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Chahdi A, Jorgez C, Seth A. Regulation of androgen receptor stability by the β 1 Pix/STUB1 complex. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23408. [PMID: 38197270 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301100r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is essential in the development and differentiation of testes and male genitalia. AR expression is tightly regulated at the translational and posttranslational levels. AR posttranscriptional regulation is a major determinant of AR availability since AR is a direct target of E3 ubiquitin ligase STUB1. Our work indicated that the Rac/Cdc42 guanosine triphosphatase guanine nucleotide exchange factor, β1 Pix, enhanced AR levels after AR stimulation in HEK293 and HeLa cells. AR stimulation decreased AR ubiquitination which is accompanied by increased β1 Pix binding to AR. Ectopic expression of β1 Pix decreased AR ubiquitination in Tm4 and HEK293 cells. We demonstrated that the formation of a multimolecular complex comprised of AR/β1 Pix/STUB1 responded in a time-dependent manner to AR stimulation. β1 Pix binding dissociated STUB1 from AR and thus prevented STUB1 from catalyzing receptor ubiquitination. β1 Pix enhanced AR transcriptional activity and increased AR target gene expression. Irrespective of treatment, immunofluorescence analysis showed a strong nuclear colocalization of endogenous AR and endogenous βPix in Tm4 cells. However, using Tm4 cell fractionation, AR stimulation decreased βPix/AR association in the cytosolic fraction and increased binding of AR to βPix in the nuclear fraction. To support the role of β1 Pix in androgen regulation, we found that individuals lacking this gene have a significant increase in genitourinary malformations associated with androgen dysfunction. Our data indicate that β1 Pix is an important modulator of AR stability and ligand-dependent AR transcriptional activity. We propose that β1 Pix could serve as a promising therapeutic target to modulate AR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Chahdi
- Department of Surgery, Nemours Children's Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Carolina Jorgez
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Abhishek Seth
- Department of Surgery, Nemours Children's Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
- University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
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2
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Kumari P, Beeraka NM, Tengli A, Bannimath G, Baath RK, Patil M. Recent Updates on Oncogenic Signaling of Aurora Kinases in Chemosensitive, Chemoresistant Cancers: Novel Medicinal Chemistry Approaches for Targeting Aurora Kinases. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:3502-3528. [PMID: 37138483 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230503124408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The Aurora Kinase family (AKI) is composed of serine-threonine protein kinases involved in the modulation of the cell cycle and mitosis. These kinases are required for regulating the adherence of hereditary-related data. Members of this family can be categorized into aurora kinase A (Ark-A), aurora kinase B (Ark-B), and aurora kinase C (Ark-C), consisting of highly conserved threonine protein kinases. These kinases can modulate cell processes such as spindle assembly, checkpoint pathway, and cytokinesis during cell division. The main aim of this review is to explore recent updates on the oncogenic signaling of aurora kinases in chemosensitive/chemoresistant cancers and to explore the various medicinal chemistry approaches to target these kinases. We searched Pubmed, Scopus, NLM, Pubchem, and Relemed to obtain information pertinent to the updated signaling role of aurora kinases and medicinal chemistry approaches and discussed the recently updated roles of each aurora kinases and their downstream signaling cascades in the progression of several chemosensitive/chemoresistant cancers; subsequently, we discussed the natural products (scoulerine, Corynoline, Hesperidin Jadomycin-B, fisetin), and synthetic, medicinal chemistry molecules as aurora kinase inhibitors (AKIs). Several natural products' efficacy was explained as AKIs in chemosensitization and chemoresistant cancers. For instance, novel triazole molecules have been used against gastric cancer, whereas cyanopyridines are used against colorectal cancer and trifluoroacetate derivatives could be used for esophageal cancer. Furthermore, quinolone hydrazine derivatives can be used to target breast cancer and cervical cancer. In contrast, the indole derivatives can be preferred to target oral cancer whereas thiosemicarbazone-indole could be used against prostate cancer, as reported in an earlier investigation against cancerous cells. Moreover, these chemical derivatives can be examined as AKIs through preclinical studies. In addition, the synthesis of novel AKIs through these medicinal chemistry substrates in the laboratory using in silico and synthetic routes could be beneficial to develop prospective novel AKIs to target chemoresistant cancers. This study is beneficial to oncologists, chemists, and medicinal chemists to explore novel chemical moiety synthesis to target specifically the peptide sequences of aurora kinases in several chemoresistant cancer cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Kumari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Narasimha Murthy Beeraka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
- Department of Human Anatomy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 8/2 Trubetskaya str., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Anandkumar Tengli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Gurupadayya Bannimath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ramandeep Kaur Baath
- Department of Pharmaceautics, IFTM University, Lodhipur Rajput, NH-24 Delhi Road, Moradabad 244102, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mayuri Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
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Zhou Z, Zheng K, Zhou S, Yang Y, Chen J, Jin X. E3 ubiquitin ligases in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and implications for therapies. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:1543-1565. [PMID: 37796337 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02376-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the most common squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is one of the pathogenic factors involved in the oncogenetic development and progression of NPC. E3 ligases, which are key members of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), specifically recognize various oncogenic factors and tumor suppressors and contribute to determining their fate through ubiquitination. Several studies have demonstrated that E3 ligases are aberrantly expressed and mutated in NPC and that these changes are closely associated with the occurrence and progression of NPC. Herein, we aim to thoroughly review the specific action mechanisms by which E3 ligases participate in NPC signaling pathways and discuss their functional relationship with EBV. Moreover, we describe the current progress in and limitations for targeted therapies against E3 ligases in NPC. KEY MESSAGES: • E3 ubiquitin ligases, as members of the UPS system, determine the fate of their substrates and may act either as oncogenic or anti-tumorigenic factors in NPC. • Mutations or dysregulated expression of E3 ubiquitin ligases is closely related to the occurrence, development, and therapeutic sensitivity of NPC, as they play important roles in several signaling pathways affected by EBV infection. • As promising therapeutic targets, E3 ligases may open new avenues for treatment and for improving the prognosis of NPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Zhou
- Department of Chemoradiotherapy, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Kaifeng Zheng
- Department of Chemoradiotherapy, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Shao Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Youxiong Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Yinzhou Second Hospital, Ningbo, 315199, China.
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Chemoradiotherapy, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- Department of Chemoradiotherapy, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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4
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Li K, Xia Y, He J, Wang J, Li J, Ye M, Jin X. The SUMOylation and ubiquitination crosstalk in cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:16123-16146. [PMID: 37640846 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05310-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cancer occurrence and progression are largely affected by the post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins. Currently, it has been shown that the relationship between ubiquitination and SUMOylation is highly complex and interactive. SUMOylation affects the process of ubiquitination and degradation of substrates. Contrarily, SUMOylation-related proteins are also regulated by the ubiquitination process thus altering their protein levels or activity. Emerging evidence suggests that the abnormal regulation between this crosstalk may lead to tumorigenesis. PURPOSE In this review, we have discussed the study of the relationship between ubiquitination and SUMOylation, as well as the possibility of a corresponding application in tumor therapy. METHODS The relevant literatures from PubMed have been reviewed for this article. CONCLUSION The interaction between ubiquitination and SUMOylation is crucial for the occurrence and development of cancer. A greater understanding of the crosstalk of SUMOylation and ubiquitination may be more conducive to the development of more selective and effective SUMOylation inhibitors, as well as a promotion of synergy with other tumor treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailang Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yongming Xia
- Department of Oncology, Yuyao People's Hospital of Zhejiang, Yuyao, 315400, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian He
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jingyun Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Meng Ye
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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5
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Liu Y, Zhou H, Tang X. STUB1/CHIP: New insights in cancer and immunity. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115190. [PMID: 37506582 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The STUB1 gene (STIP1 homology and U-box-containing protein 1), located at 16q13.3, encodes the CHIP (carboxyl terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein), an essential E3 ligase involved in protein quality control. CHIP comprises three domains: an N-terminal tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain, a middle coiled-coil domain, and a C-terminal U-box domain. It functions as a co-chaperone for heat shock protein (HSP) via the TPR domain and as an E3 ligase, ubiquitinating substrates through its U-box domain. Numerous studies suggest that STUB1 plays a crucial role in various physiological process, such as aging, autophagy, and bone remodeling. Moreover, emerging evidence has shown that STUB1 can degrade oncoproteins to exert tumor-suppressive functions, and it has recently emerged as a novel player in tumor immunity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of STUB1's role in cancer, including its clinical significance, impact on tumor progression, dual roles, tumor stem cell-like properties, angiogenesis, drug resistance, and DNA repair. In addition, we explore STUB1's functions in immune cell differentiation and maturation, inflammation, autoimmunity, antiviral immune response, and tumor immunity. Collectively, STUB1 represents a promising and valuable therapeutic target in cancer and immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshuo Liu
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Genome Editing Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Honghong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Center for Big Data Research in Health, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaolong Tang
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Genome Editing Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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6
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Zheng D, Li J, Yan H, Zhang G, Li W, Chu E, Wei N. Emerging roles of Aurora-A kinase in cancer therapy resistance. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023. [PMID: 37521867 PMCID: PMC10372834 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aurora kinase A (Aurora-A), a serine/threonine kinase, plays a pivotal role in various cellular processes, including mitotic entry, centrosome maturation and spindle formation. Overexpression or gene-amplification/mutation of Aurora-A kinase occurs in different types of cancer, including lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and breast cancer. Alteration of Aurora-A impacts multiple cancer hallmarks, especially, immortalization, energy metabolism, immune escape and cell death resistance which are involved in cancer progression and resistance. This review highlights the most recent advances in the oncogenic roles and related multiple cancer hallmarks of Aurora-A kinase-driving cancer therapy resistance, including chemoresistance (taxanes, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide), targeted therapy resistance (osimertinib, imatinib, sorafenib, etc.), endocrine therapy resistance (tamoxifen, fulvestrant) and radioresistance. Specifically, the mechanisms of Aurora-A kinase promote acquired resistance through modulating DNA damage repair, feedback activation bypass pathways, resistance to apoptosis, necroptosis and autophagy, metastasis, and stemness. Noticeably, our review also summarizes the promising synthetic lethality strategy for Aurora-A inhibitors in RB1, ARID1A and MYC gene mutation tumors, and potential synergistic strategy for mTOR, PAK1, MDM2, MEK inhibitors or PD-L1 antibodies combined with targeting Aurora-A kinase. In addition, we discuss the design and development of the novel class of Aurora-A inhibitors in precision medicine for cancer treatment.
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7
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Li L, Xu J. The androgen receptor-targeted proteolysis targeting chimera and other alternative therapeutic choices in overcoming the resistance to androgen deprivation treatment in prostate cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2023; 25:352-363. [PMID: 36203075 PMCID: PMC9873748 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02957-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) plays a vital role in prostate cancer (PCa), including castration-resistant PCa, by retaining AR signalling. Androgen deprivation treatment (ADT) has been the standard treatment in the past decades. A great number of AR antagonists initially had been found effective in tumour remission; however, most PCa relapsed that caused by pre-translational resistance such as AR mutations to turn antagonist into agonist, and AR variants to bypass the androgen binding. Recently, several alternative therapeutic choices have been proposed. Among them, proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) acts different from traditional drugs that usually function as inhibitors or antagonists, and it degrades oncogenic protein and does not disrupt the transcription of an oncogene. This review first discussed some essential mechanisms of ADT resistance, and then introduced the application of AR-targeted PROTAC in PCa cells, as well as other AR-targeted therapeutic choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuxun Li
- grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH UK
| | - Jiangli Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, No.921 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force, Changsha, 410003 China
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8
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Zhai F, Wang J, Yang W, Ye M, Jin X. The E3 Ligases in Cervical Cancer and Endometrial Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5354. [PMID: 36358773 PMCID: PMC9658772 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometrial (EC) and cervical (CC) cancers are the most prevalent malignancies of the female reproductive system. There is a global trend towards increasing incidence and mortality, with a decreasing age trend. E3 ligases label substrates with ubiquitin to regulate their activity and stability and are involved in various cellular functions. Studies have confirmed abnormal expression or mutations of E3 ligases in EC and CC, indicating their vital roles in the occurrence and progression of EC and CC. This paper provides an overview of the E3 ligases implicated in EC and CC and discusses their underlying mechanism. In addition, this review provides research advances in the target of ubiquitination processes in EC and CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengguang Zhai
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jie Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Weili Yang
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315040, China
| | - Meng Ye
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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9
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Sengupta M, Pluciennik A, Merry DE. The role of ubiquitination in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1020143. [PMID: 36277484 PMCID: PMC9583669 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is a neurodegenerative and neuromuscular genetic disease caused by the expansion of a polyglutamine-encoding CAG tract in the androgen receptor (AR) gene. The AR is an important transcriptional regulator of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily; its levels are regulated in many ways including by ubiquitin-dependent degradation. Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification (PTM) which plays a key role in both AR transcriptional activity and its degradation. Moreover, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a fundamental component of cellular functioning and has been implicated in diseases of protein misfolding and aggregation, including polyglutamine (polyQ) repeat expansion diseases such as Huntington's disease and SBMA. In this review, we discuss the details of the UPS system, its functions and regulation, and the role of AR ubiquitination and UPS components in SBMA. We also discuss aspects of the UPS that may be manipulated for therapeutic effect in SBMA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diane E. Merry
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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10
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Zhao Y, Li J, Chen J, Ye M, Jin X. Functional roles of E3 ubiquitin ligases in prostate cancer. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:1125-1144. [PMID: 35816219 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02229-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a malignant epithelial tumor of the prostate gland with a high male cancer incidence. Numerous studies indicate that abnormal function of ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is associated with the progression and metastasis of PCa. E3 ubiquitin ligases, key components of UPS, determine the specificity of substrates, and substantial advances of E3 ubiquitin ligases have been reached recently. Herein, we introduce the structures and functions of E3 ubiquitin ligases and summarize the mechanisms of E3 ubiquitin ligases-related PCa signaling pathways. In addition, some progresses in the development of inhibitors targeting E3 ubiquitin ligases are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.,Department of Chemoradiotherapy, the Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Jinyun Li
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Chemoradiotherapy, the Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Meng Ye
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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11
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Mao F, Kong Y, Liu J, Rao X, Li C, Donahue K, Zhang Y, Jones K, Zhang Q, Xu W, Liu X. Diptoindonesin G antagonizes AR signaling and enhances the efficacy of antiandrogen therapy in prostate cancer. Prostate 2022; 82:917-932. [PMID: 35322879 PMCID: PMC9035130 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway has been well demonstrated to play a crucial role in the development, progression, and drug resistance of prostate cancer. Although the current anti-androgen therapy could significantly benefit prostate cancer patients initially, the efficacy of the single drug usually lasts for a relatively short period, as drug resistance quickly emerges. METHODS We have performed an unbiased bioinformatics analysis using the RNA-seq results in 22Rv1 cells to identify the cell response toward Dip G treatment. The RNA-seq results were validated by qRT-PCR. Protein levels were detected by western blot or staining. Cell viability was measured by Aquabluer and colony formation assay. RESULTS Here, we identified that Diptoindonesin G (Dip G), a natural extracted compound, could promote the proteasome degradation of AR and polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) through modulating the activation of CHIP E3 ligase. Administration of Dip G has shown a profound efficiency in the suppression of AR and PLK1, not only in androgen-dependent LNCaP cells but also in castration-resistant and enzalutamide-resistant cells in a CHIP-dependent manner. Through co-targeting the AR signaling, Dip G robustly improved the efficacy of HSP90 inhibitors and enzalutamide in both human prostate cancer cells and in vivo xenograft mouse model. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed that Dip G-mediated AR degradation would be a promising and valuable therapeutic strategy in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyi Mao
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Yifan Kong
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Jinghui Liu
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Xiongjian Rao
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Chaohao Li
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Kristine Donahue
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Yanquan Zhang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Katelyn Jones
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Qiongsi Zhang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA. Tel: (859) 562-2006;
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12
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Miller KJ, Asim M. Unravelling the Role of Kinases That Underpin Androgen Signalling in Prostate Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11060952. [PMID: 35326402 PMCID: PMC8946764 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) signalling pathway is the key driver in most prostate cancers (PCa), and is underpinned by several kinases both upstream and downstream of the AR. Many popular therapies for PCa that target the AR directly, however, have been circumvented by AR mutation, such as androgen receptor variants. Some upstream kinases promote AR signalling, including those which phosphorylate the AR and others that are AR-regulated, and androgen regulated kinase that can also form feed-forward activation circuits to promotes AR function. All of these kinases represent potentially druggable targets for PCa. There has generally been a divide in reviews reporting on pathways upstream of the AR and those reporting on AR-regulated genes despite the overlap that constitutes the promotion of AR signalling and PCa progression. In this review, we aim to elucidate which kinases—both upstream and AR-regulated—may be therapeutic targets and require future investigation and ongoing trials in developing kinase inhibitors for PCa.
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13
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Kal S, Chakraborty S, Karmakar S, Ghosh MK. Wnt/β-catenin signaling and p68 conjointly regulate CHIP in colorectal carcinoma. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119185. [PMID: 34890713 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidences suggest abundant expression of Carboxy terminus of Hsc70 Interacting Protein or CHIP (alias STIP1 Homology and U-box Containing Protein 1 or STUB1) in colorectal carcinoma, but the mechanistic detail of this augmented expression pattern is unclear. The signature driver of canonical Wnt pathway, β-catenin, and its co-activator RNA helicase p68, are also overexpressed in colorectal carcinoma. In this study, we describe a novel mechanism of Wnt/β-catenin and p68 mediated transcriptional activation of CHIP gene leading to enhanced proliferation of colorectal carcinoma cells. Bioinformatic analyses reconfirmed an elevated CHIP expression level in colorectal carcinoma datasets. Wnt3A treatment and pharmacological activation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway resulted in increased nuclear translocation of β-catenin, augmenting CHIP expression. Likewise, immunoblotting and Real time PCR following overexpression and knockdown of β-catenin and p68 demonstrated upregulated and downregulated CHIP expression, respectively, at both mRNA and protein levels. p68 along with β-catenin were found to occupy Transcription Factor 4 (TCF4) binding sites on endogenous CHIP promoter and regulate its transcription. After cloning CHIP promoter, the increased and decreased promoter activities of CHIP induced by overexpression and knockdown of either β-catenin or p68 further confirmed transcriptional regulation of CHIP gene by Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade. Finally, enhanced cellular propagation and migration of colorectal carcinoma cells induced by 'Wnt/β-catenin-p68-CHIP' axis established the significance of this pathway in oncogenesis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report elucidating the mechanistic details of transcriptional regulation of CHIP (STUB1) gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satadeepa Kal
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), TRUE Campus, CN-6, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata- 700091 & 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Shrabastee Chakraborty
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), TRUE Campus, CN-6, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata- 700091 & 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Subhajit Karmakar
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), TRUE Campus, CN-6, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata- 700091 & 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Mrinal K Ghosh
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), TRUE Campus, CN-6, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata- 700091 & 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India.
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14
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With or without You: Co-Chaperones Mediate Health and Disease by Modifying Chaperone Function and Protein Triage. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113121. [PMID: 34831344 PMCID: PMC8619055 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a family of molecular chaperones that regulate essential protein refolding and triage decisions to maintain protein homeostasis. Numerous co-chaperone proteins directly interact and modify the function of HSPs, and these interactions impact the outcome of protein triage, impacting everything from structural proteins to cell signaling mediators. The chaperone/co-chaperone machinery protects against various stressors to ensure cellular function in the face of stress. However, coding mutations, expression changes, and post-translational modifications of the chaperone/co-chaperone machinery can alter the cellular stress response. Importantly, these dysfunctions appear to contribute to numerous human diseases. Therapeutic targeting of chaperones is an attractive but challenging approach due to the vast functions of HSPs, likely contributing to the off-target effects of these therapies. Current efforts focus on targeting co-chaperones to develop precise treatments for numerous diseases caused by defects in protein quality control. This review focuses on the recent developments regarding selected HSP70/HSP90 co-chaperones, with a concentration on cardioprotection, neuroprotection, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. We also discuss therapeutic approaches that highlight both the utility and challenges of targeting co-chaperones.
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15
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Kumar S, Basu M, Ghosh MK. Chaperone-assisted E3 ligase CHIP: A double agent in cancer. Genes Dis 2021; 9:1521-1555. [PMID: 36157498 PMCID: PMC9485218 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The carboxy-terminus of Hsp70-interacting protein (CHIP) is a ubiquitin ligase and co-chaperone belonging to Ubox family that plays a crucial role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis by switching the equilibrium of the folding-refolding mechanism towards the proteasomal or lysosomal degradation pathway. It links molecular chaperones viz. HSC70, HSP70 and HSP90 with ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), acting as a quality control system. CHIP contains charged domain in between N-terminal tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) and C-terminal Ubox domain. TPR domain interacts with the aberrant client proteins via chaperones while Ubox domain facilitates the ubiquitin transfer to the client proteins for ubiquitination. Thus, CHIP is a classic molecule that executes ubiquitination for degradation of client proteins. Further, CHIP has been found to be indulged in cellular differentiation, proliferation, metastasis and tumorigenesis. Additionally, CHIP can play its dual role as a tumor suppressor as well as an oncogene in numerous malignancies, thus acting as a double agent. Here, in this review, we have reported almost all substrates of CHIP established till date and classified them according to the hallmarks of cancer. In addition, we discussed about its architectural alignment, tissue specific expression, sub-cellular localization, folding-refolding mechanisms of client proteins, E4 ligase activity, normal physiological roles, as well as involvement in various diseases and tumor biology. Further, we aim to discuss its importance in HSP90 inhibitors mediated cancer therapy. Thus, this report concludes that CHIP may be a promising and worthy drug target towards pharmaceutical industry for drug development.
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16
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Lv S, Song Q, Chen G, Cheng E, Chen W, Cole R, Wu Z, Pascal LE, Wang K, Wipf P, Nelson JB, Wei Q, Huang W, Wang Z. Regulation and targeting of androgen receptor nuclear localization in castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:141335. [PMID: 33332287 DOI: 10.1172/jci141335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear localization of the androgen receptor (AR) is necessary for its activation as a transcription factor. Defining the mechanisms regulating AR nuclear localization in androgen-sensitive cells and how these mechanisms are dysregulated in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells is fundamentally important and clinically relevant. According to the classical model of AR intracellular trafficking, androgens induce AR nuclear import and androgen withdrawal causes AR nuclear export. The present study has led to an updated model that AR could be imported in the absence of androgens, ubiquitinated, and degraded in the nucleus. Androgen withdrawal caused nuclear AR degradation, but not export. In comparison with their parental androgen-sensitive LNCaP prostate cancer cells, castration-resistant C4-2 cells exhibited reduced nuclear AR polyubiquitination and increased nuclear AR level. We previously identified 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]imidazole (CPPI) in a high-throughput screen for its inhibition of androgen-independent AR nuclear localization in CRPC cells. The current study shows that CPPI is a competitive AR antagonist capable of enhancing AR interaction with its E3 ligase MDM2 and degradation of AR in the nuclei of CRPC cells. Also, CPPI blocked androgen-independent AR nuclear import. Overall, these findings suggest the feasibility of targeting androgen-independent AR nuclear import and stabilization, two necessary steps leading to AR nuclear localization and activation in CRPC cells, with small molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shidong Lv
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, and.,National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Qiong Song
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Key Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing Related Disease of Chinese Ministry of Education, Center for Translational Medicine and School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Urology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Erdong Cheng
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ryan Cole
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zeyu Wu
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laura E Pascal
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China
| | - Peter Wipf
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joel B Nelson
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, and
| | - Wenhua Huang
- National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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17
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Samaržija I. Post-Translational Modifications That Drive Prostate Cancer Progression. Biomolecules 2021; 11:247. [PMID: 33572160 PMCID: PMC7915076 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While a protein primary structure is determined by genetic code, its specific functional form is mostly achieved in a dynamic interplay that includes actions of many enzymes involved in post-translational modifications. This versatile repertoire is widely used by cells to direct their response to external stimuli, regulate transcription and protein localization and to keep proteostasis. Herein, post-translational modifications with evident potency to drive prostate cancer are explored. A comprehensive list of proteome-wide and single protein post-translational modifications and their involvement in phenotypic outcomes is presented. Specifically, the data on phosphorylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, acetylation, and lipidation in prostate cancer and the enzymes involved are collected. This type of knowledge is especially valuable in cases when cancer cells do not differ in the expression or mutational status of a protein, but its differential activity is regulated on the level of post-translational modifications. Since their driving roles in prostate cancer, post-translational modifications are widely studied in attempts to advance prostate cancer treatment. Current strategies that exploit the potential of post-translational modifications in prostate cancer therapy are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Samaržija
- Laboratory for Epigenomics, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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18
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Du R, Huang C, Liu K, Li X, Dong Z. Targeting AURKA in Cancer: molecular mechanisms and opportunities for Cancer therapy. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:15. [PMID: 33451333 PMCID: PMC7809767 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01305-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aurora kinase A (AURKA) belongs to the family of serine/threonine kinases, whose activation is necessary for cell division processes via regulation of mitosis. AURKA shows significantly higher expression in cancer tissues than in normal control tissues for multiple tumor types according to the TCGA database. Activation of AURKA has been demonstrated to play an important role in a wide range of cancers, and numerous AURKA substrates have been identified. AURKA-mediated phosphorylation can regulate the functions of AURKA substrates, some of which are mitosis regulators, tumor suppressors or oncogenes. In addition, enrichment of AURKA-interacting proteins with KEGG pathway and GO analysis have demonstrated that these proteins are involved in classic oncogenic pathways. All of this evidence favors the idea of AURKA as a target for cancer therapy, and some small molecules targeting AURKA have been discovered. These AURKA inhibitors (AKIs) have been tested in preclinical studies, and some of them have been subjected to clinical trials as monotherapies or in combination with classic chemotherapy or other targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Du
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China. .,China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, No. 127, Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China.
| | - Chuntian Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.,China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, No. 127, Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China
| | - Kangdong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.,China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, No. 127, Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China. .,China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, No. 127, Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China. .,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Zigang Dong
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China. .,China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, No. 127, Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China. .,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China. .,College of medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
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19
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Formaggio N, Rubin MA, Theurillat JP. Loss and revival of androgen receptor signaling in advanced prostate cancer. Oncogene 2021; 40:1205-1216. [PMID: 33420371 PMCID: PMC7892335 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01598-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Targeting the androgen receptor (AR) signaling axis has been, over decades, the mainstay of prostate cancer therapy. More potent inhibitors of androgen synthesis and antiandrogens have emerged and have been successfully implemented in clinical practice. That said, the stronger inhibition of the AR signaling axis has led in recent years to an increase of prostate cancers that de-differentiate into AR-negative disease. Unfortunately, this process is intimately linked with a poor prognosis. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms that enable cancer cells to switch from an AR-positive to an AR-negative disease and efforts to prevent/revert this process and thereby maintain/restore AR-dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Formaggio
- grid.29078.340000 0001 2203 2861Institute of Oncology Research, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Mark A. Rubin
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Department for BioMedical Research and Bern Center of Precision Medicine, University of Bern and Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Philippe Theurillat
- grid.29078.340000 0001 2203 2861Institute of Oncology Research, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
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20
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Mota STS, Vecchi L, Alves DA, Cordeiro AO, Guimarães GS, Campos-Fernández E, Maia YCP, Dornelas BDC, Bezerra SM, de Andrade VP, Goulart LR, Araújo TG. Annexin A1 promotes the nuclear localization of the epidermal growth factor receptor in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 127:105838. [PMID: 32858191 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor is a cancer driver whose nuclear localization has been associated with the progression of prostate cancer to the castration-resistant phenotype. Previous reports indicated a functional interaction between this receptor and the protein Annexin A1, which has also been associated with aggressive tumors. The molecular pathogenesis of castration-resistant prostate cancer remains largely unresolved, and herein we have demonstrated the correlation between the expression levels and localization of the epidermal growth factor receptor and Annexin A1 in prostate cancer samples and cell lines. Interestingly, a higher expression of both proteins was detected in castration-resistant prostate cancer cell lines and the strongest correlation was seen at the nuclear level. We verified that Annexin A1 interacts with the epidermal growth factor receptor, and by using prostate cancer cell lines knocked down for Annexin A1, we succeeded in demonstrating that Annexin A1 promotes the nuclear localization of epidermal growth factor receptor. Finally, we showed that Annexin A1 activates an autocrine signaling in castration-resistant prostate cells through the formyl peptide receptor 1. The inhibition of such signaling by Cyclosporin H inhibits the nuclear localization of epidermal growth factor receptor and its downstream signaling. The present work sheds light on the functional interaction between nuclear epidermal growth factor receptor and nuclear Annexin A1 in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Therefore, strategies to inhibit the nuclear localization of epidermal growth factor receptor through the suppression of the Annexin A1 autocrine loop could represent an important intervention strategy for castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Teixeira Soares Mota
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Patos de Minas, MG, 387400-128, Brazil; Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil.
| | - Lara Vecchi
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil.
| | - Douglas Alexsander Alves
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Patos de Minas, MG, 387400-128, Brazil; Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil.
| | - Antonielle Oliveira Cordeiro
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Patos de Minas, MG, 387400-128, Brazil; Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Silva Guimarães
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Patos de Minas, MG, 387400-128, Brazil; Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil.
| | - Esther Campos-Fernández
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil.
| | | | - Bruno de Carvalho Dornelas
- Pathology Division, Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Patos de Minas, MG, 387400-128, Brazil; University of California, Davis, Dept. of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Thaise Gonçalves Araújo
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Patos de Minas, MG, 387400-128, Brazil; Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil.
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21
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Lu C, Brown LC, Antonarakis ES, Armstrong AJ, Luo J. Androgen receptor variant-driven prostate cancer II: advances in laboratory investigations. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2020; 23:381-397. [PMID: 32139878 PMCID: PMC7725416 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-020-0217-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: The androgen receptor (AR) is a key prostate cancer drug target.
Suppression of AR signaling mediated by the full-length AR (AR-FL) is the
therapeutic goal of all existing AR-directed therapies. AR-targeting agents
impart therapeutic benefit, but lead to AR aberrations that underlie disease
progression and therapeutic resistance. Among the AR aberrations specific to
castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), AR variants (AR-Vs) have
emerged as important indicators of disease progression and therapeutic
resistance. Methods: We conducted a systemic review of the literature focusing on recent
laboratory studies on AR-Vs following our last review article published in
2016. Topics ranged from measurement and detection, molecular origin,
regulation, genomic function, and preclinical therapeutic targeting of
AR-Vs. We provide expert opinions and perspectives on these topics. Results: Transcript sequences for 22 AR-Vs have been reported in the
literature. Different AR-Vs may arise through different mechanisms, and can
be regulated by splicing factors and dictated by genomic rearrangements, but
a low-androgen environment is a prerequisite for generation of AR-Vs. The
unique transcript structures allowed development of in-situ and in-solution
measurement and detection methods, including mRNA and protein detection, in
both tissue and blood specimens. AR variant-7 (AR-V7) remains the main
measurement target and the most extensively characterized AR-V. Although
AR-V7 co-exists with AR-FL, genomic functions mediated by AR-V7 do not
require the presence of AR-FL. The distinct cistromes and transcriptional
programs directed by AR-V7 and their co-regulators are consistent with
genomic features of progressive disease in a low-androgen environment.
Preclinical development of AR-V-directed agents currently focuses on
suppression of mRNA expression and protein degradation as well as targeting
of the amino-terminal domain. Conclusions: Current literature continues to support AR-Vs as biomarkers and
therapeutic targets in prostate cancer. Laboratory investigations reveal
both challenges and opportunities in targeting AR-Vs to overcome resistance
to current AR-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxue Lu
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Landon C Brown
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Divisions of Medical Oncology and Urology, Duke Cancer Institute Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Emmanuel S Antonarakis
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Departments of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew J Armstrong
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Divisions of Medical Oncology and Urology, Duke Cancer Institute Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Departments of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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22
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Chen TC, Chuang JY, Ko CY, Kao TJ, Yang PY, Yu CH, Liu MS, Hu SL, Tsai YT, Chan H, Chang WC, Hsu TI. AR ubiquitination induced by the curcumin analog suppresses growth of temozolomide-resistant glioblastoma through disrupting GPX4-Mediated redox homeostasis. Redox Biol 2019; 30:101413. [PMID: 31896509 PMCID: PMC6940696 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is the main obstacle in the improvement of chemotherapeutic efficacy in glioblastoma. Previously, we showed that dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), one kind of androgen/neurosteroid, potentiates glioblastoma to acquire resistance through attenuating DNA damage. Androgen receptor (AR) activated by DHEA or other types of androgen was reported to promote drug resistance in prostate cancer. However, in DHEA-enriched microenvironment, the role of AR in acquiring resistance of glioblastoma remains unknown. In this study, we found that AR expression is significantly correlated with poor prognosis, and AR obviously induced the resistance to temozolomide (TMZ) treatment. Herein, we observed that ALZ003, a curcumin analog, induces FBXL2-mediated AR ubiquitination, leading to degradation. Importantly, ALZ003 significantly inhibited the survival of TMZ-sensitive and -resistant glioblastoma in vitro and in vivo. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation and suppression of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) 4, which are characteristics of ferroptosis, were observed in glioblastoma cell after treatment of ALZ003. Furthermore, overexpression of AR prevented ferroptosis in the presence of GPX4. To evaluate the therapeutic effect in vivo, we transplanted TMZ-sensitive or -resistant U87MG cells into mouse brain followed by intravenous administration with ALZ003. In addition to inhibiting the growth of glioblastoma, ALZ003 significantly extended the survival period of transplanted mice, and significantly decreased AR expression in the tumor area. Taken together, AR potentiates TMZ resistance for glioblastoma, and ALZ003-mediated AR ubiquitination might open a new insight into therapeutic strategy for TMZ resistant glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jian-Ying Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Taipei, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Neuroscience, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Yuan Ko
- Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Taipei, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Neuroscience, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Jen Kao
- Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Taipei, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Neuroscience, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Yang
- Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Taipei, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Neuroscience, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hui Yu
- Allianz Pharmascience Limited, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Sheng Liu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan
| | - Siou-Lian Hu
- Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Taipei, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Neuroscience, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hardy Chan
- Allianz Pharmascience Limited, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chang Chang
- TMU Research Center of Neuroscience, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Tsung-I Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Taipei, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Neuroscience, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan.
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23
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Biswas K, Sarkar S, Said N, Brautigan DL, Larner JM. Aurora B Kinase Promotes CHIP-Dependent Degradation of HIF1α in Prostate Cancer Cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 19:1008-1017. [PMID: 31848297 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a major factor in tumor progression and resistance to therapies, which involves elevated levels of the transcription factor HIF1α. Here, we report that prostate tumor xenografts express high levels of HIF1α and show greatly enhanced growth in response to knockdown of the E3 ligase CHIP (C-terminus of Hsp70-interacting protein). In multiple human prostate cancer cell lines under hypoxia, taxol treatment induces the degradation of HIF1α, and this response is abrogated by knockdown of CHIP, but not by E3 ligase VHL or RACK1. HIF1α degradation is accompanied by loss of function, evidenced by reduced expression of HIF1α-dependent genes. CHIP-dependent HIF1α degradation also occurs in cells arrested in mitosis by nocodazole instead of taxol. Mitotic kinase Aurora B activity is required for taxol-induced HIF1α degradation. Purified Aurora B directly phosphorylates HIF1α at multiple sites, and these modifications enhance its polyubiquitination by CHIP in a purified reconstituted system. Our results show how activation of Aurora B promotes CHIP-dependent degradation of HIF1α in prostate cancer cells. This new knowledge may affect the use of mitotic kinase inhibitors and open new approaches for treatment of hypoxic prostate tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntal Biswas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Sukumar Sarkar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Neveen Said
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - David L Brautigan
- Center for Cell Signaling, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - James M Larner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia.
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24
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Seo J, Han SY, Seong D, Han HJ, Song J. Multifaceted C-terminus of HSP70-interacting protein regulates tumorigenesis via protein quality control. Arch Pharm Res 2019; 42:63-75. [PMID: 30600426 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1101-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
C-terminus of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70)-interacting protein (CHIP) is an E3 ligase involved in a variety of protein homeostasis events implicated in diverse signaling pathways. Its involvement in varied and even opposite signaling circuits might be due to its hallmark signature of associating with molecular chaperones, including HSP90 and HSP70. Together, these proteins may be pivotal in implementing protein quality control. A curious and puzzling aspect of the function of CHIP is its capability to induce protein degradation via the proteasome- or lysosome-dependent pathways. In addition, these pathways are combined with ubiquitin-dependent or -independent pathways. This review focuses on the role of CHIP in the development or suppression of tumorigenesis. CHIP can act as a tumor suppressor by downregulating various oncogenes. CHIP also displays an oncogenic feature involving the inhibition of diverse tumor suppressors, including proteins related to intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. The ability of CHIP to exhibit dual roles in determining the fate of cells has not been studied analytically. However, its association with various proteins involved in protein quality control might play a major role. In this review, the mechanistic roles of CHIP in tumor formation based on the regulation of diverse proteins are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Seo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Su Yeon Han
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Daehyeon Seong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Hyun-Ji Han
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Jaewhan Song
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
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25
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Kivinummi K, Urbanucci A, Leinonen K, Tammela TLJ, Annala M, Isaacs WB, Bova GS, Nykter M, Visakorpi T. The expression of AURKA is androgen regulated in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17978. [PMID: 29269934 PMCID: PMC5740165 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18210-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although second generation endocrine therapies have significantly improved survival, castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells are eventually able to escape available hormonal treatments due to reactivation of androgen receptor (AR) signaling. Identification of novel, non-classical and druggable AR-target genes may provide new approaches to treat CRPC. Our previous analyses suggested that Aurora kinase A (AURKA) is regulated by androgens in prostate cancer cells that express high levels of AR. Here, we provide further evidence that AURKA is significantly overexpressed in AR-positive CRPC samples carrying amplification of AR gene and/or expressing AR in high levels. We also demonstrate androgen-induced AR binding in the intronic region of AURKA. The expression of AURKA is increased upon androgen stimulation in LNCaP-ARhi cells that express high levels of AR. The growth of the cells was also significantly inhibited by an AURKA specific inhibitor, alisertib (MLN8237). Together, these findings suggest that the expression of AURKA is regulated by androgen in prostate cancer cells that highly express AR, emphasizing its potential as a therapeutic target in patients with CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Kivinummi
- BioMediTech Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Alfonso Urbanucci
- BioMediTech Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic European Molecular Biology Laboratory Partnership, Forksningsparken, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katri Leinonen
- BioMediTech Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Teuvo L J Tammela
- Department of Urology, Tampere University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Matti Annala
- BioMediTech Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - William B Isaacs
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | - G Steven Bova
- BioMediTech Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Matti Nykter
- BioMediTech Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tapio Visakorpi
- BioMediTech Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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