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Yuan R, Zhang W, You Y, Cui G, Gao Z, Wang X, Chen J. Vitamin D3 suppresses the cholesterol homeostasis pathway in patient-derived glioma cell lines. FEBS Open Bio 2023; 13:1789-1806. [PMID: 37489660 PMCID: PMC10476568 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is one of the most common malignant brain tumors. Vitamin D, primarily its hormonally active form calcitriol, has been reported to have anti-cancer activity. In the present study, we used patient-derived glioma cell lines to examine the effect of vitamin D3 and calcitriol on glioblastoma. Surprisingly, vitamin D3 showed a more significant inhibitory effect than calcitriol on cell viability and proliferation. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) mediates most of the cellular effects of vitamin D, and thus we examined the expression level and function of VDR via gene silencing and gene knockout experiments. We observed that VDR does not affect the sensitivity of patient-derived glioma cell lines to vitamin D3, and the gene encoding VDR is not essential for growth of patient-derived glioma cell lines. RNA sequencing data analysis and sterolomics analysis revealed that vitamin D3 inhibits cholesterol synthesis and cholesterol homeostasis by inhibiting the expression level of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, which leads to the accumulation of 7-dehydrocholesterol and other sterol intermediates. In conclusion, our results suggest that vitamin D3, rather than calcitriol, inhibits growth of patient-derived glioma cell lines via inhibition of the cholesterol homeostasis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Yuan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
- Chinese Institute for Brain ResearchBeijingChina
- Research Unit of Medical NeurobiologyChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical InstituteCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yong‐Ping You
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Institute for Brain Tumors, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityChina
| | - Gang Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research LaboratoryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Zhengliang Gao
- Fundamental Research Center, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of MedicineShanghai UniversityNantongChina
| | - Xiuxing Wang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, Department of Cell Biology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics, School of Basic Medical SciencesNanjing Medical UniversityChina
| | - Jian Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
- Chinese Institute for Brain ResearchBeijingChina
- Research Unit of Medical NeurobiologyChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
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2
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Jing J, Wu Z, Wang J, Luo G, Lin H, Fan Y, Zhou C. Hedgehog signaling in tissue homeostasis, cancers, and targeted therapies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:315. [PMID: 37596267 PMCID: PMC10439210 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The past decade has seen significant advances in our understanding of Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway in various biological events. HH signaling pathway exerts its biological effects through a complex signaling cascade involved with primary cilium. HH signaling pathway has important functions in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. It plays a central role in the regulation of the proliferation and differentiation of adult stem cells. Importantly, it has become increasingly clear that HH signaling pathway is associated with increased cancer prevalence, malignant progression, poor prognosis and even increased mortality. Understanding the integrative nature of HH signaling pathway has opened up the potential for new therapeutic targets for cancer. A variety of drugs have been developed, including small molecule inhibitors, natural compounds, and long non-coding RNA (LncRNA), some of which are approved for clinical use. This review outlines recent discoveries of HH signaling in tissue homeostasis and cancer and discusses how these advances are paving the way for the development of new biologically based therapies for cancer. Furthermore, we address status quo and limitations of targeted therapies of HH signaling pathway. Insights from this review will help readers understand the function of HH signaling in homeostasis and cancer, as well as opportunities and challenges of therapeutic targets for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhuoxuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiahe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Guowen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hengyi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Pedersen KK, Høyer-Hansen MH, Litman T, Hædersdal M, Olesen UH. Topical Delivery of Hedgehog Inhibitors: Current Status and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214191. [PMID: 36430669 PMCID: PMC9692957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic treatment with hedgehog inhibitors (HHis) is available to treat basal cell carcinomas but their utility is limited by adverse effects. Topical delivery methods may reduce adverse effects, but successful topical treatment depends on sufficient skin uptake, biological response, and time in tumor tissue. The aim of this review was to evaluate the current status of topical HHi delivery for BCCs and discuss barriers for translating systemic HHis into topical treatments. A literature search identified 16 preclinical studies and 7 clinical trials on the topical delivery of 12 HHis that have been clinically tested on BCCs. Preclinical studies on drug uptake demonstrated that novel formulations, and delivery- and pre-treatment techniques enhanced topical HHi delivery. Murine studies showed that the topical delivery of sonidegib, itraconazole, vitamin D₃ and CUR-61414 led to biological responses and tumor remission. In clinical trials, only topical patidegib and sonidegib led to at least a partial response in 26/86 BCCs and 30/34 patients, respectively. However, histological clearance was not observed in the samples analyzed. In conclusion, the incomplete clinical response could be due to poor HHi uptake, biodistribution or biological response over time. Novel topical delivery techniques may improve HHi delivery, but additional research on cutaneous pharmacokinetics and biological response is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Kåber Pedersen
- Department of Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital—Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Thomas Litman
- Molecular Biomedicine, LEO Pharma A/S, 2750 Ballerup, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Hædersdal
- Department of Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital—Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Uffe Høgh Olesen
- Department of Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital—Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence:
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Slominski AT, Brożyna AA, Kim TK, Elsayed MM, Janjetovic Z, Qayyum S, Slominski RM, Oak AS, Li C, Podgorska E, Li W, Jetten AM, Tuckey RC, Tang EK, Elmets C, Athar M. CYP11A1‑derived vitamin D hydroxyderivatives as candidates for therapy of basal and squamous cell carcinomas. Int J Oncol 2022; 61:96. [PMID: 35775377 PMCID: PMC9262157 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2022.5386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxyderivatives of vitamin D3, including classical 1,25(OH)2D3 and novel CYP11A1‑derived hydroxyderivatives, exert their biological activity by acting as agonists on the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and inverse agonists on retinoid‑related orphan receptors (ROR)α and γ. The anticancer activities of CYP11A1‑derived hydroxyderivatives were tested using cell biology, tumor biology and molecular biology methods in human A431 and SCC13 squamous (SCC)‑ and murine ASZ001 basal (BCC)‑cell carcinomas, in comparison with classical 1,25(OH)2D3. Vitamin D3‑hydroxyderivatives with or without a C1α(OH) inhibited cell proliferation in a dose‑dependent manner. While all the compounds tested had similar effects on spheroid formation by A431 and SCC13 cells, those with a C1α(OH) group were more potent in inhibiting colony and spheroid formation in the BCC line. Potent anti‑tumorigenic activity against the BCC line was exerted by 1,25(OH)2D3, 1,20(OH)2D3, 1,20,23(OH)3D3, 1,20,24(OH)3D3, 1,20,25(OH)3D3 and 1,20,26(OH)3D3, with smaller effects seen for 25(OH)D3, 20(OH)D3 and 20,23(OH)2D3. 1,25(OH)2D3, 1,20(OH)2D3 and 20(OH)D3 inhibited the expression of GLI1 and β‑catenin in ASZ001 cells. In A431 cells, these compounds also decreased the expression of GLI1 and stimulated involucrin expression. VDR, RORγ, RORα and CYP27B1 were detected in A431, SCC13 and ASZ001 lines, however, with different expression patterns. Immunohistochemistry performed on human skin with SCC and BCC showed nuclear expression of all three of these receptors, as well as megalin (transmembrane receptor for vitamin D‑binding protein), the level of which was dependent on the type of cancer and antigen tested in comparison with normal epidermis. Classical and CYP11A1‑derived vitamin D3‑derivatives exhibited anticancer‑activities on skin cancer cell lines and inhibited GLI1 and β‑catenin signaling in a manner that was dependent on the position of hydroxyl groups. The observed expression of VDR, RORγ, RORα and megalin in human SCC and BCC suggested that they might provide targets for endogenously produced or exogenously applied vitamin D hydroxyderivatives and provide excellent candidates for anti‑cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35292, USA
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Anna A. Brożyna
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35292, USA
- Department of Human Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń 87-100, Poland
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35292, USA
| | - Mahmoud M. Elsayed
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35292, USA
| | - Zorica Janjetovic
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35292, USA
| | - Shariq Qayyum
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35292, USA
| | - Radomir M. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35292, USA
| | - Allen S.W. Oak
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35292, USA
| | - Changzhao Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35292, USA
| | - Ewa Podgorska
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35292, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Anton M. Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Robert C. Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Edith K.Y. Tang
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Craig Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35292, USA
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35292, USA
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Xavier JPO, Xavier JCC, da Silva MG, Marques MEA. Impact of VDR and RXR expression in non-melanoma skin cancer pathogenesis. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:1202-1207. [PMID: 35377505 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1,25(OH)2 D3 , the active form of vitamin D, has been extensively studied for its putative protective activities against tumors. It does biological work by connecting to a nuclear receptor called VDR, which heterodimerizes itself to another nuclear receptor, RXR. The study observed differences in VDR and RXR expression in nonmelanoma skin cancer and actinic keratosis and compared it to normal skin. We performed VDR and RXR immunohistochemistry of 76 controls (normal skin), 49 actinic keratosis, 99 basal cell carcinomas and 96 squamous cell carcinomas from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded, resulting from surgical procedures. There was a clear pattern in the control group (p<0.001), with the positivity of both receptors, VDR and RXR. Actinic keratosis differed from the basal cell carcinoma and control groups concerning RXR expression (p<0.001). SCC was negative for both receptors, differing in all groups (p<0.001). The site of positivity (nuclear, cytoplasmatic, or both) of VDR differed between all groups (p<0.001). To date, our series is the largest of VDR and RXR immunohistochemistry concerning non-melanoma skin cancer. Our findings reinforce the need to understand the pathways involving VDR and RXR to direct therapies and prevention maneuvers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Cândido Caldeira Xavier
- Department of Pathology, São Paulo State University - UNESP.,Araçatuba Institute of Pathology.,Salesiano "Auxilium" Catholic University Center - Faculty of Medicine - Unisalesiano
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Exposome and Skin. Part 2. The Influential Role of the Exposome, Beyond UVR, in Actinic Keratosis, Bowen's Disease and Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Proposal. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2022; 12:361-380. [PMID: 35112326 PMCID: PMC8850498 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-021-00644-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Actinic keratosis (AK) is the main risk factor for the development of cutaneous invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). It represents the first sign of severe chronic ultraviolet radiation exposure, which has a clear significant effect. Nevertheless, the skin is exposed to many other exposome factors which should be thoroughly considered. Our aim was to assess the impact of exposome factors other than ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on the etiopathology of AK and Bowen's disease (BD) and progression of AK to SCC and to design tailored prevention strategies. We performed an exhaustive literature search in September 2021 through PubMed on the impact of exposome factors other than UVR on AK, BD and SCC. We conducted several parallel searches combining terms of the following topics: AK, BD, SCC and microbiome, hormones, nutrition, alcohol, tobacco, viral infections, chemical contaminants and air pollution. Notably, skin microbiome studies have shown how Staphylococcus aureus infections are associated with AK and AK-to-SCC progression by the production of chronic inflammation. Nutritional studies have demonstrated how a caloric restriction in fat intake, oral nicotinamide and moderate consumption of wine significantly reduce the number of premalignant keratoses and SCC. Regarding lifestyle factors, both alcohol and smoking are associated with the development of SCC in a dose-dependent manner. Relevant environmental factors are viral infections and chemical contaminants. Human papillomavirus infections induce deregulation of cellular proliferation and are associated with AK, BD and SCC. In addition to outdoor jobs, occupations such as industrial processing and farming also increase the risk of developing keratoses and SCC. The exposome of AK will undoubtedly help the understanding of its etiopathology and possible progression to SCC and will serve as a basis to design tailored prevention strategies.
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Wen J, Hadden MK. Affinity-based protein profiling identifies vitamin D3 as a heat shock protein 70 antagonist that regulates hedgehog transduction in murine basal cell carcinoma. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 228:114005. [PMID: 34844141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D3 (VD3) is a seco-steroid that inhibits the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. Initial studies suggested its anti-Hh activity results from direct inhibition of Smoothened, a seven-transmembrane cell surface receptor that is a key regulator of the Hh signaling cascade. More recently, a role for the Vitamin D Receptor in mediating inhibition of Hh-signaling by seco-steroid has been suggested. Herein, an affinity-based protein profiling study was carried out to better understand the cellular proteins that govern VD3-mediated anti-Hh activity. We synthesized a novel biotinylated VD3 analogue (8) for use as a chemical probe to explore cellular binding targets of the seco-steroidal scaffold. Through a series of pull-down experiments and follow up mass spectrum analyses, heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) was identified as a primary binding protein of VD3. Hsp70 was validated as a binding target of VD3 through a series of biochemical and cellular assays. VD3 bound with micromolar affinity to Hsp70. In addition, both selective knockdown of Hsp70 expression and pharmacological inhibition of its activity with known Hsp70 inhibitors suppressed Hh-signaling transduction in murine basal cell carcinoma cells, suggesting that Hsp70 regulates proper Hh-signaling. Additional cellular assays suggest that VD3 and its seco-steroidal metabolites inhibit Hh-signaling through different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Rd, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT, 06029-3092, United States
| | - M Kyle Hadden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Rd, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT, 06029-3092, United States.
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8
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Kash N, Silapunt S. A review of emerging and non-US FDA-approved topical agents for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma. Future Oncol 2021; 17:3111-3132. [PMID: 34156307 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2020-1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although surgical therapy continues to be the gold standard for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma given high cure rates and the ability to histologically confirm tumor clearance, there are a number of nonsurgical treatment options that may be considered based on individual tumor characteristics, functional and cosmetic considerations, patient comorbidities and patient preference. Topical 5-fluorouracil 5% cream and imiquimod 5% cream have been US FDA-approved for the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma. Additionally, a number of new and emerging topical agents and techniques have been described for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma and will be reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Kash
- Department of Dermatology, Kansas City University-Graduate Medical Education Consortium/Advanced Dermatology & Cosmetic Surgery Orlando Program, Maitland, FL 32751, USA
| | - Sirunya Silapunt
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Wang J, Zhang Y, Huang WJ, Yang J, Tang WG, Huang TM, Tan WF. ABT-199 inhibits Hedgehog pathway by acting as a competitive inhibitor of oxysterol, rather as a BH3 mimetic. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:1005-1013. [PMID: 32855528 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-00504-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrantly activated Hedgehog (Hh) pathway is critical for driving the initiation and progression of multiple types of cancers, including medulloblastoma (MB) and basal cellular carcinoma (BCC). The majority of current Hh antagonist function by targeting the transmembrane domain of the oncoprotein Smoothened (Smo), a G-protein-coupled receptor-like receptor of Hh pathway. However, the primary and acquired resistance to current Smo inhibitors raise a critical need to develop next-generation of Smo inhibitors to improve their clinical efficacy. In this study, we identify that FDA approved drug ABT-199 significantly and selectively inhibits the Hh pathway. Mechanistically, ABT-199 acts as a competitive inhibitor of oxysterol by potentially targeting the cysteine rich domain (CRD) of Smo, rather as a BH3 mimetic. ABT-199 obviously inhibits the growth of Hh-driven tumors and possesses capacity of combating the primary and acquired resistance to Smo inhibitors caused by Smo mutations. Our data reposition ABT-199 as a Smo inhibitor for treating Hh-driven tumors, especially for those bearing Smo mutations and resistant to current Smo inhibitors. Meanwhile, our findings strengthen the argument that the CRD of Smo is a promising target for developing novel Smo inhibitors with capacity of combating the resistance to Smo inhibitors.
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Soltanian S, Sheikhbahaei M. Effect of Menadione and Combination of Gemcitabine and Cisplatin on Cancer Stem Cells in Human Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Cell Line A549. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2021; 20:105-117. [PMID: 34400945 PMCID: PMC8170754 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2020.112373.13715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. Chemotherapy-induced adverse effects and resistance of NSCLC to conventional drugs reduce the efficacy of current therapies. Tumors contain a small population of cancer stem cells (CSCs) that play a critical role in tumor initiation, maintenance, and drug resistance that finally lead to cancer recurrence. Therefore, CSC-targeting therapies can offer the best hope for developing curative cancer therapies. Vitamins have a high potential for cancer prevention and treatment. Vitamins also ameliorate the side effects which occur in chemo-radio therapy. Menadione (2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone/vitamin-K3) is a synthetic form of vitamin K that indicated antitumor activities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-CSCs effect of menadione and combination of cisplatin and gemcitabine as a first-line treatment in patients with NSCLC on the NSCLC cell line A549. MTT results displayed decreased cell survival after treatment with cisplatin/gemcitabine for 48 h treatment (IC50 values 0.25 µM for cisplatin and 5 µM for gemcitabine). Menadione also inhibited the cell growth in A549 cells (IC50: 16 µM). Quantitative RT-PCR showed significant downregulation of CSC markers (Oct4, Nanog, Sox2, Aldh1, Abcb1, CD44, and CD133) and Snail, epithelial-mesenchymal transition marker, after treatment with menadione and cisplatin/gemcitabine. Flow cytometry showed CD44-positive cells that constitute a high percentage (70%) of A549 cells reduced significantly after treatment with cisplatin/gemcitabine or menadione. However, A549 cells did not show a significant population positive for CD133 and ABCB1 (less than 0.05%), and these fractions did not change after treatment with two agents.
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Morgado-Águila C, Rey-Sánchez P, Gil-Fernández G, Costa-Fernández MC, Rodríguez-Velasco FJ. Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphisms and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Risk: A Case-Control Study. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9123819. [PMID: 33255834 PMCID: PMC7759998 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9123819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to sunlight is the major source of vitamin D and the main environmental cause of non-melanocytic skin cancers. Vitamin D, partly mediated through the vitamin D receptor (VDR), has potential therapeutic applications in skin cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of BsmI and ApaI VDR polymorphisms among patients with non-melanoma cancers and controls. An observational case-control study was conducted in a sample of 154 subjects. We observed no significant effects between these polymorphisms and skin cancer risk. When stratified for gender, GG and AG BsmI polymorphisms significantly increased the risk of basal cell carcinomas in males. In relation to ApaI, all three polymorphisms significantly increased the risk of basal cell carcinoma in males. When stratified for age, we found that being 70 years of age or younger was a protective factor against both skin cancers. Being a female and 70 years old or younger was a protective factor for basal cell carcinoma. A comparison of the frequencies of the VDR genotypes in patients older than 70 years vs. 70 years or younger also revealed age-dependent variations in patients with non-melanoma skin cancer. Our study suggests a role for VDR polymorphisms in non-melanoma skin cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Morgado-Águila
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cáceres University Hospital Complex, Cáceres, 10001 Extremadura, Spain;
| | - Purificación Rey-Sánchez
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Occupational Therapy, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, 10003 Extremadura, Spain;
- Correspondence: (P.R.-S.); (G.G.-F.); (F.J.R.-V.); Tel.: +34-927-251-234 (P.R.-S.); +34-924-286-674 (G.G.-F.); +34-924-289-839 (F.J.R.-V.)
| | - Guadalupe Gil-Fernández
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, 06006 Extremadura, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.R.-S.); (G.G.-F.); (F.J.R.-V.); Tel.: +34-927-251-234 (P.R.-S.); +34-924-286-674 (G.G.-F.); +34-924-289-839 (F.J.R.-V.)
| | - María Carmen Costa-Fernández
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Occupational Therapy, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, 10003 Extremadura, Spain;
| | - Francisco José Rodríguez-Velasco
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, 06006 Extremadura, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.R.-S.); (G.G.-F.); (F.J.R.-V.); Tel.: +34-927-251-234 (P.R.-S.); +34-924-286-674 (G.G.-F.); +34-924-289-839 (F.J.R.-V.)
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Slominski AT, Chaiprasongsuk A, Janjetovic Z, Kim TK, Stefan J, Slominski RM, Hanumanthu VS, Raman C, Qayyum S, Song Y, Song Y, Panich U, Crossman DK, Athar M, Holick MF, Jetten AM, Zmijewski MA, Zmijewski J, Tuckey RC. Photoprotective Properties of Vitamin D and Lumisterol Hydroxyderivatives. Cell Biochem Biophys 2020; 78:165-180. [PMID: 32441029 PMCID: PMC7347247 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-020-00913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have previously described new pathways of vitamin D3 activation by CYP11A1 to produce a variety of metabolites including 20(OH)D3 and 20,23(OH)2D3. These can be further hydroxylated by CYP27B1 to produce their C1α-hydroxyderivatives. CYP11A1 similarly initiates the metabolism of lumisterol (L3) through sequential hydroxylation of the side chain to produce 20(OH)L3, 22(OH)L3, 20,22(OH)2L3 and 24(OH)L3. CYP11A1 also acts on 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) producing 22(OH)7DHC, 20,22(OH)27DHC and 7-dehydropregnenolone (7DHP) which can be converted to the D3 and L3 configurations following exposure to UVB. These CYP11A1-derived compounds are produced in vivo and are biologically active displaying anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and pro-differentiation properties. Since the protective role of the classical form of vitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) against UVB-induced damage is recognized, we recently tested whether novel CYP11A1-derived D3- and L3-hydroxyderivatives protect against UVB-induced damage in epidermal human keratinocytes and melanocytes. We found that along with 1,25(OH)2D3, CYP11A1-derived D3-hydroxyderivatives and L3 and its hydroxyderivatives exert photoprotective effects. These included induction of intracellular free radical scavenging and attenuation and repair of DNA damage. The protection of human keratinocytes against DNA damage included the activation of the NRF2-regulated antioxidant response, p53-phosphorylation and its translocation to the nucleus, and DNA repair induction. These data indicate that novel derivatives of vitamin D3 and lumisterol are promising photoprotective agents. However, detailed mechanisms of action, and the involvement of specific nuclear receptors, other vitamin D binding proteins or mitochondria, remain to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA.
- Veteran Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Al, USA.
| | - Anyamanee Chaiprasongsuk
- Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Zorica Janjetovic
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA
| | - Joanna Stefan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA
| | - Radomir M Slominski
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Vidya Sagar Hanumanthu
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Chander Raman
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Shariq Qayyum
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA
| | - Yuwei Song
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA
| | - Yuhua Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA
| | - Uraiwan Panich
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - David K Crossman
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA
| | | | - Anton M Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Jaroslaw Zmijewski
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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13
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Slominski AT, Brożyna AA, Zmijewski MA, Janjetovic Z, Kim TK, Slominski RM, Tuckey RC, Mason RS, Jetten AM, Guroji P, Reichrath J, Elmets C, Athar M. The Role of Classical and Novel Forms of Vitamin D in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1268:257-283. [PMID: 32918223 PMCID: PMC7490773 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-46227-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonmelanoma skin cancers including basal and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC and BCC) represent a significant clinical problem due to their relatively high incidence, imposing an economic burden to healthcare systems around the world. It is accepted that ultraviolet radiation (UVR: λ = 290-400 nm) plays a crucial role in the initiation and promotion of BCC and SCC with UVB (λ = 290-320 nm) having a central role in this process. On the other hand, UVB is required for vitamin D3 (D3) production in the skin, which supplies >90% of the body's requirement for this prohormone. Prolonged exposure to UVB can also generate tachysterol and lumisterol. Vitamin D3 itself and its canonical (1,25(OH)2D3) and noncanonical (CYP11A1-intitated) D3 hydroxyderivatives show photoprotective functions in the skin. These include regulation of keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, induction of anti-oxidative responses, inhibition of DNA damage and induction of DNA repair mechanisms, and anti-inflammatory activities. Studies in animals have demonstrated that D3 hydroxyderivatives can attenuate UVB or chemically induced epidermal cancerogenesis and inhibit growth of SCC and BCC. Genomic and non-genomic mechanisms of action have been suggested. In addition, vitamin D3 itself inhibits hedgehog signaling pathways which have been implicated in many cancers. Silencing of the vitamin D receptor leads to increased propensity to develop UVB or chemically induced epidermal cancers. Other targets for vitamin D compounds include 1,25D3-MARRS, retinoic orphan receptors α and γ, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, and Wnt signaling. Most recently, photoprotective effects of lumisterol hydroxyderivatives have been identified. Clinical trials demonstrated a beneficial role of vitamin D compounds in the treatment of actinic keratosis. In summary, recent advances in vitamin D biology and pharmacology open new exciting opportunities in chemoprevention and treatment of skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Anna A Brożyna
- Department of Human Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | | | - Zorica Janjetovic
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Radomir M Slominski
- Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rebecca S Mason
- Physiology & Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Purushotham Guroji
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jörg Reichrath
- Center for Clinical and Experimental Photodermatology and Department of Dermatology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Craig Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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14
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Bikle DD. The Vitamin D Receptor as Tumor Suppressor in Skin. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1268:285-306. [PMID: 32918224 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-46227-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous malignancies including melanomas and keratinocyte carcinomas (KC) are the most common types of cancer, occurring at a rate of over one million per year in the United States. KC, which include both basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas, are substantially more common than melanomas and form the subject of this chapter. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR), both UVB and UVA, as occurs with sunlight exposure is generally regarded as causal for these malignancies, but UVB is also required for vitamin D synthesis in the skin. Keratinocytes are the major cell in the epidermis. These cells not only produce vitamin D but contain the enzymatic machinery to metabolize vitamin D to its active metabolite, 1,25(OH)2D, and express the receptor for this metabolite, the vitamin D receptor (VDR). This allows the cell to respond to the 1,25(OH)2D that it produces. Based on our own data and that reported in the literature, we conclude that vitamin D signaling in the skin suppresses UVR-induced epidermal tumor formation. In this chapter we focus on four mechanisms by which vitamin D signaling suppresses tumor formation. They are inhibition of proliferation/stimulation of differentiation with discussion of the roles of hedgehog, Wnt/β-catenin, and hyaluronan/CD44 pathways in mediating vitamin D regulation of proliferation/differentiation, regulation of the balance between oncogenic and tumor suppressor long noncoding RNAs, immune regulation, and promotion of DNA damage repair (DDR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- Medicine and Dermatology, VA Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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15
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Abdel-Rahman N, Sharawy MH, Megahed N, El-Awady MS. Vitamin D3 abates BDL-induced cholestasis and fibrosis in rats via regulating Hedgehog pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 380:114697. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Ravid A, Rapaport N, Issachar A, Erman A, Bachmetov L, Tur-Kaspa R, Zemel R. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Inhibits Hepatitis C Virus Production in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line by a Vitamin D Receptor-Independent Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2367. [PMID: 31086078 PMCID: PMC6539257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have reported that the active vitamin D metabolite, calcitriol and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), both remarkably inhibit hepatitis C virus production. The mechanism by which vitamin D3 exerts its effect is puzzling due to the low levels of calcitriol produced in vitamin D3-treated Huh7.5 cells. In this study, we aimed to explore the mechanism of vitamin D3 anti-hepatitis C virus effect. We show that vitamin D3 activity is not mediated by its metabolic conversion to calcitriol, but may be due to its primary metabolic product 25(OH)D3. This is inferred from the findings that 25(OH)D3 could inhibit hepatitis C virus production in our system, and that adequate concentrations needed to exert this effect are produced in Huh7.5 cells treated with vitamin D3. Using the CRISPR-Cas9 editing technology to knockout the vitamin D receptor, we found that the antiviral activity of vitamin D3 and 25(OH)D3 was not impaired in the vitamin D receptor knockout cells. This result indicates that 25(OH)D3 anti-hepatitis C virus effect is exerted by a vitamin D receptor-independent mode of action. The possibility that vitamin D3 and 25(OH)D3, being 3β-hydroxysteroids, affect hepatitis C virus production by direct inhibition of the Hedgehog pathway in a vitamin D receptor-independent manner was ruled out. Taken together, this study proposes a novel mode of action for the anti-hepatitis C virus activity of vitamin D3 that is mediated by 25(OH)D3 in a vitamin D receptor-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amiram Ravid
- Endocrine Immunology Laboratory, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel.
| | - Noa Rapaport
- Molecular Hepatology Research Laboratory, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel.
| | - Assaf Issachar
- Liver Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, 49100 Petah Tikva, Israel.
| | - Arie Erman
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel.
| | - Larisa Bachmetov
- Molecular Hepatology Research Laboratory, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel.
| | - Ran Tur-Kaspa
- Molecular Hepatology Research Laboratory, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel.
- Liver Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, 49100 Petah Tikva, Israel.
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, 1311502 Safed, Israel.
| | - Romy Zemel
- Molecular Hepatology Research Laboratory, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel.
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17
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Bijlsma MF, Roelink H. Skin-Derived Vitamin D 3 Protects against Basal Cell Carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 137:2469-2471. [PMID: 29169462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.07.816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UVR in sunlight causes mutations that drive basal cell carcinomas. However, the incidence of these tumors plateaus with prolonged exposure, but the incidence of other skin cancers increases. Makarova et al. now show that vitamin D3 produced in the skin by UVR protects against its oncogenic effects by inhibiting Hedgehog signaling, whereas dietary vitamin D3 does not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten F Bijlsma
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Henk Roelink
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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18
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Synthesis and evaluation of third generation vitamin D3 analogues as inhibitors of Hedgehog signaling. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 162:495-506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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Pietrobono S, Stecca B. Targeting the Oncoprotein Smoothened by Small Molecules: Focus on Novel Acylguanidine Derivatives as Potent Smoothened Inhibitors. Cells 2018; 7:cells7120272. [PMID: 30558232 PMCID: PMC6316656 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog-GLI (HH) signaling was originally identified as a critical morphogenetic pathway in embryonic development. Since its discovery, a multitude of studies have reported that HH signaling also plays key roles in a variety of cancer types and in maintaining tumor-initiating cells. Smoothened (SMO) is the main transducer of HH signaling, and in the last few years, it has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for anticancer therapy. Although vismodegib and sonidegib have demonstrated effectiveness for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma (BCC), their clinical use has been hampered by severe side effects, low selectivity against cancer stem cells, and the onset of mutation-driven drug resistance. Moreover, SMO antagonists are not effective in cancers where HH activation is due to mutations of pathway components downstream of SMO, or in the case of noncanonical, SMO-independent activation of the GLI transcription factors, the final mediators of HH signaling. Here, we review the current and rapidly expanding field of SMO small-molecule inhibitors in experimental and clinical settings, focusing on a class of acylguanidine derivatives. We also discuss various aspects of SMO, including mechanisms of resistance to SMO antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pietrobono
- Tumor Cell Biology Unit⁻Core Research Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Barbara Stecca
- Tumor Cell Biology Unit⁻Core Research Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), 50139 Florence, Italy.
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20
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Probing seco-steroid inhibition of the hedgehog signaling pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 450:75-85. [PMID: 29876765 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3374-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Calcitriol, vitamin D3 (VD3), and structurally related VD3 analogues are inhibitors of Hh signaling in multiple contexts and are promising anti-cancer agents in Hh-dependent forms of cancer; however, the cellular mechanisms through which these compounds regulate Hh signal transmission are not clearly defined. Previous studies in this area have implicated both Smoothened, a key mediator of Hh signaling, and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) as potential mediators of Hh inhibition for this class of seco-steroids. We have performed a series of in vitro studies to more fully probe the cellular mechanisms that govern seco-steroid-mediated inhibition of Hh signaling. Our results support a role for both the Hh and VDR pathways in this process, as well as the possibility that other, as yet unidentified proteins, are also central to seco-steroid-mediated inhibition of Hh signaling.
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21
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Wen J, Hadden MK. Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of Vitamin D3 Analogues Containing an Ether or Thioether Linker as Hedgehog Pathway Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:748-753. [PMID: 29409113 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is critical for embryonic patterning and postembryonic tissue regeneration. Constitutive pathway activation has also been linked to human malignancies such as basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and medulloblastoma; therefore, multiple small-molecule scaffolds that inhibit Hh signaling are in development. Previously, Grundmann's alcohol, also known as the "northern region" of vitamin D3 (VD3), has been identified as a moderate Hh pathway inhibitor. In this study, isomers of Grundmann's alcohol with different orientations of the C4 hydroxy group and C3α proton were investigated to determine the optimal configuration for this hexahydroindane scaffold with respect to Hh inhibition. A series of analogues containing Grundmann's alcohol linked to a substituted phenyl or benzyl ring through an ether or thioether linker were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-Hh activity. Of these, analogue 17 ((1R,3aR,4R,7aR)-1-[(R)-1,5-dimethylhexyl]-4-(4-aminophenoxy)-7a-methyloctahydro-1H-indene) demonstrated potent anti-Hh activity in Hh-dependent BCC cells and did not activate canonical vitamin D receptor signaling, demonstrating its selective nature for the Hh signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT, 06029-3092, USA
| | - M Kyle Hadden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT, 06029-3092, USA
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22
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Xin M, Ji X, De La Cruz LK, Thareja S, Wang B. Strategies to target the Hedgehog signaling pathway for cancer therapy. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:870-913. [PMID: 29315702 DOI: 10.1002/med.21482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is an essential pathway in the human body, and plays a major role in embryo development and tissue patterning. Constitutive activation of the Hh signaling pathway through sporadic mutations or other mechanisms is explicitly associated with cancer development and progression in various solid malignancies. Therefore, targeted inhibition of the Hh signaling pathway has emerged as an attractive and validated therapeutic strategy for the treatment of a wide range of cancers. Vismodegib, a first-in-class Hh signaling pathway inhibitor was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2012, and sonidegib, another potent Hh pathway inhibitor, received FDA's approval in 2015 as a new treatment of locally advanced or metastatic basal cell carcinoma. The clinical success of vismodegib and sonidegib provided strong support for the development of Hh signaling pathway inhibitors via targeting the smoothened (Smo) receptor. Moreover, Hh signaling pathway inhibitors aimed to target proteins, which are downstream or upstream of Smo, have also been pursued based on the identification of additional therapeutic benefits. Recently, much progress has been made in Hh singling and inhibitors of this pathway. Herein, medicinal chemistry strategies, especially the structural optimization process of different classes of Hh inhibitors, are comprehensively summarized. Further therapeutic potentials and challenges are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhang Xin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China.,Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xinyue Ji
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ladie Kimberly De La Cruz
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Suresh Thareja
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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23
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Bao C, Kramata P, Lee HJ, Suh N. Regulation of Hedgehog Signaling in Cancer by Natural and Dietary Compounds. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 62. [PMID: 29164817 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aberrant Hedgehog (Hh) signaling induced by mutations or overexpression of the signaling mediators has been implicated in cancer, associated with processes including inflammation, tumor cell growth, invasion, and metastasis, as well as cancer stemness. Small molecules targeting the regulatory components of the Hh signaling pathway, especially Smoothened (Smo), have been developed for the treatment of cancer. However, acquired resistance to a Smo inhibitor vismodegib observed in clinical trials suggests that other Hh signaling components need to be explored as potential anticancer targets. Natural and dietary compounds provide a resource for the development of potent agents affecting intracellular signaling cascades, and numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate the efficacy of natural products in targeting the Hh signaling pathway. In this review, we summarize the role of Hh signaling in tumorigenesis, discuss results from recent studies investigating the effect of natural products and dietary components on Hh signaling in cancer, and provide insight on novel small molecules as potential Hh signaling inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Bao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
| | - Pavel Kramata
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Hong Jin Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
| | - Nanjoo Suh
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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24
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Synthesis and evaluation of vitamin D3 analogues with C-11 modifications as inhibitors of Hedgehog signaling. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4011-4014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Makarova A, Wang G, Dolorito JA, Kc S, Libove E, Epstein EH. Vitamin D 3 Produced by Skin Exposure to UVR Inhibits Murine Basal Cell Carcinoma Carcinogenesis. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:2613-2619. [PMID: 28774592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The effect of UVR on human basal cell carcinoma (BCC) epidemiology is complex-the incidence rises until approximately 30,000 hours of lifetime sunlight exposure and then plateaus. We hypothesize that UVR has opposing effects on BCC carcinogenesis-stimulatory via mutagenesis and inhibitory via production of hedgehog-inhibiting vitamin D3 (D3). We find that UVR exposure of ionizing radiation-treated Ptch1+/- mice accelerates BCC carcinogenesis in male mice, in which UVR does not produce D3. By contrast, in female mice, in which UVR does produce D3, UVR fails to accelerate BCC carcinogenesis, thus mirroring the plateauing in humans. However, if D3 production is attenuated in female mice by deletion of keratinocyte lathosterol 5-desaturase, then UVR accelerates ionizing radiation-induced BCC carcinogenesis. Congruently, chronic topical application of D3 inhibits ionizing radiation-induced BCC tumorigenesis. These findings confirm that UVR-induced production of D3 in keratinocytes significantly restrains murine BCC tumorigenesis and demonstrate the counterintuitive conclusion that UVR has anti-BCC carcinogenic effects that can explain, at least in part, the complex relationship between exposure to UVR and BCC incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Makarova
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA.
| | - Grace Wang
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA
| | - John A Dolorito
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Subheksha Kc
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Eileen Libove
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Ervin H Epstein
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA.
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Wu F, Zhang Y, Sun B, McMahon AP, Wang Y. Hedgehog Signaling: From Basic Biology to Cancer Therapy. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:252-280. [PMID: 28286127 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway was discovered originally as a key pathway in embryonic patterning and development. Since its discovery, it has become increasingly clear that the HH pathway also plays important roles in a multitude of cancers. Therefore, HH signaling has emerged as a therapeutic target of interest for cancer therapy. In this review, we provide a brief overview of HH signaling and the key molecular players involved and offer an up-to-date summary of our current knowledge of endogenous and exogenous small molecules that modulate HH signaling. We discuss experiences and lessons learned from the decades-long efforts toward the development of cancer therapies targeting the HH pathway. Challenges to develop next-generation cancer therapies are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Andrew P McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Lin Y, Chahal HS, Wu W, Cho HG, Ransohoff KJ, Dai H, Tang JY, Sarin KY, Han J. Association between genetic variation within vitamin D receptor-DNA binding sites and risk of basal cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2017; 140:2085-2091. [PMID: 28177523 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have reported a protective association between vitamin D and cancer risk. The vitamin D endocrine system regulates transcriptional programs involved in inflammation, cell growth and differentiation through the binding of vitamin D receptor (VDR) to specific VDR elements. However, limited attention has been given to the role of variation within VDR binding sites in the development of basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Across 2,776 previously identified VDR binding sites, we identified 2,540 independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and examined their associations with BCC risk in a genome-wide association meta-analysis totaling 17,187 BCC cases and 287,054 controls from two data sets. After multiple testing corrections, we identified two SNPs at new loci (rs16917546 at 10q21.1: odds ratio (OR) = 1.06, p = 3.16 × 10-7 and rs79824801 at 12q13.3: OR = 1.10, p = 1.88 × 10-5 ) for the first time as independently related to BCC risk in meta-analysis; and both SNPs were nominally significant in two data sets. In addition, the SNP rs3769823 within VDR binding site at a previously reported BCC susceptibility locus (2q33.1, rs13014235) also exhibited a significant association (OR = 1.12, p = 3.99 × 10-18 ). A mutually adjusted model suggested that rs3769823 explained the signal in this region. Our findings support the hypothesis that inherited common variation in VDR binding sites affects the development of BCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lin
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Melvin & Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Harvind S Chahal
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Wenting Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Melvin & Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Hyunje G Cho
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Hongji Dai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jean Y Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Kavita Y Sarin
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Jiali Han
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Melvin & Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
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Park SM, Li T, Wu S, Li WQ, Qureshi AA, Cho E. Vitamin D Intake and Risk of Skin Cancer in US Women and Men. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160308. [PMID: 27557122 PMCID: PMC4996491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggested a protective effect of vitamin D against skin cancer development. However, epidemiologic studies on orally taken vitamin D and risk of skin cancer (basal cell carcinoma [BCC], squamous cell carcinoma [SCC], and melanoma) are few. We prospectively evaluated whether total, dietary and supplemental vitamin D intake were associated with skin cancer risk based on 63,760 women in the Nurses' Health Study (1984–2010) and 41,530 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986–2010). Dietary information on vitamin D intake was assessed every 2 to 4 years during the follow-up and cumulative averaged intake was used. We used Cox proportional hazard models to compute the hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Pooled HR of cohort-specific results were calculated using a random-effects model. During the follow-up, we documented 20,840 BCC, 2,329 SCC and 1,320 melanoma cases. Vitamin D consumption was not associated with the risk of SCC or melanoma but was modestly positively associated with BCC; the pooled HRs of BCC for extreme quintiles of vitamin D intake were 1.10 (95%CI = 1.05–1.15; Ptrend = 0.05) for total vitamin D and 1.13 (95% CI = 1.07 to 1.20; Ptrend <0.01) for dietary vitamin D. Stratified analysis according to sun exposure related factors showed similar results. In conclusion, vitamin D intake was positively associated with risk of BCC, while null associations were found with SCC and melanoma. Our data do not support a beneficial role of orally taken vitamin D on skin cancer carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Min Park
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Family Medicine & Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tricia Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Shaowei Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Wen-Qing Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Abrar A. Qureshi
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Eunyoung Cho
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bikle DD, Jiang Y, Nguyen T, Oda Y, Tu CL. Disruption of Vitamin D and Calcium Signaling in Keratinocytes Predisposes to Skin Cancer. Front Physiol 2016; 7:296. [PMID: 27462278 PMCID: PMC4940389 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), the active metabolite of vitamin D, and calcium regulate epidermal differentiation. 1,25(OH)2D exerts its effects through the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a transcription factor in the nuclear hormone receptor family, whereas calcium acts through the calcium sensing receptor (Casr), a membrane bound member of the G protein coupled receptor family. We have developed mouse models in which the Vdr and Casr have been deleted in the epidermis (epidVdr−∕− and epidCasr−∕−). Both genotypes show abnormalities in calcium induced epidermal differentiation in vivo and in vitro, associated with altered hedgehog (HH) and β–catenin signaling that when abnormally expressed lead to basal cell carcinomas (BCC) and trichofolliculomas, respectively. The Vdr−∕− mice are susceptible to tumor formation following UVB or chemical carcinogen exposure. More recently we found that the keratinocytes from these mice over express long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) oncogenes such as H19 and under express lncRNA tumor suppressors such as lincRNA-21. Spontaneous tumors have not been observed in either the epidVdr−∕− or epidCasr−∕−. But in mice with epidermal specific deletion of both Vdr and Casr (epidVdr−∕−/epidCasr−∕− [DKO]) tumor formation occurs spontaneously when the DKO mice are placed on a low calcium diet. These results demonstrate important interactions between vitamin D and calcium signaling through their respective receptors that lead to cancer when these signals are disrupted. The roles of the β–catenin, hedgehog, and lncRNA pathways in predisposing the epidermis to tumor formation when vitamin D and calcium signaling are disrupted will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, VA Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yan Jiang
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, VA Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thai Nguyen
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, VA Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yuko Oda
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, VA Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chia-Ling Tu
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, VA Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
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Brinkhuizen T, Frencken KJ, Nelemans PJ, Hoff ML, Kelleners-Smeets NW, zur Hausen A, van der Horst MP, Rennspiess D, Winnepenninckx VJ, van Steensel MA, Mosterd K. The effect of topical diclofenac 3% and calcitriol 3 μg/g on superficial basal cell carcinoma (sBCC) and nodular basal cell carcinoma (nBCC): A phase II, randomized controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol 2016; 75:126-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2016.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Kim JS, Jung M, Yoo J, Choi EH, Park BC, Kim MH, Hong SP. Protective Effect of Topical Vitamin D3 against Photocarcinogenesis in a Murine Model. Ann Dermatol 2016; 28:304-13. [PMID: 27274628 PMCID: PMC4884706 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2016.28.3.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer is increasing, there are no effective practical preventive measures other than avoiding sun exposure. Objective To elucidate the protective effect of topical application of biologically active vitamin D3 (calcitriol) on skin cancer development caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV). Methods Groups of hairless mice were topically treated with either calcitriol or vehicle immediately after exposure to UVB and UVA three times weekly for the initial 20 weeks, and without UV exposure in the following 6 weeks. Tumor number was counted and biopsies were done for histopathologic analysis. The changes of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) were evaluated 1 hour and 11 hours after short term of UV exposure and application of calcitriol. For safety evaluation, blood test and body weights were evaluated at 23rd and 25th week. Results Total tumor count and number of tumors less than 3 mm in size tended to be fewer in calcitriol group, and tumors more than 3 mm in size showed significantly lower tumor formation rate in calcitriol group. Single application of calcitriol reduced CPD at 1 hour and 11 hours after UV exposure. Histopathologic analysis showed tumors with lower grade malignancy in calcitriol group which suggested a delay in tumor progression. However, serum levels of calcium and phosphate in calcitriol group were above normal range, and weight loss was found. Conclusion Topical calcitriol may suppress the formation and progression of UV-induced non-melanoma skin cancer by enhancing the repair mechanism of UV damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Seok Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Minyoung Jung
- Department of Dermatology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Jiyeon Yoo
- Department of Dermatology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Eung Ho Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Byung Cheol Park
- Department of Dermatology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Myung Hwa Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Seung Phil Hong
- Department of Dermatology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
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32
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Fu L, Lv X, Xiong Y, Zhao Y. Investigation of Protein-Protein Interactions and Conformational Changes in Hedgehog Signaling Pathway by FRET. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1322:61-70. [PMID: 26179039 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2772-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions and signal-induced protein conformational changes are fundamental molecular events that are considered as essential in modern life sciences. Among various techniques developed to study such phenomena, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a widely used method with many advantages in detecting these molecular events. Here, we describe the application of FRET in the mechanistic investigation of cell signal transduction, taking the example of the Hh signaling pathway, which plays a critical role in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. A number of general guidelines as well as some key notes have been summarized as a protocol for reader's reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, People's Republic of China
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33
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Pace JR, DeBerardinis AM, Sail V, Tacheva-Grigorova SK, Chan KA, Tran R, Raccuia DS, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Hadden MK. Repurposing the Clinically Efficacious Antifungal Agent Itraconazole as an Anticancer Chemotherapeutic. J Med Chem 2016; 59:3635-49. [PMID: 27014922 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Itraconazole (ITZ) is an FDA-approved member of the triazole class of antifungal agents. Two recent drug repurposing screens identified ITZ as a promising anticancer chemotherapeutic that inhibits both the angiogenesis and hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathways. We have synthesized and evaluated first- and second-generation ITZ analogues for their anti-Hh and antiangiogenic activities to probe more fully the structural requirements for these anticancer properties. Our overall results suggest that the triazole functionality is required for ITZ-mediated inhibition of angiogenesis but that it is not essential for inhibition of Hh signaling. The synthesis and evaluation of stereochemically defined des-triazole ITZ analogues also provides key information as to the optimal configuration around the dioxolane ring of the ITZ scaffold. Finally, the results from our studies suggest that two distinct cellular mechanisms of action govern the anticancer properties of the ITZ scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut , 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States
| | - Albert M DeBerardinis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut , 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States
| | - Vibhavari Sail
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut , 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States
| | - Silvia K Tacheva-Grigorova
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute , 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kelly A Chan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut , 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States
| | - Raymond Tran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut , 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States
| | - Daniel S Raccuia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut , 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States
| | - Robert J Wechsler-Reya
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute , 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - M Kyle Hadden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut , 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States
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Kruglikov IL, Scherer PE. Dermal adipocytes and hair cycling: is spatial heterogeneity a characteristic feature of the dermal adipose tissue depot? Exp Dermatol 2016; 25:258-62. [PMID: 26781768 PMCID: PMC4805479 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adipocytes are widely distributed in the dermis, in a unique fat depot referred to as dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT). In rodents, dWAT is present as widespread thin layers, whereas in pigs and humans, it is present in clusters referred to as 'dermal cones' around the pilosebaceous units. This distinct layer of fat cells located above the subcutaneous white adipose tissue is important for proper hair follicle (HF) cycling in rodents. Murine HFs produce spatially restricted synchronous patches after their second postnatal cycle which correlates with the spatial heterogeneity of murine dWAT. Similarly, the cycling of HFs in humans may also be related to the spatial distribution of dWAT, making the difference between murine and human HF cycling of more quantitative than of qualitative nature. This should allow the production of small spatially correlated HF patches in human skin, and we propose that this process can be regulated by paracrine signalling involving a number of signalling modules, including the hedgehog pathway. This pathway is an established player in HF cycling, but is also involved in the regulation of adipogenesis and may therefore be a key regulator of the process across species. We also suggest that the spatial heterogeneity of dWAT is connected not only to HF cycling, but may also be related to other physiological and pathological processes in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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35
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Chen B, Trang V, Lee A, Williams NS, Wilson AN, Epstein EH, Tang JY, Kim J. Posaconazole, a Second-Generation Triazole Antifungal Drug, Inhibits the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway and Progression of Basal Cell Carcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:866-76. [PMID: 26823493 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0729-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of Hedgehog (Hh) pathway signaling has been associated with the pathogenesis of various malignancies, including basal cell carcinomas (BCC). Inhibitors of the Hh pathway currently available or under clinical investigation all bind and antagonize Smoothened (SMO), inducing a marked but transient clinical response. Tumor regrowth and therapy failure were attributed to mutations in the binding site of these small-molecule SMO antagonists. The antifungal itraconazole was demonstrated to be a potent SMO antagonist with a distinct mechanism of action from that of current SMO inhibitors. However, itraconazole represents a suboptimal therapeutic option due to its numerous drug-drug interactions. Here, we show that posaconazole, a second-generation triazole antifungal with minimal drug-drug interactions and a favorable side-effect profile, is also a potent inhibitor of the Hh pathway that functions at the level of SMO. We demonstrate that posaconazole inhibits the Hh pathway by a mechanism distinct from that of cyclopamine and other cyclopamine-competitive SMO antagonists but, similar to itraconazole, has robust activity against drug-resistant SMO mutants and inhibits the growth of Hh-dependent BCC in vivo Our results suggest that posaconazole, alone or in combination with other Hh pathway antagonists, may be readily tested in clinical studies for the treatment of Hh-dependent cancers. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(5); 866-76. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baozhi Chen
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
| | - Vinh Trang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
| | - Alex Lee
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California
| | - Noelle S Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
| | - Alexandra N Wilson
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ervin H Epstein
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California
| | - Jean Y Tang
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California. Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - James Kim
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas.
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36
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Hadden MK. Hedgehog and Vitamin D Signaling Pathways in Development and Disease. VITAMIN D HORMONE 2016; 100:231-53. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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37
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John AM, Schwartz RA. Basal cell naevus syndrome: an update on genetics and treatment. Br J Dermatol 2015; 174:68-76. [PMID: 26409035 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Basal cell naevus syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder that stems from mutations in multiple genes, most commonly patched 1 (PTCH1). The classic triad of symptoms consists of basal cell carcinomas, jaw keratocysts and cerebral calcifications, although there are many other systemic manifestations. Because of the broad range of symptoms and development of several types of tumours, early diagnosis and close monitoring are essential to preserve quality of life. Targeting treatment is often difficult because of tumour prevalence. Newer inhibitors of the hedgehog signalling pathway and proteins involved in proliferative growth have shown therapeutic promise. In addition, preventive medications are being devised. We propose a method for determining appropriate treatment for cutaneous tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M John
- Department of Dermatology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, U.S.A
| | - R A Schwartz
- Department of Dermatology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, U.S.A.,Rutgers University School of Public Affairs and Administration, Newark, NJ, U.S.A
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Cortes M, Liu SY, Kwan W, Alexa K, Goessling W, North TE. Accumulation of the Vitamin D Precursor Cholecalciferol Antagonizes Hedgehog Signaling to Impair Hemogenic Endothelium Formation. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 5:471-9. [PMID: 26365513 PMCID: PMC4624955 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) are born from hemogenic endothelium in the dorsal aorta. Specification of this hematopoietic niche is regulated by a signaling axis using Hedgehog (Hh) and Notch, which culminates in expression of Runx1 in the ventral wall of the artery. Here, we demonstrate that the vitamin D precursor cholecalciferol (D3) modulates HSPC production by impairing hemogenic vascular niche formation. Accumulation of D3 through exogenous treatment or inhibition of Cyp2r1, the enzyme required for D3 25-hydroxylation, results in Hh pathway antagonism marked by loss of Gli-reporter activation, defects in vascular niche identity, and reduced HSPCs. Mechanistic studies indicated the effect was specific to D3, and not active 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3, acting on the extracellular sterol-binding domain of Smoothened. These findings highlight a direct impact of inefficient vitamin D synthesis on cell fate commitment and maturation in Hh-regulated tissues, which may have implications beyond hemogenic endothelium specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Cortes
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sarah Y Liu
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wanda Kwan
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kristen Alexa
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wolfram Goessling
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Trista E North
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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39
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Linder B, Weber S, Dittmann K, Adamski J, Hahn H, Uhmann A. A Functional and Putative Physiological Role of Calcitriol in Patched1/Smoothened Interaction. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:19614-28. [PMID: 26126827 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.646141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Patched1 (Ptch)-mediated inhibition of Smoothened (Smo) is still an open question. However, a direct Ptch/Smo interaction has been excluded, Smo modulators were identified, but the endogenous signal transmitting molecule remains undiscovered. Here, we demonstrate that calcitriol, the hormonally active form of vitamin D3, is an excellent candidate for transmission of Ptch/Smo interaction. Our study reveals that Ptch expression is sufficient to release calcitriol from the cell and that calcitriol inhibits Smo action and ciliary translocation by acting on a site distinct from the 7-transmembrane domain or the cysteine-rich domain. Moreover calcitriol strongly synergizes with itraconazole (ITZ) in Smo inhibition, which did not result from elevated calcitriol bioavailability due to ITZ-mediated 24-hydroxylase inhibition but rather from a direct interaction of the compounds at the level of Smo. Together, we suggest that calcitriol represents a possible endogenous transmitter of Ptch/Smo interaction. Moreover calcitriol or calcitriol derivatives combined with ITZ might be a treatment option of Hedgehog-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Linder
- From the Institute of Human Genetics, Tumor Genetics Group, and
| | - Susanne Weber
- the Department Genome Analysis Centre, Institute for Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, National Research Center for Environment and Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kai Dittmann
- the Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center, 37073 Goettingen and
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- the Department Genome Analysis Centre, Institute for Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, National Research Center for Environment and Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heidi Hahn
- From the Institute of Human Genetics, Tumor Genetics Group, and
| | - Anja Uhmann
- From the Institute of Human Genetics, Tumor Genetics Group, and
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Tilley C, Deep G, Agarwal R. Chemopreventive opportunities to control basal cell carcinoma: Current perspectives. Mol Carcinog 2015; 54:688-97. [PMID: 26053157 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a major health problem with approximately 2.8 million new cases diagnosed each year in the United States. BCC incidences have continued to rise due to lack of effective chemopreventive options. One of the key molecular characteristics of BCC is the sustained activation of hedgehog signaling through inactivating mutations in the tumor suppressor gene patch (Ptch) or activating mutations in Smoothened. In the past, several studies have addressed targeting the activated hedgehog pathway for the treatment and prevention of BCC, although with toxic effects. Other studies have attempted BCC chemoprevention through targeting the promotional phase of the disease especially the inflammatory component. The compounds that have been utilized in pre-clinical and/or clinical studies include green and black tea, difluoromethylornithine, thymidine dinucleotide, retinoids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, vitamin D3, and silibinin. In this review, we have discussed genetic and epigenetic modifications that occur during BCC development as well as the current state of BCC pre-clinical and clinical chemoprevention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Tilley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Gagan Deep
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado.,University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado.,University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
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So JY, Suh N. Targeting cancer stem cells in solid tumors by vitamin D. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 148:79-85. [PMID: 25460302 PMCID: PMC4361233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small subset of cells that may be responsible for initiation, progression, and recurrence of tumors. Recent studies have demonstrated that CSCs are highly tumorigenic and resistant to conventional chemotherapies, making them a promising target for the development of preventive/therapeutic agents. A single or combination of various markers, such as CD44, EpCAM, CD49f, CD133, CXCR4, ALDH-1, and CD24, were utilized to isolate CSCs from various types of human cancers. Notch, Hedgehog, Wnt, and TGF-β signalingregulate self-renewal and differentiation of normal stem cells andare aberrantly activated in CSCs. In addition, many studies have demonstrated that these stem cell-associated signaling pathways are required for the maintenance of CSCs in different malignancies, including breast, colorectal, prostate, and pancreatic cancers. Accumulating evidence has shown inhibitory effects of vitamin D and its analogs on the cancer stem cell signaling pathways, suggesting vitamin D as a potential preventive/therapeutic agent against CSCs. In this review, we summarize recent findings about the roles of Notch, Hedgehog, Wnt, and TGF-β signaling in CSCs as well as the effects of vitamin D on these stem cell signaling pathways. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled '17th Vitamin D Workshop'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Young So
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Nanjoo Suh
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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Zou L, Porter TD. Rapid suppression of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase activity in keratinocytes by vitamin D. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 148:64-71. [PMID: 25500071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
7-Dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) serves as the sterol substrate for both cholesterol and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) synthesis. The pivotal enzyme in these two pathways is 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7), which converts 7DHC to cholesterol. Treatment of adult human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKa) with 10μM cholecalciferol resulted in a rapid decrease in DHCR7 activity (19% of control activity at 2h). This loss of activity was observed only in HEKa cells, a primary cell line cultured from normal human skin, and not in an immortalized skin cell line (HaCaT cells) nor in two hepatoma cell lines. The decrease in DHCR7 activity was not due to direct inhibition or to dephosphorylation of the enzyme, and enzyme protein levels were not decreased. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 had a lesser effect on DHCR7 activity, while 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 had no effect on DHCR7, indicating that the vitamin D receptor is not involved. Treatment with cholecalciferol did not lead to the accumulation of 7-dehydrocholesterol, and a 50% decrease in lanosterol synthesis in these cells suggests that cholecalciferol down-regulates the entire cholesterolgenic pathway. As vitamin D has been reported to be an inhibitor of hedgehog (Hh) signaling through Smo, we tested the effect of cyclopamine, an established inhibitor of the Hh pathway, on DHCR7 activity. Cyclopamine (10μM) also rapidly decreased DHCR7 activity (50% of control activity at 3h), suggesting that vitamin D3 may modulate DHCR7 activity and cholesterol/vitamin D3 synthesis by inhibiting hedgehog signaling. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled '17th Vitamin D Workshop'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, United States
| | - Todd D Porter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, United States.
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Rollakanti K, Anand S, Maytin EV. Topical calcitriol prior to photodynamic therapy enhances treatment efficacy in non-melanoma skin cancer mouse models. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2015; 9308:93080Q. [PMID: 25983370 DOI: 10.1117/12.2077296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) such as basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are the most common form of human cancer worldwide, and their incidence is increasing. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), mediated by topically applied aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and subsequent exposure to light (either a laser or a noncoherent source), is being increasingly used for the treatment of dermatological disorders, including BCC and SCC. However, therapeutic responses of NMSCs to ALA-PDT are currently not superior to standard therapies, although the latter have undesirable side effects including scarring. In this study, we report that preconditioning of skin tumors with calcitriol (active form of Vitamin D; Vit D) prior to ALA-PDT, significantly improves the treatment outcome. In BCC and UVB-induced SCC mouse models, we identified an increase in tumor-specific accumulation of ALA induced photosensitizer (protoporphyrin IX, PpIX) due to Vit D preconditioning, of up to 6-fold in vivo. In addition, increased expression of differentiation (145 fold, p < 0.02) and proliferation (42 fold, p < 0.005) markers were identified in BCC tumors, all leading to increased tumor destruction (18.3 fold, p < 0.03) with the combination approach, as compared to ALA-PDT alone. Histomorphological changes identified using hematoxylin and eosin staining, and results of TUNEL staining, together documented a beneficial effect of Vit D pretreatment upon tumor cell death. We conclude that this new combination approach with Vit D and ALA-PDT has great potential to achieve complete remission of NMSC tumors, with excellent cosmetic results and an overall beneficial impact upon patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Rollakanti
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, USA 44115 ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, USA 44195
| | - Sanjay Anand
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, USA 44195 ; Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, USA 44195
| | - Edward V Maytin
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, USA 44115 ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, USA 44195 ; Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, USA 44195
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DeBerardinis AM, Raccuia DS, Thompson EN, Maschinot CA, Kyle Hadden M. Vitamin D3 analogues that contain modified A- and seco-B-rings as hedgehog pathway inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 93:156-71. [PMID: 25676864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is a developmental signaling pathway that has been implicated as a target for anti-cancer drug development in a variety of human malignancies. Several natural and synthetic vitamin D-based seco-steroids have been identified as potent inhibitors of Hh signaling with chemotherapeutic potential. These include the previously characterized analogue 4, which contains the northern CD-ring/side chain region of vitamin D3 (VD3) linked to an aromatic A-ring mimic through an ester bond. To further explore structure-activity relationships for this class of VD3-based Hh pathway inhibitors, we have designed, synthesized and evaluated several series of compounds that modify the length, composition, and stereochemical orientation of the ester linker. These studies have identified compounds 54 and 55, which contain an amine linker and an aromatic A-ring incorporating a para-phenol, as new lead compounds with enhanced potency against the Hh pathway (IC50 values = 0.40 and 0.32 μM, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert M DeBerardinis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N Eagleville Rd, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA
| | - Daniel S Raccuia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N Eagleville Rd, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA
| | - Evrett N Thompson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N Eagleville Rd, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA
| | - Chad A Maschinot
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N Eagleville Rd, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA
| | - M Kyle Hadden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N Eagleville Rd, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA.
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Banerjee U, DeBerardinis AM, Hadden MK. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of hybrid vitamin D3 side chain analogues as hedgehog pathway inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 23:548-55. [PMID: 25549899 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D3 (VD3) is a moderately potent and non-selective inhibitor of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling cascade. Previous studies have established that the CD-ring region of VD3 serves as the Hh inhibitory pharmacophore. Subsequently, compound 3, an ester linked aromatic A-ring and CD-ring derivative was identified as an improved and selective Hh inhibitor. Herein, we report modifications of the CD-ring side chain that afford enhancement of selectivity for Hh modulation thereby diminishing the detrimental effects of concomitant vitamin D receptor activation. In general, linear or moderately branched alkyl chains of five or six carbons were optimal for potent and selective inhibition of Hh signaling. Moreover, hybrid VD3 side chain derivative 20 demonstrated 4-fold improvement in Hh antagonistic activity over VD3(IC50=1.1-1.6 μM) while gaining greater than a 1000-fold selectivity for Hh signaling over canonical activation of the vitamin D receptor pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N Eagleville Rd, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Albert M DeBerardinis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N Eagleville Rd, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - M Kyle Hadden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N Eagleville Rd, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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Abstract
Vitamin D and calcium are well-established regulators of keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Therefore, it was not a great surprise that deletion of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) should predispose the skin to tumor formation, and that the combination of deleting both the VDR and calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) should be especially pro-oncogenic. In this review I have examined 4 mechanisms that appear to underlie the means by which VDR acts as a tumor suppressor in skin. First, DNA damage repair is curtailed in the absence of the VDR, allowing mutations in DNA to accumulate. Second and third involve the increased activation of the hedgehog and β-catenin pathways in the epidermis in the absence of the VDR, leading to poorly regulated proliferation with reduced differentiation. Finally, VDR deletion leads to a shift in the expression of long noncoding RNAs toward a more oncogenic profile. How these different mechanisms interact and their relative importance in the predisposition of the VDR null epidermis to tumor formation remain under active investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- VA Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, 1700 Owens Street, Room 373, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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van der Eerden BCJ, van der Heyden JC, van Hamburg JP, Schreuders-Koedam M, Asmawidjaja PS, de Muinck Keizer-Schrama SM, Boot AM, Lubberts E, Drop SLS, van Leeuwen JPTM. A human vitamin D receptor mutation causes rickets and impaired Th1/Th17 responses. Bone 2014; 69:6-11. [PMID: 25201466 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We present a brother and sister with severe rickets, alopecia and highly elevated serum levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-(OH)2D3). Genomic sequencing showed a homozygous point mutation (A133G) in the vitamin D receptor gene, leading to an amino acid change in the DNA binding domain (K45E), which was described previously. Hereditary vitamin D resistant rickets (HVDRR) was diagnosed. Functional studies in skin biopsy fibroblasts confirmed this. 1,25-(OH)2D3 reduced T helper (Th) cell population-specific cytokine expression of interferon γ (Th1), interleukins IL-17A (Th17) and IL-22 (Th17/Th22) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from the patient's parents, whereas IL-4 (Th2) levels were higher, reflecting an immunosuppressive condition. None of these factors were regulated by 1,25-(OH)2D3 in PBMCs from the boy. At present, both patients (boy is 23 years of age, girl is 7) have not experienced any major immune-related disorders. Although both children developed alopecia, the girl did so earlier than the boy. The boy showed complete recovery from the rickets at the age of 17 and does not require any vitamin D supplementations to date. In conclusion, we characterized two siblings with HVDRR, due to a mutation in the DNA binding domain of VDR. Despite a defective T cell response to vitamin D, no signs of any inflammatory-related abnormalities were seen, thus questioning an essential role of vitamin D in the immune system. Despite the fact that currently medicine is not required, close monitoring in the future of these patients is warranted for potential recurrence of vitamin D dependence and diagnosis of (chronic) inflammatory-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Annemieke M Boot
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Lubberts
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stenvert L S Drop
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Trémezaygues L, Reichrath J. Vitamin D analogs in the treatment of psoriasis. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/derm.17534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Athar M, Li C, Kim AL, Spiegelman VS, Bickers DR. Sonic hedgehog signaling in Basal cell nevus syndrome. Cancer Res 2014; 74:4967-75. [PMID: 25172843 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is considered to be a major signal transduction pathway during embryonic development, but it usually shuts down after birth. Aberrant Sonic hedgehog (Shh) activation during adulthood leads to neoplastic growth. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the skin is driven by this pathway. Here, we summarize information related to the pathogenesis of this neoplasm, discuss pathways that crosstalk with Shh signaling, and the importance of the primary cilium in this neoplastic process. The identification of the basic/translational components of Shh signaling has led to the discovery of potential mechanism-driven druggable targets and subsequent clinical trials have confirmed their remarkable efficacy in treating BCCs, particularly in patients with nevoid BCC syndrome (NBCCS), an autosomal dominant disorder in which patients inherit a germline mutation in the tumor-suppressor gene Patched (Ptch). Patients with NBCCS develop dozens to hundreds of BCCs due to derepression of the downstream G-protein-coupled receptor Smoothened (SMO). Ptch mutations permit transposition of SMO to the primary cilium followed by enhanced expression of transcription factors Glis that drive cell proliferation and tumor growth. Clinical trials with the SMO inhibitor, vismodegib, showed remarkable efficacy in patients with NBCCS, which finally led to its FDA approval in 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
| | - Changzhao Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Arianna L Kim
- Columbia University Medical Center, Irving Cancer Research Center, New York, New York
| | | | - David R Bickers
- Columbia University Medical Center, Irving Cancer Research Center, New York, New York
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Banerjee U, Hadden MK. Recent advances in the design of Hedgehog pathway inhibitors for the treatment of malignancies. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:751-71. [PMID: 24850423 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.920817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is known to be dysregulated in several forms of cancer. Hence, specifically targeting this signaling cascade is a valid and promising strategy for successful therapeutic intervention. Several components within the Hh pathway have been proven to be druggable; however, challenges in the discovery and development process for small molecules targeting this pathway have been identified. AREAS COVERED This review details both the current state and future potential of Hh pathway inhibitors as anticancer chemotherapeutics that target a variety of human malignancies. EXPERT OPINION The initial development of Hh pathway inhibitors focused on small-molecule antagonists of Smoothened, a transmembrane protein that is a key regulator of pathway signaling. More recently, efforts to identify and develop inhibitors of pathway signaling that function through alternate mechanisms have been increasing. However, none of these have advanced into clinical trials. Further, early evidence suggesting the broad application of Hh pathway inhibitors as a monotherapy in a wide range of human cancers has not been validated. The potential for Hh pathway inhibitors as combination therapy has demonstrated promising preclinical results. However, more research to identify rational drug combinations to fully explore the potential of this anticancer drug class is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Banerjee
- University of Connecticut, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 69 N Eagleville Rd, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT 06269-3092 , USA +1 860 486 8446 ;
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