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Zhang WJ, Yue KL, Wang JZ, Zhang Y. Association between heat shock factor protein 4 methylation and colorectal cancer risk and potential molecular mechanisms: A bioinformatics study. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2023; 15:2150-2168. [PMID: 38173437 PMCID: PMC10758642 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v15.i12.2150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously demonstrated that heat shock factor protein 4 (HSF4) facilitates colorectal cancer (CRC) progression. DNA methylation, a major modifier of gene expression and stability, is involved in CRC development and outcome. AIM To investigate the correlation between HSF4 methylation and CRC risk, and to uncover the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS Differences in β values of HSF4 methylation loci in multiple malignancies and their correlation with HSF4 mRNA expression were analyzed based on Shiny Methylation Analysis Resource Tool. HSF4 methylation-related genes were identified by LinkedOmics in CRC, and Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses were performed. Protein-protein interaction network of HSF4 methylation-related genes was constructed by String database and MCODE algorithm. RESULTS A total of 19 CpG methylation loci were identified in HSF4, and their β values were significantly increased in CRC tissues and exhibited a positive correlation with HSF4 mRNA expression. Unfortunately, the prognostic and diagnostic performance of these CpG loci in CRC patients was mediocre. In CRC, there were 1694 HSF4 methylation-related genes; 1468 of which displayed positive and 226 negative associations, and they were involved in regulating phenotypes such as immune, inflammatory, and metabolic reprogramming. EGFR, RELA, STAT3, FCGR3A, POLR2K, and AXIN1 are hub genes among the HSF4 methylation-related genes. CONCLUSION HSF4 is highly methylated in CRC, but there is no significant correlation between it and the prognosis and diagnosis of CRC. HSF4 methylation may serve as one of the ways in which HSF4 mediates the CRC process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Ke-Lin Yue
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jing-Zhai Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China
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2
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Sheta M, Yoshida K, Kanemoto H, Calderwood SK, Eguchi T. Stress-Inducible SCAND Factors Suppress the Stress Response and Are Biomarkers for Enhanced Prognosis in Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065168. [PMID: 36982267 PMCID: PMC10049278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell stress response is an essential system present in every cell for responding and adapting to environmental stimulations. A major program for stress response is the heat shock factor (HSF)–heat shock protein (HSP) system that maintains proteostasis in cells and promotes cancer progression. However, less is known about how the cell stress response is regulated by alternative transcription factors. Here, we show that the SCAN domain (SCAND)-containing transcription factors (SCAN-TFs) are involved in repressing the stress response in cancer. SCAND1 and SCAND2 are SCAND-only proteins that can hetero-oligomerize with SCAN-zinc finger transcription factors, such as MZF1(ZSCAN6), for accessing DNA and transcriptionally co-repressing target genes. We found that heat stress induced the expression of SCAND1, SCAND2, and MZF1 bound to HSP90 gene promoter regions in prostate cancer cells. Moreover, heat stress switched the transcript variants’ expression from long noncoding RNA (lncRNA-SCAND2P) to protein-coding mRNA of SCAND2, potentially by regulating alternative splicing. High expression of HSP90AA1 correlated with poorer prognoses in several cancer types, although SCAND1 and MZF1 blocked the heat shock responsiveness of HSP90AA1 in prostate cancer cells. Consistent with this, gene expression of SCAND2, SCAND1, and MZF1 was negatively correlated with HSP90 gene expression in prostate adenocarcinoma. By searching databases of patient-derived tumor samples, we found that MZF1 and SCAND2 RNA were more highly expressed in normal tissues than in tumor tissues in several cancer types. Of note, high RNA expression of SCAND2, SCAND1, and MZF1 correlated with enhanced prognoses of pancreatic cancer and head and neck cancers. Additionally, high expression of SCAND2 RNA was correlated with better prognoses of lung adenocarcinoma and sarcoma. These data suggest that the stress-inducible SCAN-TFs can function as a feedback system, suppressing excessive stress response and inhibiting cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Sheta
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
- Department of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt
| | - Kunihiro Yoshida
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Hideka Kanemoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Stuart K. Calderwood
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Takanori Eguchi
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-86-235-6661
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3
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Huang W, Hickson LJ, Eirin A, Kirkland JL, Lerman LO. Cellular senescence: the good, the bad and the unknown. Nat Rev Nephrol 2022; 18:611-627. [PMID: 35922662 PMCID: PMC9362342 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-022-00601-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a ubiquitous process with roles in tissue remodelling, including wound repair and embryogenesis. However, prolonged senescence can be maladaptive, leading to cancer development and age-related diseases. Cellular senescence involves cell-cycle arrest and the release of inflammatory cytokines with autocrine, paracrine and endocrine activities. Senescent cells also exhibit morphological alterations, including flattened cell bodies, vacuolization and granularity in the cytoplasm and abnormal organelles. Several biomarkers of cellular senescence have been identified, including SA-βgal, p16 and p21; however, few markers have high sensitivity and specificity. In addition to driving ageing, senescence of immune and parenchymal cells contributes to the development of a variety of diseases and metabolic disorders. In the kidney, senescence might have beneficial roles during development and recovery from injury, but can also contribute to the progression of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. Therapies that target senescence, including senolytic and senomorphic drugs, stem cell therapies and other interventions, have been shown to extend lifespan and reduce tissue injury in various animal models. Early clinical trials confirm that senotherapeutic approaches could be beneficial in human disease. However, larger clinical trials are needed to translate these approaches to patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Huang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - LaTonya J Hickson
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - James L Kirkland
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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4
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Guo F, Cheng X, Jing B, Wu H, Jin X. FGD3 binds with HSF4 to suppress p65 expression and inhibit pancreatic cancer progression. Oncogene 2022; 41:838-851. [PMID: 34975151 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02140-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is regarded as the most lethal solid tumor worldwide. Deregulated and constitutively activated NF-κB signaling is one of the major characteristics of pancreatic cancer. The total expression level and subcellular localization of RelA/p65 have been shown to determine the activation of canonical NF-κB signaling in pancreatic cancer. FGD3, which is involved in regulating the actin cytoskeleton and cell shape, has been reported to inhibit cancer cell migration and predict a favorable prognosis in multiple types of cancer. However, the specific role of FGD3 in pancreatic cancer is still unknown. In this study, we conducted a systematic investigation of the cancer-related role of FGD3 in pancreatic cancer. We demonstrated that FGD3 was abnormally downregulated in pancreatic cancer tissues and that low expression of FGD3 was associated with unfavorable prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer. Then, we showed that FGD3 inhibited pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, we revealed that FGD3 silencing activated the NF-κB signaling pathway by promoting HSF4 nuclear translocation and increasing p65 expression in pancreatic cancer cells. Therefore, our results identified a novel and targetable FGD3/HSF4/p65 signaling axis in pancreatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Guo
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Sino-German Laboratory of Personalized Medicine for Pancreatic Cancer, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Cancer center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Boping Jing
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, P.R. China
| | - Heshui Wu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Sino-German Laboratory of Personalized Medicine for Pancreatic Cancer, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
- Uro-Oncology Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
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5
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Mondal A, Bhattacharya A, Singh V, Pandita S, Bacolla A, Pandita RK, Tainer JA, Ramos KS, Pandita TK, Das C. Stress Responses as Master Keys to Epigenomic Changes in Transcriptome and Metabolome for Cancer Etiology and Therapeutics. Mol Cell Biol 2022; 42:e0048321. [PMID: 34748401 PMCID: PMC8773053 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00483-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
From initiation through progression, cancer cells are subjected to a magnitude of endogenous and exogenous stresses, which aid in their neoplastic transformation. Exposure to these classes of stress induces imbalance in cellular homeostasis and, in response, cancer cells employ informative adaptive mechanisms to rebalance biochemical processes that facilitate survival and maintain their existence. Different kinds of stress stimuli trigger epigenetic alterations in cancer cells, which leads to changes in their transcriptome and metabolome, ultimately resulting in suppression of growth inhibition or induction of apoptosis. Whether cancer cells show a protective response to stress or succumb to cell death depends on the type of stress and duration of exposure. A thorough understanding of epigenetic and molecular architecture of cancer cell stress response pathways can unveil a plethora of information required to develop novel anticancer therapeutics. The present view highlights current knowledge about alterations in epigenome and transcriptome of cancer cells as a consequence of exposure to different physicochemical stressful stimuli such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), hypoxia, radiation, hyperthermia, genotoxic agents, and nutrient deprivation. Currently, an anticancer treatment scenario involving the imposition of stress to target cancer cells is gaining traction to augment or even replace conventional therapeutic regimens. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of stress response pathways is crucial for devising and implementing novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Mondal
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India
- Homi Bhaba National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Apoorva Bhattacharya
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India
| | - Vipin Singh
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India
- Homi Bhaba National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Shruti Pandita
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, St. Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Albino Bacolla
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Raj K. Pandita
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - John A. Tainer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kenneth S. Ramos
- Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tej K. Pandita
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Chandrima Das
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India
- Homi Bhaba National Institute, Mumbai, India
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6
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Jin SW, Im JS, Park JH, Kim HG, Lee GH, Kim SJ, Kwack SJ, Kim KB, Chung KH, Lee BM, Kacew S, Jeong HG, Kim HS. Effects of tobacco compound 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) on the expression of epigenetically regulated genes in lung carcinogenesis. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2021; 84:1004-1019. [PMID: 34459362 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2021.1965059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a major cause of lung cancer. Although tobacco smoking-induced genotoxicity has been well established, there is apparent lack of abundance functional epigenetic effects reported On cigarette smoke-induced lung carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine effects of intratracheal administration of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) utilizing target gene expression DNA methylation patterns in lung tissues of mice following twice weekly for 8 weeks treatment. An unbiased approach where genomic regions was undertaken to assess early methylation changes within mouse pulmonary tissues. A methylated-CpG island recovery assay (MIRA) was performed to map the DNA methylome in lung tissues, with the position of methylated DNA determined using a Genome Analyzer (MIRA-SEQ). Alterations in epigenetic-regulated target genes were confirmed with quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, which revealed 35 differentially hypermethylated genes including Cdkn1C, Hsf4, Hnf1a, Cdx1, and Hoxa5 and 30 differentially hypomethylated genes including Ddx4, Piwi1, Mdm2, and Pce1 in NNK-exposed lung tissue compared with controls. The main pathway of these genes for mediating biological information was analyzed using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database. Among them, Rssf1 and Mdm2 were closely associated with NNK-induced lung carcinogenesis. Taken together, our data provide valuable resources for detecting cigarette smoke-induced lung carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Woo Jin
- College Of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seung Im
- School Of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyeon Park
- School Of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Gyun Kim
- College Of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Ho Lee
- College Of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jong Kim
- College Of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jun Kwack
- Department Of Biochemistry And Health Science, Changwon National University, Gyeongnam Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Bong Kim
- College Of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Hyuck Chung
- School Of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Mu Lee
- College Of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sam Kacew
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University Of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hye Gwang Jeong
- College Of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- School Of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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7
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Lin J, Cao Z, Yu D, Cai W. Identification of Transcription Factor-Related Gene Signature and Risk Score Model for Colon Adenocarcinoma. Front Genet 2021; 12:709133. [PMID: 34603375 PMCID: PMC8485095 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.709133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) remains poor. However, the specific and sensitive biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of COAD are absent. Transcription factors (TFs) are involved in many biological processes in cells. As the molecule of the signal pathway of the terminal effectors, TFs play important roles in tumorigenesis and development. A growing body of research suggests that aberrant TFs contribute to the development of COAD, as well as to its clinicopathological features and prognosis. In consequence, a few studies have investigated the relationship between the TF-related risk model and the prognosis of COAD. Therefore, in this article, we hope to develop a prognostic risk model based on TFs to predict the prognosis of patients with COAD. The mRNA transcription data and corresponding clinical data were downloaded from TCGA and GEO. Then, 141 differentially expressed genes, validated by the GEPIA2 database, were identified by differential expression analysis between normal and tumor samples. Univariate, multivariate and Lasso Cox regression analysis were performed to identify seven prognostic genes (E2F3, ETS2, HLF, HSF4, KLF4, MEIS2, and TCF7L1). The Kaplan-Meier curve and the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC, 1-year AUC: 0.723, 3-year AUC: 0.775, 5-year AUC: 0.786) showed that our model could be used to predict the prognosis of patients with COAD. Multivariate Cox analysis also reported that the risk model is an independent prognostic factor of COAD. The external cohort (GSE17536 and GSE39582) was used to validate our risk model, which indicated that our risk model may be a reliable predictive model for COAD patients. Finally, based on the model and the clinicopathological factors, we constructed a nomogram with a C-index of 0.802. In conclusion, we emphasize the clinical significance of TFs in COAD and construct a prognostic model of TFs, which could provide a novel and reliable model for the prognosis of COAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zichao Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dingye Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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8
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Cui X, Du C, Wan S, Wu D, Yan L, Zhang J, Li J, Li H, Yang Z, Zhang H, Zhang J, Mu H, Zhang F, Peng X, Liu M, Hu Y. Deficiency of heat shock factor 4 promotes lens epithelial cell senescence through upregulating p21 cip1 expression. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166233. [PMID: 34339841 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Genetic mutations in heat shock factor 4 (Hsf4) is associated with both congenital and age-related cataracts. Hsf4 regulates lens development through its ability to both activate and inhibit transcription. Previous studies suggested Hsf4 is involved in modulating cellular senescence depending on p21cip1 and p27 kip1 expression in MEF cells. Here, we found that Hsf4 acts as a suppressor of p21cip1 expression and plays an anti-senescence role during lens development. Knocking out Hsf4 facilitated UVB-induced cellular senescence in mouse lens epithelial cells (mLECs). p21cip1 was upregulated at both the mRNA and protein levels in HSF4-/- mLECs under control and UVB-treated conditions, and knockdown of p21cip1 by siRNA alleviated UVB-induced cellular senescence. HSF4 directly bound to the p21cip1 promoter and increased H3K27m3 levels at the p21cip1 proximal promoter region by recruiting the methyltransferase EZH2. In animal models, p21cip1 was gradually upregulated in wild-type mouse lenses with increasing age, while Hsf4 levels decreased. We generated a Hsf4 mutant mice line (Hsf4del-42) which displayed obvious congenital cataract phenotype. The expression of p21cip1 and senescence-associated cytokines were induced in the cataractous lenses of Hsf4del-42 mice. H3K27m3 and EZH2 levels decreased in p21cip1 promoters in the lenses of Hsf4del-42 mice. The SA-β-Gal activities were positive in lens epithelia of aged Hsf4null zebrafish compared to wild-type lenses. p21cip1 and senescence-associated cytokines levels were also upregulated in lenses of Hsf4null zebrafish. Accordingly, we propose that HSF4 plays a protective role in lens epithelial cells against cellular senescence during lens development and aging, partly by fine-tuning p21cip1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiukun Cui
- Jointed National Lab for antibody drug engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China.
| | - Chunxiao Du
- Jointed National Lab for antibody drug engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Simin Wan
- Jointed National Lab for antibody drug engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Dandan Wu
- Jointed National Lab for antibody drug engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Longjun Yan
- Jointed National Lab for antibody drug engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Jointed National Lab for antibody drug engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jing Li
- Jointed National Lab for antibody drug engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Hui Li
- Jointed National Lab for antibody drug engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zhengyan Yang
- Jointed National Lab for antibody drug engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- Jointed National Lab for antibody drug engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Jointed National Lab for antibody drug engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Hongmei Mu
- Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Myopia and cataract, Kaifeng central Hospital Kaifeng, China
| | - Fengyan Zhang
- The Laboratory for ophthalmology and Vision Science, Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuyan Peng
- The Laboratory for ophthalmology and Vision Science, Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mugen Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yanzhong Hu
- Jointed National Lab for antibody drug engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China; Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Myopia and cataract, Kaifeng central Hospital Kaifeng, China; The Laboratory for ophthalmology and Vision Science, Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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9
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Bajpai M, Panda A, Birudaraju K, Van Gurp J, Chak A, Das KM, Javidian P, Aviv H. Recurring Translocations in Barrett's Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. Front Genet 2021; 12:674741. [PMID: 34178034 PMCID: PMC8220202 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.674741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Barrett's esophagus (BE) is a premalignant metaplasia in patients with chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). BE can progress to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) with less than 15% 5-year survival. Chromosomal aneuploidy, deletions, and duplication are early events in BE progression to EA, but reliable diagnostic assays to detect chromosomal markers in premalignant stages of EA arising from BE are lacking. Previously, we investigated chromosomal changes in an in vitro model of acid and bile exposure-induced Barrett's epithelial carcinogenesis (BEC). In addition to detecting changes already known to occur in BE and EA, we also reported a novel recurring chromosomal translocation t(10:16) in the BE cells at an earlier time point before they undergo malignant transformation. In this study, we refine the chromosomal event with the help of fluorescence microscopy techniques as a three-way translocation between chromosomes 2, 10, and 16, t(2:10;16) (p22;q22;q22). We also designed an exclusive fluorescent in situ hybridization for esophageal adenocarcinoma (FISH-EA) assay that detects these chromosomal breakpoints and fusions. We validate the feasibility of the FISH-EA assay to objectively detect these chromosome events in primary tissues by confirming the presence of one of the fusions in paraffin-embedded formalin-fixed human EA tumors. Clinical validation in a larger cohort of BE progressors and non-progressors will confirm the specificity and sensitivity of the FISH-EA assay in identifying malignant potential in the early stages of EA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Bajpai
- Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Anshuman Panda
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Kristen Birudaraju
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - James Van Gurp
- Department of Pathology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Amitabh Chak
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Kiron M Das
- Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Parisa Javidian
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Department of Pathology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Hana Aviv
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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10
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Syafruddin SE, Ling S, Low TY, Mohtar MA. More Than Meets the Eye: Revisiting the Roles of Heat Shock Factor 4 in Health and Diseases. Biomolecules 2021; 11:523. [PMID: 33807297 PMCID: PMC8066111 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells encounter a myriad of endogenous and exogenous stresses that could perturb cellular physiological processes. Therefore, cells are equipped with several adaptive and stress-response machinery to overcome and survive these insults. One such machinery is the heat shock response (HSR) program that is governed by the heat shock factors (HSFs) family in response towards elevated temperature, free radicals, oxidants, and heavy metals. HSF4 is a member of this HSFs family that could exist in two predominant isoforms, either the transcriptional repressor HSFa or transcriptional activator HSF4b. HSF4 is constitutively active due to the lack of oligomerization negative regulator domain. HSF4 has been demonstrated to play roles in several physiological processes and not only limited to regulating the classical heat shock- or stress-responsive transcriptional programs. In this review, we will revisit and delineate the recent updates on HSF4 molecular properties. We also comprehensively discuss the roles of HSF4 in health and diseases, particularly in lens cell development, cataract formation, and cancer pathogenesis. Finally, we will posit the potential direction of HSF4 future research that could enhance our knowledge on HSF4 molecular networks as well as physiological and pathophysiological functions.
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11
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Ma Q, He J. Enhanced expression of queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase 1 ( QTRT1) predicts poor prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1658. [PMID: 33490170 PMCID: PMC7812218 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-7424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most frequently diagnosed type of lung cancer with high percentage of tumor relapse and metastasis. The correlation between queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase 1 (QTRT1) expression and LUAD remains largely unknown. In this study, we aim to investigate the potential role of QTRT1 expression in the prognosis of LUAD. Methods We abstracted data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and four independent Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets. In total, 1,012 LUAD samples and 112 normal tissue samples were selected. The relationship between QTRT1 expression, methylation, and clinical features in LUAD were determined, and bioinformatics analyses were also performed. Results The expression of QTRT1 was higher in LUAD patients. A marked downregulation in QTRT1 methylation in LUAD was also found. Low QTRT1 expression was associated with longer overall survival across the GEO and TCGA datasets (P=0.0033, 0.0022, respectively). Furthermore, QTRT1 expression was significantly correlated with 'axoneme assembly', 'androgen response', and 'epithelial mesenchymal transition', as determined by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and Gene Ontology (GO) term enrichment analysis. Conclusions QTRT1 was highly expressed in LUAD, and enhanced expression of QTRT1 might therefore serve as a biomarker for poor prognosis in LUAD. The result of bioinformatic analyses might present a new insight for investigating the pathogenesis of LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianli Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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12
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Emerging roles of HSF1 in cancer: Cellular and molecular episodes. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188390. [PMID: 32653364 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) systematically guards proteome stability and proteostasis by regulating the expression of heat shock protein (HSP), thus rendering cancer cells addicted to HSF1. The non-canonical transcriptional programme driven by HSF1, which is distinct from the heat shock response (HSR), plays an indispensable role in the initiation, promotion and progression of cancer. Therefore, HSF1 is widely exploited as a potential therapeutic target in a broad spectrum of cancers. Various molecules and signals in the cell jointly regulate the activation and attenuation of HSF1. The high-level expression of HSF1 in tumours and its relationship with patient prognosis imply that HSF1 can be used as a biomarker for patient prognosis and a target for cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss the newly identified mechanisms of HSF1 activation and regulation, the diverse functions of HSF1 in tumourigenesis, and the feasibility of using HSF1 as a prognostic marker. Disrupting cancer cell proteostasis by targeting HSF1 represents a novel anti-cancer therapeutic strategy.
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13
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Huang S, Wu Z, Yuan X, Li N, Li T, Wang J, Levesque CL, Feng C. Transcriptome Differences Suggest Novel Mechanisms for Intrauterine Growth Restriction Mediated Dysfunction in Small Intestine of Neonatal Piglets. Front Physiol 2020; 11:561. [PMID: 32655399 PMCID: PMC7324767 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired intestinal function is frequently detected in newborns with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), whereas the mechanism between transcriptome profiles and small intestinal dysfunction is still unclear. Therefore, this study was conducted by using IUGR neonatal piglets to uncover the mechanism underlying intestinal dysfunction. Neonatal piglets with IUGR and normal birth weight (NBW) were sacrificed at birth. Transcriptomic sequencing was performed on jejunum samples and generated 18,997 and 17,531 genes in NBW and IUGR groups, respectively. A total of 10 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified; of note, only seven were mapped to the genome reference database, with two up-regulated (HSF4 and NR1H4; heat shock transcription factor 4 and nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 4, respectively) and five down-regulated (SLC35C1, BTNL3, BPI, NLRP6, and SLC5A8; Solute carrier family 35 member C1, butyrophilin like 3, bactericidal permeability increasing protein, NLR family pyrin domain containing 6, and solute carrier family 5 member 8, respectively). Combining an enrichment analysis and reverse transcriptase–quantitative polymerase chain reaction validation of DEGs, our results proved the lipid metabolism disorder, intestinal dysfunction, and inflammatory response in IUGR piglets. Here, IUGR piglets presented lower concentration of glucose and triglyceride and higher concentration of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, compared with NBW piglets. Histological analysis revealed decreased mucins and increased apoptosis in both jejunum and ileum for IUGR piglets. Collectively, we found that IUGR induced intestinal dysfunction by altering lipid metabolism, intestinal barrier, and inflammatory response in neonatal piglets at birth, which provides new insights into the prevention and treatment of IUGR that protects against metabolic disorders and inflammatory-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimeng Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiongkun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Crystal L Levesque
- Department of Animal Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Cuiping Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
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14
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Puustinen MC, Sistonen L. Molecular Mechanisms of Heat Shock Factors in Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051202. [PMID: 32408596 PMCID: PMC7290425 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant transformation is accompanied by alterations in the key cellular pathways that regulate development, metabolism, proliferation and motility as well as stress resilience. The members of the transcription factor family, called heat shock factors (HSFs), have been shown to play important roles in all of these biological processes, and in the past decade it has become evident that their activities are rewired during tumorigenesis. This review focuses on the expression patterns and functions of HSF1, HSF2, and HSF4 in specific cancer types, highlighting the mechanisms by which the regulatory functions of these transcription factors are modulated. Recently developed therapeutic approaches that target HSFs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Christer Puustinen
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland;
- Turku Bioscience, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Lea Sistonen
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland;
- Turku Bioscience, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-2215-3311
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15
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Ma P, Tang WG, Hu JW, Hao Y, Xiong LK, Wang MM, Liu H, Bo WH, Yu KH. HSP4 triggers epithelial-mesenchymal transition and promotes motility capacities of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via activating AKT. Liver Int 2020; 40:1211-1223. [PMID: 32077551 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Heat shock factor (HSF4) plays a vital role in carcinogenesis and tumour progression. However, its clinical significance implications in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remained elusive. METHODS RT-PCR and western blot were used to detect the HSF4 expression levels in HCC cells and tissues. Immunohistochemistry staining was performed on a tissue microarray containing 104 HCC patients received radical resection. In vitro effects of HSF4 on proliferation, migration and invasion were determined by colony formation and transwell assays in HCCLM3, Huh7, MHCC97L and SMMC7721 cells. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was identified by RT-PCR, WB and immunofluorescence in HCCLM3 and MHCC97L cells. AKT pathway activation was detected by WB and dual luciferase report system in HCCLM3 and MHCC97L cells. RESULTS HSF4 expression was higher in primary HCC tissues derived from recurrent patients, and positively correlated with invasiveness potentials of cell lines. Clinically, patients with high HSF4 expression had significant poorer prognosis. In vitro experiments showed HSF4 silencing inhibited HCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion, whereas HSF4 overexpression had inverse effects. Moreover, silence of HSF4 induced an epithelial-like phenotype, whereas the overexpression of HSF4 resulted in a mesenchymal-like phenotype in HCC by activating AKT pathway. Further experiments showed that HSF4 could activate AKT pathway in a hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) dependent, but transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) independent manner. CONCLUSIONS HSF4 is upregulated in HCC, resulting in greater proliferation, migration and invasion capacities. Moreover, high HSF4 expression is a promising predictive indicator of poor outcome after radical resection. HSF4 may promote aggressive tumour behaviour by enhancing EMT through activating AKT pathway in a HIF1α-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Guo Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Wu Hu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ying Hao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Liang-Kun Xiong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Mao-Ming Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Hui Bo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Kai-Huan Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
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16
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Dai C. The heat-shock, or HSF1-mediated proteotoxic stress, response in cancer: from proteomic stability to oncogenesis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2016.0525. [PMID: 29203710 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The heat-shock, or HSF1-mediated proteotoxic stress, response (HSR/HPSR) is characterized by induction of heat-shock proteins (HSPs). As molecular chaperones, HSPs facilitate the folding, assembly, transportation and degradation of other proteins. In mammals, heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) is the master regulator of this ancient transcriptional programme. Upon proteotoxic insults, the HSR/HPSR is essential to proteome homeostasis, or proteostasis, thereby resisting stress and antagonizing protein misfolding diseases and ageing. Contrasting with these benefits, an unexpected pro-oncogenic role of the HSR/HPSR is unfolding. Whereas HSF1 remains latent in primary cells without stress, it becomes constitutively activated within malignant cells, rendering them addicted to HSF1 for their growth and survival. Highlighting the HSR/HPSR as an integral component of the oncogenic network, several key pathways governing HSF1 activation by environmental stressors are causally implicated in malignancy. Importantly, HSF1 impacts the cancer proteome systemically. By suppressing tumour-suppressive amyloidogenesis, HSF1 preserves cancer proteostasis to support the malignant state, both providing insight into how HSF1 enables tumorigenesis and suggesting disruption of cancer proteostasis as a therapeutic strategy. This review provides an overview of the role of HSF1 in oncogenesis, mechanisms underlying its constitutive activation within cancer cells and its pro-oncogenic action, as well as potential HSF1-targeting strategies.This article is part of the theme issue 'Heat shock proteins as modulators and therapeutic targets of chronic disease: an integrated perspective'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkai Dai
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research NCI-Frederick, Building 560, Room 32-31b, 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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17
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Dexamethasone alleviates pemetrexed-induced senescence in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 119:86-97. [PMID: 29753869 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pemetrexed (PEM) is a novel and multi-targeted antifolate used as an antineoplastic agent for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and pleural mesothelioma. Although glucocorticoid was often used with PEM to reduce toxicity during the chemotherapy, it is not clear yet whether glucocorticoid co-administration could affect PEM efficacy in NSCLC. Here we established NSCLC cell lines and examined the effects of dexamethasone (DEX) on PEM sensitivity in vitro and in xenograft models. DEX co-administration reduced chemotherapy sensitivity to PEM in xenograft models. DEX co-administration promoted cell growth and weakened senescence growth arrest, such as altered secretions of proinflammatory and mitogenic cytokines, reminiscent of a senescence associate secretory phenotype (SASP). CSCs in DEX co-administration group were subsequently found to be less sensitive towards PEM treatment as measured by cell proliferation and generation of tumor spheres in the presence of PEM. Survival molecule B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) may involve in this process and blockage of Bcl-2 could reverse altered senescence and CSCs abilities, thus alleviated PEM insensitivity. As such, DEX might suppress the antitumor activity of PEM through altered SASP level that had induced traits similar to CSCs.
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18
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Li D, Yang W, Zhang J, Yang JY, Guan R, Yang MQ. Transcription Factor and lncRNA Regulatory Networks Identify Key Elements in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E12. [PMID: 29303984 PMCID: PMC5793165 DOI: 10.3390/genes9010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed carcinoma and is the leading cause of cancer death. Although significant progress has been made towards its understanding and treatment, unraveling the complexities of lung cancer is still hampered by a lack of comprehensive knowledge on the mechanisms underlying the disease. High-throughput and multidimensional genomic data have shed new light on cancer biology. In this study, we developed a network-based approach integrating somatic mutations, the transcriptome, DNA methylation, and protein-DNA interactions to reveal the key regulators in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). By combining Bayesian network analysis with tissue-specific transcription factor (TF) and targeted gene interactions, we inferred 15 disease-related core regulatory networks in co-expression gene modules associated with LUAD. Through target gene set enrichment analysis, we identified a set of key TFs, including known cancer genes that potentially regulate the disease networks. These TFs were significantly enriched in multiple cancer-related pathways. Specifically, our results suggest that hepatitis viruses may contribute to lung carcinogenesis, highlighting the need for further investigations into the roles that viruses play in treating lung cancer. Additionally, 13 putative regulatory long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), including three that are known to be associated with lung cancer, and nine novel lncRNAs were revealed by our study. These lncRNAs and their target genes exhibited high interaction potentials and demonstrated significant expression correlations between normal lung and LUAD tissues. We further extended our study to include 16 solid-tissue tumor types and determined that the majority of these lncRNAs have putative regulatory roles in multiple cancers, with a few showing lung-cancer specific regulations. Our study provides a comprehensive investigation of transcription factor and lncRNA regulation in the context of LUAD regulatory networks and yields new insights into the regulatory mechanisms underlying LUAD. The novel key regulatory elements discovered by our research offer new targets for rational drug design and accompanying therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Joint Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Department of Information Science, George W. Donaghey College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Arkansas at Little Rock and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 2801 S. University Ave, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA.
| | - William Yang
- School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Jialing Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Jack Y Yang
- Joint Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Department of Information Science, George W. Donaghey College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Arkansas at Little Rock and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 2801 S. University Ave, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA.
| | - Renchu Guan
- Joint Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Department of Information Science, George W. Donaghey College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Arkansas at Little Rock and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 2801 S. University Ave, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA.
| | - Mary Qu Yang
- Joint Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Department of Information Science, George W. Donaghey College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Arkansas at Little Rock and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 2801 S. University Ave, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Heat shock transcription factors (Hsfs) regulate transcription of heat shock proteins as well as other genes whose promoters contain heat shock elements (HSEs). There are at least five Hsfs in mammalian cells, Hsf1, Hsf2, Hsf3, Hsf4, and Hsfy (Wu, Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 11:441-469, 1995; Morimoto, Genes Dev 12:3788-3796, 1998; Tessari et al., Mol Hum Repord 4:253-258, 2004; Fujimoto et al., Mol Biol Cell 21:106-116, 2010; Nakai et al., Mol Cell Biol 17:469-481, 1997; Sarge et al., Genes Dev 5:1902-1911, 1991). To understand the physiological roles of Hsf1, Hsf2, and Hsf4 in vivo, we generated knockout mouse lines for these factors (Zhang et al., J Cell Biochem 86:376-393, 2002; Wang et al., Genesis 36:48-61, 2003; Min et al., Genesis 40:205-217, 2004). Numbers of other laboratories have also generated Hsf1 (Xiao et al., EMBO J 18:5943-5952, 1999; Sugahara et al., Hear Res 182:88-96, 2003), Hsf2 (McMillan et al., Mol Cell Biol 22:8005-8014, 2002; Kallio et al., EMBO J 21:2591-2601, 2002), and Hsf4 (Fujimoto et al., EMBO J 23:4297-4306, 2004) knockout mouse models. In this chapter, we describe the design of the targeting vectors, the plasmids used, and the successful generation of mice lacking the individual genes. We also briefly describe what we have learned about the physiological functions of these genes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongjie Jin
- Molecular Chaperone Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia Cancer Center, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., CN3141, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Binnur Eroglu
- Molecular Chaperone Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia Cancer Center, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., CN3141, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Demetrius Moskophidis
- Molecular Chaperone Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia Cancer Center, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., CN3141, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Nahid F Mivechi
- Molecular Chaperone Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia Cancer Center, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., CN3141, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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20
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Yang Y, Jin L, Zhang J, Wang J, Zhao X, Wu G, Yao H, Zhang Z. High HSF4 expression is an independent indicator of poor overall survival and recurrence free survival in patients with primary colorectal cancer. IUBMB Life 2017; 69:956-961. [PMID: 29131521 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock factor 4 (HSF4) is a member of the HSF family. In this study, by using data from the Cancer Genome Atlas-Colorectal Cancer (TCGA-CRC), we investigated the expression profile and the prognostic value of the HSF4 in terms of overall survival (OS) and recurrence free survival (RFS) in CRC patients. RNA-Seq data showed that HSF4 RNA expression was significantly higher in CRC tissues (N = 380) than in the corresponding normal tissues (N = 51) (mean ± SD: 3.56 ± 1.28 vs. 1.85 ± 0.87, P < 0.0001). High HSF4 expression group had significantly higher ratio of stages III/IV patients (52/86, 60.5%) than low HSF4 expression group (110/264, 41.7%; P = 0.0024). Besides, the high HSF4 expression group also had significantly increased expression of CEA (CEA ≥ 5, 26/51, 51.0% vs. 64/186, 34.4%), higher proportion of recurrence (32/86, 37.2% vs. 48/254, 18.9%, P = 0.0005) and death (36/90, 40.0% vs. 49/277, 17.7%, P < 0.0001) compared with the low HSF4 expression group. Multivariate analysis confirmed that high HSF4 expression was an independent prognostic factor of poor OS (HR = 2.111, 95%CI: 1.350-3.302, P = 0.001) and RFS (HR = 1.958, 95%CI: 1.224-3.131, P = 0.005). Bioinformatic analysis showed that HSF4 can directly interact with DUSP26, ZBED8, and MAPK14. It is also coexpressed with PTGER1, COL11A2, CLPS, and ARSA and colocalized with PTGER1, ADRB1, PEX12, CLPS, PSEN2, KCNJ5, CPA1, ARSA, PNLIP, IRX4, CPA2, IDUA, BCKDHA, and CTRL. We hypothesized that HSF4 might exert its oncogenic effects in CRC via some of these genes. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 69(12):956-961, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchi Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Jin
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomu Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guocong Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongtao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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21
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Zhong YH, Cheng HZ, Peng H, Tang SC, Wang P. Heat shock factor 2 is associated with the occurrence of lung cancer by enhancing the expression of heat shock proteins. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:5106-5112. [PMID: 28101237 PMCID: PMC5228092 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly lung cancer. Heat shock proteins and their upstream heat shock factors are involved in the occurrence of cancer and have been widely researched. However, the role of heat shock factor 2 (HSF2) in lung cancer remains unclear. In the present study, expression levels of HSF2 in lung cancer tissues from 50 lung cancer patients were detected by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and 76% (38/50) were upregulated compared with the matched normal tissues. This suggested possible involvement of HSF2 in lung cancer. To additionally investigate the role of HSF2 in lung cancer occurrence, a plasmid encoding HSF2 was constructed. HSF2 was over expressed in normal lung epithelial BEAS-2B cells and lung cancer A549 cells. The results showed that HSF2 overexpression promoted cell proliferation and cell migration in BEAS-2B and A549 cells. Additional experiments showed that the HSF2-induced cell proliferation and cell migration were dependent on induction of HSPs, particularly HSP27 and HSP90, as co-transfection of HSP27 small interfering RNA (siRNA) or HSP90 siRNA attenuated HSF2-induced cell growth and migration. In conclusion, the present study showed that HSF2 is aberrantly expressed in lung cancer, and it may be an upstream regulator of HSPs, which may strongly affect cell growth and cell migration. Additional studies are required to explain the detailed mechanism between lung cancer, HSF2, HSPs and other possible signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hua Zhong
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China; Cadres Treatment Section, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 510032, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Zhong Cheng
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China; Thoracic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 510032, P.R. China
| | - Hao Peng
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China; Thoracic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 510032, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Cong Tang
- Cadres Health Care, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Ping Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China; Thoracic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 510032, P.R. China
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Kordbacheh F, Bhatia N, Farah CS. Patterns of differentially expressed genes in oral mucosal lesions visualised under autofluorescence (VELscope™). Oral Dis 2016; 22:285-96. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Kordbacheh
- Oral Oncology Research Program; UQ Centre for Clinical Research; University of Queensland; Herston Qld Australia
| | - N Bhatia
- Oral Oncology Research Program; UQ Centre for Clinical Research; University of Queensland; Herston Qld Australia
| | - CS Farah
- Oral Oncology Research Program; UQ Centre for Clinical Research; University of Queensland; Herston Qld Australia
- Australian Centre for Oral Oncology Research & Education; School of Dentistry; University of Western Australia; Nedlands WA Australia
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Vydra N, Toma A, Widlak W. Pleiotropic role of HSF1 in neoplastic transformation. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2015; 14:144-55. [PMID: 24467529 PMCID: PMC4435066 DOI: 10.2174/1568009614666140122155942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
HSF1 (Heat Shock transcription Factor 1) is the main transcription factor activated in response to proteotoxic stress. Once activated, it induces an expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) which enables cells to survive in suboptimal conditions. HSF1 could be also activated by altered kinase signaling characteristic for cancer cells, which is a probable reason for its high activity found in a broad range of tumors. There is rapidly growing evidence that HSF1 supports tumor initiation and growth, as well as metastasis and angiogenesis. It also modulates the sensitivity of cancer cells to therapy. Functions of HSF1 in cancer are connected with HSPs’ activity, which generally protects cells from apoptosis, but also are independent of its classical targets. HSF1-dependent regulation of non-HSPs genes plays a role in cell cycle
progression, glucose metabolism, autophagy and drug efflux. HSF1 affects the key cell-survival and regulatory pathways, including p53, RAS/MAPK, cAMP/PKA, mTOR and insulin signaling. Although the exact mechanism of HSF1 action is still somewhat obscure, HSF1 is becoming an attractive target in anticancer therapies, whose inhibition could enhance the effects of other treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wieslawa Widlak
- Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeze Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101 Gliwice, Poland.
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Omolo B, Carson C, Chu H, Zhou Y, Simpson DA, Hesse JE, Paules RS, Nyhan KC, Ibrahim JG, Kaufmann WK. A prognostic signature of G(2) checkpoint function in melanoma cell lines. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:1071-82. [PMID: 23454897 PMCID: PMC3646863 DOI: 10.4161/cc.24067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
As DNA damage checkpoints are barriers to carcinogenesis, G(2) checkpoint function was quantified to test for override of this checkpoint during melanomagenesis. Primary melanocytes displayed an effective G(2) checkpoint response to ionizing radiation (IR)-induced DNA damage. Thirty-seven percent of melanoma cell lines displayed a significant defect in G(2) checkpoint function. Checkpoint function was melanoma subtype-specific with "epithelial-like" melanoma lines, with wild type NRAS and BRAF displaying an effective checkpoint, while lines with mutant NRAS and BRAF displayed defective checkpoint function. Expression of oncogenic B-Raf in a checkpoint-effective melanoma attenuated G(2) checkpoint function significantly but modestly. Other alterations must be needed to produce the severe attenuation of G(2) checkpoint function seen in some BRAF-mutant melanoma lines. Quantitative trait analysis tools identified mRNA species whose expression was correlated with G(2) checkpoint function in the melanoma lines. A 165 gene signature was identified with a high correlation with checkpoint function (p < 0.004) and low false discovery rate (≤ 0.077). The G(2) checkpoint gene signature predicted G(2) checkpoint function with 77-94% accuracy. The signature was enriched in lysosomal genes and contained numerous genes that are associated with regulation of chromatin structure and cell cycle progression. The core machinery of the cell cycle was not altered in checkpoint-defective lines but rather numerous mediators of core machinery function were. When applied to an independent series of primary melanomas, the predictive G(2) checkpoint signature was prognostic of distant metastasis-free survival. These results emphasize the value of expression profiling of primary melanomas for understanding melanoma biology and disease prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Omolo
- Division of Mathematics and Computer Science; University of South Carolina Upstate; Spartanburg, SC USA
| | - Craig Carson
- Department of Dermatology; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Haitao Chu
- Division of Biostatistics; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Yingchun Zhou
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Dennis A. Simpson
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Jill E. Hesse
- Environmental Stress and Cancer Group; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Richard S. Paules
- Environmental Stress and Cancer Group; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Kristine C. Nyhan
- Department of Radiation Oncology; University of California-San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Joseph G. Ibrahim
- Departments of Biostatistics; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, NC USA
- Center for Environmental Health and Susceptibility; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, NC USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - William K. Kaufmann
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, NC USA
- Center for Environmental Health and Susceptibility; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, NC USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, NC USA
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Ge H, Ni S, Wang X, Xu N, Liu Y, Wang X, Wang L, Song D, Song Y, Bai C. Dexamethasone reduces sensitivity to cisplatin by blunting p53-dependent cellular senescence in non-small cell lung cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51821. [PMID: 23272171 PMCID: PMC3525662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dexamethasone (DEX) co-treatment has proved beneficial in NSCLC patients, improving clinical symptoms by the reduction of side effects after chemotherapy. However, recent studies have shown that DEX could render cancer cells more insensitive to cytotoxic drug therapy, but it is not known whether DEX co-treatment could influence therapy-induced senescence (TIS), and unknown whether it is in a p53-dependent or p53-independent manner. Methods We examined in different human NSCLC cell lines and detected cellular senescence after cisplatin (DDP) treatment in the presence or absence of DEX. The in vivo effect of the combination of DEX and DDP was assessed by tumor growth experiments using human lung cancer cell lines growing as xenograft tumors in nude mice. Results Co-treatment with DEX during chemotherapy in NSCLC resulted in increased tumor cell viability and inhibition of TIS compared with DDP treated group. DEX co-treatment cells exhibited the decrease of DNA damage signaling pathway proteins, the lower expression of p53 and p21CIP1, the lower cellular secretory program and down-regulation of NF-κB and its signaling cascade. DEX also significantly reduced DDP sensitivity in vivo. Conclusions Our results underscore that DEX reduces chemotherapy sensitivity by blunting therapy induced cellular senescence after chemotherapy in NSCLC, which may, at least in part, in a p53-dependent manner. These data therefore raise concerns about the widespread combined use of gluocorticoids (GCs) with antineoplastic drugs in the clinical management of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Ge
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Songshi Ni
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xingan Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nuo Xu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingyan Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongli Song
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanlin Song
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxue Bai
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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