1
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Li S, Chen JS, Li X, Bai X, Shi D. MNK, mTOR or eIF4E-selecting the best anti-tumor target for blocking translation initiation. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 260:115781. [PMID: 37669595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of eIF4E is common in patients with various solid tumors and hematologic cancers. As a potential anti-cancer target, eIF4E has attracted extensive attention from researchers. At the same time, mTOR kinases inhibitors and MNK kinases inhibitors, which are directly related to regulation of eIF4E, have been rapidly developed. To explore the optimal anti-cancer targets among MNK, mTOR, and eIF4E, this review provides a detailed classification and description of the anti-cancer activities of promising compounds. In addition, the structures and activities of some dual-target inhibitors are briefly described. By analyzing the different characteristics of the inhibitors, it can be concluded that MNK1/2 and eIF4E/eIF4G interaction inhibitors are superior to mTOR inhibitors. Simultaneous inhibition of MNK and eIF4E/eIF4G interaction may be the most promising anti-cancer method for targeting translation initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Jia-Shu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Xiangqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyi Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Dayong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, PR China.
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2
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Du H, Yang YC, Liu HJ, Yuan M, Asara JM, Wong KK, Henske EP, Singh M, Kwiatkowski DJ. Bi-steric mTORC1 inhibitors induce apoptotic cell death in tumor models with hyperactivated mTORC1. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e167861. [PMID: 37909334 PMCID: PMC10617776 DOI: 10.1172/jci167861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is commonly dysregulated in cancer. Rapalogs exhibit modest clinical benefit, likely owing to their lack of effects on 4EBP1. We hypothesized that bi-steric mTORC1-selective inhibitors would have greater potential for clinical benefit than rapalogs in tumors with mTORC1 dysfunction. We assessed this hypothesis in tumor models with high mTORC1 activity both in vitro and in vivo. Bi-steric inhibitors had strong growth inhibition, eliminated phosphorylated 4EBP1, and induced more apoptosis than rapamycin or MLN0128. Multiomics analysis showed extensive effects of the bi-steric inhibitors in comparison with rapamycin. De novo purine synthesis was selectively inhibited by bi-sterics through reduction in JUN and its downstream target PRPS1 and appeared to be the cause of apoptosis. Hence, bi-steric mTORC1-selective inhibitors are a therapeutic strategy to treat tumors driven by mTORC1 hyperactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Du
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yu Chi Yang
- Department of Biology, Revolution Medicines Inc., Redwood City, California, USA
| | - Heng-Jia Liu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Min Yuan
- Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John M. Asara
- Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elizabeth P. Henske
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mallika Singh
- Department of Biology, Revolution Medicines Inc., Redwood City, California, USA
| | - David J. Kwiatkowski
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Cox A, Tung M, Li H, Hallows KR, Chung EJ. In vitro delivery of mTOR inhibitors by kidney-targeted micelles for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. SLAS Technol 2023; 28:223-229. [PMID: 36804177 PMCID: PMC10439257 DOI: 10.1016/j.slast.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common genetic kidney disease and is characterized by the formation of renal cysts and the eventual development of end-stage kidney disease. One approach to treating ADPKD is through inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which has been implicated in cell overproliferation, contributing to renal cyst expansion. However, mTOR inhibitors, including rapamycin, everolimus, and RapaLink-1, have off-target side effects including immunosuppression. Thus, we hypothesized that the encapsulation of mTOR inhibitors in drug delivery carriers that target the kidneys would provide a strategy that would enable therapeutic efficacy while minimizing off-target accumulation and associated toxicity. Toward eventual in vivo application, we synthesized cortical collecting duct (CCD) targeted peptide amphiphile micelle (PAM) nanoparticles and show high drug encapsulation efficiency (>92.6%). In vitro analysis indicated that drug encapsulation into PAMs enhanced the anti-proliferative effect of all three drugs in human CCD cells. Analysis of in vitro biomarkers of the mTOR pathway via western blotting confirmed that PAM encapsulation of mTOR inhibitors did not reduce their efficacy. These results indicate that PAM encapsulation is a promising way to deliver mTOR inhibitors to CCD cells and potentially treat ADPKD. Future studies will evaluate the therapeutic effect of PAM-drug formulations and ability to prevent off-target side effects associated with mTOR inhibitors in mouse models of ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysia Cox
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Madelynn Tung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth R Hallows
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eun Ji Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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4
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Liu HJ, Du H, Khabibullin D, Zarei M, Wei K, Freeman GJ, Kwiatkowski DJ, Henske EP. mTORC1 upregulates B7-H3/CD276 to inhibit antitumor T cells and drive tumor immune evasion. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1214. [PMID: 36869048 PMCID: PMC9984496 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36881-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying the mechanisms underlying the regulation of immune checkpoint molecules and the therapeutic impact of targeting them in cancer is critical. Here we show that high expression of the immune checkpoint B7-H3 (CD276) and high mTORC1 activity correlate with immunosuppressive phenotypes and worse clinical outcomes in 11,060 TCGA human tumors. We find that mTORC1 upregulates B7-H3 expression via direct phosphorylation of the transcription factor YY2 by p70 S6 kinase. Inhibition of B7-H3 suppresses mTORC1-hyperactive tumor growth via an immune-mediated mechanism involving increased T-cell activity and IFN-γ responses coupled with increased tumor cell expression of MHC-II. CITE-seq reveals strikingly increased cytotoxic CD38+CD39+CD4+ T cells in B7-H3-deficient tumors. In pan-human cancers, a high cytotoxic CD38+CD39+CD4+ T-cell gene signature correlates with better clinical prognosis. These results show that mTORC1-hyperactivity, present in many human tumors including tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) and lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM), drives B7-H3 expression leading to suppression of cytotoxic CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Jia Liu
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.
| | - Heng Du
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Damir Khabibullin
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Mahsa Zarei
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77843, TX, USA
| | - Kevin Wei
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02215, MA, USA
| | - David J Kwiatkowski
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Henske
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.
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5
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Drugging the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway in ER+ Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054522. [PMID: 36901954 PMCID: PMC10003259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The frequent activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and its crucial role in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer tumorigenesis and drug resistance has made it a highly attractive therapeutic target in this breast cancer subtype. Consequently, the number of new inhibitors in clinical development targeting this pathway has drastically increased. Among these, the PIK3CA isoform-specific inhibitor alpelisib and the pan-AKT inhibitor capivasertib were recently approved in combination with the estrogen receptor degrader fulvestrant for the treatment of ER+ advanced breast cancer after progression on an aromatase inhibitor. Nevertheless, the clinical development of multiple inhibitors of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, in parallel with the incorporation of CDK4/6 inhibitors into the standard of care treatment in ER+ advanced breast cancer, has led to a multitude of available therapeutic agents and many possible combined strategies which complicate personalizing treatment. Here, we review the role of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in ER+ advanced breast cancer, highlighting the genomic contexts in which the various inhibitors of this pathway may have superior activity. We also discuss selected trials with agents targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and related pathways as well as the rationale supporting the clinical development of triple combination therapy targeting ER, CDK4/6 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR in ER+ advanced breast cancer.
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6
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Mao B, Zhang Q, Ma L, Zhao DS, Zhao P, Yan P. Overview of Research into mTOR Inhibitors. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27165295. [PMID: 36014530 PMCID: PMC9413691 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that belongs to the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-related kinase (PIKK) family. The kinase exists in the forms of two complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, and it participates in cell growth, proliferation, metabolism, and survival. The kinase activity is closely related to the occurrence and development of multiple human diseases. Inhibitors of mTOR block critical pathways to produce antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and other effects, and they have been applied to research in cancer, inflammation, central nervous system diseases and viral infections. Existing mTOR inhibitors are commonly divided into mTOR allosteric inhibitors, ATP-competitive inhibitors and dual binding site inhibitors, according to their sites of action. In addition, there exist several dual-target mTOR inhibitors that target PI3K, histone deacetylases (HDAC) or ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad-3 related (ATR) kinases. This review focuses on the structure of mTOR protein and related signaling pathways as well as the structure and characteristics of various mTOR inhibitors. Non-rapalog allosteric inhibitors will open new directions for the development of new therapeutics specifically targeting mTORC1. The applications of ATP-competitive inhibitors in central nervous system diseases, viral infections and inflammation have laid the foundation for expanding the indications of mTOR inhibitors. Both dual-binding site inhibitors and dual-target inhibitors are beneficial in overcoming mTOR inhibitor resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Mao
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Correspondence: (B.M.); (P.Z.); (P.Y.)
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Li Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Pan Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Correspondence: (B.M.); (P.Z.); (P.Y.)
| | - Peizheng Yan
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Correspondence: (B.M.); (P.Z.); (P.Y.)
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7
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Agarwal S, Decavel-Bueff E, Wang YH, Qin H, Santos RD, Evans MJ, Sriram R. Defining the Magnetic Resonance Features of Renal Lesions and Their Response to Everolimus in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. Front Oncol 2022; 12:851192. [PMID: 35814396 PMCID: PMC9260108 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.851192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an inherited genetic disorder characterized by mutations in TSC1 or TSC2 class of tumor suppressers which impact several organs including the kidney. The renal manifestations are usually in the form of angiomyolipoma (AML, in 80% of the cases) and cystadenomas. mTOR inhibitors such as rapamycin and everolimus have shown efficacy in reducing the renal tumor burden. Early treatment prevents the progression of AML; however, the tumors regrow upon cessation of therapy implying a lifelong need for monitoring and management of this morbid disease. There is a critical need for development of imaging strategies to monitor response to therapy and progression of disease which will also facilitate development of newer targeted therapy. In this study we evaluated the potential of multiparametric 1H magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) to monitor tumor response to therapy in a preclinical model of TSC, the transgenic mouse A/J Tsc2+/-. We found 2-dimensional T2-weighted sequence with 0.5 mm slice thickness to be optimal for detecting renal lesions as small as 0.016 mm3. Baseline characterization of lesions with MRI to assess physiological parameters such as cellularity and perfusion is critical for distinguishing between cystic and solid lesions. Everolimus treatment for three weeks maintained tumor growth at 36% from baseline, while control tumors displayed steady growth and were 70% larger than baseline at the end of therapy. Apparent diffusion coefficient, T1 values and normalized T2 intensity changes were also indictive of response to treatment. Our results indicate that standardization and implementation of improved MR imaging protocols will significantly enhance the utility of mpMRI in determining the severity and composition of renal lesions for better treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhangi Agarwal
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Emilie Decavel-Bueff
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Yung-Hua Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Hecong Qin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Romelyn Delos Santos
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Michael J. Evans
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Renuka Sriram
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Renuka Sriram,
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8
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Mrozek EM, Bajaj V, Guo Y, Malinowska IA, Zhang J, Kwiatkowski DJ. Evaluation of Hsp90 and mTOR inhibitors as potential drugs for the treatment of TSC1/TSC2 deficient cancer. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248380. [PMID: 33891611 PMCID: PMC8064564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivating mutations in either TSC1 or TSC2 cause Tuberous Sclerosis Complex, an autosomal dominant disorder, characterized by multi-system tumor and hamartoma development. Mutation and loss of function of TSC1 and/or TSC2 also occur in a variety of sporadic cancers, and rapamycin and related drugs show highly variable treatment benefit in patients with such cancers. The TSC1 and TSC2 proteins function in a complex that inhibits mTORC1, a key regulator of cell growth, which acts to enhance anabolic biosynthetic pathways. In this study, we identified and validated five cancer cell lines with TSC1 or TSC2 mutations and performed a kinase inhibitor drug screen with 197 compounds. The five cell lines were sensitive to several mTOR inhibitors, and cell cycle kinase and HSP90 kinase inhibitors. The IC50 for Torin1 and INK128, both mTOR kinase inhibitors, was significantly increased in three TSC2 null cell lines in which TSC2 expression was restored. Rapamycin was significantly more effective than either INK128 or ganetespib (an HSP90 inhibitor) in reducing the growth of TSC2 null SNU-398 cells in a xenograft model. Combination ganetespib-rapamycin showed no significant enhancement of growth suppression over rapamycin. Hence, although HSP90 inhibitors show strong inhibition of TSC1/TSC2 null cell line growth in vitro, ganetespib showed little benefit at standard dosage in vivo. In contrast, rapamycin which showed very modest growth inhibition in vitro was the best agent for in vivo treatment, but did not cause tumor regression, only growth delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn M. Mrozek
- Cancer Genetics Lab, Pulmonary Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DJK); (EMM)
| | - Vineeta Bajaj
- Cancer Genetics Lab, Pulmonary Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yanan Guo
- Cancer Genetics Lab, Pulmonary Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Izabela A. Malinowska
- Cancer Genetics Lab, Pulmonary Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David J. Kwiatkowski
- Cancer Genetics Lab, Pulmonary Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DJK); (EMM)
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9
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Rosario R, Anderson RA. Novel approaches to fertility restoration in women with premature ovarian insufficiency. Climacteric 2021; 24:491-497. [PMID: 33427510 DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2020.1856806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) brings with it the loss of fertility, an immediate concern for many affected women, and a future one for many others. While there is a low natural conception rate, for most the choice is between oocyte donation and alternative methods of family building such as adoption. There is, however, a lot of research into novel methods for increasing or restoring the fertility of women with POI, which are discussed in this review. Many approaches involve the use of mesenchymal stem cells, from a variety of sources including bone marrow, placenta and umbilical cord, and menstrual blood. These seem to have efficacy in animal models of POI, although through unclear mechanisms. Activation of remaining primordial follicles is also being explored, through physical or chemical manipulation of key regulatory pathways, notably the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and Hippo pathways. Much of the clinical data are uncontrolled, and mostly in women with a reduced ovarian reserve rather than POI, as are the results thus far for administration of platelet-rich plasma. Clinical studies with appropriate controls are needed to substantiate the preliminary claims of effectiveness of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rosario
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - R A Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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10
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Valvezan AJ, McNamara MC, Miller SK, Torrence ME, Asara JM, Henske EP, Manning BD. IMPDH inhibitors for antitumor therapy in tuberous sclerosis complex. JCI Insight 2020; 5:135071. [PMID: 32271165 PMCID: PMC7205253 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.135071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies in distinct preclinical tumor models have established the nucleotide synthesis enzyme inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) as a viable target for antitumor therapy. IMPDH inhibitors have been used clinically for decades as safe and effective immunosuppressants. However, the potential to repurpose these pharmacological agents for antitumor therapy requires further investigation, including direct comparisons of available compounds. Therefore, we tested structurally distinct IMPDH inhibitors in multiple cell and mouse tumor models of the genetic tumor syndrome tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). TSC-associated tumors are driven by uncontrolled activation of the growth-promoting protein kinase complex mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1), which is also aberrantly activated in the majority of sporadic cancers. Despite eliciting similar immunosuppressive effects, the IMPDH inhibitor mizoribine, used clinically throughout Asia, demonstrated far superior antitumor activity compared with the FDA-approved IMPDH inhibitor mycophenolate mofetil (or CellCept, a prodrug of mycophenolic acid). When compared directly to the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, mizoribine treatment provided a more durable antitumor response associated with tumor cell death. These results provide preclinical support for repurposing mizoribine, over other IMPDH inhibitors, as an alternative to mTOR inhibitors for the treatment of TSC-associated tumors and possibly other tumors featuring uncontrolled mTORC1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Valvezan
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Molly C. McNamara
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Spencer K. Miller
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Margaret E. Torrence
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John M. Asara
- Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth P. Henske
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brendan D. Manning
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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Merrill NM, Lachacz EJ, Vandecan NM, Ulintz PJ, Bao L, Lloyd JP, Yates JA, Morikawa A, Merajver SD, Soellner MB. Molecular determinants of drug response in TNBC cell lines. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2020; 179:337-347. [PMID: 31655920 PMCID: PMC7323911 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05473-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a need for biomarkers of drug efficacy for targeted therapies in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). As a step toward this, we identify multi-omic molecular determinants of anti-TNBC efficacy in cell lines for a panel of oncology drugs. METHODS Using 23 TNBC cell lines, drug sensitivity scores (DSS3) were determined using a panel of investigational drugs and drugs approved for other indications. Molecular readouts were generated for each cell line using RNA sequencing, RNA targeted panels, DNA sequencing, and functional proteomics. DSS3 values were correlated with molecular readouts using a FDR-corrected significance cutoff of p* < 0.05 and yielded molecular determinant panels that predict anti-TNBC efficacy. RESULTS Six molecular determinant panels were obtained from 12 drugs we prioritized based on their efficacy. Determinant panels were largely devoid of DNA mutations of the targeted pathway. Molecular determinants were obtained by correlating DSS3 with molecular readouts. We found that co-inhibiting molecular correlate pathways leads to robust synergy across many cell lines. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate an integrated method to identify biomarkers of drug efficacy in TNBC where DNA predictions correlate poorly with drug response. Our work outlines a framework for the identification of novel molecular determinants and optimal companion drugs for combination therapy based on these correlates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M Merrill
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1500 Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Eric J Lachacz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1500 Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Nathalie M Vandecan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1500 Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Peter J Ulintz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1500 Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Liwei Bao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1500 Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - John P Lloyd
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1500 Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Joel A Yates
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1500 Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Aki Morikawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1500 Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Sofia D Merajver
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1500 Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Matthew B Soellner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1500 Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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12
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Nejati R, Wei S, Uzzo RG, Poureghbali S, Pei J, Talarchek JN, Ruth K, Dulaimi E, Kutikov A, Testa JR, Al-Saleem T. Monosomy of Chromosome 9 Is Associated With Higher Grade, Advanced Stage, and Adverse Outcome in Clear-cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2019; 18:56-61. [PMID: 31648964 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2019.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is one of the most common malignancies in humans and is usually associated with poor outcomes. Cancers are considered to be genetic diseases. Therefore, a better understanding of genetic alterations that are related to disease progression or poor prognosis can help to more precisely identify high-risk patients and treat them more effectively. The aim of this study was to examine the frequency of whole chromosome 9 loss (monosomy of chromosome 9) and its prognostic value in patients with ccRCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Single nucleotide polymorphism-based chromosome microarray (CMA) analysis was performed on 103 resected specimens from patients with ccRCC who had undergone partial or radical nephrectomy between January 2002 and March 2017 at Fox Chase Cancer Center. Monosomy 9 was correlated with clinicopathologic parameters and recurrence-free survival. RESULTS Chromosome 9 loss was detected in 31 (30%) of 103 tumors. Tumors with chromosome 9 loss had higher histologic grade (3 and 4; P < .001) and pathologic stage (P < .001). In 59 patients with non-metastatic ccRCC, chromosome 9 loss was also associated with higher recurrence rate and shorter recurrence-free survival (RFS) (12-month RFS, 77.8%; 95% confidence interval, 36.5%-93.9% for chromosome 9 loss vs. 95.7%; 95% confidence interval, 84.0%-98.9% for no loss; P = .002). CONCLUSIONS Chromosome 9 loss was found in 30% of patients with ccRCC and correlated with higher grade, advanced stage, and shorter RFS in patients with Stage I to III ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Nejati
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple Health System, Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Shuanzeng Wei
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple Health System, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Robert G Uzzo
- Division of Urologic Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple Health System, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sahar Poureghbali
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple Health System, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jianming Pei
- Genomics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple Health System, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Karen Ruth
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple Health System, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Essel Dulaimi
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple Health System, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alexander Kutikov
- Division of Urologic Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple Health System, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Joseph R Testa
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple Health System, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Tahseen Al-Saleem
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple Health System, Philadelphia, PA
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13
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Zarei M, Du H, Nassar AH, Yan RE, Giannikou K, Johnson SH, Lam HC, Henske EP, Wang Y, Zhang T, Asara J, Kwiatkowski DJ. Tumors with TSC mutations are sensitive to CDK7 inhibition through NRF2 and glutathione depletion. J Exp Med 2019; 216:2635-2652. [PMID: 31506280 PMCID: PMC6829598 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is characterized by tumor development in the brain, heart, kidney, and lungs. In TSC tumors, loss of the TSC1/TSC2 protein complex leads to activation of mTORC1 with downstream effects on anabolism and cell growth. Because mTORC1 activation enhances mRNA transcription, we hypothesized that aberrant mTORC1 activation might confer TSC-null cell dependence on transcriptional regulation. We demonstrate that TSC1- or TSC2-null cells, in contrast to their wild-type counterparts, are sensitive to pharmacological inhibition of CDK7. Mechanistic studies revealed that CDK7 inhibition markedly reduces glutathione levels and increases reactive oxygen species due to reduced expression of NRF2 and glutathione biosynthesis genes. Treatment of both Tsc2+/ - mice and a TSC1-null bladder cancer xenograft model with a CDK7 inhibitor showed marked reduction in tumor volume and absence of regrowth in the xenograft model. These results suggest that CDK7 inhibition is a promising therapeutic approach for treatment of TSC-associated tumors and cancers with mutations in either TSC1 or TSC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Zarei
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Heng Du
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Amin H Nassar
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rachel E Yan
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Krinio Giannikou
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sneha H Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Hilaire C Lam
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Elizabeth P Henske
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yubao Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Tinghu Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - John Asara
- Division of Signal Transduction, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - David J Kwiatkowski
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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14
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Pang J, Wang L, Xu J, Xie Q, Liu Q, Tong D, Liu G, Huang Y, Yang X, Pan J, Yan X, Ma Q, Zhang D, Jiang J. A Renal Cell Carcinoma with Biallelic Somatic TSC2 Mutation: Clinical Study and Literature Review. Urology 2019; 133:96-102. [PMID: 31454656 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2019.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the effect of the biallelic somatic TSC2 mutations, identified in one adolescent patient, in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). METHODS Mutation analyses, immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were conducted. RESULTS Two novel somatic mutations of TSC2 in unilateral and solitary RCC samples from a 14-year-old female were identified. The pathological features suggest the tumor as a clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. In addition, immunohistochemistry revealed elevated levels of phosphorylated S6K1. Results from in vitro cellular experiments suggest that the mutant TSC2 proteins were quickly degraded and they failed to repress the phosphorylation of S6K1 and STAT3, which leads to constitutive activation of mTORC1 pathway and ultimately cause the development of RCC. CONCLUSION Detecting TSC2 mutation in patients with early RCC onset would be beneficial and mTOR inhibitor could be a therapeutic option for TSC2 mutation-induced RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Pang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Linang Wang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Qiubo Xie
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Qiuli Liu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Dali Tong
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Gaolei Liu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yiqiang Huang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xingxia Yang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jinhong Pan
- Department of Urology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xiaochu Yan
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Dianzheng Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
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15
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Lee HN, Chang EM. Primordial follicle activation as new treatment for primary ovarian insufficiency. Clin Exp Reprod Med 2019; 46:43-49. [PMID: 31181871 PMCID: PMC6572666 DOI: 10.5653/cerm.2019.46.2.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Primordial follicle activation is a process in which individual primordial follicles leave their dormant state and enter a growth phase. While existing hormone stimulation strategies targeted the growing follicles, the remaining dormant primordial follicles were ruled out from clinical use. Recently, in vitro activation (IVA), which is a method for controlling primordial follicle activation, has provided an innovative technology for primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) patients. IVA was developed based on Hippo signaling and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)/phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/forkhead box O3 (FOXO3) signaling modulation. With this method, dormant primordial follicles are activated to enter growth phase and developed into competent oocytes. IVA has been successfully applied in POI patients who only have a few remaining remnant primordial follicles in the ovary, and healthy pregnancies and deliveries have been reported. IVA may also provide a promising option for fertility preservation in cancer patients and prepubertal girls whose fertility preservation choices are limited to tissue cryopreservation. Here, we review the basic mechanisms, translational studies, and current clinical results for IVA. Limitations and further study requirements that could potentially optimize IVA for future use will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Nam Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fertility Center, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Mi Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fertility Center, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Kist R, Timmers LFSM, Caceres RA. Searching for potential mTOR inhibitors: Ligand-based drug design, docking and molecular dynamics studies of rapamycin binding site. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 80:251-263. [PMID: 29414044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is an important intracellular signaling pathway in cell cycle regulation and its dysregulation is associated with various types of diseases. mTOR (mechanistic or mammalian target of rapamycin) is the main enzyme that performs intermediate control of the signaling pathway through a phosphotransfer process. The classical inhibition of the mTOR pathway is effected by rapamycin and its analogous blocking allosterically the catalytic phosphorylation site, avoiding the deleterious side effects induced by ATP-competitive inhibitors. We employed ligand-based drug design strategies such as pharmacophore searching and analysis, molecular docking, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMETox) properties filtering, and molecular dynamics to select potential molecules to become non-ATP competitive inhibitors of the mTOR complex. According to our findings, we propose eight novel potential mTOR inhibitors with similar or better properties than the classic inhibitor complex, rapamycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Kist
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences of Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre-UFCSPA, Porto Alegre City, Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando Saraiva Macedo Timmers
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics, Modelling and Simulation of Biosystems-LABIO, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul-PUCRS, Porto Alegre City, Brazil; Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology (PPGBCM), PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Andrade Caceres
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences of Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre-UFCSPA, Porto Alegre City, Brazil; Pharmacosciences Department of Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre-UFCSPA, Porto Alegre City, Brazil.
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17
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Abstract
Rapamycin slows organismal aging and delays age-related diseases, extending lifespan in numerous species. In cells, rapamycin and other rapalogs such as everolimus suppress geroconversion from quiescence to senescence. Rapamycin inhibits some, but not all, activities of mTOR. Recently we and others demonstrated that pan-mTOR inhibitors, known also as dual mTORC1/C2 inhibitors, suppress senescent phenotype. As a continuation of these studies, here we investigated in detail a panel of pan-mTOR inhibitors, to determine their optimal gerosuppressive concentrations. During geroconversion, cells become hypertrophic and flat, accumulate lysosomes (SA-beta-Gal staining) and lipids (Oil Red staining) and lose their re-proliferative potential (RPP). We determined optimal gerosuppressive concentrations: Torin1 (30 nM), Torin 2 (30 nM), AZD8055 (100 nM), PP242 (300 nM), both KU-006379 and GSK1059615 (1000 nM). These agents decreased senescence-associated hypertrophy with IC50s: 20, 18, 15, 200 and 400 nM, respectively. Preservation of RPP by pan-mTOR inhibitors was associated with inhibition of the pS6K/pS6 axis. Inhibition of rapamycin-insensitive functions of mTOR further contributed to anti-hypertrophic and cytostatic effects. Torin 1 and PP242 were more "rapamycin-like" than Torin 2 and AZD8055. Pan-mTOR inhibitors were superior to rapamycin in suppressing hypertrophy, senescent morphology, Oil Red O staining and in increasing so-called "chronological life span (CLS)". We suggest that, at doses lower than anti-cancer concentrations, pan-mTOR inhibitors can be developed as anti-aging drugs.
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18
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Valvezan AJ, Turner M, Belaid A, Lam HC, Miller SK, McNamara MC, Baglini C, Housden BE, Perrimon N, Kwiatkowski DJ, Asara JM, Henske EP, Manning BD. mTORC1 Couples Nucleotide Synthesis to Nucleotide Demand Resulting in a Targetable Metabolic Vulnerability. Cancer Cell 2017; 32:624-638.e5. [PMID: 29056426 PMCID: PMC5687294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) supports proliferation through parallel induction of key anabolic processes, including protein, lipid, and nucleotide synthesis. We hypothesized that these processes are coupled to maintain anabolic balance in cells with mTORC1 activation, a common event in human cancers. Loss of the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) tumor suppressors results in activation of mTORC1 and development of the tumor syndrome TSC. We find that pharmacological inhibitors of guanylate nucleotide synthesis have selective deleterious effects on TSC-deficient cells, including in mouse tumor models. This effect stems from replication stress and DNA damage caused by mTORC1-driven rRNA synthesis, which renders nucleotide pools limiting. These findings reveal a metabolic vulnerability downstream of mTORC1 triggered by anabolic imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Valvezan
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc Turner
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amine Belaid
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hilaire C Lam
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Spencer K Miller
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Molly C McNamara
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christian Baglini
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David J Kwiatkowski
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John M Asara
- Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Henske
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brendan D Manning
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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19
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Ojha CR, Lapierre J, Rodriguez M, Dever SM, Zadeh MA, DeMarino C, Pleet ML, Kashanchi F, El-Hage N. Interplay between Autophagy, Exosomes and HIV-1 Associated Neurological Disorders: New Insights for Diagnosis and Therapeutic Applications. Viruses 2017; 9:v9070176. [PMID: 28684681 PMCID: PMC5537668 DOI: 10.3390/v9070176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The autophagy–lysosomal pathway mediates a degradative process critical in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis as well as the preservation of proper organelle function by selective removal of damaged proteins and organelles. In some situations, cells remove unwanted or damaged proteins and RNAs through the release to the extracellular environment of exosomes. Since exosomes can be transferred from one cell to another, secretion of unwanted material to the extracellular environment in exosomes may have an impact, which can be beneficial or detrimental, in neighboring cells. Exosome secretion is under the influence of the autophagic system, and stimulation of autophagy can inhibit exosomal release and vice versa. Neurons are particularly vulnerable to degeneration, especially as the brain ages, and studies indicate that imbalances in genes regulating autophagy are a common feature of many neurodegenerative diseases. Cognitive and motor disease associated with severe dementia and neuronal damage is well-documented in the brains of HIV-infected individuals. Neurodegeneration seen in the brain in HIV-1 infection is associated with dysregulation of neuronal autophagy. In this paradigm, we herein provide an overview on the role of autophagy in HIV-associated neurodegenerative disease, focusing particularly on the effect of autophagy modulation on exosomal release of HIV particles and how this interplay impacts HIV infection in the brain. Specific autophagy–regulating agents are being considered for therapeutic treatment and prevention of a broad range of human diseases. Various therapeutic strategies for modulating specific stages of autophagy and the current state of drug development for this purpose are also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chet Raj Ojha
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Jessica Lapierre
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Myosotys Rodriguez
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Seth M Dever
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Mohammad Asad Zadeh
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Catherine DeMarino
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Michelle L Pleet
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Nazira El-Hage
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
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20
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Radiation-agent combinations for glioblastoma: challenges in drug development and future considerations. J Neurooncol 2017; 134:551-557. [PMID: 28560665 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-017-2458-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is an aggressive disease characterized by moderate initial response rates to first-line radiation-chemotherapy intervention followed by low poor response rates to second-line intervention. This article discusses novel strategic platforms for the development of radiation-investigational agent combination clinical trials for primary and recurrent glioblastoma in a NCI-NCTN settings with simultaneous analysis of challenges in the drug development process.
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21
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Leontieva OV, Demidenko ZN, Blagosklonny MV. Dual mTORC1/C2 inhibitors suppress cellular geroconversion (a senescence program). Oncotarget 2016; 6:23238-48. [PMID: 26177051 PMCID: PMC4695114 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In proliferating cells, mTOR is active and promotes cell growth. When the cell cycle is arrested, then mTOR converts reversible arrest to senescence (geroconversion). Rapamycin and other rapalogs suppress geroconversion, maintaining quiescence instead. Here we showed that ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors (Torin1 and PP242), which inhibit both mTORC1 and TORC2, also suppressed geroconversion. Despite inhibition of proliferation (in proliferating cells), mTOR inhibitors preserved re-proliferative potential (RP) in arrested cells. In p21-arrested cells, Torin 1 and PP242 detectably suppressed geroconversion at concentrations as low as 1-3 nM and 10-30 nM, reaching maximal gerosuppression at 30 nM and 300 nM, respectively. Near-maximal gerosuppression coincided with inhibition of p-S6K(T389) and p-S6(S235/236). Dual mTOR inhibitors prevented senescent morphology and hypertrophy. Our study warrants investigation into whether low doses of dual mTOR inhibitors will prolong animal life span and delay age-related diseases. A new class of potential anti-aging drugs can be envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Leontieva
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Zoya N Demidenko
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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22
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Kwiatkowski DJ, Choueiri TK, Fay AP, Rini BI, Thorner AR, de Velasco G, Tyburczy ME, Hamieh L, Albiges L, Agarwal N, Ho TH, Song J, Pignon JC, Barrios PM, Michaelson MD, Van Allen E, Krajewski KM, Porta C, Pal S, Bellmunt J, McDermott DF, Heng DYC, Gray KP, Signoretti S. Mutations in TSC1, TSC2, and MTOR Are Associated with Response to Rapalogs in Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:2445-2452. [PMID: 26831717 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the hypothesis that mutations in mTOR pathway genes are associated with response to rapalogs in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We studied a cohort of mRCC patients who were treated with mTOR inhibitors with distinct clinical outcomes. Tumor DNA from 79 subjects was successfully analyzed for mutations using targeted next-generation sequencing of 560 cancer genes. Responders were defined as those with partial response (PR) by RECIST v1.0 or stable disease with any tumor shrinkage for 6 months or longer. Nonresponders were defined as those with disease progression during the first 3 months of therapy. Fisher exact test assessed the association between mutation status in mTOR pathway genes and treatment response. RESULTS Mutations in MTOR, TSC1, or TSC2 were more common in responders, 12 (28%) of 43, than nonresponders, 4 (11%) of 36 (P = 0.06). Mutations in TSC1 or TSC2 alone were also more common in responders, 9 (21%), than nonresponders, 2(6%), (P = 0.05). Furthermore, 5 (42%) of 12 subjects with PR had mutations in MTOR, TSC1, or TSC2 compared with 4 (11%) of 36 nonresponders (P = 0.03). Eight additional non-mTOR pathway genes were found to be mutated in at least 4 of 79 tumors (5%); none were associated positively with response. CONCLUSIONS In this cohort of mRCC patients, mutations in MTOR, TSC1, or TSC2 were more common in patients who experienced clinical benefit from rapalogs than in those who progressed. However, a substantial fraction of responders (24 of 43, 56%) had no mTOR pathway mutation identified. Clin Cancer Res; 22(10); 2445-52. ©2016 AACRSee related commentary by Voss and Hsieh, p. 2320.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Kwiatkowski
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, US.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, US.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US
| | - Toni K Choueiri
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, US.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, US.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US
| | - André P Fay
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, US.,PUCRS School of Medicine, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Brian I Rini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, US
| | - Aaron R Thorner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, US.,Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, US
| | | | | | - Lana Hamieh
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, US
| | - Laurence Albiges
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, US.,Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Neeraj Agarwal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Thai H Ho
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, US
| | - Jiaxi Song
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, US
| | - Jean-Christophe Pignon
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, US
| | | | - M Dror Michaelson
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA
| | - Eliezer Van Allen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, US.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, US.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US
| | | | - Camillo Porta
- San Matteo University Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sumanta Pal
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope, US
| | - Joaquim Bellmunt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, US.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, US.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US
| | - David F McDermott
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US.,Deparment of Medical Oncology, Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, US
| | - Daniel Y C Heng
- Tom Baker Cancer Center and University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Kathryn P Gray
- Biostatistics & Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, US
| | - Sabina Signoretti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, US.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, US
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23
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Wang L, Chen L, Yu M, Xu LH, Cheng B, Lin YS, Gu Q, He XH, Xu J. Discovering new mTOR inhibitors for cancer treatment through virtual screening methods and in vitro assays. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18987. [PMID: 26732172 PMCID: PMC4702177 DOI: 10.1038/srep18987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an attractive target for new anticancer drug development. We recently developed in silico models to distinguish mTOR inhibitors and non-inhibitors. In this study, we developed an integrated strategy for identifying new mTOR inhibitors using cascaded in silico screening models. With this strategy, fifteen new mTOR kinase inhibitors including four compounds with IC50 values below 10 μM were discovered. In particular, compound 17 exhibited potent anticancer activities against four tumor cell lines, including MCF-7, HeLa, MGC-803, and C6, with IC50 values of 1.90, 2.74, 3.50 and 11.05 μM. Furthermore, cellular studies and western blot analyses revealed that 17 induces cell death via apoptosis by targeting both mTORC1 and mTORC2 within cells and arrests the cell cycle of HeLa at the G1/G0-phase. Finally, multi-nanosecond explicit solvent simulations and MM/GBSA analyses were carried out to study the inhibitory mechanisms of 13, 17, and 40 for mTOR. The potent compounds presented here are worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Research Center for Drug Discovery &Institute of Human Virology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Pre-Incubator for Innovative Drugs &Medicine, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Research Center for Drug Discovery &Institute of Human Virology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Research Center for Drug Discovery &Institute of Human Virology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Li-Hui Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Bao Cheng
- Research Center for Drug Discovery &Institute of Human Virology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Lin
- Research Center for Drug Discovery &Institute of Human Virology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qiong Gu
- Research Center for Drug Discovery &Institute of Human Virology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xian-Hui He
- Department of Immunobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Research Center for Drug Discovery &Institute of Human Virology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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24
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Nabhan JF, Gooch RL, Piatnitski Chekler EL, Pierce B, Bulawa CE. Perturbation of cellular proteostasis networks identifies pathways that modulate precursor and intermediate but not mature levels of frataxin. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18251. [PMID: 26671574 PMCID: PMC4680912 DOI: 10.1038/srep18251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich's Ataxia is a genetic disease caused by expansion of an intronic trinucleotide repeat in the frataxin (FXN) gene yielding diminished FXN expression and consequently disease. Since increasing FXN protein levels is desirable to ameliorate pathology, we explored the role of major cellular proteostasis pathways and mitochondrial proteases in FXN processing and turnover. We targeted p97/VCP, the ubiquitin proteasome pathway (UPP), and autophagy with chemical inhibitors in cell lines and patient-derived cells. p97 inhibition by DBeQ increased precursor FXN levels, while UPP and autophagic flux modulators had variable effects predominantly on intermediate FXN. Our data suggest that these pathways cannot be modulated to influence mature functional FXN levels. We also targeted known mitochondrial proteases by RNA interference and discovered a novel protease PITRM1 that regulates intermediate FXN levels. Treatment with the aforementioned chemical and genetic modulators did not have a differential effect in patient cells containing lower amounts of FXN. Interestingly, a number of treatments caused a change in total amount of FXN protein, without an effect on mature FXN. Our results imply that regulation of FXN protein levels is complex and that total amounts can be modulated chemically and genetically without altering the absolute amount of mature FXN protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F. Nabhan
- Rare Disease Research Unit, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Renea L. Gooch
- Rare Disease Research Unit, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Betsy Pierce
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Christine E. Bulawa
- Rare Disease Research Unit, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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25
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Altman MK, Alshamrani AA, Jia W, Nguyen HT, Fambrough JM, Tran SK, Patel MB, Hoseinzadeh P, Beedle AM, Murph MM. Suppression of the GTPase-activating protein RGS10 increases Rheb-GTP and mTOR signaling in ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2015; 369:175-83. [PMID: 26319900 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The regulator of G protein signaling 10 (RGS10) protein is a GTPase activating protein that accelerates the hydrolysis of GTP and therefore canonically inactivates G proteins, ultimately terminating signaling. Rheb is a small GTPase protein that shuttles between its GDP- and GTP-bound forms to activate mTOR. Since RGS10 suppression augments ovarian cancer cell viability, we sought to elucidate the molecular mechanism. Following RGS10 suppression in serum-free conditions, phosphorylation of mTOR, the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), p70S6K and S6 Ribosomal Protein appear. Furthermore, suppressing RGS10 increases activated Rheb, suggesting RGS10 antagonizes mTOR signaling via the small G-protein. The effects of RGS10 suppression are enhanced after stimulating cells with the growth factor, lysophosphatidic acid, and reduced with mTOR inhibitors, temsirolimus and INK-128. Suppression of RGS10 leads to an increase in cell proliferation, even in the presence of etoposide. In summary, the RGS10 suppression increases Rheb-GTP and mTOR signaling in ovarian cancer cells. Our results suggest that RGS10 could serve in a novel, and previously unknown, role by accelerating the hydrolysis of GTP from Rheb in ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly K Altman
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ali A Alshamrani
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Wei Jia
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ha T Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jada M Fambrough
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sterling K Tran
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Mihir B Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Pooya Hoseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Aaron M Beedle
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Mandi M Murph
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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26
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Hassan B, Akcakanat A, Sangai T, Evans KW, Adkins F, Eterovic AK, Zhao H, Chen K, Chen H, Do KA, Xie SM, Holder AM, Naing A, Mills GB, Meric-Bernstam F. Catalytic mTOR inhibitors can overcome intrinsic and acquired resistance to allosteric mTOR inhibitors. Oncotarget 2015; 5:8544-57. [PMID: 25261369 PMCID: PMC4226703 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the antitumor efficacy of mTOR catalytic site inhibitor MLN0128 in models with intrinsic or acquired rapamycin-resistance. Cell lines that were intrinsically rapamycin-resistant as well as those that were intrinsically rapamycinsensitive were sensitive to MLN0128 in vitro. MLN0128 inhibited both mTORC1 and mTORC2 signaling, with more robust inhibition of downstream 4E-BP1 phosphorylation and cap-dependent translation compared to rapamycin in vitro. Rapamycin-sensitive BT474 cell line acquired rapamycin resistance (BT474 RR) with prolonged rapamycin treatment in vitro. This cell line acquired an mTOR mutation (S2035F) in the FKBP12-rapamycin binding domain; mTORC1 signaling was not inhibited by rapalogs but was inhibited by MLN0128. In BT474 RR cells, MLN0128 had significantly higher growth inhibition compared to rapamycin in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrate that MLN0128 may be effective in tumors with intrinsic as well as acquired rapalog resistance. mTOR mutations are a mechanism of acquired resistance in vitro; the clinical relevance of this observation needs to be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burhan Hassan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Argun Akcakanat
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Takafumi Sangai
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kurt W Evans
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Farrell Adkins
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Agda Karina Eterovic
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Ken Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Huiqin Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kim-Anh Do
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Shelly M Xie
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Ashley M Holder
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Aung Naing
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Funda Meric-Bernstam
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX. Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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27
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Leech JD, Lammers SHT, Goldman S, Auricchio N, Bronson RT, Kwiatkowski DJ, Sahin M. A vascular model of Tsc1 deficiency accelerates renal tumor formation with accompanying hemangiosarcomas. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 13:548-55. [PMID: 25548102 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal disease caused by inactivating mutations in either of the tumor suppressor genes TSC1 or TSC2. TSC-associated tumor growth is present in multiple tissues and organs including brain, kidney, liver, heart, lungs, and skin. In the kidney, TSC angiomyolipomas have aberrant vascular structures with abnormal endothelial cells, suggesting a role for endothelial mTORC1 function. In the current report, a genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM) with a conditional knockout allele of Tsc1 with a Darpp32-Cre allele displayed accelerated formation of both kidney cystadenomas and paw hemangiosarcomas. All mutant mice developed hemangiosarcomas on multiple paws by 6 weeks of age. By 16 weeks of age, the average mutant hind paw was 4.0 mm in diameter, nearly double the size of control mice. Furthermore, the hemangiosarcomas and kidney cystadenomas were responsive to intraperitoneal rapamycin treatment. Immunoblotting and immunostaining for phospho-S6 (pS6) and phospho-CAD showed that the effect of rapamycin on tumor size was through inhibition of the mTOR signaling pathway. Finally, elevated VEGF mRNA levels were also observed in hemangiosarcoma specimens. Because paw hemangiosarcomas are easily detectable and scorable for size and growth, this novel mouse model enables accelerated in vivo drug testing for therapies of TSC-related tumors. IMPLICATIONS These findings provide a strong rationale for simultaneous use of this conditional knockout mouse as an in vivo genetic model while seeking new cancer therapies for TSC-related tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrett D Leech
- Department of Neurology, The F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen H T Lammers
- Department of Neurology, The F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sam Goldman
- Department of Neurology, The F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Neil Auricchio
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Roderick T Bronson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Mustafa Sahin
- Department of Neurology, The F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
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28
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Yang G, Yang L, Yang X, Shi X, Wang J, Liu Y, Ju J, Zou L. Efficacy and safety of a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor in pediatric patients with tuberous sclerosis complex: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Exp Ther Med 2014; 9:626-630. [PMID: 25574245 PMCID: PMC4280930 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.2093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) are increasingly used as therapy for pediatric patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). The uncertainty over the efficacy and safety of mTOR inhibitor therapy for the treatment of pediatric patients with TSC emphasizes the necessity for a synthesis of existing evidence. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of mTOR inhibitor therapy for the treatment of pediatric patients with TSC. The PubMed, EmBase and Cochrane Library electronic databases were searched, and studies of mTOR inhibitor therapy and non-mTOR inhibitor therapy in pediatric patients with TSC (<18 years old) were selected. Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. There was evidence of a significantly increased response rate in pediatric patients with TSC treated with mTOR inhibitor therapy compared with those treated with non-mTOR inhibitor therapy (odds ratio, 24.71; 95% confidence interval, 7.46–81.72; P<0.001). The majority of studies reported few adverse events. There was an increased incidence of mouth ulceration, stomatitis, convulsion and pyrexia in pediatric patients with TSC treated with mTOR inhibitor therapy. In conclusion, mTOR inhibitor therapy is an efficacious and safe treatment for pediatric patients with TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Lu Yang
- Special Care Medical Center, Navy General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofan Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Xiuyu Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Yujie Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Jun Ju
- Department of Pediatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Liping Zou
- Department of Pediatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China ; Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
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29
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Tokuhira N, Kitagishi Y, Suzuki M, Minami A, Nakanishi A, Ono Y, Kobayashi K, Matsuda S, Ogura Y. PI3K/AKT/PTEN pathway as a target for Crohn's disease therapy (Review). Int J Mol Med 2014; 35:10-6. [PMID: 25352295 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease, is a subject of increasing interest. Loss-of-function mutations in nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) are strong genetic factors linked to Crohn's disease, which eventually leads to an excessive mucosal inflammatory response directed against components of normal gut microbiota. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in inflammation processes, as well as in transduction of signals from receptors for several cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). ROS activate nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) via IκB kinase (IKK) through the PI3K/AKT/PTEN pathway. Therefore, this pathway is recognized to play a key role in Crohn's disease. Loss of function has been demonstrated to occur as an early event in a wide variety of diseases. Given this prevalent involvement in a number of diseases, the molecular development that modulates this pathway has been the subject of several studies. In addition, it has been the focus of extensive research and drug discovery activities. A better understanding of the molecular assemblies may reveal novel targets for the therapeutic development against Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Tokuhira
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nara 630‑8506, Japan
| | - Yasuko Kitagishi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nara 630‑8506, Japan
| | - Miho Suzuki
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nara 630‑8506, Japan
| | - Akari Minami
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nara 630‑8506, Japan
| | - Atsuko Nakanishi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nara 630‑8506, Japan
| | - Yuna Ono
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nara 630‑8506, Japan
| | - Keiko Kobayashi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nara 630‑8506, Japan
| | - Satoru Matsuda
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nara 630‑8506, Japan
| | - Yasunori Ogura
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nara 630‑8506, Japan
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30
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Chang W, Wei K, Ho L, Berry GJ, Jacobs SS, Chang CH, Rosen GD. A critical role for the mTORC2 pathway in lung fibrosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106155. [PMID: 25162417 PMCID: PMC4146613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A characteristic of dysregulated wound healing in IPF is fibroblastic-mediated damage to lung epithelial cells within fibroblastic foci. In these foci, TGF-β and other growth factors activate fibroblasts that secrete growth factors and matrix regulatory proteins, which activate a fibrotic cascade. Our studies and those of others have revealed that Akt is activated in IPF fibroblasts and it mediates the activation by TGF-β of pro-fibrotic pathways. Recent studies show that mTORC2, a component of the mTOR pathway, mediates the activation of Akt. In this study we set out to determine if blocking mTORC2 with MLN0128, an active site dual mTOR inhibitor, which blocks both mTORC1 and mTORC2, inhibits lung fibrosis. We examined the effect of MLN0128 on TGF-β-mediated induction of stromal proteins in IPF lung fibroblasts; also, we looked at its effect on TGF-β-mediated epithelial injury using a Transwell co-culture system. Additionally, we assessed MLN0128 in the murine bleomycin lung model. We found that TGF-β induces the Rictor component of mTORC2 in IPF lung fibroblasts, which led to Akt activation, and that MLN0128 exhibited potent anti-fibrotic activity in vitro and in vivo. Also, we observed that Rictor induction is Akt-mediated. MLN0128 displays multiple anti-fibrotic and lung epithelial-protective activities; it (1) inhibited the expression of pro-fibrotic matrix-regulatory proteins in TGF-β-stimulated IPF fibroblasts; (2) inhibited fibrosis in a murine bleomycin lung model; and (3) protected lung epithelial cells from injury caused by TGF-β-stimulated IPF fibroblasts. Our findings support a role for mTORC2 in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis and for the potential of active site mTOR inhibitors in the treatment of IPF and other fibrotic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenteh Chang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ke Wei
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Ho
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Gerald J. Berry
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Susan S. Jacobs
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Cheryl H. Chang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Glenn D. Rosen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Dodd KM, Yang J, Shen MH, Sampson JR, Tee AR. mTORC1 drives HIF-1α and VEGF-A signalling via multiple mechanisms involving 4E-BP1, S6K1 and STAT3. Oncogene 2014; 34:2239-50. [PMID: 24931163 PMCID: PMC4172452 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent clinical trials using rapalogues in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) show regression in volume of typically vascularised tumours including angiomyolipomas (AMLs) and sub-ependymal giant cell astrocytomas (SEGAs). By blocking mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signalling, rapalogue efficacy is likely to occur in part through suppression of hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) and vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs). We show that rapamycin reduces HIF-1α protein levels, and to a lesser extent VEGF-A levels, in renal cystadenoma cells in a Tsc2+/− mouse model. We establish that mTORC1 drives HIF-1α protein accumulation through enhanced transcription of HIF-1α mRNA, a process that is blocked by either inhibition or knockdown of signal transducer and activation of transcription 3 (STAT3). Furthermore, we demonstrate that STAT3 is directly phosphorylated by mTORC1 on Ser727 during hypoxia, promoting HIF-1α mRNA transcription. mTORC1 also regulates HIF-1α synthesis on a translational level via co-operative regulation of both initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) and ribosomal protein S6 kinase-1 (S6K1), whilst HIF-1α degradation remains unaffected. We therefore propose that mTORC1 drives HIF-1α synthesis in a multi-faceted manner through 4E-BP1/eIF4E, S6K1 and STAT3. Interestingly, we observe a disconnect between HIF-1α protein levels and VEGF-A expression. While both S6K1 and 4E-BP1 regulate HIF-1α translation, VEGF-A is primarily under the control of 4E-BP1/eIF4E. S6K1 inhibition reduces HIF-1α but not VEGF-A expression, suggesting that mTORC1 mediates VEGF-A expression via both HIF-1α-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Our work has important implications for the treatment of vascularised tumours, where mTORC1 acts as a central mediator of STAT3, HIF-1α, VEGF-A and angiogenesis via multiple signalling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Dodd
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - J Yang
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - M H Shen
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - J R Sampson
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - A R Tee
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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32
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Predicting mTOR inhibitors with a classifier using recursive partitioning and Naïve Bayesian approaches. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95221. [PMID: 24819222 PMCID: PMC4018356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central controller of cell growth, proliferation, metabolism, and angiogenesis. Thus, there is a great deal of interest in developing clinical drugs based on mTOR. In this paper, in silico models based on multi-scaffolds were developed to predict mTOR inhibitors or non-inhibitors. Methods First 1,264 diverse compounds were collected and categorized as mTOR inhibitors and non-inhibitors. Two methods, recursive partitioning (RP) and naïve Bayesian (NB), were used to build combinatorial classification models of mTOR inhibitors versus non-inhibitors using physicochemical descriptors, fingerprints, and atom center fragments (ACFs). Results A total of 253 models were constructed and the overall predictive accuracies of the best models were more than 90% for both the training set of 964 and the external test set of 300 diverse compounds. The scaffold hopping abilities of the best models were successfully evaluated through predicting 37 new recently published mTOR inhibitors. Compared with the best RP and Bayesian models, the classifier based on ACFs and Bayesian shows comparable or slightly better in performance and scaffold hopping abilities. A web server was developed based on the ACFs and Bayesian method (http://rcdd.sysu.edu.cn/mtor/). This web server can be used to predict whether a compound is an mTOR inhibitor or non-inhibitor online. Conclusion In silico models were constructed to predict mTOR inhibitors using recursive partitioning and naïve Bayesian methods, and a web server (mTOR Predictor) was also developed based on the best model results. Compound prediction or virtual screening can be carried out through our web server. Moreover, the favorable and unfavorable fragments for mTOR inhibitors obtained from Bayesian classifiers will be helpful for lead optimization or the design of new mTOR inhibitors.
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33
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Dienstmann R, Rodon J, Serra V, Tabernero J. Picking the point of inhibition: a comparative review of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitors. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:1021-31. [PMID: 24748656 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The frequent activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in cancer, and its crucial role in cell growth and survival, has made it a much desired target for pharmacologic intervention. Following the regulatory approval of the rapamycin analogs everolimus and temsirolimus, recent years have seen an explosion in the number of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway inhibitors under clinical investigation. These include: ATP-competitive, dual inhibitors of class I PI3K and mTORC1/2; "pan-PI3K" inhibitors, which inhibit all four isoforms of class I PI3K (α, β, δ, γ); isoform-specific inhibitors of the various PI3K isoforms; allosteric and catalytic inhibitors of AKT; and ATP-competitive inhibitors of mTOR only (and thus mTORC1 and mTORC2). With so many agents in development, clinicians are currently faced with a wide array of clinical trials investigating a multitude of inhibitors with different mechanisms of action, being used both as single agents and in combination with other therapies. Here, we provide a review of the literature, with the aim of differentiating the genomic contexts in which these various types of inhibitors may potentially have superior activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Dienstmann
- Authors' Affiliations: Molecular Therapeutics Research Unit, Medical Oncology Department; and Experimental Therapeutics Group, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
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Henske EP, Rasooly R, Siroky B, Bissler J. Tuberous sclerosis complex, mTOR, and the kidney: report of an NIDDK-sponsored workshop. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 306:F279-83. [PMID: 24226526 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00525.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Remarkable basic and translational advances have elucidated the role of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling network in the pathogenesis of renal disease. Many of these advances originated from studies of the genetic disease tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), leading to one of the clearest therapeutic opportunities to target mTOR with rapamycin and its analogs ("rapalogs"), which effectively inhibit mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) by an allosteric mechanism. Clinical trials based on these discoveries have provided strongly positive therapeutic results in TSC (Bissler JJ, McCormack FX, Young LR, Elwing JM, Chuck G, Leonard JM, Schmithorst VJ, Laor T, Brody AS, Bean J, Salisbury S, Franz DN. N Engl J Med 358: 140-151, 2008; Krueger DA, Care MM, Holland K, Agricola K, Tudor C, Mangeshkar P, Wilson KA, Byars A, Sahmoud T, Franz DN. N Engl J Med 363: 1801-1811, 2010; McCormack FX, Inoue Y, Moss J, Singer LG, Strange C, Nakata K, Barker AF, Chapman JT, Brantly ML, Stocks JM, Brown KK, Lynch JP 3rd, Goldberg HJ, Young LR, Kinder BW, Downey GP, Sullivan EJ, Colby TV, McKay RT, Cohen MM, Korbee L, Taveira-DaSilva AM, Lee HS, Krischer JP, Trapnell BC. N Engl J Med 364: 1595-1606, 2011). In June 2013, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases convened a small panel of physicians and scientists working in the field to identify key unknowns and define possible "next steps" in advancing understanding of TSC- and mTOR-dependent renal phenotypes. TSC-associated renal disease, which affects >85% of TSC patients, and was a major topic of discussion, focused on angiomyolipomas and epithelial cysts. The third major topic was the role of mTOR and mTOR inhibition in the pathogenesis and therapy of chronic renal disease. Renal cell carcinoma, while recognized as a manifestation of TSC that occurs in a small fraction of patients, was not the primary focus of this workshop and thus was omitted from panel discussions and from this report.
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Matsuda S, Nakanishi A, Wada Y, Kitagishi Y. Roles of PI3K/AKT/PTEN Pathway as a Target for Pharmaceutical Therapy. THE OPEN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY JOURNAL 2013; 7:23-9. [PMID: 24222802 PMCID: PMC3821079 DOI: 10.2174/1874104501307010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple enzymes participate in the phosphorylation of a group of phosphoinositide lipids. Because of their important role in signal transduction, the dysregulated metabolism of phosphoinositides represents a key step in many disease settings. Loss of their function has been demonstrated to occur as an early event a wide variety of carcinogenesis and has therefore been suggested as a biomarker for the premalignant disease. In addition, genetic alterations at multiple nodes in the pathway have been implicated in several other diseases. Accordingly, given this pervasive involvement in many diseases, the development of molecules that modulates this pathway has been initiated in studies. They have been the focus of extensive research and drug discovery activities. A better understanding of the molecular connections could uncover new targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Matsuda
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
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