1
|
Wang P, Ning J, Chen W, Zou F, Yu W, Rao T, Cheng F. Comprehensive analysis indicated that NDE1 is a potential biomarker for pan-cancer and promotes bladder cancer progression. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e6931. [PMID: 38466053 PMCID: PMC10926885 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nuclear distribution E homologue 1 (NDE1) is a crucial dynein binding partner. The NDE1 protein has the potential to disrupt the normal functioning of centrosomes, leading to a compromised ability to generate spindles and ensure precise separation of chromosomes during cell division. The potential consequences of this phenomenon include genomic instability, malignant transformation and the proliferation of neoplastic growths. However, studies examining the connection between NDE1 and cancer is still very rare. METHODS The expression level, prognostic impact, gene change, DNA methylation, protein interaction, mRNA m6A modification, ceRNA network, associated gene and function enrichment, and immune-related effects of NDE1 in pan-cancer were examined using a range of online analytic tools and the R software package. The CCK-8 test, transwell assay, scratch assay and colony formation assay were used to confirm the effects of NDE1 on the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of bladder cancer cells. RESULTS Numerous tumour types have elevated NDE1, which is linked to a bad prognosis. NDE1 is an excellent diagnostic tool for many different types of cancer. Numerous malignancies have been linked to genetic changes in NDE1. NDE1 was connected to TMB, MSI, several immunological checkpoint genes and immune cell infiltration. NDE1 is linked to a number of immunological subtypes. NDE1 could affect how well immunotherapy works to treat different types of cancer. NDE1 was mostly associated with cell cycle, chromosomal segregation, DNA replication and mitotic segregation, according to GO and KEGG analyses. NDE1 physically binds to PAFAH1B1 and DCTN1, respectively. The proliferation, invasion and metastasis of bladder cancer cells may be prevented by NDE1 knockdown. Furthermore, knockdown of NDE1 promoted the apoptosis of bladder cancer cells. CONCLUSION High expression of NDE1 is present in a variety of tumours, which is linked to a bad prognosis for cancer. Knockdown of NDE1 inhibited the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of bladder cancer cells, and promoted the apoptosis. For a number of malignancies, NDE1 may be a biomarker for immunotherapy and prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peihan Wang
- Department of Urology, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of ImmunotherapyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanP.R. China
| | - Jinzhuo Ning
- Department of Urology, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of ImmunotherapyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanP.R. China
| | - Wu Chen
- Department of Urology, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of ImmunotherapyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanP.R. China
| | - Fan Zou
- Department of Urology, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of ImmunotherapyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanP.R. China
| | - Weimin Yu
- Department of Urology, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of ImmunotherapyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanP.R. China
| | - Ting Rao
- Department of Urology, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of ImmunotherapyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanP.R. China
| | - Fan Cheng
- Department of Urology, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of ImmunotherapyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanP.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Soliman TN, Keifenheim D, Parker PJ, Clarke DJ. Cell cycle responses to Topoisomerase II inhibition: Molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202209125. [PMID: 37955972 PMCID: PMC10641588 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202209125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA Topoisomerase IIA (Topo IIA) is an enzyme that alters the topological state of DNA and is essential for the separation of replicated sister chromatids and the integrity of cell division. Topo IIA dysfunction activates cell cycle checkpoints, resulting in arrest in either the G2-phase or metaphase of mitosis, ultimately triggering the abscission checkpoint if non-disjunction persists. These events, which directly or indirectly monitor the activity of Topo IIA, have become of major interest as many cancers have deficiencies in Topoisomerase checkpoints, leading to genome instability. Recent studies into how cells sense Topo IIA dysfunction and respond by regulating cell cycle progression demonstrate that the Topo IIA G2 checkpoint is distinct from the G2-DNA damage checkpoint. Likewise, in mitosis, the metaphase Topo IIA checkpoint is separate from the spindle assembly checkpoint. Here, we integrate mechanistic knowledge of Topo IIA checkpoints with the current understanding of how cells regulate progression through the cell cycle to accomplish faithful genome transmission and discuss the opportunities this offers for therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya N. Soliman
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Keifenheim
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Duncan J. Clarke
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hassan Ibrahim I, Balah A, Gomaa Abd Elfattah Hassan A, Gamal Abd El-Aziz H. Role of motor proteins in human cancers. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:103436. [PMID: 36131778 PMCID: PMC9483653 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor proteins include several protein families (Kinesin, Dynein and Myosin) responsible for intracellular transport, intercellular communication, among other functions. In cancer cells, motor proteins along with microtubules (MT) and other tubulin and actin structures, are crucial for cell proliferation and invasion. The cBioPortal platform for Cancer Genomics database was queried for solid cancers in a combined cohort of 9204 patients with complete cancer genomics data. To assess the importance of motor proteins in cancer, copy number alterations (CNAs) and survival rates were analyzed in the combined dataset. Kinesin, Dynein, and Myosin families showed CNAs in 47%, 49%, and 57 % of patients, respectively, in at least one of their members. Survival analysis showed that CNAs in Kinesin and Dynein, families' genes in the same patients were significantly correlated to decreased overall survival. These results added more evidence to previous literature highlighting the importance of motor proteins as a target in cancer therapy. Kinesin inhibitors could act by several mechanisms such as inhibiting spindle assembly or centrosome separation during mitosis, leading to cell cycle arrest and eventually apoptosis. Dynein inhibitors modulate Dynein's activity and MT binding, inhibiting cell proliferation and invasion. Myosin inhibitors act by stabilizing MT, inducing cell cycle arrest and inhibiting invasiveness. Increasing the specificity of motor proteins targeting drugs could improve cancer therapy and patient survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iman Hassan Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Postal code 11765, Egypt
| | - Amany Balah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al- Azhar University, Postal code 11765, Egypt
| | - Abrar Gomaa Abd Elfattah Hassan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Postal code 11765, Egypt
| | - Heba Gamal Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Postal code 11765, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Khan K, Zafar S, Hafeez A, Badshah Y, Shahid K, Mahmood Ashraf N, Shabbir M. PRKCE non-coding variants influence on transcription as well as translation of its gene. RNA Biol 2022; 19:1115-1129. [PMID: 36299231 PMCID: PMC9621080 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2022.2139110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Untranslated regions of the gene play a crucial role in gene expression regulation at mRNA and protein levels. Mutations at UTRs impact expression by altering transcription factor binding, transcriptional/translational efficacy, miRNA-mediated gene regulation, mRNA secondary structure, ribosomal translocation, and stability. PKCε, a serine/threonine kinase, is aberrantly expressed in numerous diseases such as cardiovascular disorders, neurological disorders, and cancers; its probable cause is unknown. Therefore, in the current study, the influence of PRKCE 5'-and 3'UTR variants was explored for their potential impact on its transcription and translation through several bioinformatics approaches. UTR variants data was obtained through different databases and initially evaluated for their regulatory function. Variants with regulatory function were then studied for their effect on PRKCE binding with transcription factors (TF) and miRNAs, as well as their impact on mRNA secondary structure. Study outcomes indicated the regulatory function of 73 5'UTR and 17 3'UTR variants out of 376. 5'UTR variants introduced AP1 binding sites and promoted the PRKCE transcription. Four 3'UTR variants introduced a circular secondary structure, increasing PRKCE translational efficacy. A region in 5'UTR position 45,651,564 to 45,651,644 was found where variants readily influenced the miRNA-PRKCE mRNA binding. The study further highlighted a PKCε-regulated feedback loop mechanism that induces the activity of TFs, promoting its gene transcription. The study provides foundations for experimentation to understand these variants' role in diseases. These variants can also serve as the genetic markers for different diseases' diagnoses after validation at the cell and population levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khushbukhat Khan
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sameen Zafar
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Amna Hafeez
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yasmin Badshah
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Kanza Shahid
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Mahmood Ashraf
- School of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Maria Shabbir
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
A genetically-encoded crosslinker screen identifies SERBP1 as a PKCε substrate influencing translation and cell division. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6934. [PMID: 34836941 PMCID: PMC8626422 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27189-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The PKCε-regulated genome protective pathway provides transformed cells a failsafe to successfully complete mitosis. Despite the necessary role for Aurora B in this programme, it is unclear whether its requirement is sufficient or if other PKCε cell cycle targets are involved. To address this, we developed a trapping strategy using UV-photocrosslinkable amino acids encoded in the PKCε kinase domain. The validation of the mRNA binding protein SERBP1 as a PKCε substrate revealed a series of mitotic events controlled by the catalytic form of PKCε. PKCε represses protein translation, altering SERBP1 binding to the 40 S ribosomal subunit and promoting the assembly of ribonucleoprotein granules containing SERBP1, termed M-bodies. Independent of Aurora B, SERBP1 is shown to be necessary for chromosome segregation and successful cell division, correlating with M-body formation. This requirement for SERBP1 demonstrates that Aurora B acts in concert with translational regulation in the PKCε-controlled pathway exerting genome protection.
Collapse
|
6
|
Antonelli M, Donelli D, Veronesi L, Vitale M, Pasquarella C. Clinical efficacy of medical hydrology: an umbrella review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2021; 65:1597-1614. [PMID: 33866427 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-021-02133-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to summarize available scientific evidence on the efficacy of medical hydrology for the management of any health condition. The search was conducted on 26th March 2021, in the following databases: Medline (via PubMed), EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. All relevant literature reviews investigating the clinical efficacy of interventions characterized by the use of natural mineral waters and muds were included. The quality of studies was assessed with the "AMSTAR 2" tool. After article screening, 49 reviews were included in this work. Overall, retrieved scientific evidence suggests that spa therapy is beneficial for patients affected by some specific musculoskeletal conditions, with improvements potentially lasting up to 9 months. Moreover, balneotherapy can be an integrative support for the management of chronic venous insufficiency and some inflammatory skin diseases like psoriasis. The role of spa therapy in rehabilitation appears relevant as well. More limited, although interesting evidence exists for inhalation and hydropinic therapies. Globally, retrieved evidence suggests that, besides individual wellbeing, medical hydrology can be useful for public health. In particular, higher-quality studies seem to support the integrative use of spa-related interventions for conditions like osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, low back pain of rheumatic origin, and chronic venous insufficiency. However, the body of evidence has some limitations and further clinical trials should be designed for each relevant application to consolidate and expand acquired knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Antonelli
- AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia, Via Giovanni Amendola 2, 42122, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Davide Donelli
- AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia, Via Giovanni Amendola 2, 42122, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Licia Veronesi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Vitale
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- FoRST Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Co-ordinated control of the Aurora B abscission checkpoint by PKCε complex assembly, midbody recruitment and retention. Biochem J 2021; 478:2247-2263. [PMID: 34143863 PMCID: PMC8238520 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A requirement for PKCε in exiting from the Aurora B dependent abscission checkpoint is associated with events at the midbody, however, the recruitment, retention and action of PKCε in this compartment are poorly understood. Here, the prerequisite for 14-3-3 complex assembly in this pathway is directly linked to the phosphorylation of Aurora B S227 at the midbody. However, while essential for PKCε control of Aurora B, 14-3-3 association is shown to be unnecessary for the activity-dependent enrichment of PKCε at the midbody. This localisation is demonstrated to be an autonomous property of the inactive PKCε D532N mutant, consistent with activity-dependent dissociation. The C1A and C1B domains are necessary for this localisation, while the C2 domain and inter-C1 domain (IC1D) are necessary for retention at the midbody. Furthermore, it is shown that while the IC1D mutant retains 14-3-3 complex proficiency, it does not support Aurora B phosphorylation, nor rescues division failure observed with knockdown of endogenous PKCε. It is concluded that the concerted action of multiple independent events facilitates PKCε phosphorylation of Aurora B at the midbody to control exit from the abscission checkpoint.
Collapse
|
8
|
Physical Activity and Redox Balance in the Elderly: Signal Transduction Mechanisms. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11052228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are molecules naturally produced by cells. If their levels are too high, the cellular antioxidant machinery intervenes to bring back their quantity to physiological conditions. Since aging often induces malfunctioning in this machinery, ROS are considered an effective cause of age-associated diseases. Exercise stimulates ROS production on one side, and the antioxidant systems on the other side. The effects of exercise on oxidative stress markers have been shown in blood, vascular tissue, brain, cardiac and skeletal muscle, both in young and aged people. However, the intensity and volume of exercise and the individual subject characteristics are important to envisage future strategies to adequately personalize the balance of the oxidant/antioxidant environment. Here, we reviewed the literature that deals with the effects of physical activity on redox balance in young and aged people, with insights into the molecular mechanisms involved. Although many molecular pathways are involved, we are still far from a comprehensive view of the mechanisms that stand behind the effects of physical activity during aging. Although we believe that future precision medicine will be able to transform exercise administration from wellness to targeted prevention, as yet we admit that the topic is still in its infancy.
Collapse
|
9
|
Guide Cells Support Muscle Regeneration and Affect Neuro-Muscular Junction Organization. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041939. [PMID: 33669272 PMCID: PMC7920023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscular regeneration is a complex biological process that occurs during acute injury and chronic degeneration, implicating several cell types. One of the earliest events of muscle regeneration is the inflammatory response, followed by the activation and differentiation of muscle progenitor cells. However, the process of novel neuromuscular junction formation during muscle regeneration is still largely unexplored. Here, we identify by single-cell RNA sequencing and isolate a subset of vessel-associated cells able to improve myogenic differentiation. We termed them 'guide' cells because of their remarkable ability to improve myogenesis without fusing with the newly formed fibers. In vitro, these cells showed a marked mobility and ability to contact the forming myotubes. We found that these cells are characterized by CD44 and CD34 surface markers and the expression of Ng2 and Ncam2. In addition, in a murine model of acute muscle injury and regeneration, injection of guide cells correlated with increased numbers of newly formed neuromuscular junctions. Thus, we propose that guide cells modulate de novo generation of neuromuscular junctions in regenerating myofibers. Further studies are necessary to investigate the origin of those cells and the extent to which they are required for terminal specification of regenerating myofibers.
Collapse
|
10
|
Benedetti F, Curreli S, Gallo RC, Zella D. Exogenous bacterial DnaK increases protein kinases activity in human cancer cell lines. J Transl Med 2021; 19:60. [PMID: 33563293 PMCID: PMC7871384 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02734-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of molecular mechanisms underlying tumor cell signaling highlighted a critical role for kinases in carcinogenesis and cancer progression. To this regard, protein kinases regulates a number of critical cellular pathways by adding phosphate groups to specific substrates. For this reason, their involvement in the complex interactions between the human microbiota and cancer cells to determine therapy and tumor progression outcome is becoming increasingly relevant. Mycoplasmas are components of the normal human microbiota, and several species have also been associated to human diseases, including certain cancers. It is also important to note that Mycoplasmas and their proteins are a component of the common tumor microenvironment. In addition, several epidemiological, in vivo and in vitro studies indicate a close involvement of Mycoplasmas in cellular transformation and cancer progression. METHODS In this study, we investigate the effect of exogenous Mycoplasma DnaK on kinases activity by treating in vitro four different eukaryotic cancer cell lines, namely lung and prostate cancer, colon adenocarcinoma, and neuroblastoma. Phosphorylation of kinases and specific substrates was measured at 20 and 60 min. RESULTS Kinome analysis of our data indicates that Mycoplasma DnaK promotes the dysregulation of the activity of specific kinases and their substrates, with a known involvement in carcinogenesis and cancer progression. CONCLUSIONS Given the similarity in structure and amino acid composition of this protein with other bacterial DnaKs we provide a novel mechanism whereby components of the human microbiota and present in the tumor microenvironment are able to deregulate phosphorylation events occurring during carcinogenesis and cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Benedetti
- Institute of Human Virology and Global Virus Network Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Sabrina Curreli
- Institute of Human Virology and Global Virus Network Center, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Robert C Gallo
- Institute of Human Virology and Global Virus Network Center, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Davide Zella
- Institute of Human Virology and Global Virus Network Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Parker PJ, Brown SJ, Calleja V, Chakravarty P, Cobbaut M, Linch M, Marshall JJT, Martini S, McDonald NQ, Soliman T, Watson L. Equivocal, explicit and emergent actions of PKC isoforms in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2021; 21:51-63. [PMID: 33177705 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-020-00310-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The maturing mutational landscape of cancer genomes, the development and application of clinical interventions and evolving insights into tumour-associated functions reveal unexpected features of the protein kinase C (PKC) family of serine/threonine protein kinases. These advances include recent work showing gain or loss-of-function mutations relating to driver or bystander roles, how conformational constraints and plasticity impact this class of proteins and how emergent cancer-associated properties may offer opportunities for intervention. The profound impact of the tumour microenvironment, reflected in the efficacy of immune checkpoint interventions, further prompts to incorporate PKC family actions and interventions in this ecosystem, informed by insights into the control of stromal and immune cell functions. Drugging PKC isoforms has offered much promise, but when and how is not obvious.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Parker
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK.
| | - Sophie J Brown
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Veronique Calleja
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Mathias Cobbaut
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Mark Linch
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Silvia Martini
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Neil Q McDonald
- Signalling and Structural Biology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, London, UK
| | - Tanya Soliman
- Centre for Cancer Genomics and Computational Biology, Bart's Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Lisa Watson
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Parker PJ, Lockwood N, Davis K, Kelly JR, Soliman TN, Pardo AL, Marshall JJT, Redmond JM, Vitale M, Silvia Martini. A cancer-associated, genome protective programme engaging PKCε. Adv Biol Regul 2020; 78:100759. [PMID: 33039823 PMCID: PMC7689578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Associated with their roles as targets for tumour promoters, there has been a long-standing interest in how members of the protein kinase C (PKC) family act to modulate cell growth and division. This has generated a great deal of observational data, but has for the most part not afforded clear mechanistic insights into the control mechanisms at play. Here, we review the roles of PKCε in protecting transformed cells from non-disjunction. In this particular cell cycle context, there is a growing understanding of the pathways involved, affording biomarker and interventional insights and opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Parker
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK; School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Nicola Lockwood
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Khalil Davis
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Joanna R Kelly
- Cancer Research UK, Manchester Institute, Alderley Park, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Tanya N Soliman
- Barts Cancer Institute, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BE, UK
| | - Ainara Lopez Pardo
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | | | - Marco Vitale
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Martini
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kelly JR, Martini S, Brownlow N, Joshi D, Federico S, Jamshidi S, Kjaer S, Lockwood N, Rahman KM, Fraternali F, Parker PJ, Soliman TN. The Aurora B specificity switch is required to protect from non-disjunction at the metaphase/anaphase transition. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1396. [PMID: 32170202 PMCID: PMC7070073 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Aurora B abscission checkpoint delays cytokinesis until resolution of DNA trapped in the cleavage furrow. This process involves PKCε phosphorylation of Aurora B S227. Assessing if this PKCε-Aurora B module provides a more widely exploited genome-protective control for the cell cycle, we show Aurora B phosphorylation at S227 by PKCε also occurs during mitosis. Expression of Aurora B S227A phenocopies inhibition of PKCε in by-passing the delay and resolution at anaphase entry that is associated with non-disjunction and catenation of sister chromatids. Implementation of this anaphase delay is reflected in PKCε activation following cell cycle dependent cleavage by caspase 7; knock-down of caspase 7 phenocopies PKCε loss, in a manner rescued by ectopically expressing/generating a free PKCε catalytic domain. Molecular dynamics indicates that Aurora B S227 phosphorylation induces conformational changes and this manifests in a profound switch in specificity towards S29 TopoIIα phosphorylation, a response necessary for catenation resolution during mitosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna R Kelly
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Cancer Research UK, Manchester Institute, Alderley Park, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Silvia Martini
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Nicola Brownlow
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Av. Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/n 03550, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Dhira Joshi
- Peptide Chemistry Platform, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Stefania Federico
- Peptide Chemistry Platform, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Shirin Jamshidi
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Svend Kjaer
- Structural Biology Platform, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Nicola Lockwood
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Franca Fraternali
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Peter J Parker
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Tanya N Soliman
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The coordinated activities of many protein kinases, acting on multiple protein substrates, ensures the error-free progression through mitosis of eukaryotic cells. Enormous research effort has thus been devoted to studying the roles and regulation of these mitotic kinases, and to the identification of their physiological substrates. Central for the timely deployment of specific protein kinases to their appropriate substrates during the cell division cycle are the many anchoring proteins, which serve critical regulatory roles. Through direct association, anchoring proteins are capable of modulating the catalytic activity and/or sub-cellular distribution of the mitotic kinases they associate with. The key roles of some anchoring proteins in cell division are well-established, whilst others are still being unearthed. Here, we review the current knowledge on anchoring proteins for some mitotic kinases, and highlight how targeting anchoring proteins for inhibition, instead of the mitotic kinases themselves, could be advantageous for disrupting the cell division cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Fulcher
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Gopal P Sapkota
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kouprina N, Liskovykh M, Petrov N, Larionov V. Human artificial chromosome (HAC) for measuring chromosome instability (CIN) and identification of genes required for proper chromosome transmission. Exp Cell Res 2019; 387:111805. [PMID: 31877307 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is one of the characteristics of cancer inherent for tumor initiation and progression, which is defined as a persistent, high rate of gain/loss of whole chromosomes. In the vast majority of human tumors the molecular basis of CIN remains unknown. The development of a conceptually simple colony color sectoring assay that measures yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) loss provided a powerful genetic tool to assess the rate of chromosome mis-segregation and also identified 937 yeast genes involved in this process. Similarly, a human artificial chromosome (HAC)-based assay has been recently developed and applied to quantify chromosome mis-segregation events in human cells. This assay allowed identification of novel human CIN genes in the library of protein kinases. Among them are PINK1, TRIO, IRAK1, PNCK, and TAOK1. The HAC-based assay may be applied to screen siRNA, shRNA and CRISPR-based libraries to identify the complete spectrum of CIN genes. This will reveal new insights into mechanisms of chromosome segregation and may expedite the development of novel therapeutic strategies to target the CIN phenotype in cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalay Kouprina
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Mikhail Liskovykh
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nikolai Petrov
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Vladimir Larionov
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Quantitative proteomics indicate a strong correlation of mitotic phospho-/dephosphorylation with non-structured regions of substrates. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1868:140295. [PMID: 31676455 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.140295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation plays a critical role in the regulation and progression of mitosis. >40,000 phosphorylated residues and the associated kinases have been identified to date via proteomic analyses. Although some of these phosphosites are associated with regulation of either protein-protein interactions or the catalytic activity of the substrate protein, the roles of most mitotic phosphosites remain unclear. In this study, we examined structural properties of mitotic phosphosites and neighboring residues to understand the role of heavy phosphorylation in non-structured domains. Quantitative mass spectrometry analysis of mitosis-arrested and non-arrested HeLa cells revealed >4100 and > 2200 residues either significantly phosphorylated or dephosphorylated, respectively, at mitotic entry. The calculated disorder scores of amino acid sequences of neighboring individual phosphosites revealed that >70% of dephosphorylated phosphosites exist in disordered regions, whereas 50% of phosphorylated sites exist in non-structured domains. A clear inverse correlation was observed between probability of phosphorylation in non-structured domain and increment of phosphorylation in mitosis. These results indicate that at entry to mitosis, a significant number of phosphate groups are removed from non-structured domains and transferred to more-structured domains. Gene ontology term analysis revealed that mitosis-related proteins are heavily phosphorylated, whereas RNA-related proteins are both dephosphorylated and phosphorylated, suggesting that heavy phosphorylation/dephosphorylation in non-structured domains of RNA-binding proteins plays a role in dynamic rearrangement of RNA-containing organelles, as well as other intracellular environments.
Collapse
|
17
|
Liskovykh M, Goncharov NV, Petrov N, Aksenova V, Pegoraro G, Ozbun LL, Reinhold WC, Varma S, Dasso M, Kumeiko V, Masumoto H, Earnshaw WC, Larionov V, Kouprina N. A novel assay to screen siRNA libraries identifies protein kinases required for chromosome transmission. Genome Res 2019; 29:1719-1732. [PMID: 31515286 PMCID: PMC6771407 DOI: 10.1101/gr.254276.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of cancer is chromosome instability (CIN), which leads to aneuploidy, translocations, and other chromosome aberrations. However, in the vast majority of human tumors the molecular basis of CIN remains unknown, partly because not all genes controlling chromosome transmission have yet been identified. To address this question, we developed an experimental high-throughput imaging (HTI) siRNA assay that allows the identification of novel CIN genes. Our method uses a human artificial chromosome (HAC) expressing the GFP transgene. When this assay was applied to screen an siRNA library of protein kinases, we identified PINK1, TRIO, IRAK1, PNCK, and TAOK1 as potential novel genes whose knockdown induces various mitotic abnormalities and results in chromosome loss. The HAC-based assay can be applied for screening different siRNA libraries (cell cycle regulation, DNA damage response, epigenetics, and transcription factors) to identify additional genes involved in CIN. Identification of the complete spectrum of CIN genes will reveal new insights into mechanisms of chromosome segregation and may expedite the development of novel therapeutic strategies to target the CIN phenotype in cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Liskovykh
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Nikolay V. Goncharov
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;,School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690000, Russia
| | - Nikolai Petrov
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Vasilisa Aksenova
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute for Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Gianluca Pegoraro
- High-Throughput Imaging Facility, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Laurent L. Ozbun
- High-Throughput Imaging Facility, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - William C. Reinhold
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Sudhir Varma
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Mary Dasso
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute for Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Vadim Kumeiko
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690000, Russia
| | - Hiroshi Masumoto
- Laboratory of Chromosome Engineering, Department of Frontier Research and Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818d, Japan
| | - William C. Earnshaw
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, United Kingdom
| | - Vladimir Larionov
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Natalay Kouprina
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gong LB, Wen T, Li Z, Xin X, Che XF, Wang J, Liu YP, Qu XJ. DYNC1I1 Promotes the Proliferation and Migration of Gastric Cancer by Up-Regulating IL-6 Expression. Front Oncol 2019; 9:491. [PMID: 31249807 PMCID: PMC6582752 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the top five malignant tumors worldwide. At present, the molecular mechanisms of gastric cancer progression are still not completely clear. Cytoplasmic dynein regulates intracellular transport and mitotic spindle localization, and its abnormal function is crucial for tumorigenesis, promotes tumor cell cycle progression, and tumor migration. DYNC1I1 is an important binding subunit of cytoplasmic dynein. However, studies on DYNC1I1 in tumors are currently limited. In the current study, we found that high DYNC1I1 expression in gastric cancer is associated with poor prognosis and is an independent prognostic factor. DYNC1I1 promoted the proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. DYNC1I1 also upregulated IL-6 expression by increasing NF-κB nuclear translocation. Collectively, these data revealed an important role for the DYNC1I1-driven IL-6/STAT pathway in gastric cancer proliferation and migration, suggesting that DYNC1I1 may be a potential therapeutic target for gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Bao Gong
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ti Wen
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xing Xin
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Che
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yun-Peng Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiu-Juan Qu
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
El Bezawy R, Tinelli S, Tortoreto M, Doldi V, Zuco V, Folini M, Stucchi C, Rancati T, Valdagni R, Gandellini P, Zaffaroni N. miR-205 enhances radiation sensitivity of prostate cancer cells by impairing DNA damage repair through PKCε and ZEB1 inhibition. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:51. [PMID: 30717752 PMCID: PMC6360656 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1060-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy is one of the main treatment options for non-metastatic prostate cancer (PCa). Although treatment technical optimization has greatly improved local tumor control, a considerable fraction of patients still experience relapse due to the development of resistance. Radioresistance is a complex and still poorly understood phenomenon involving the deregulation of a variety of signaling pathways as a consequence of several genetic and epigenetic abnormalities. In this context, cumulative evidence supports a functional role of microRNAs in affecting radioresistance, suggesting the modulation of their expression as a novel radiosensitizing approach. Here, we investigated for the first time the ability of miR-205 to enhance the radiation response of PCa models. METHODS miR-205 reconstitution by a miRNA mimic in PCa cell lines (DU145 and PC-3) was used to elucidate miR-205 biological role. Radiation response in miRNA-reconstituted and control cells was assessed by clonogenic assay, immunofluorescence-based detection of nuclear γ-H2AX foci and comet assay. RNAi was used to silence the miRNA targets PKCε or ZEB1. In addition, target-protection experiments were carried out using a custom oligonucleotide designed to physically disrupt the pairing between the miR-205 and PKCε. For in vivo experiments, xenografts generated in SCID mice by implanting DU145 cells stably expressing miR-205 were exposed to 5-Gy single dose irradiation using an image-guided animal micro-irradiator. RESULTS miR-205 reconstitution was able to significantly enhance the radiation response of prostate cancer cell lines and xenografts through the impairment of radiation-induced DNA damage repair, as a consequence of PKCε and ZEB1 inhibition. Indeed, phenocopy experiments based on knock-down of either PKCε or ZEB1 reproduced miR-205 radiosensitizing effect, hence confirming a functional role of both targets in the process. At the molecular level, miR-205-induced suppression of PKCε counteracted radioresistance through the impairment of EGFR nuclear translocation and the consequent DNA-PK activation. Consistently, disruption of miR-205-PKCε 3'UTR pairing almost completely abrogated the radiosensitizing effect. CONCLUSIONS Our results uncovered the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the radiosensitizing effect of miR-205. These findings support the clinical interest in developing a novel therapeutic approach based on miR-205 reconstitution to increase PCa response to radiotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rihan El Bezawy
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Stella Tinelli
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Tortoreto
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Doldi
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Zuco
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Folini
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Stucchi
- Medical Physics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Rancati
- Prostate Cancer Program, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Valdagni
- Prostate Cancer Program, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy.,Radiation Oncology 1 Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Gandellini
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Nadia Zaffaroni
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|