal adult livers and during development. In the current review, we will discuss the multiple roles of YAP1 in the development and morphogenesis of bile ducts inside and outside the liver, as well as in orchestrating the cholangiocyte repair response to biliary injury. We will review how biliary repair can occur through the process of hepatocyte-to-BEC transdifferentiation and how YAP1 is pertinent to this process. We will also discuss the liver's capacity for metabolic reprogramming as an adaptive mechanism in extreme cholestasis, such as when intrahepatic bile ducts are absent due to YAP1 loss from hepatic progenitors. Finally, we will discuss the roles of YAP1 in the context of pediatric pathologies afflicting bile ducts, such as Alagille syndrome and biliary atresia. In conclusion, we will comprehensively discuss the spatiotemporal roles of YAP1 in biliary development and repair after biliary injury while describing key interactions with other well-known developmental pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Molina
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Kari Nejak-Bowen
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Satdarshan P. Monga
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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10
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Molina LM, Zhu J, Li Q, Pradhan-Sundd T, Krutsenko Y, Sayed K, Jenkins N, Vats R, Bhushan B, Ko S, Hu S, Poddar M, Singh S, Tao J, Sundd P, Singhi A, Watkins S, Ma X, Benos PV, Feranchak A, Michalopoulos G, Nejak-Bowen K, Watson A, Bell A, Monga SP. Compensatory hepatic adaptation accompanies permanent absence of intrahepatic biliary network due to YAP1 loss in liver progenitors. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109310. [PMID: 34233187 PMCID: PMC8280534 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) regulates cell plasticity during liver injury, regeneration, and cancer, but its role in liver development is unknown. We detect YAP1 activity in biliary cells and in cells at the hepatobiliary bifurcation in single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of developing livers. Deletion of Yap1 in hepatoblasts does not impair Notch-driven SOX9+ ductal plate formation but does prevent the formation of the abutting second layer of SOX9+ ductal cells, blocking the formation of a patent intrahepatic biliary tree. Intriguingly, these mice survive for 8 months with severe cholestatic injury and without hepatocyte-to-biliary transdifferentiation. Ductular reaction in the perihilar region suggests extrahepatic biliary proliferation, likely seeking the missing intrahepatic biliary network. Long-term survival of these mice occurs through hepatocyte adaptation via reduced metabolic and synthetic function, including altered bile acid metabolism and transport. Overall, we show YAP1 as a key regulator of bile duct development while highlighting a profound adaptive capability of hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Molina
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Junjie Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Pharmacogenetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Qin Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tirthadipa Pradhan-Sundd
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yekaterina Krutsenko
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Khaled Sayed
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 3420 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Biomedical Engineering and Systems, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nathaniel Jenkins
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ravi Vats
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bharat Bhushan
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sungjin Ko
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shikai Hu
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Minakshi Poddar
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sucha Singh
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Junyan Tao
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Prithu Sundd
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aatur Singhi
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Simon Watkins
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiaochao Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Pharmacogenetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Panayiotis V Benos
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 3420 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Andrew Feranchak
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - George Michalopoulos
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kari Nejak-Bowen
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alan Watson
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aaron Bell
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Satdarshan P Monga
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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11
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The two facets of gp130 signalling in liver tumorigenesis. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:609-624. [PMID: 34047814 PMCID: PMC8443519 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00861-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The liver is a vital organ with multiple functions and a large regenerative capacity. Tumours of the liver are the second most frequently cause of cancer-related death and develop in chronically inflamed livers. IL-6-type cytokines are mediators of inflammation and almost all members signal via the receptor subunit gp130 and the downstream signalling molecule STAT3. We here summarize current knowledge on how gp130 signalling and STAT3 in tumour cells and cells of the tumour micro-environment drives hepatic tumorigenesis. We furthermore discuss very recent findings describing also anti-tumorigenic roles of gp130/STAT3 and important considerations for therapeutic interventions.
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12
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Rapid brain structure and tumour margin detection on whole frozen tissue sections by fast multiphotometric mid-infrared scanning. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11307. [PMID: 34050224 PMCID: PMC8163866 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90777-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Frozen section analysis is a frequently used method for examination of tissue samples, especially for tumour detection. In the majority of cases, the aim is to identify characteristic tissue morphologies or tumour margins. Depending on the type of tissue, a high number of misdiagnoses are associated with this process. In this work, a fast spectroscopic measurement device and workflow was developed that significantly improves the speed of whole frozen tissue section analyses and provides sufficient information to visualize tissue structures and tumour margins, dependent on their lipid and protein molecular vibrations. That optical and non-destructive method is based on selected wavenumbers in the mid-infrared (MIR) range. We present a measuring system that substantially outperforms a commercially available Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Imaging system, since it enables acquisition of reduced spectral information at a scan field of 1 cm2 in 3 s, with a spatial resolution of 20 µm. This allows fast visualization of segmented structure areas with little computational effort. For the first time, this multiphotometric MIR system is applied to biomedical tissue sections. We are referencing our novel MIR scanner on cryopreserved murine sagittal and coronal brain sections, especially focusing on the hippocampus, and show its usability for rapid identification of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in mouse liver.
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13
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Behary J, Raposo AE, Amorim NML, Zheng H, Gong L, McGovern E, Chen J, Liu K, Beretov J, Theocharous C, Jackson MT, Seet-Lee J, McCaughan GW, El-Omar EM, Zekry A. Defining the temporal evolution of gut dysbiosis and inflammatory responses leading to hepatocellular carcinoma in Mdr2 -/- mouse model. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:113. [PMID: 33858327 PMCID: PMC8048083 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02171-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence implicates the gut microbiome in liver inflammation and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. We aimed to characterize the temporal evolution of gut dysbiosis, in relation to the phenotype of systemic and hepatic inflammatory responses leading to HCC development. In the present study, Mdr2 -/- mice were used as a model of inflammation-based HCC. Gut microbiome composition and function, in addition to serum LPS, serum cytokines/chemokines and intrahepatic inflammatory genes were measured throughout the course of liver injury until HCC development. RESULTS Early stages of liver injury, inflammation and cirrhosis, were characterized by dysbiosis. Microbiome functional pathways pertaining to gut barrier dysfunction were enriched during the initial phase of liver inflammation and cirrhosis, whilst those supporting lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis increased as cirrhosis and HCC ensued. In parallel, serum LPS progressively increased during the course of liver injury, corresponding to a shift towards a systemic Th1/Th17 proinflammatory phenotype. Alongside, the intrahepatic inflammatory gene profile transitioned from a proinflammatory phenotype in the initial phases of liver injury to an immunosuppressed one in HCC. In established HCC, a switch in microbiome function from carbohydrate to amino acid metabolism occurred. CONCLUSION In Mdr2 -/- mice, dysbiosis precedes HCC development, with temporal evolution of microbiome function to support gut barrier dysfunction, LPS biosynthesis, and redirection of energy source utilization. A corresponding shift in systemic and intrahepatic inflammatory responses occurred supporting HCC development. These findings support the notion that gut based therapeutic interventions could be beneficial early in the course of liver disease to halt HCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Behary
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
- Microbiome Research Centre, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - A E Raposo
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
- Microbiome Research Centre, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - N M L Amorim
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
- Microbiome Research Centre, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - H Zheng
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
- Microbiome Research Centre, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - L Gong
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
- Microbiome Research Centre, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - E McGovern
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
- Microbiome Research Centre, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - J Chen
- Liver Injury and Cancer, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - K Liu
- Liver Injury and Cancer, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - J Beretov
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - C Theocharous
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - M T Jackson
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
- Microbiome Research Centre, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - J Seet-Lee
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
- Microbiome Research Centre, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - G W McCaughan
- Liver Injury and Cancer, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - E M El-Omar
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
- Microbiome Research Centre, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - A Zekry
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, Australia.
- Microbiome Research Centre, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, Australia.
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
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14
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Petty AJ, Dai R, Lapalombella R, Baiocchi RA, Benson DM, Li Z, Huang X, Yang Y. Hedgehog-induced PD-L1 on tumor-associated macrophages is critical for suppression of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cell function. JCI Insight 2021; 6:146707. [PMID: 33749663 PMCID: PMC8026184 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.146707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The programmed death-1 (PD-1) and the PD ligand 1 (PD-L1) interaction represents a key immune checkpoint within the tumor microenvironment (TME), and PD-1 blockade has led to exciting therapeutic advances in clinical oncology. Although IFN-γ–dependent PD-L1 induction on tumor cells was initially thought to mediate the suppression on effector cells, recent studies have shown that PD-L1 is also expressed at high level on tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in certain types of tumors. However, the precise role of PD-L1 expression on TAMs in suppressing antitumor immunity within the TME remains to be defined. Using a myeloid-specific Pdl1-knockout mouse model, here we showed definitive evidence that PD-L1 expression on TAMs is critical for suppression of intratumor CD8+ T cell function. We further demonstrated that tumor-derived Sonic hedgehog (Shh) drives PD-L1 expression in TAMs to suppress tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cell function, leading to tumor progression. Mechanistically, Shh-dependent upregulation of PD-L1 in TAMs is mediated by signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, a cascade that has not been previously reported to our knowledge. Last, single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of human hepatocellular carcinoma revealed that PD-L1 is mainly expressed on M2 TAMs, supporting the clinical relevance of our findings. Collectively, our data revealed an essential role for Shh-dependent PD-L1 upregulation in TAMs in suppressing antitumor immunity within the TME, which could lead to the development of new immunotherapeutic strategies for treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Petty
- Department of Medicine and.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Division of Hematology
| | - Rui Dai
- Department of Medicine and.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Division of Hematology
| | | | | | | | - Zihai Li
- Division of Medical Oncology, and.,Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Yiping Yang
- Department of Medicine and.,Division of Hematology.,Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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15
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Sticova E, Jirsa M. ABCB4 disease: Many faces of one gene deficiency. Ann Hepatol 2021; 19:126-133. [PMID: 31759867 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) subfamily B member 4 (ABCB4), also known as multidrug resistance protein 3 (MDR3), encoded by ABCB4, is involved in biliary phospholipid secretion, protecting hepatobiliary system from deleterious detergent and lithogenic properties of the bile. ABCB4 mutations altering canalicular ABCB4 protein function and expression may have variable clinical presentation and predispose to several human liver diseases. Well-established phenotypes of ABCB4 deficit are: progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3, gallbladder disease 1 (syn. low phospholipid associated cholelithiasis syndrome), high ɣ-glutamyl transferase intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, chronic cholangiopathy, and adult biliary fibrosis/cirrhosis. Moreover, ABCB4 aberrations may be involved in some cases of drug induced cholestasis, transient neonatal cholestasis, and parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease. Recently, genome-wide association studies have documented occurrence of malignant tumours, predominantly hepatobiliary malignancies, in patients with ABCB4/MDR3 deficit. The patient's age at the time of the first presentation of cholestatic disease, as well as the severity of liver disorder and response to treatment are related to the ABCB4 allelic status. Mutational analysis of ABCB4 in patients and their families should be considered in all individuals with cholestasis of unknown aetiology, regardless of age and/or time of onset of the first symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Sticova
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Videnska, Prague, Czech Republic; Pathology Department, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Srobarova, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Milan Jirsa
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Videnska, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Faculty General Hospital, U Nemocnice, Prague, Czech Republic
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16
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Gamaev L, Mizrahi L, Friehmann T, Rosenberg N, Pappo O, Olam D, Zeira E, Bahar Halpern K, Caruso S, Zucman-Rossi J, Axelrod JH, Galun E, Goldenberg DS. The pro-oncogenic effect of the lncRNA H19 in the development of chronic inflammation-mediated hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogene 2021; 40:127-139. [PMID: 33093654 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01513-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The oncofetal long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) H19 is postnatally repressed in most tissues, and re-expressed in many cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The role of H19 in carcinogenesis is a subject of controversy. We aimed to examine the role of H19 in chronic inflammation-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis using the Mdr2/Abcb4 knockout (Mdr2-KO) mouse, a well-established HCC model. For this goal, we have generated Mdr2-KO/H19-KO double knockout (dKO) mice and followed spontaneous tumor development in the dKO and control Mdr2-KO mice. Cellular localization of H19 and effects of H19 loss in the liver were determined in young and old Mdr2-KO mice. Tumor incidence and tumor load were both significantly decreased in the liver of dKO versus Mdr2-KO females. The expression levels of H19 and Igf2 were variable in nontumor liver tissues of Mdr2-KO females and were significantly downregulated in most matched tumors. In nontumor liver tissue of aged Mdr2-KO females, H19 was expressed mainly in hepatocytes, and hepatocyte proliferation was increased compared to dKO females. At an early age, dKO females displayed lower levels of liver injury and B-cell infiltration, with higher percentage of binuclear hepatocytes. In human samples, H19 expression was higher in females, positively correlated with cirrhosis (in nontumor liver samples) and negatively correlated with CTNNB1 (beta-catenin) mutations and patients' survival (in tumors). Our data demonstrate that the lncRNA H19 is pro-oncogenic during the development of chronic inflammation-mediated HCC in the Mdr2-KO mouse model, mainly by increasing liver injury and decreasing hepatocyte polyploidy in young mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lika Gamaev
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lina Mizrahi
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tomer Friehmann
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nofar Rosenberg
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Orit Pappo
- Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Devorah Olam
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Evelyne Zeira
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Keren Bahar Halpern
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Stefano Caruso
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors Laboratory, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Jessica Zucman-Rossi
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors Laboratory, F-75006, Paris, France
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Jonathan H Axelrod
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eithan Galun
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Daniel S Goldenberg
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
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17
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Grand M, Waqasi M, Demarta-Gatsi C, Wei Y, Peronet R, Commere PH, Puig A, Axelrod J, Caldelari R, Heussler V, Amino R, Mecheri S. Hepatic Inflammation Confers Protective Immunity Against Liver Stages of Malaria Parasite. Front Immunol 2020; 11:585502. [PMID: 33329563 PMCID: PMC7710885 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.585502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the mechanisms by which Plasmodium parasites develop inside hepatocytes is an important step toward the understanding of malaria pathogenesis. We propose that the nature and the magnitude of the inflammatory response in the liver are key for the establishment of the infection. Here, we used mice deficient in the multidrug resistance-2 gene (Mdr2-/-)-encoded phospholipid flippase leading to the development of liver inflammation. Infection of Mdr2-/- mice with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbANKA) sporozoites (SPZ) resulted in the blockade of hepatic exo-erythrocytic forms (EEFs) with no further development into blood stage parasites. Interestingly, cultured primary hepatocytes from mutant and wild-type mice are equally effective in supporting EEF development. The abortive infection resulted in a long-lasting immunity in Mdr2-/- mice against infectious SPZ where neutrophils and IL-6 appear as key effector components along with CD8+ and CD4+ effector and central memory T cells. Inflammation-induced breakdown of liver tolerance promotes anti-parasite immunity and provides new approaches for the design of effective vaccines against malaria disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Grand
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL9195, Paris, France
- INSERM U1201, Paris, France
- Collège Doctoral, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Mishelle Waqasi
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL9195, Paris, France
- INSERM U1201, Paris, France
| | - Claudia Demarta-Gatsi
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL9195, Paris, France
- INSERM U1201, Paris, France
| | - Yu Wei
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Shanghai, China
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Virologie Moléculaire et Vaccinologie, Paris, France
| | - Roger Peronet
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL9195, Paris, France
- INSERM U1201, Paris, France
| | | | - Amandine Puig
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL9195, Paris, France
- INSERM U1201, Paris, France
| | - Jonathan Axelrod
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Reto Caldelari
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Volker Heussler
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rogerio Amino
- Institut Pasteur, Malaria Infection and Immunity Unit, Paris, France
| | - Salaheddine Mecheri
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL9195, Paris, France
- INSERM U1201, Paris, France
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18
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Seelig A. P-Glycoprotein: One Mechanism, Many Tasks and the Consequences for Pharmacotherapy of Cancers. Front Oncol 2020; 10:576559. [PMID: 33194688 PMCID: PMC7649427 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.576559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
P-glycoprotein or multidrug resistance protein (MDR1) is an adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding cassette transporter (ABCB1) intensely investigated because it is an obstacle to successful pharmacotherapy of cancers. P-glycoprotein prevents cellular uptake of a large number of structurally and functionally diverse compounds, including most cancer therapeutics and in this way causes multidrug resistance (MDR). To overcome MDR, and thus improve cancer treatment, an understanding of P-glycoprotein inhibition at the molecular level is required. With this goal in mind, we propose rules that predict whether a compound is a modulator, substrate, inhibitor, or inducer of P-glycoprotein. This new set of rules is derived from a quantitative analysis of the drug binding and transport properties of P-glycoprotein. We further discuss the role of P-glycoprotein in immune surveillance and cell metabolism. Finally, the predictive power of the proposed rules is demonstrated with a set of FDA approved drugs which have been repurposed for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Seelig
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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19
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Petrescu AD, Grant S, Williams E, Frampton G, Reinhart EH, Nguyen A, An S, McMillin M, DeMorrow S. Ghrelin reverses ductular reaction and hepatic fibrosis in a rodent model of cholestasis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16024. [PMID: 32994489 PMCID: PMC7525536 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72681-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The orexigenic peptide ghrelin (Ghr) stimulates hunger signals in the hypothalamus via growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a). Gastric Ghr is synthetized as a preprohormone which is proteolytically cleaved, and acylated by a membrane-bound acyl transferase (MBOAT). Circulating Ghr is reduced in cholestatic injuries, however Ghr's role in cholestasis is poorly understood. We investigated Ghr's effects on biliary hyperplasia and hepatic fibrosis in Mdr2-knockout (Mdr2KO) mice, a recognized model of cholestasis. Serum, stomach and liver were collected from Mdr2KO and FVBN control mice treated with Ghr, des-octanoyl-ghrelin (DG) or vehicle. Mdr2KO mice had lower expression of Ghr and MBOAT in the stomach, and lower levels of circulating Ghr compared to WT-controls. Treatment of Mdr2KO mice with Ghr improved plasma transaminases, reduced biliary and fibrosis markers. In the liver, GHS-R1a mRNA was expressed predominantly in cholangiocytes. Ghr but not DG, decreased cell proliferation via AMPK activation in cholangiocytes in vitro. AMPK inhibitors prevented Ghr-induced FOXO1 nuclear translocation and negative regulation of cell proliferation. Ghr treatment reduced ductular reaction and hepatic fibrosis in Mdr2KO mice, regulating cholangiocyte proliferation via GHS-R1a, a G-protein coupled receptor which causes increased intracellular Ca2+ and activation of AMPK and FOXO1, maintaining a low rate of cholangiocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca D Petrescu
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Stephanie Grant
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Elaina Williams
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Gabriel Frampton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78701, USA
| | - Evan H Reinhart
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, 76502, USA
| | - Amy Nguyen
- University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX, 76513, USA
| | - Suyeon An
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Matthew McMillin
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78701, USA
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78701, USA.
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20
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Petty AJ, Li A, Wang X, Dai R, Heyman B, Hsu D, Huang X, Yang Y. Hedgehog signaling promotes tumor-associated macrophage polarization to suppress intratumoral CD8+ T cell recruitment. J Clin Invest 2020; 129:5151-5162. [PMID: 31638600 DOI: 10.1172/jci128644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) usually display an antiinflammatory M2-like phenotype to facilitate tumor growth. However, what drives M2 polarization of TAMs and how TAMs suppress antitumor immunity within the tumor microenvironment (TME) remain largely undefined. Using several murine tumor models, we showed that hedgehog (Hh) signaling in myeloid cells is critical for TAM M2 polarization and tumor growth. We also found that tumor cells secrete sonic hedgehog (SHH), an Hh ligand, and that tumor-derived SHH drives TAM M2 polarization. Furthermore, Hh-induced functional polarization in TAMs suppresses CD8+ T cell recruitment to the TME through the inhibition of CXCL9 and CXCL10 production by TAMs. Last, we demonstrated that Krüppel-like factor 4 (Klf4) mediates Hh-dependent TAM M2 polarization and the immunosuppressive function. Collectively, these findings highlight a critical role for tumor-derived SHH in promoting TAM M2 polarization, a mechanism for TAM-mediated immunosuppression, and may provide insights into the design of new cancer immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Petty
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology.,Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Ang Li
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology.,Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Rui Dai
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology.,Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Benjamin Heyman
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, and
| | - David Hsu
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Xiaopei Huang
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Yiping Yang
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, and.,Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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21
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Pradhan-Sundd T, Kosar K, Saggi H, Zhang R, Vats R, Cornuet P, Green S, Singh S, Zeng G, Sundd P, Nejak-Bowen K. Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Plays a Protective Role in the Mdr2 Knockout Murine Model of Cholestatic Liver Disease. Hepatology 2020; 71:1732-1749. [PMID: 31489648 PMCID: PMC7058521 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway has a well-described role in liver pathobiology. Its suppression was recently shown to decrease bile acid (BA) synthesis, thus preventing the development of cholestatic liver injury and fibrosis after bile duct ligation (BDL). APPROACH AND RESULTS To generalize these observations, we suppressed β-catenin in Mdr2 knockout (KO) mice, which develop sclerosing cholangitis due to regurgitation of BA from leaky ducts. When β-catenin was knocked down (KD) in KO for 2 weeks, hepatic and biliary injury were exacerbated in comparison to KO given placebo, as shown by serum biochemistry, ductular reaction, inflammation, and fibrosis. Simultaneously, KO/KD livers displayed increased oxidative stress and senescence and an impaired regenerative response. Although the total liver BA levels were similar between KO/KD and KO, there was significant dysregulation of BA transporters and BA detoxification/synthesis enzymes in KO/KD compared with KO alone. Multiphoton intravital microscopy revealed a mixing of blood and bile in the sinusoids, and validated the presence of increased serum BA in KO/KD mice. Although hepatocyte junctions were intact, KO/KD livers had significant canalicular defects, which resulted from loss of hepatocyte polarity. Thus, in contrast to the protective effect of β-catenin KD in BDL model, β-catenin KD in Mdr2 KO aggravated rather than alleviated injury by interfering with expression of BA transporters, hepatocyte polarity, canalicular structure, and the regenerative response. CONCLUSIONS The resulting imbalance between ongoing injury and restitution led to worsening of the Mdr2 KO phenotype, suggesting caution in targeting β-catenin globally for all cholestatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karis Kosar
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Harvinder Saggi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Ravi Vats
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Pamela Cornuet
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Sucha Singh
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Gang Zeng
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Prithu Sundd
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Kari Nejak-Bowen
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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22
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Cadamuro M, Girardi N, Gores GJ, Strazzabosco M, Fabris L. The Emerging Role of Macrophages in Chronic Cholangiopathies Featuring Biliary Fibrosis: An Attractive Therapeutic Target for Orphan Diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:115. [PMID: 32373615 PMCID: PMC7186419 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiopathies are a heterogeneous group of chronic liver diseases caused by different types of injury targeting the biliary epithelium, such as genetic defects and immune-mediated attacks. Notably, most cholangiopathies are orphan, thereby representing one of the major gaps in knowledge of the modern hepatology. A typical hallmark of disease progression in cholangiopathies is portal scarring, and thus development of effective therapeutic approaches would aim to hinder cellular and molecular mechanisms underpinning biliary fibrogenesis. Recent lines of evidence indicate that macrophages, rather than more conventional cell effectors of liver fibrosis such as hepatic stellate cells and portal fibroblasts, are actively involved in the earliest stages of biliary fibrogenesis by exchanging a multitude of cues with cholangiocytes, which promote their recruitment from the circulating compartment owing to a senescent or an immature epithelial phenotype. Two cholangiopathies, namely primary sclerosing cholangitis and congenital hepatic fibrosis, are paradigmatic of this mechanism. This review summarizes current understandings of the cytokine and extracellular vesicles-mediated communications between cholangiocytes and macrophages typically occurring in the two cholangiopathies to unveil potential novel targets for the treatment of biliary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noemi Girardi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Gregory J Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and the Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Liver Center, Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Luca Fabris
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Liver Center, Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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23
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Brown AL, Conrad K, Allende DS, Gromovsky AD, Zhang R, Neumann CK, Owens AP, Tranter M, Helsley RN. Dietary Choline Supplementation Attenuates High-Fat-Diet-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Mice. J Nutr 2020; 150:775-783. [PMID: 31851339 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related death in the world. Choline deficiency has been well studied in the context of liver disease; however, less is known about the effects of choline supplementation in HCC. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to test whether choline supplementation could influence the progression of HCC in a high-fat-diet (HFD)-driven mouse model. METHODS Four-day-old male C57BL/6J mice were treated with the chemical carcinogen, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, and were randomly assigned at weaning to a cohort fed an HFD (60% kcal fat) or an HFD with supplemental choline (60% kcal fat, 1.2% choline; HFD+C) for 30 wk. Blood was isolated at 15 and 30 wk to measure immune cells by flow cytometry, and glucose-tolerance tests were performed 2 wk prior to killing. Overall tumor burden was quantified, hepatic lipids were measured enzymatically, and phosphatidylcholine species were measured by targeted MS methods. Gene expression and mitochondrial DNA were quantified by quantitative PCR. RESULTS HFD+C mice exhibited a 50-90% increase in both circulating choline and betaine concentrations in the fed state (P ≤ 0.05). Choline supplementation resulted in a 55% decrease in total tumor numbers, a 67% decrease in tumor surface area, and a 50% decrease in hepatic steatosis after 30 wk of diet (P ≤ 0.05). Choline supplementation increased the abundance of mitochondria and the relative expression of β-oxidation genes by 21% and ∼75-100%, respectively, in the liver. HFD+C attenuated circulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells at 15 wk of feeding (P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Choline supplementation attenuated HFD-induced HCC and hepatic steatosis in male C57BL/6J mice. These results suggest a therapeutic benefit of choline supplementation in blunting HCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Brown
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kelsey Conrad
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Daniela S Allende
- Department of Pathology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Anthony D Gromovsky
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Renliang Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Chase K Neumann
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - A Phillip Owens
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michael Tranter
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Robert N Helsley
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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24
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Weber ND, Odriozola L, Martínez-García J, Ferrer V, Douar A, Bénichou B, González-Aseguinolaza G, Smerdou C. Gene therapy for progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3 in a clinically relevant mouse model. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5694. [PMID: 31836711 PMCID: PMC6910969 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3 (PFIC3) is a rare monogenic disease caused by mutations in the ABCB4 gene, resulting in a reduction in biliary phosphatidylcholine. Reduced biliary phosphatidylcholine cannot counteract the detergent effects of bile salts, leading to cholestasis, cholangitis, cirrhosis and ultimately liver failure. Here, we report results from treating two- or five-week-old Abcb4-/- mice with an AAV vector expressing human ABCB4, resulting in significant decreases of PFIC3 disease biomarkers. All male mice achieved a sustained therapeutic effect up through 12 weeks, but the effect was achieved in only 50% of females. However, two-week-old females receiving a second inoculation three weeks later maintained the therapeutic effect. Upon sacrifice, markers of PFIC3 disease such as, hepatosplenomegaly, biliary phosphatidylcholine and liver histology were significantly improved. Thus, AAV-mediated gene therapy successfully prevented PFIC3 symptoms in a clinically relevant mouse model, representing a step forward in improving potential therapy options for PFIC3 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leticia Odriozola
- Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Martínez-García
- Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Anne Douar
- Vivet Therapeutics S.A.S., Paris, France
| | | | - Gloria González-Aseguinolaza
- Vivet Therapeutics S.L., Pamplona, Spain.
- Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Cristian Smerdou
- Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain.
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25
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Siew SM, Cunningham SC, Zhu E, Tay SS, Venuti E, Bolitho C, Alexander IE. Prevention of Cholestatic Liver Disease and Reduced Tumorigenicity in a Murine Model of PFIC Type 3 Using Hybrid AAV-piggyBac Gene Therapy. Hepatology 2019; 70:2047-2061. [PMID: 31099022 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors are highly promising vehicles for liver-targeted gene transfer, with therapeutic efficacy demonstrated in preclinical models and clinical trials. Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3 (PFIC3), an inherited juvenile-onset, cholestatic liver disease caused by homozygous mutation of the ABCB4 gene, may be a promising candidate for rAAV-mediated liver-targeted gene therapy. The Abcb4-/- mice model of PFIC3, with juvenile mice developing progressive cholestatic liver injury due to impaired biliary phosphatidylcholine excretion, resulted in cirrhosis and liver malignancy. Using a conventional rAAV strategy, we observed markedly blunted rAAV transduction in adult Abcb4-/- mice with established liver disease, but not in disease-free, wild-type adults or in homozygous juveniles prior to liver disease onset. However, delivery of predominantly nonintegrating rAAV vectors to juvenile mice results in loss of persistent transgene expression due to hepatocyte proliferation in the growing liver. Conclusion: A hybrid vector system, combining the high transduction efficiency of rAAV with piggyBac transposase-mediated somatic integration, was developed to facilitate stable human ABCB4 expression in vivo and to correct juvenile-onset chronic liver disease in a murine model of PFIC3. A single dose of hybrid vector at birth led to life-long restoration of bile composition, prevention of biliary cirrhosis, and a substantial reduction in tumorigenesis. This powerful hybrid rAAV-piggyBac transposon vector strategy has the capacity to mediate lifelong phenotype correction and reduce the tumorigenicity of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3 and, with further refinement, the potential for human clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Siew
- Department of Gastroenterology and James Fairfax Institute of Pediatric Nutrition, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Sharon C Cunningham
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Erhua Zhu
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Szun S Tay
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Elena Venuti
- Department of Gastroenterology and James Fairfax Institute of Pediatric Nutrition, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Christine Bolitho
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Ian E Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
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26
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Role of Non-Coding RNAs in the Progression of Liver Cancer: Evidence from Experimental Models. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111652. [PMID: 31731549 PMCID: PMC6896146 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is a devastating cancer that ranges from relatively rare (around 2% of all cancers in the United States) to commonplace (up to 50% of cancers in underdeveloped countries). Depending upon the stage of pathogenesis, prognosis, or functional liver tissue present, transplantation or partial hepatectomy may be the only available treatment option. However, due to the rise in metabolic syndrome and the increasing demand for livers, patients often wait months or years for available organs. Due to this shortage, doctors must have other treatment options available. One promising area of cancer research lies in understanding the role of regulatory non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) as oncogenic drivers and potential targets for prospective therapies. While the role of these ncRNAs was not initially clear, many of them have since been recognized to function as important players in the regulation of gene expression, epigenetic modification, and signal transduction in both normal and cancer cell cycles. Dysregulation of these different ncRNA subtypes has been implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of many major cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma. This review summarizes current findings on the roles noncoding RNAs play in the progression of liver cancer and the various animal models used in current research to elucidate those data.
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27
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Histone Deacetylase Expressions in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Functional Effects of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors on Liver Cancer Cells In Vitro. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101587. [PMID: 31635225 PMCID: PMC6826839 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause for deaths worldwide. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition (HDACi) is emerging as a promising therapeutic strategy. However, most pharmacological HDACi unselectively block different HDAC classes and their molecular mechanisms of action are only incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to systematically analyze expressions of different HDAC classes in HCC cells and tissues and to functionally analyze the effect of the HDACi suberanilohydroxamic acid (SAHA) and trichostatin A (TSA) on the tumorigenicity of HCC cells. The gene expression of all HDAC classes was significantly increased in human HCC cell lines (Hep3B, HepG2, PLC, HuH7) compared to primary human hepatocytes (PHH). The analysis of HCC patient data showed the increased expression of several HDACs in HCC tissues compared to non-tumorous liver. However, there was no unified picture of regulation in three different HCC patient datasets and we observed a strong variation in the gene expression of different HDACs in tumorous as well as non-tumorous liver. Still, there was a strong correlation in the expression of HDAC class IIa (HDAC4, 5, 7, 9) as well as HDAC2 and 8 (class I) and HDAC10 (class IIb) and HDAC11 (class IV) in HCC tissues of individual patients. This might indicate a common mechanism of the regulation of these HDACs in HCC. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset analysis revealed that HDAC4, HDAC7 and HDAC9 as well as HDAC class I members HDAC1 and HDAC2 is significantly correlated with patient survival. Furthermore, we observed that SAHA and TSA reduced the proliferation, clonogenicity and migratory potential of HCC cells. SAHA but not TSA induced features of senescence in HCC cells. Additionally, HDACi enhanced the efficacy of sorafenib in killing sorafenib-susceptible cells. Moreover, HDACi reestablished sorafenib sensitivity in resistant HCC cells. In summary, HDACs are significantly but differently increased in HCC, which may be exploited to develop more targeted therapeutic approaches. HDACi affect different facets of the tumorigenicity of HCC cells and appears to be a promising therapeutic approach alone or in combination with sorafenib.
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28
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Rajapaksha IG, Gunarathne LS, Asadi K, Cunningham SC, Sharland A, Alexander IE, Angus PW, Herath CB. Liver-Targeted Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 Therapy Inhibits Chronic Biliary Fibrosis in Multiple Drug-Resistant Gene 2-Knockout Mice. Hepatol Commun 2019; 3:1656-1673. [PMID: 31832573 PMCID: PMC6887688 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a large unmet need for effective therapies for cholestatic disorders, including primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), a disease that commonly results in liver failure. Angiotensin (Ang) II of the renin Ang system (RAS) is a potent profibrotic peptide, and Ang converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) of the alternate RAS breaks down Ang II to antifibrotic peptide Ang‐(1‐7). In the present study, we investigated long‐term effects of ACE2 delivered by an adeno‐associated viral vector and short‐term effects of Ang‐(1‐7) peptide in multiple drug‐resistant gene 2‐knockout (Mdr2‐KO) mice. These mice develop progressive biliary fibrosis with pathologic features closely resembling those observed in PSC. A single intraperitoneal injection of ACE2 therapy markedly reduced liver injury (P < 0.05) and biliary fibrosis (P < 0.01) at both established (3‐6 months of age) and advanced (7‐9 months of age) disease compared to control vector‐injected Mdr2‐KO mice. This was accompanied by increased hepatic Ang‐(1‐7) levels (P < 0.05) with concomitant reduction in hepatic Ang II levels (P < 0.05) compared to controls. Moreover, Ang‐(1‐7) peptide infusion improved liver injury (P < 0.05) and biliary fibrosis (P < 0.0001) compared to saline‐infused disease controls. The therapeutic effects of both ACE2 therapy and Ang‐(1‐7) infusion were associated with significant (P < 0.01) reduction in hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and collagen expression. While ACE2 therapy prevented the loss of epithelial characteristics of hepatocytes and/or cholangiocytes in vivo, Ang‐(1‐7) prevented transdifferentiation of human cholangiocytes (H69 cells) into the collagen‐secreting myofibroblastic phenotype in vitro. We showed that an increased ratio of hepatic Ang‐(1‐7) to Ang II levels by ACE2 therapy results in the inhibition of HSC activation and biliary fibrosis. Conclusion: ACE2 therapy has the potential to treat patients with biliary diseases, such as PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu G Rajapaksha
- Department of Medicine University of Melbourne Austin Health Heidelberg Australia
| | - Lakmie S Gunarathne
- Department of Medicine University of Melbourne Austin Health Heidelberg Australia
| | | | - Sharon C Cunningham
- Children's Medical Research Institute School of Medicine University of Sydney Sydney Australia
| | - Alexandra Sharland
- Central Clinical School School of Medicine University of Sydney Sydney Australia
| | - Ian E Alexander
- Children's Medical Research Institute School of Medicine University of Sydney Sydney Australia
| | - Peter W Angus
- Department of Medicine University of Melbourne Austin Health Heidelberg Australia
| | - Chandana B Herath
- Department of Medicine University of Melbourne Austin Health Heidelberg Australia
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Potikha T, Pappo O, Mizrahi L, Olam D, Maller SM, Rabinovich GA, Galun E, Goldenberg DS. Lack of galectin-1 exacerbates chronic hepatitis, liver fibrosis, and carcinogenesis in murine hepatocellular carcinoma model. FASEB J 2019; 33:7995-8007. [PMID: 30897344 PMCID: PMC9292271 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900017r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Chronic liver inflammation (CLI) is a risk factor for development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Galectin-1 (Gal1) is involved in the regulation of inflammation, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis, exhibiting multiple anti-inflammatory and protumorigenic activities. We aimed to explore its regulatory role in CLI and HCC progression using an established model of CLI-mediated HCC development, Abcb4 [multidrug-resistance 2 (Mdr2)]-knockout (KO) mice, which express high levels of Gal1 in the liver. We generated double-KO (dKO) Gal1-KO/Mdr2-KO mice on C57BL/6 and FVB/N genetic backgrounds and compared HCC development in the generated strains with their parental Mdr2-KO strains. Loss of Gal1 increased liver injury, inflammation, fibrosis, and ductular reaction in dKO mice of both strains starting from an early age. Aged dKO mutants displayed earlier hepatocarcinogenesis and increased tumor size compared with control Mdr2-KO mice. We found that osteopontin, a well-known modulator of HCC development, and oncogenic proteins Ntrk2 (TrkB) and S100A4 were overexpressed in dKO compared with Mdr2-KO livers. Our results demonstrate that in Mdr2-KO mice, a model of CLI-mediated HCC, Gal1-mediated protection from hepatitis, liver fibrosis, and HCC initiation dominates over its known procarcinogenic activities at later stages of HCC development. These findings suggest that anti-Gal1 treatments may not be applicable at all stages of CLI-mediated HCC.-Potikha, T., Pappo, O., Mizrahi, L., Olam, D., Maller, S. M., Rabinovich, G. A., Galun, E., Goldenberg, D. S. Lack of galectin-1 exacerbates chronic hepatitis, liver fibrosis, and carcinogenesis in murine hepatocellular carcinoma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Potikha
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene TherapyHadassah-Hebrew University Medical CenterJerusalemIsrael
| | - Orit Pappo
- Department of PathologyHadassah-Hebrew University Medical CenterJerusalemIsrael
| | - Lina Mizrahi
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene TherapyHadassah-Hebrew University Medical CenterJerusalemIsrael
| | - Devorah Olam
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene TherapyHadassah-Hebrew University Medical CenterJerusalemIsrael
| | - Sebastián M. Maller
- Laboratory of ImmunopathologyInstitute of Biology and Experimental Medicine (IBYME)Argentinean National Research Council (CONICET)Buenos AiresArgentina
| | - Gabriel A. Rabinovich
- Laboratory of ImmunopathologyInstitute of Biology and Experimental Medicine (IBYME)Argentinean National Research Council (CONICET)Buenos AiresArgentina
- Faculty of Exact and Natural SciencesUniversity of Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Eithan Galun
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene TherapyHadassah-Hebrew University Medical CenterJerusalemIsrael
| | - Daniel S. Goldenberg
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene TherapyHadassah-Hebrew University Medical CenterJerusalemIsrael
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Berkhout L, Barikbin R, Schiller B, Ravichandran G, Krech T, Neumann K, Sass G, Tiegs G. Deletion of tumour necrosis factor α receptor 1 elicits an increased TH17 immune response in the chronically inflamed liver. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4232. [PMID: 30862875 PMCID: PMC6414655 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40324-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor α receptor 1 (TNFR1) activation is known to induce cell death, inflammation, and fibrosis but also hepatocyte survival and regeneration. The multidrug resistance protein 2 knockout (Mdr2-/) mice are a model for chronic hepatitis and inflammation-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. This study analysed how the absence of TNFR1 mediated signalling shapes cytokine and chemokine production, immune cell recruitment and ultimately influences liver injury and fibrotic tissue remodelling in the Mdr2-/- mouse model. We show that Tnfr1-/-/Mdr2-/- mice displayed increased plasma levels of ALT, ALP, and bilirubin as well as a significantly higher collagen content, and markers of fibrosis than Mdr2-/- mice. The expression profile of inflammatory cytokines (Il1b, Il23, Tgfb1, Il17a), chemokines (Ccl2, Cxcl1, Cx3cl1) and chemokine receptors (Ccr6, Cxcr6, Cx3cr1) in livers of Tnfr1-/-/Mdr2-/- mice indicated TH17 cell infiltration. Flow cytometric analysis confirmed that the aggravated tissue injury in Tnfr1-/-/Mdr2-/- mice strongly correlated with increased hepatic recruitment of TH17 cells and enhanced IL-17 production in the injured liver. Moreover, we observed increased hepatic activation of RIPK3 in Tnfr1-/-/Mdr2-/- mice, which was not related to necroptotic cell death. Rather, frequencies of infiltrating CX3CR1+ monocytes increased over time in livers of Tnfr1-/-/Mdr2-/- mice, which expressed significantly higher levels of Ripk3 than those of Mdr2-/- mice. Overall, we conclude that the absence of TNFR1-mediated signalling did not improve the pathological phenotype of Mdr2-/- mice. It instead caused enhanced infiltration of TH17 cells and CX3CR1+ monocytes into the injured tissue, which was accompanied by increased RIPK3 activation and IL-17 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Berkhout
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roja Barikbin
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Schiller
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gevitha Ravichandran
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till Krech
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Neumann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Sass
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - Gisa Tiegs
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Neuroblastoma RAS Viral Oncogene Homolog (NRAS) Is a Novel Prognostic Marker and Contributes to Sorafenib Resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Neoplasia 2019; 21:257-268. [PMID: 30685691 PMCID: PMC6370713 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the RAS-RAF-ERK-pathway using sorafenib as a first-line and regorafenib as a second-line treatment approach is the only effective therapeutic strategy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Recent studies suggest that wild-type KRAS and HRAS isoforms could majorly contribute to HCC progression and sorafenib resistance. In contrast, the role of neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (NRAS) in HCC remained elusive. In this study, wild-type NRAS was found to be overexpressed in HCC cell lines, preclinical HCC models, and human HCC tissues. Moreover, NRAS overexpression correlated with poor survival and proliferation in vivo. However, si-RNA-pool–mediated NRAS knockdown showed only slight effects on HCC proliferation, clonogenicity, and AKT activity. We determined that KRAS upregulation served as a functional compensatory mechanism in the absence of NRAS, which was overcome by combined inhibition of NRAS and KRAS in HCC cells. Furthermore, NRAS expression was elevated in sorafenib-resistant compared to nonresistant HCC cells, and NRAS knockdown enhanced sorafenib efficacy in resistant cells. In summary, NRAS appears to be a prognostic marker in HCC and contributes to sorafenib resistance. Regarding potential therapeutic strategies, NRAS inhibition in HCC should be combined with KRAS inhibition to prevent KRAS-mediated rescue effects.
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Thompson SM, Jondal DE, Butters KA, Knudsen BE, Anderson JL, Roberts LR, Callstrom MR, Woodrum DA. Heat Stress and Thermal Ablation Induce Local Expression of Nerve Growth Factor Inducible (VGF) in Hepatocytes and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Gene Expr 2018; 19:37-47. [PMID: 29973305 PMCID: PMC6290322 DOI: 10.3727/105221618x15305531034617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to test the hypothesis that heat stress and hepatic thermal ablation induce nerve growth factor inducible (VGF) and to determine intrahepatic versus systemic VGF expression induced by thermal ablation in vivo and in patients. Hepatocytes and HCC cells were subjected to moderate (45°C) or physiologic (37°C) heat stress for 10 min and assessed for VGF expression at 0-72 h post-heat stress (n ≥ 3 experiments). Orthotopic N1S1 HCC-bearing rats were randomized to sham or laser thermal ablation (3 W × 90 s), and liver/serum was harvested at 0-7 days postablation for analysis of VGF expression (n ≥ 6 per group). Serum was collected from patients undergoing thermal ablation for HCC (n = 16) at baseline, 3-6, and 18-24 h postablation and analyzed for VGF expression. Data were analyzed using ordinary or repeated-measures one-way analysis of variance and post hoc pairwise comparison with Dunnett's test. Moderate heat stress induced time-dependent VGF mRNA (3- to 15-fold; p < 0.04) and protein expression and secretion (3.1- to 3.3-fold; p < 0.05). Thermal ablation induced VGF expression at the hepatic ablation margin at 1 and 3 days postablation but not remote from the ablation zone or distant intrahepatic lobe. There was no detectable serum VGF following hepatic thermal ablation in rats and no increase in serum VGF following HCC thermal ablation in patients at 3-6 and 18-24 h postablation compared to baseline (0.71- and 0.63-fold; p = 0.27 and p = 0.16, respectively). Moderate heat stress induces expression and secretion of VGF in HCC cells and hepatocytes in vitro, and thermal ablation induces local intrahepatic but not distant intrahepatic or systemic VGF expression in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M. Thompson
- *Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Danielle E. Jondal
- *Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kim A. Butters
- *Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Bruce E. Knudsen
- *Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jill L. Anderson
- *Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lewis R. Roberts
- †Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Matthew R. Callstrom
- *Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - David A. Woodrum
- *Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Karatayli E, Hall RA, Weber SN, Dooley S, Lammert F. Effect of alcohol on the interleukin 6-mediated inflammatory response in a new mouse model of acute-on-chronic liver injury. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:298-307. [PMID: 30447270 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS ACLF is usually associated with a precipitant in the setting of a chronically damaged liver. We aim to combine a mouse model with a pre-injured liver (Abcb4/Mdr2-/-) with a recently standardized ethanol feeding model to dissect alcohol-related inflammatory responses in this model. METHOD Ten (n = 64) and 15 (n = 64) week old wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 J and Abcb4-/- knock-out (KO) mice were either fed control (WT/Cont and KO/Cont groups) or liquid ethanol diet (5% v/v) followed by an ethanol binge (4 mg/kg) (WT/EtOH and KO/EtOH groups). Hepatic mRNA levels of IL6, IFN-G, IL-1B, TGFB1, TNF-A, CCL2, HGF, CRP, RANTES, PNPLA3 and COL3A1 were evaluated using the 2-ΔΔCt method. IL6 and HGF plasma levels were quantified by ELISA. RESULTS Older mice in KO/EtOH group displayed higher IL6 expressions compared to KO/Cont, WT/EtOH and WT/Cont groups of the same age, whereas HGF did not differ. Significant over-expression of CCL2 also corresponded to the same group. Males in KO/EtOH group exhibited higher IL6 expression than females. Lipid droplets were observed in about 80% of mice challenged with ethanol. There was a profound downregulation in PNPLA3 and RANTES levels after ethanol exposure. Mean size of the LDs was inversely correlated with hepatic PNPLA3 levels. CONCLUSION We propose a novel promising approach to model alcohol-related ACLI. Acute inflammatory IL6-driven response might help transition from a stable chronic state to a progressive liver damage in Abcb4-/- mice. Repression of PNPLA3 resulted in a notable expansion in size of lipid droplets, indicating lipid remodeling in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersin Karatayli
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Rabea A Hall
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Susanne N Weber
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Frank Lammert
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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Brown ZJ, Heinrich B, Greten TF. Mouse models of hepatocellular carcinoma: an overview and highlights for immunotherapy research. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 15:536-554. [PMID: 29904153 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-018-0033-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mouse models are the basis of preclinical and translational research in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Multiple methods exist to induce tumour formation in mice, including genetically engineered mouse models, chemotoxic agents, intrahepatic or intrasplenic injection of tumour cells and xenograft approaches. Additionally, as HCC generally develops in the context of diseased liver, methods exist to induce liver disease in mice to mimic viral hepatitis, fatty liver disease, fibrosis, alcohol-induced liver disease and cholestasis. Similar to HCC in humans, response to therapy in mouse models is monitored with imaging modalities such as CT or MRI, as well as additional techniques involving bioluminescence. As immunotherapy is increasingly applied to HCC, mouse models for these approaches are required for preclinical data. In studying cancer immunotherapy, it is important to consider aspects of antitumour immune responses and to produce a model that mimics the complexity of the immune system. This Review provides an overview of the different mouse models of HCC, presenting techniques to prepare an HCC mouse model and discussing different approaches to help researchers choose an appropriate model for a specific hypothesis. Specific aspects of immunotherapy research in HCC and the applied mouse models in this field are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Brown
- Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bernd Heinrich
- Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tim F Greten
- Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Mariotti V, Cadamuro M, Spirli C, Fiorotto R, Strazzabosco M, Fabris L. Animal models of cholestasis: An update on inflammatory cholangiopathies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:954-964. [PMID: 30398152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cholestasis is a frequent clinical condition initiating or complicating chronic liver diseases, particularly cholangiopathies, where the biliary epithelium is the primary target of the pathogenetic sequence. Until a few decades ago, understanding of cholestasis relied mostly on the experimental model of bile duct ligation in rodents. However, a simple model of biliary obstruction cannot reproduce the complex mechanisms and networks leading to cholestasis in cholangiopathies. These networks are underpinned by an intricate dysregulation of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic signals involving besides cholangiocytes, multiple cell elements of both innate and adaptive immunity. Therefore, in the last years, a wide range of animal models of biliary injury have been developed, mostly in mice, following three main approaches, chemical induction, immunization and genetic manipulation. In this review, we will give an update of the animal models of the two main cholangiopathies, primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cholangitis, which have provided us with the most relevant insights into the pathogenesis of these still controversial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Mariotti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Spirli
- Section of Digestive Disease, Liver Center, Yale University, Yale, USA
| | - Romina Fiorotto
- Section of Digestive Disease, Liver Center, Yale University, Yale, USA
| | | | - Luca Fabris
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Section of Digestive Disease, Liver Center, Yale University, Yale, USA.
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Zhang HE, Henderson JM, Gorrell MD. Animal models for hepatocellular carcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:993-1002. [PMID: 31007176 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents ~90% of all cases of primary liver cancer and occurs predominantly in patients with underlying chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. Establishing appropriate animal models for HCC is required for basic and translational studies, especially the models that can recapitulate one of the human disease settings. Current animal models can be categorized as chemically-induced, genetically-engineered, xenograft, or a combination of these with each other or with a metabolic insult. A single approach to resemble human HCC in animals is not sufficient. Combining pathogenic insults in animal models may more realistically recapitulate the multiple etiologic agents occurring in humans. Combining chemical injury with metabolic disorder or alcohol consumption in mice reduces the time taken to hepatocarcinogenesis. Genetically-engineering weak activation of HCC-promoting pathways combined with disease-specific injury models will possibly mimic the pathophysiology of human HCC in distinct clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Emma Zhang
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia; The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - James M Henderson
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia; The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia; The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
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Li J, Dawson PA. Animal models to study bile acid metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:895-911. [PMID: 29782919 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of animal models, particularly genetically modified mice, continues to play a critical role in studying the relationship between bile acid metabolism and human liver disease. Over the past 20 years, these studies have been instrumental in elucidating the major pathways responsible for bile acid biosynthesis and enterohepatic cycling, and the molecular mechanisms regulating those pathways. This work also revealed bile acid differences between species, particularly in the composition, physicochemical properties, and signaling potential of the bile acid pool. These species differences may limit the ability to translate findings regarding bile acid-related disease processes from mice to humans. In this review, we focus primarily on mouse models and also briefly discuss dietary or surgical models commonly used to study the basic mechanisms underlying bile acid metabolism. Important phenotypic species differences in bile acid metabolism between mice and humans are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Paul A Dawson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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Jondal DE, Thompson SM, Butters KA, Knudsen BE, Anderson JL, Carter RE, Roberts LR, Callstrom MR, Woodrum DA. Heat Stress and Hepatic Laser Thermal Ablation Induce Hepatocellular Carcinoma Growth: Role of PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling. Radiology 2018; 288:730-738. [PMID: 29737948 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2018172944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To determine if heat stress and hepatic laser thermal ablation induce hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) growth and to identify growth factors induced by heat stress. Materials and Methods Non-heat-stressed HCC cells were cocultured with HCC cells or hepatocytes that were heat stressed at 37°C (physiologic), 45°C (moderate), or 50°C (severe) for 10 minutes and proliferation monitored with bioluminescence imaging for up to 6 days after heat stress (three experiments). Rats bearing orthotopic N1S1 HCC were randomly assigned to undergo immediate sham or laser thermal (3 W for 60 or 90 seconds; hereafter, 3W×60s and 3W×90s, respectively) ablation of the median (local) or left (distant) hepatic lobe, and tumor growth was monitored with magnetic resonance imaging for up to 18 days after ablation (six or more rats per group). Experiments were repeated with rats randomly assigned to receive either the adjuvant phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor (NVP-BEZ235) or the vehicle control. Heat-stressed HCC cells and hepatocytes were analyzed by using microarray or quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis for growth factor expression (three or more experiments). Groups were compared by using one- or two-way analysis of variance, and post hoc pairwise comparison was performed with the Dunnett test. Results There were more non-heat-stressed HCC cells when cells were cocultured with cells subjected to moderate but not physiologic or severe heat stress (P < .001 for both). Local intrahepatic N1S1 tumors were larger at day 18 in the 3W×60s (mean, 3102 mm3 ± 463 [standard error]; P = .004) and 3W×90s (mean, 3538 mm3 ± 667; P < .001) groups than in the sham group (mean, 1363 mm3 ± 361) but not in distant intrahepatic tumors (P = .31). Adjuvant BEZ235 resulted in smaller N1S1 tumors in the BEZ235 and laser thermal ablation group than in the vehicle control and laser thermal ablation group (mean, 1731 mm3 ± 1457 vs 3844 mm3 ± 2400, P < .001). Moderate heat stress induced expression of growth factors in HCC cells and hepatocytes, including heparin-binding growth factor, fibroblast growth factor 21, and nerve growth factor (range, 2.9-66.9-fold; P < .05). Conclusion Moderate heat stress and laser thermal ablation induce hepatocellular carcinoma growth, which is prevented with adjuvant PI3K/mTOR/protein kinase B inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E Jondal
- From the Department of Radiology (D.E.J., S.M.T., K.A.B., B.E.K., J.L.A., M.R.C., D.A.W.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.R.R.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905; and Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Jacksonville, Fla (R.E.C.)
| | - Scott M Thompson
- From the Department of Radiology (D.E.J., S.M.T., K.A.B., B.E.K., J.L.A., M.R.C., D.A.W.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.R.R.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905; and Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Jacksonville, Fla (R.E.C.)
| | - Kim A Butters
- From the Department of Radiology (D.E.J., S.M.T., K.A.B., B.E.K., J.L.A., M.R.C., D.A.W.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.R.R.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905; and Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Jacksonville, Fla (R.E.C.)
| | - Bruce E Knudsen
- From the Department of Radiology (D.E.J., S.M.T., K.A.B., B.E.K., J.L.A., M.R.C., D.A.W.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.R.R.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905; and Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Jacksonville, Fla (R.E.C.)
| | - Jill L Anderson
- From the Department of Radiology (D.E.J., S.M.T., K.A.B., B.E.K., J.L.A., M.R.C., D.A.W.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.R.R.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905; and Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Jacksonville, Fla (R.E.C.)
| | - Rickey E Carter
- From the Department of Radiology (D.E.J., S.M.T., K.A.B., B.E.K., J.L.A., M.R.C., D.A.W.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.R.R.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905; and Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Jacksonville, Fla (R.E.C.)
| | - Lewis R Roberts
- From the Department of Radiology (D.E.J., S.M.T., K.A.B., B.E.K., J.L.A., M.R.C., D.A.W.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.R.R.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905; and Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Jacksonville, Fla (R.E.C.)
| | - Matthew R Callstrom
- From the Department of Radiology (D.E.J., S.M.T., K.A.B., B.E.K., J.L.A., M.R.C., D.A.W.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.R.R.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905; and Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Jacksonville, Fla (R.E.C.)
| | - David A Woodrum
- From the Department of Radiology (D.E.J., S.M.T., K.A.B., B.E.K., J.L.A., M.R.C., D.A.W.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.R.R.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905; and Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Jacksonville, Fla (R.E.C.)
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Timchenko NA. Mitochondrial and anabolic pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2018; 67:823-825. [PMID: 28960377 PMCID: PMC8209959 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai A Timchenko
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
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40
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Piccinin E, Peres C, Bellafante E, Ducheix S, Pinto C, Villani G, Moschetta A. Hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1β drives mitochondrial and anabolic signatures that contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma progression in mice. Hepatology 2018; 67:884-898. [PMID: 28857232 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) coactivator-1β (PGC-1 β) is a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism as well as of antioxidant defense. Specifically, in the liver, PGC-1β also promotes de novo lipogenesis, thus sustaining cellular anabolic processes. Given the relevant pathogenic role of mitochondrial and fatty acid metabolism in hepatocarcinoma (HCC), here we pointed to PGC-1β as a putative novel transcriptional player in the development and progression of HCC. For this purpose, we generated both hepatic-specific PGC-1β-overexpressing (LivPGC-1β) and PGC-1β knockout (LivPGC-1βKO) mice, and we challenged them with both chemical and genetic models of hepatic carcinogenesis. Our results demonstrate a pivotal role of PGC-1β in driving liver tumor development. Indeed, whereas mice overexpressing PGC-1β show greater tumor susceptibility, PGC-1β knockout mice are protected from carcinogenesis. High levels of PGC-1β are able to boost reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger expression, therefore limiting the detrimental ROS accumulation and, consequently, apoptosis. Moreover, it supports tumor anabolism, enhancing the expression of genes involved in fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis. Accordingly, the specific hepatic ablation of PGC-1β promotes the accumulation of ROS-driven macromolecule damage, finally limiting tumor growth. CONCLUSION The present data elect hepatic PGC-1β as a transcriptional gatekeeper of mitochondrial function and redox status in HCC, orchestrating different metabolic programs that allow tumor progression. (Hepatology 2018;67:884-898).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Piccinin
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,INBB, National Institute for Biostuctures and Biosystems, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Peres
- INBB, National Institute for Biostuctures and Biosystems, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Simon Ducheix
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,INBB, National Institute for Biostuctures and Biosystems, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Pinto
- Fondazione Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti, Italy
| | - Gaetano Villani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,National Cancer Center, IRCCS "Giovanni Paolo II", 70124, Bari, Italy
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Combined effects of PLK1 and RAS in hepatocellular carcinoma reveal rigosertib as promising novel therapeutic "dual-hit" option. Oncotarget 2017; 9:3605-3618. [PMID: 29423069 PMCID: PMC5790486 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of RAS-RAF-ERK-signaling is a major mechanism mediated by the multi-kinase inhibitors sorafenib and regorafenib, the only effective therapeutic approaches for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This underlines the importance of RAS-RAF-ERK-signaling in HCC. Most RAS isoforms were not yet described to play crucial roles in HCC. However, several studies indicate that the HRAS isoform can function as potent oncogene in HCC, but pharmacologic RAS inhibition has not yet been investigated. Moreover, the cell cycle promoting polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is an increasingly recognized therapeutic target in HCC that can be activated by RAS-RAF-signaling. A recently developed small molecule inhibitor, ON-01910 ("rigosertib", RGS), was shown to interfere with both RAS- and PLK1-signaling. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of RGS in HCC and to assess PLK1 and HRAS expression in HCC. RGS treatment reduced cell proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest in human HCC cell lines in vitro. Moreover, RGS strongly inhibited both ERK- and AKT-activation in HCC cells, indicating disruption of RAS-signaling. Analysis of HCC patient data showed that PLK1 and HRAS expression levels are upregulated during HCC development and in advanced HCC, respectively. High expression levels of PLK1 significantly correlated with poor patient survival. Moreover, high expression of both PLK1 and HRAS revealed combined effects on patient outcome. This underscores the importance of these genes and associated pathways in HCC. We newly demonstrate the therapeutic potential of RGS in HCC by inhibition of both PLK1 activation and major RAS-pathways, revealing a novel therapeutic "dual-hit" approach for HCC.
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42
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Dropmann A, Dediulia T, Breitkopf-Heinlein K, Korhonen H, Janicot M, Weber SN, Thomas M, Piiper A, Bertran E, Fabregat I, Abshagen K, Hess J, Angel P, Coulouarn C, Dooley S, Meindl-Beinker NM. TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 abundance in liver diseases of mice and men. Oncotarget 2017; 7:19499-518. [PMID: 26799667 PMCID: PMC4991397 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
TGF-β1 is a major player in chronic liver diseases promoting fibrogenesis and tumorigenesis through various mechanisms. The expression and function of TGF-β2 have not been investigated thoroughly in liver disease to date. In this paper, we provide evidence that TGF-β2 expression correlates with fibrogenesis and liver cancer development. Using quantitative realtime PCR and ELISA, we show that TGF-β2 mRNA expression and secretion increased in murine HSCs and hepatocytes over time in culture and were found in the human-derived HSC cell line LX-2. TGF-β2 stimulation of the LX-2 cells led to upregulation of the TGF-β receptors 1, 2, and 3, whereas TGF-β1 treatment did not alter or decrease their expression. In liver regeneration and fibrosis upon CCl4 challenge, the transient increase of TGF-β2 expression was accompanied by TGF-β1 and collagen expression. In bile duct ligation-induced fibrosis, TGF-β2 upregulation correlated with fibrotic markers and was more prominent than TGF-β1 expression. Accordingly, MDR2-KO mice showed significant TGF-β2 upregulation within 3 to 15 months but minor TGF-β1 expression changes. In 5 of 8 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)/hepatoblastoma cell lines, relatively high TGF-β2 expression and secretion were observed, with some cell lines even secreting more TGF-β2 than TGF-β1. TGF-β2 was also upregulated in tumors of TGFα/cMyc and DEN-treated mice. The analysis of publically available microarray data of 13 human HCC collectives revealed considerable upregulation of TGF-β2 as compared to normal liver. Our study demonstrates upregulation of TGF-β2 in liver disease and suggests TGF-β2 as a promising therapeutic target for tackling fibrosis and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Dropmann
- Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tatjana Dediulia
- Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Breitkopf-Heinlein
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Susanne N Weber
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Maria Thomas
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Albrecht Piiper
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Esther Bertran
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) and University of Barcelona L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) and University of Barcelona L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kerstin Abshagen
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jochen Hess
- Research Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Section Experimental and Translational Head and Neck Oncology, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Angel
- Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cédric Coulouarn
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR991, University of Rennes, Pontchaillou University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Steven Dooley
- Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nadja M Meindl-Beinker
- Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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43
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Petrescu AD, Grant S, Frampton G, Kain J, Hadidi K, Williams E, McMillin M, DeMorrow S. Glucocorticoids Cause Gender-Dependent Reversal of Hepatic Fibrosis in the MDR2-Knockout Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2389. [PMID: 29125588 PMCID: PMC5713358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic cholestasis is associated with a significant suppression of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA). In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that activation of the HPA axis by corticosterone treatment can reverse liver inflammation and fibrosis in a multidrug resistance protein 2 knockout (MDR2KO) transgenic mouse model of hepatic cholestasis. Friend Virus B NIH-Jackson (FVBN) control and MDR2KO male and female mice were treated with vehicle or corticosterone for two weeks, then serum and liver analyses of hepatic cholestasis markers were performed. Indicators of inflammation, such as increased numbers of macrophages, were determined. MDR2KO mice had lower corticotropin releasing hormone and corticosterone levels than FVBN controls in the serum. There was a large accumulation of CD68 and F4/80 macrophages in MDR2KO mice livers, which indicated greater inflammation compared to FVBNs, an effect reversed by corticosterone treatment. Intrahepatic biliary duct mass, collagen deposition and alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) were found to be much higher in livers of MDR2KO mice than in controls; corticosterone treatment significantly decreased these fibrosis markers. When looking at the gender-specific response to corticosterone treatment, male MDR2KO mice tended to have a more pronounced reversal of liver fibrosis than females treated with corticosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca D Petrescu
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A & M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA.
| | - Stephanie Grant
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A & M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA.
| | - Gabriel Frampton
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A & M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA.
| | - Jessica Kain
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A & M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA.
| | - Karam Hadidi
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A & M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA.
| | - Elaina Williams
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A & M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA.
| | - Matthew McMillin
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX 76504, USA.
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A & M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA.
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX 76504, USA.
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44
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Cariello M, Piccinin E, Garcia-Irigoyen O, Sabbà C, Moschetta A. Nuclear receptor FXR, bile acids and liver damage: Introducing the progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis with FXR mutations. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:1308-1318. [PMID: 28965883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is the master regulator of bile acids (BAs) homeostasis since it transcriptionally drives modulation of BA synthesis, influx, efflux, and detoxification along the enterohepatic axis. Due to its crucial role, FXR alterations are involved in the progression of a plethora of BAs associated inflammatory disorders in the liver and in the gut. The involvement of the FXR pathway in cholestasis development and management has been elucidated so far with a direct role of FXR activating therapy in this condition. However, the recent identification of a new type of genetic progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) linked to FXR mutations has strengthen also the bona fide beneficial effects of target therapies that by-pass FXR activation, directly promoting the action of its target, namely the enterokine FGF19, in the repression of hepatic BAs synthesis with reduction of total BA levels in the liver and serum, accomplishing one of the major goals in cholestasis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cholangiocytes in Health and Diseaseedited by Jesus Banales, Marco Marzioni and Peter Jansen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Cariello
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Elena Piccinin
- INBB, National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Oihane Garcia-Irigoyen
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Sabbà
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; National Cancer Center, IRCCS Istituto Oncologico "Giovanni Paolo II", 70124 Bari, Italy.
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45
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Hall C, Ehrlich L, Meng F, Invernizzi P, Bernuzzi F, Lairmore TC, Alpini G, Glaser S. Inhibition of microRNA-24 increases liver fibrosis by enhanced menin expression in Mdr2 -/- mice. J Surg Res 2017; 217:160-169. [PMID: 28602220 PMCID: PMC5760243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver transplantation remains the primary treatment for primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Mdr2-/- mice provide a reliable in vivo model of PSC and develop characteristic biliary inflammation and fibrosis. We tested the hypothesis that the tumor suppressor protein menin is implicated in the progression of liver fibrosis and that menin expression can be regulated in the liver via microRNA-24 (miR-24). MATERIALS AND METHODS Menin expression was measured in human PSC and Mdr2-/- mice. Twelve-week-old FVB/NJ wild-type (WT) and Mdr2-/- mice were treated with miR-24 Vivo-Morpholino to knockdown miR-24 expression levels. Liver fibrosis was evaluated by Sirius Red staining and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for genes associated with liver fibrosis, such as fibronectin 1, collagen type 1 alpha 1, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and α-smooth muscle actin. Studies were also performed in vitro using immortalized murine cholangiocyte lines treated with miR-24 hairpin inhibitor and mimic. RESULTS Menin gene expression was increased in Mdr2-/- mice and late-stage human PSC samples. Treatment of FVB/NJ WT and Mdr2-/- mice with miR-24 Vivo-Morpholino increased menin expression, which correlated with increased expression of fibrosis genes. In vitro, inhibition of miR-24 also significantly increased the expression of fibrosis genes. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of miR-24 increases menin and TGF-β1 expression, subsequently increasing hepatic fibrosis in FVB/NJ WT and Mdr2-/- mice. Modulation of the menin/miR-24 axis may provide novel targeted therapies to slow the progression of hepatic fibrosis into cirrhosis in PSC patients by altering TGF-β1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Hall
- Department of Surgery, Baylor Scott & White Health and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Laurent Ehrlich
- Department of Surgery, Baylor Scott & White Health and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, Texas
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Francesca Bernuzzi
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Terry C Lairmore
- Department of Surgery, Baylor Scott & White Health and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Department of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas; Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, Texas; Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Department of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas; Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, Texas; Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas.
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46
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Reichert MC, Hall RA, Krawczyk M, Lammert F. Genetic determinants of cholangiopathies: Molecular and systems genetics. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:1484-1490. [PMID: 28757171 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Familial cholangiopathies are rare but potentially severe diseases. Their spectrum ranges from fairly benign conditions as, for example, benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis to low-phospholipid associated cholelithiasis and progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC). Many cholangiopathies such as primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) or primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) affect first the bile ducts ("ascending pathophysiology") but others, such as PFIC, start upstream in hepatocytes and cause progressive damage "descending" down the biliary tree and leading to end-stage liver disease. In recent years our understanding of cholestatic diseases has improved, since we have been able to pinpoint numerous disease-causing mutations that cause familial cholangiopathies. Accordingly, six PFIC subtypes (PFIC type 1-6) have now been defined. Given the availability of genotyping resources, these findings can be introduced in the diagnostic work-up of patients with peculiar cholestasis. In addition, functional studies have defined the pathophysiological consequences of some of the detected variants. Furthermore, ABCB4 variants do not only cause PFIC type 3 but confer an increased risk for chronic liver disease in general. In the near future these findings will serve to develop new therapeutic strategies for patients with liver diseases. Here we present the latest data on the genetic background of familial cholangiopathies and discuss their application in clinical practice for the differential diagnosis of cholestasis of unknown aetiology. As look in the future we present "system genetics" as a novel experimental tool for the study of cholangiopathies and disease-modifying genes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cholangiocytes in Health and Disease edited by Jesus Banales, Marco Marzioni, Nicholas LaRusso and Peter Jansen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias C Reichert
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Rabea A Hall
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Marcin Krawczyk
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany; Laboratory of Metabolic Liver Diseases, Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Frank Lammert
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany; Chair of Internal Medicine II, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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47
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Animal models of biliary injury and altered bile acid metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:1254-1261. [PMID: 28709963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the last 25years, a number of animal models, mainly rodents, have been generated with the goal to mimic cholestatic liver injuries and, thus, to provide in vivo tools to investigate the mechanisms of biliary repair and, eventually, to test the efficacy of innovative treatments. Despite fundamental limitations applying to these models, such as the distinct immune system and the different metabolism regulating liver homeostasis in rodents when compared to humans, multiple approaches, such as surgery (bile duct ligation), chemical-induced (3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine, DDC, α-naphthylisothiocyanate, ANIT), viral infections (Rhesus rotavirustype A, RRV-A), and genetic manipulation (Mdr2, Cftr, Pkd1, Pkd2, Prkcsh, Sec63, Pkhd1) have been developed. Overall, they have led to a range of liver phenotypes recapitulating the main features of biliary injury and altered bile acid metabolisms, such as ductular reaction, peribiliary inflammation and fibrosis, obstructive cholestasis and biliary dysgenesis. Although with a limited translability to the human setting, these mouse models have provided us with the ability to probe over time the fundamental mechanisms promoting cholestatic disease progression. Moreover, recent studies from genetically engineered mice have unveiled 'core' pathways that make the cholangiocyte a pivotal player in liver repair. In this review, we will highlight the main phenotypic features, the more interesting peculiarities and the different drawbacks of these mouse models. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cholangiocytes in Health and Disease edited by Jesus Banales, Marco Marzioni, Nicholas LaRusso and Peter Jansen.
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48
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Andress EJ, Nicolaou M, McGeoghan F, Linton KJ. ABCB4 missense mutations D243A, K435T, G535D, I490T, R545C, and S978P significantly impair the lipid floppase and likely predispose to secondary pathologies in the human population. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2513-2524. [PMID: 28220208 PMCID: PMC5487885 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2472-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bile salts are natural detergents required to solubilise dietary fat and lipid soluble vitamins. They are synthesised in hepatocytes and secreted into the luminal space of the biliary tree by the bile salt export pump (BSEP), an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter in the canalicular membrane. BSEP deficiency causes cytotoxic accumulation of bile salts in the hepatocyte that results in mild-to-severe forms of cholestasis. The resulting inflammation can also progress to hepatocellular cancer via a novel mechanism involving upregulation of proliferative signalling pathways. A second ABC transporter of the canalicular membrane is also critical for bile formation. ABCB4 flops phosphatidylcholine into the outer leaflet of the membrane to be extracted by bile salts in the canalicular space. These mixed micelles reduce the detergent action of the bile salts and protect the biliary tree from their cytotoxic activity. ABCB4 deficiency also causes cholestasis, and might be expected to cause cholangitis and predispose to liver cancer. Non-synonymous SNPs in ABCB4 have now been described in patients with liver cancer or with inflammatory liver diseases that are known to predispose to cancer, but data showing that the SNPs are sufficiently deleterious to be an etiological factor are lacking. Here, we report the first characterisation at the protein level of six ABCB4 variants (D243A, K435T, G535D, I490T, R545C, and S978P) previously found in patients with inflammatory liver diseases or liver cancer. All significantly impair the transporter with a range of phenotypes exhibited, including low abundance, intracellular retention, and reduced floppase activity, suggesting that ABCB4 deficiency is the root cause of the pathology in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Andress
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, E1 2AT, London, UK
| | - Michael Nicolaou
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, E1 2AT, London, UK
| | - Farrell McGeoghan
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, E1 2AT, London, UK
| | - Kenneth J Linton
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, E1 2AT, London, UK.
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Tumor-suppressive effect of S-adenosylmethionine supplementation in a murine model of inflammation-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis is dependent on treatment longevity. Oncotarget 2017; 8:104772-104784. [PMID: 29285212 PMCID: PMC5739599 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation precedes the majority of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases. We investigated the chemopreventive potential of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), an essential donor for all methylation reactions in the cell, at the late precancerous stage of HCC development using the Mdr2-knockout (Mdr2-KO, Abcb4−/−) mice, a model of inflammation-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis. Previously, we revealed down-regulation of the genes regulating SAM metabolism in the liver of these mice at the precancerous stages. Now, we have supplied Mdr2-KO mice at the late precancerous stage with SAM during either a short-term (17 days) or a long-term (51 days) period and explored the effects of such supplementation on tumor development, DNA methylation and gene expression in the liver. The short-term SAM supplementation significantly decreased the number of small tumor nodules, proliferating hepatocytes and the total DNA methylation level, while it increased expression of the tumor suppressor proteins Mat1a and p21. Surprisingly, the long-term SAM supplementation did not affect tumor growth and hepatocyte proliferation, while it increased the total liver DNA methylation. Our results demonstrate that the short-term SAM supplementation in the Mdr2-KO mice inhibited liver tumor development potentially by increasing multiple tumor suppressor mechanisms resulting in cell cycle arrest. The long-term SAM supplementation resulted in a bypass of the cell cycle arrest in this HCC model by a yet unknown mechanism.
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50
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Ravà M, D'Andrea A, Doni M, Kress TR, Ostuni R, Bianchi V, Morelli MJ, Collino A, Ghisletti S, Nicoli P, Recordati C, Iascone M, Sonzogni A, D'Antiga L, Shukla R, Faulkner GJ, Natoli G, Campaner S, Amati B. Mutual epithelium-macrophage dependency in liver carcinogenesis mediated by ST18. Hepatology 2017; 65:1708-1719. [PMID: 27859418 PMCID: PMC5412898 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The ST18 gene has been proposed to act either as a tumor suppressor or as an oncogene in different human cancers, but direct evidence for its role in tumorigenesis has been lacking thus far. Here, we demonstrate that ST18 is critical for tumor progression and maintenance in a mouse model of liver cancer, based on oncogenic transformation and adoptive transfer of primary precursor cells (hepatoblasts). ST18 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein were detectable neither in normal liver nor in cultured hepatoblasts, but were readily expressed after subcutaneous engraftment and tumor growth. ST18 expression in liver cells was induced by inflammatory cues, including acute or chronic inflammation in vivo, as well as coculture with macrophages in vitro. Knocking down the ST18 mRNA in transplanted hepatoblasts delayed tumor progression. Induction of ST18 knockdown in pre-established tumors caused rapid tumor involution associated with pervasive morphological changes, proliferative arrest, and apoptosis in tumor cells, as well as depletion of tumor-associated macrophages, vascular ectasia, and hemorrhage. Reciprocally, systemic depletion of macrophages in recipient animals had very similar phenotypic consequences, impairing either tumor development or maintenance, and suppressing ST18 expression in hepatoblasts. Finally, RNA sequencing of ST18-depleted tumors before involution revealed down-regulation of inflammatory response genes, pointing to the suppression of nuclear factor kappa B-dependent transcription. CONCLUSION ST18 expression in epithelial cells is induced by tumor-associated macrophages, contributing to the reciprocal feed-forward loop between both cell types in liver tumorigenesis. Our findings warrant the exploration of means to interfere with ST18-dependent epithelium-macrophage interactions in a therapeutic setting. (Hepatology 2017;65:1708-1719).
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Affiliation(s)
- Micol Ravà
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMMFondazione Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaMilanItaly
| | - Aleco D'Andrea
- Department of Experimental OncologyEuropean Institute of OncologyMilanItaly
| | - Mirko Doni
- Department of Experimental OncologyEuropean Institute of OncologyMilanItaly
| | - Theresia R. Kress
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMMFondazione Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaMilanItaly,Present address: Department of Translational Medicine and Clinical PharmacologyBoehringer Ingelheim PharmaBiberach an der RissGermany
| | - Renato Ostuni
- Department of Experimental OncologyEuropean Institute of OncologyMilanItaly,Present address: San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene TherapyIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
| | - Valerio Bianchi
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMMFondazione Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaMilanItaly,Present address: Hubrecht Institute‐KNAW and University Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Marco J. Morelli
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMMFondazione Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaMilanItaly
| | - Agnese Collino
- Department of Experimental OncologyEuropean Institute of OncologyMilanItaly
| | - Serena Ghisletti
- Department of Experimental OncologyEuropean Institute of OncologyMilanItaly
| | - Paola Nicoli
- Department of Experimental OncologyEuropean Institute of OncologyMilanItaly
| | | | - Maria Iascone
- Medical and Laboratory GeneticsAzienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIIIBergamoItaly
| | - Aurelio Sonzogni
- Pathology DepartmentAzienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIIIBergamoItaly
| | - Lorenzo D'Antiga
- Paediatric Liver, GI and TransplantationAzienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIIIBergamoItaly
| | - Ruchi Shukla
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghUnited Kingdom,Present address: Northern Institute for Cancer ResearchNewcastle UniversityUnited Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey J. Faulkner
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghUnited Kingdom,Mater Research InstituteThe University of Queensland, Translational Research InstituteWoolloongabbaAustralia
| | - Gioacchino Natoli
- Department of Experimental OncologyEuropean Institute of OncologyMilanItaly
| | - Stefano Campaner
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMMFondazione Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaMilanItaly
| | - Bruno Amati
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMMFondazione Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaMilanItaly,Department of Experimental OncologyEuropean Institute of OncologyMilanItaly
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