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Sears CR, Zhou H, Hulsey E, Aidoo BA, Sandusky GE, Al Nasrallah N. XPC Protects against Carcinogen-Induced Histologic Progression to Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Reduced Basal Epithelial Cell Proliferation. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1495. [PMID: 38672576 PMCID: PMC11048415 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) is the second leading cause of lung cancer. Although characterized by high DNA mutational burdens and genomic complexity, the role of DNA repair in LUSC development is poorly understood. We sought to better understand the role of the DNA repair protein Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group C (XPC) in LUSC development. XPC knock-out (KO), heterozygous, and wild-type (WT) mice were exposed topically to N-nitroso-tris-chloroethylurea (NTCU), and lungs were evaluated for histology and pre-malignant progression in a blinded fashion at various time-points from 8-24 weeks. High-grade dysplasia and LUSC were increased in XPC KO compared with XPC WT NTCU mice (56% vs. 34%), associated with a higher mean LUSC lung involvement (p < 0.05). N-acetylcysteine pre-treatment decreased bronchoalveolar inflammation but did not prevent LUSC development. Proliferation, measured as %Ki67+ cells, increased with NTCU treatment, in high-grade dysplasia and LUSC, and in XPC deficiency (p < 0.01, ANOVA). Finally, pre-LUSC dysplasia developed earlier and progressed to higher histologic classification sooner in XPC KO compared with WT mice. Overall, this supports the protective role of XPC in squamous dysplasia progression to LUSC. Mouse models of early LUSC development are limited; this may provide a valuable model to study mechanisms of LUSC development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine R. Sears
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, Department of Medicine, Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (H.Z.); (N.A.N.)
| | - Huaxin Zhou
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (H.Z.); (N.A.N.)
| | - Emily Hulsey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA (G.E.S.)
| | - Bea A. Aidoo
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - George E. Sandusky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA (G.E.S.)
| | - Nawar Al Nasrallah
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (H.Z.); (N.A.N.)
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2
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Sahu P, Donovan C, Paudel KR, Pickles S, Chimankar V, Kim RY, Horvart JC, Dua K, Ieni A, Nucera F, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Mazilli S, Caramori G, Lyons JG, Hansbro PM. Pre-clinical lung squamous cell carcinoma mouse models to identify novel biomarkers and therapeutic interventions. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1260411. [PMID: 37817767 PMCID: PMC10560855 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1260411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary lung carcinoma or lung cancer (LC) is classified into small-cell or non-small-cell (NSCLC) lung carcinoma. Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is the second most common subtype of NSCLC responsible for 30% of all LCs, and its survival remains low with only 24% of patients living for five years or longer post-diagnosis primarily due to the advanced stage of tumors at the time of diagnosis. The pathogenesis of LSCC is still poorly understood and has hampered the development of effective diagnostics and therapies. This review highlights the known risk factors, genetic and epigenetic alterations, miRNA biomarkers linked to the development and diagnosis of LSCC and the lack of therapeutic strategies to target specifically LSCC. We will also discuss existing animal models of LSCC including carcinogen induced, transgenic and xenograft mouse models, and their advantages and limitations along with the chemopreventive studies and molecular studies conducted using them. The importance of developing new and improved mouse models will also be discussed that will provide further insights into the initiation and progression of LSCC, and enable the identification of new biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sahu
- Immune Health, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Chantal Donovan
- Immune Health, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Keshav Raj Paudel
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sophie Pickles
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vrushali Chimankar
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard Y. Kim
- Immune Health, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jay C. Horvart
- Immune Health, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Antonio Ieni
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Nucera
- Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Sarah Mazilli
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gaetano Caramori
- Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - J. Guy Lyons
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Sydney at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia, and Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip M. Hansbro
- Immune Health, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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3
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Dwyer-Nield LD, McArthur DG, Hudish TM, Hudish LI, Mirita C, Sompel K, Smith AJ, Alavi K, Ghosh M, Merrick DT, Tennis MA, Keith RL. PPARgamma agonism inhibits progression of premalignant lesions in a murine lung squamous cell carcinoma model. Int J Cancer 2022; 151:2195-2205. [PMID: 35830207 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The N-nitroso-trischloroethylurea (NTCU)-induced mouse model of squamous lung carcinoma recapitulates human disease from premalignant dysplasia through invasive tumors, making it suitable for preclinical chemoprevention drug testing. Pioglitazone is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist shown to prevent lung tumors in preclinical models. We investigated pioglitazone's effect on lesion development and markers of potential preventive mechanisms in the NTCU model. Female FVB/N mice were exposed to vehicle, NTCU or NTCU + oral pioglitazone for 32 weeks. NTCU induces the appearance of basal cells in murine airways while decreasing/changing their epithelial cell makeup, resulting in development of bronchial dysplasia. H&E and keratin 5 (KRT5) staining were used to detect and grade squamous lesions in formalin fixed lungs. mRNA expression of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and basal cell markers were measured by qPCR. Dysplasia persistence markers desmoglein 3 and polo like kinase 1 were measured by immunohistochemistry. Basal cell markers KRT14 and p63, club cell specific protein and ciliated cell marker acetylated tubulin were measured by immunofluorescence. Pioglitazone treatment significantly reduced squamous lesions and the presence of airway basal cells, along with increasing normal epithelial cells in the airways of NTCU-exposed mice. Pioglitazone also significantly influenced EMT gene expression to promote a more epithelial, and less mesenchymal, phenotype. Pioglitazone reduced the presence of squamous dysplasia and maintained normal airway cell composition. This work increases the knowledge of mechanistic pathways in PPARγ agonism for lung cancer interception and provides a basis for further investigation to advance this chemoprevention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori D Dwyer-Nield
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Tyler M Hudish
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Laura I Hudish
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Carol Mirita
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kayla Sompel
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Alex J Smith
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kiana Alavi
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Moumita Ghosh
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Daniel T Merrick
- Division of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Meredith A Tennis
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Robert L Keith
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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4
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Valencia K, Sainz C, Bértolo C, de Biurrun G, Agorreta J, Azpilikueta A, Larrayoz MJ, Bosco G, Zandueta C, Redrado M, Redín E, Exposito F, Serrano D, Echepare M, Ajona D, Melero I, Pio R, Thomas R, Calvo A, Montuenga LM. Two alternative cell line models for the study of multiorganic metastasis and immunotherapy in Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Dis Model Mech 2021; 15:273637. [PMID: 34870316 PMCID: PMC8822220 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a paucity of adequate mouse models and cell lines available to study lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). We have generated and characterized two models of phenotypically different transplantable LUSC cell lines (UN-SCC679 and UN-SCC680) derived from an N-nitroso-tris-chloroethylurea (NTCU) chemically-induced mouse model in A/J mice. Furthermore, we genetically characterized and compared both LUSC cell lines by performing whole exome and RNA sequencing. These experiments revealed similar genetic and transcriptomic patterns that may correspond to the classical LUSC human subtype. In addition, we compared the immune landscape generated by both tumor cells lines in vivo and assessed their response to immune checkpoint inhibition. The differences between the two cell lines are a good model for the remarkable heterogeneity of human squamous cell carcinoma. Study of the metastatic potential of these models revealed that both cell lines represent the human LUSC organotropism to the brain, bones, liver and adrenal glands. In summary, we have generated a very valuable cell line tools for LUSC research that recapitulates the complexity of the human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karmele Valencia
- Program in Solid Tumors, CIMA-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Navarra Health Research Institute (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cristina Sainz
- Program in Solid Tumors, CIMA-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Health Research Institute (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cristina Bértolo
- Program in Solid Tumors, CIMA-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Health Research Institute (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gabriel de Biurrun
- Department of Environmental Biology School of Sciences, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jackeline Agorreta
- Program in Solid Tumors, CIMA-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Health Sciences, Biochemistry Area, Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Arantza Azpilikueta
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta J Larrayoz
- Program in Solid Tumors, CIMA-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Navarra Health Research Institute (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Graziella Bosco
- Department of Translational Genomics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Carolina Zandueta
- Program in Solid Tumors, CIMA-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam Redrado
- Program in Solid Tumors, CIMA-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Health Research Institute (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Esther Redín
- Program in Solid Tumors, CIMA-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Navarra Health Research Institute (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Francisco Exposito
- Program in Solid Tumors, CIMA-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Navarra Health Research Institute (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Diego Serrano
- Program in Solid Tumors, CIMA-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Health Research Institute (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mirari Echepare
- Program in Solid Tumors, CIMA-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Health Research Institute (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Daniel Ajona
- Program in Solid Tumors, CIMA-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Navarra Health Research Institute (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Navarra Health Research Institute (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ruben Pio
- Program in Solid Tumors, CIMA-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Navarra Health Research Institute (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Roman Thomas
- Department of Translational Genomics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Department of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alfonso Calvo
- Program in Solid Tumors, CIMA-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Navarra Health Research Institute (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Luis M Montuenga
- Program in Solid Tumors, CIMA-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Navarra Health Research Institute (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
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5
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Zakaria MA, Rajab NF, Chua EW, Selvarajah GT, Masre SF. NTCU induced pre-malignant and malignant stages of lung squamous cell carcinoma in mice model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22500. [PMID: 34795360 PMCID: PMC8602624 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01988-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice have served as an excellent model to understand the etiology of lung cancer for years. However, data regarding dual-stage carcinogenesis of lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) remain elusive. Therefore, we aim to develop pre-malignant (PM) and malignant (M) lung SCC in vivo using N-nitroso-tris-chloroethylurea (NTCU). BALB/C mice were allotted into two main groups; PM and M groups which received treatment for 15 and 30 weeks, respectively. Then, the mice in each main group were allotted into three groups; control, vehicle, and cancer (n = 6), which received normal saline, 70% acetone, and 0.04 M NTCU by skin painting, respectively. Histopathologically, we discovered a mix of hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia lesions in the PM group and intracellular bridge; an SCC feature in the M group. The M group was positive for cytokeratin 5/6 protein which confirmed the lung SCC subtype. We also found significantly higher (P < 0.05) epithelium thickness in the cancer groups as compared to the vehicle and control groups at both the PM and M. Overall, this study discovered that NTCU is capable of developing PM and M lung SCC in mice model at appropriate weeks and the vehicle group was suggested to be adequate as control group for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asyaari Zakaria
- Centre for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Fadilah Rajab
- Centre for Healthy Ageing and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Eng Wee Chua
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gayathri Thevi Selvarajah
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Siti Fathiah Masre
- Centre for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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6
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Mapping lung squamous cell carcinoma pathogenesis through in vitro and in vivo models. Commun Biol 2021; 4:937. [PMID: 34354223 PMCID: PMC8342622 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02470-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the main cause of cancer death worldwide, with lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) being the second most frequent subtype. Preclinical LUSC models recapitulating human disease pathogenesis are key for the development of early intervention approaches and improved therapies. Here, we review advances and challenges in the generation of LUSC models, from 2D and 3D cultures, to murine models. We discuss how molecular profiling of premalignant lesions and invasive LUSC has contributed to the refinement of in vitro and in vivo models, and in turn, how these systems have increased our understanding of LUSC biology and therapeutic vulnerabilities.
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7
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Hynds RE, Frese KK, Pearce DR, Grönroos E, Dive C, Swanton C. Progress towards non-small-cell lung cancer models that represent clinical evolutionary trajectories. Open Biol 2021; 11:200247. [PMID: 33435818 PMCID: PMC7881177 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Although advances are being made towards earlier detection and the development of impactful targeted therapies and immunotherapies, the 5-year survival of patients with advanced disease is still below 20%. Effective cancer research relies on pre-clinical model systems that accurately reflect the evolutionary course of disease progression and mimic patient responses to therapy. Here, we review pre-clinical models, including genetically engineered mouse models and patient-derived materials, such as cell lines, primary cell cultures, explant cultures and xenografts, that are currently being used to interrogate NSCLC evolution from pre-invasive disease through locally invasive cancer to the metastatic colonization of distant organ sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Hynds
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Kristopher K. Frese
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute Cancer Biomarker Centre, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, UK
| | - David R. Pearce
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Eva Grönroos
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Caroline Dive
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute Cancer Biomarker Centre, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Charles Swanton
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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8
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Dwyer-Nield LD, McArthur DG, Tennis MA, Merrick DT, Keith RL. An Improved Murine Premalignant Squamous Cell Model: Tobacco Smoke Exposure Augments NTCU-Induced Murine Airway Dysplasia. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2020; 14:307-312. [PMID: 33115782 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-20-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke-induced squamous cell lung cancer (SCC) develops from endobronchial dysplastic lesions that progress to invasive disease. A reproducible murine model recapitulating histologic progression observed in current and former smokers will advance testing of new preventive and therapeutic strategies. Previous studies show that prolonged topical application of N-nitroso-tris-chloroethylurea (NTCU) generates a range of airway lesions in sensitive mice similar to those induced by chronic tobacco smoke exposure in humans. To improve the current NTCU model and better align it with human disease, NTCU was applied to mice twice weekly for 4-5 weeks followed by a recovery period before cigarette smoke (CS) or ambient air (control) exposure for an additional 3-6 weeks. Despite the short time course, the addition of CS led to significantly more premalignant lesions (PML; 2.6 vs. 0.5; P < 0.02) and resulted in fewer alveolar macrophages (52,000 macrophages/mL BALF vs. 68,000; P < 0.05) compared with control mice. This improved NTCU + CS model is the first murine SCC model to incorporate tobacco smoke and is more amenable to preclinical studies because of the increased number of PML, decreased number of mice required, and reduced time needed for PML development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori D Dwyer-Nield
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Debbie G McArthur
- Research Division, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Administration Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Meredith A Tennis
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Daniel T Merrick
- Division of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Robert L Keith
- Research Division, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Administration Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado. .,Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
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9
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Surien O, Ghazali AR, Masre SF. Histopathological effect of pterostilbene as chemoprevention in N-nitroso-tri-chloroethylurea (NTCU)-induced lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) mouse model. Histol Histopathol 2020; 35:1159-1170. [PMID: 32893871 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one of the most common types of lung cancer. Chemoprevention of lung cancer has gained increasing popularity as an alternative to treatment in reducing the burden of lung cancer. Pterostilbene (PS) may be developed as a chemopreventive agent due to its pharmacological activities, such as anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to investigate the effect of PS on the development of lung SCC in the mouse model. METHODS A total of 24 seven-week-old female Balb/C mice were randomly categorised into four groups, including two control groups comprising the N-nitroso-trischloroethylurea (NTCU)-induced lung SCC and vehicle control (VC) groups and two treatment groups comprising the 10mg/kg PS (PS10) and 50mg/kg PS (PS50) groups. All lung organs were harvested at week 26 for histopathological analysis. RESULTS All PS treatment groups showed chemopreventive activity by inhibiting the progression of lung SCC formation with PS10, resulting in mild hyperplasia, and PS50 was completely reversed in the normal bronchial epithelium layer compared with the VC group. PS treatment also reduced the expression of cytokeratin 5/6 in the bronchial epithelium layer. Both PS10 and PS50 significantly reduced the epithelium thickness compared to the NTCU group (p<0.05). PS is a potential chemopreventive agent against lung SCC growth by suppressing the progression of pre-malignant lesions and reducing the thickness of the bronchial epithelium. CONCLUSIONS The underlying molecular mechanisms of PS in lung SCC should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omchit Surien
- Biomedical Science Programme, Centre for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Kuala Lumpur
| | - Ahmad Rohi Ghazali
- Biomedical Science Programme, Centre for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Kuala Lumpur
| | - Siti Fathiah Masre
- Biomedical Science Programme, Centre for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Kuala Lumpur.
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10
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Two-stage 3-methylcholanthrene and butylated hydroxytoluene-induced lung carcinogenesis in mice. Methods Cell Biol 2020; 163:153-173. [PMID: 33785163 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the deadliest types of cancer and as such requires disease models that are useful for identification of novel pathways for biomarkers as well as to test therapeutic agents. Adenocarcinoma (ADC), the most prevalent type of lung cancer, is a subtype of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and a disease driven mainly by smoking. However, it is also the most common subtype of lung cancer found in non-smokers with environmental exposures. Chemically driven models of lung cancer, also called primary models of lung cancer, are important because they do not overexpress or delete oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, respectively, to increase oncogenesis. Instead these models test tumor development without forcing a specific pathway (i.e., Kras). The primary focus of this chapter is to discuss a well-established 2-stage mouse model of lung adenocarcinomas. The initiator (3-methylcholanthrene, MCA) does not elicit many, if any, tumors if not followed by exposure to the tumor promoter (butylated hydroxytoluene, BHT). In sensitive strains, such as A/J, FVB, and BALB, significantly greater numbers of tumors develop following the MCA/BHT protocol compared to MCA alone. BHT does not elicit tumors on its own; it is a non-genotoxic carcinogen and promoter. In these sensitive strains, promotion is also associated with inflammation characterized by infiltrating macrophages, lymphocytes, and neutrophils, and other inflammatory cell types in addition to increases in total protein content reflective of lung hyperpermeability. This 2-stage model is a useful tool to identify unique promotion specific events to then test in future intervention studies.
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11
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Riolobos L, Gad EA, Treuting PM, Timms AE, Hershberg EA, Corulli LR, Rodmaker E, Disis ML. The Effect of Mouse Strain, Sex, and Carcinogen Dose on Toxicity and the Development of Lung Dysplasia and Squamous Cell Carcinomas in Mice. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2019; 12:507-516. [PMID: 31101634 PMCID: PMC7687913 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-18-0442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to translate new treatments to the clinic, it is necessary to use animal models that closely recapitulate human disease. Lung cancer develops after extended exposure to carcinogens. It has one of the highest mutation rates of all cancer and is highly heterogenic. Topical treatment with N-nitrosotris-(2-chloroethyl)urea (NTCU) induces lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with nonsynonymous mutation rates similar to those reported for human non-small cell lung cancer. However, NTCU induces lung cancer with variable efficacy and toxicity depending on the mouse strain. A detailed characterization of the NTCU model is needed. We have compared the effect of three different NTCU doses (20, 30, and 40 mmol/L) in female and male of NIH Swiss, Black Swiss, and FVB mice on tumor incidence, survival, and toxicity. The main findings in this study are (1) NIH Swiss mice present with a higher incidence of SCC and lower mortality compared with Black Swiss and FVB mice; (2) 30 mmol/L NTCU dose induces SCC at the same rate and incidence as the 40 mmol/L dose with lower mortality; (3) female mice present higher grade and incidence of preinvasive lesions and SCC compared with males; (4) NTCU-induced transformation is principally within the respiratory system; and (5) NTCU treatment does not affect the ability to elicit a specific adaptive immune response. This study provides a reference point for experimental designs to evaluate either preventive or therapeutic treatments for lung SCC, including immunotherapies, before initiating human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Riolobos
- UW Medicine Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
| | - Ekram A Gad
- UW Medicine Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Piper M Treuting
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Andrew E Timms
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Elliot A Hershberg
- UW Medicine Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lauren R Corulli
- UW Medicine Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Erin Rodmaker
- UW Medicine Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mary L Disis
- UW Medicine Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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12
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Millar FR, Janes SM, Giangreco A. Epithelial cell migration as a potential therapeutic target in early lung cancer. Eur Respir Rev 2017; 26:26/143/160069. [PMID: 28143875 PMCID: PMC9489048 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0069-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most lethal cancer type worldwide, with the majority of patients presenting with advanced stage disease. Targeting early stage disease pathogenesis would allow dramatic improvements in lung cancer patient survival. Recently, cell migration has been shown to be an integral process in early lung cancer ontogeny, with preinvasive lung cancer cells shown to migrate across normal epithelium prior to developing into invasive disease. TP53 mutations are the most abundant mutations in human nonsmall cell lung cancers and have been shown to increase cell migration via regulation of Rho-GTPase protein activity. In this review, we explore the possibility of targeting TP53-mediated Rho-GTPase activity in early lung cancer and the opportunities for translating this preclinical research into effective therapies for early stage lung cancer patients. Preinvasive lung cancer cell migration is a potential novel therapeutic target in early lung cancerhttp://ow.ly/FJGm305JxMQ
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser R Millar
- Lungs for Living, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.,Dept of Thoracic Medicine, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sam M Janes
- Lungs for Living, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.,Dept of Thoracic Medicine, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Adam Giangreco
- Lungs for Living, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
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13
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Yamano S, Gi M, Tago Y, Doi K, Okada S, Hirayama Y, Tachibana H, Ishii N, Fujioka M, Tatsumi K, Wanibuchi H. Role of deltaNp63(pos)CD44v(pos) cells in the development of N-nitroso-tris-chloroethylurea-induced peripheral-type mouse lung squamous cell carcinomas. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:123-32. [PMID: 26663681 PMCID: PMC4768398 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of cells expressing stem cell markers deltaNp63 and CD44v has not yet been elucidated in peripheral-type lung squamous cell carcinoma (pLSCC) carcinogenesis. Female A/J mice were painted topically with N-nitroso-tris-chloroethylurea (NTCU) for induction of pLSCC, and the histopathological and molecular characteristics of NTCU-induced lung lesions were examined. Histopathologically, we found atypical bronchiolar hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, squamous dysplasia, and pLSCCs in the treated mice. Furthermore, we identified deltaNp63(pos)CD44v(pos)CK5/6(pos)CC10(pos) clara cells as key constituents of early precancerous atypical bronchiolar hyperplasia. In addition, deltaNp63(pos)CD44v(pos) cells existed throughout the atypical bronchiolar hyperplasias, squamous metaplasias, squamous dysplasias, and pLSCCs. Overall, our findings suggest that NTCU induces pLSCC through an atypical bronchiolar hyperplasia-metaplasia-dysplasia-SCC sequence in mouse lung bronchioles. Notably, Ki67-positive deltaNp63(pos)CD44v(pos) cancer cells, cancer cells overexpressing phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, and tumor-associated macrophages were all present in far greater numbers in the peripheral area of the pLSCCs compared with the central area. These findings suggest that deltaNp63(pos)CD44v(pos) clara cells in mouse lung bronchioles might be the origin of the NTCU-induced pLSCCs. Our findings also suggest that tumor-associated macrophages may contribute to creating a tumor microenvironment in the peripheral area of pLSCCs that allows deltaNp63(pos)CD44v(pos) cancer cell expansion through activation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, and that exerts an immunosuppressive effect through activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Yamano
- Department of Molecular PathologyOsaka City University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Min Gi
- Department of Molecular PathologyOsaka City University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Yoshiyuki Tago
- Department of Molecular PathologyOsaka City University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Kenichiro Doi
- Department of Molecular PathologyOsaka City University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Satoshi Okada
- Department of Molecular PathologyOsaka City University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Yukiyoshi Hirayama
- Department of Molecular PathologyOsaka City University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Hirokazu Tachibana
- Department of Molecular PathologyOsaka City University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Naomi Ishii
- Department of Molecular PathologyOsaka City University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Masaki Fujioka
- Department of Molecular PathologyOsaka City University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Kumiko Tatsumi
- Department of Molecular PathologyOsaka City University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Hideki Wanibuchi
- Department of Molecular PathologyOsaka City University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
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14
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Mazzilli SA, Hershberger PA, Reid ME, Bogner PN, Atwood K, Trump DL, Johnson CS. Vitamin D Repletion Reduces the Progression of Premalignant Squamous Lesions in the NTCU Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma Mouse Model. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:895-904. [PMID: 26276745 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The chemopreventive actions of vitamin D were examined in the N-nitroso-tris-chloroethylurea (NTCU) mouse model, a progressive model of lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). SWR/J mice were fed a deficient diet (D) containing no vitamin D3, a sufficient diet (S) containing 2,000 IU/kg vitamin D3, or the same diets in combination with the active metabolite of vitamin D, calcitriol (C; 80 μg/kg, weekly). The percentage (%) of the mucosal surface of large airways occupied by dysplastic lesions was determined in mice after treatment with a total dose of 15 or 25 μmol NTCU (N). After treatment with 15 μmol NTCU, the percentages of the surface of large airways containing high-grade dysplastic (HGD) lesions were vitamin D-deficient + NTCU (DN), 22.7% [P < 0.05 compared with vitamin D-sufficient +NTCU (SN)]; DN + C, 12.3%; SN, 8.7%; and SN + C, 6.6%. The extent of HGD increased with NTCU dose in the DN group. Proliferation, assessed by Ki-67 labeling, increased upon NTCU treatment. The highest Ki-67 labeling index was seen in the DN group. As compared with SN mice, DN mice exhibited a three-fold increase (P < 0.005) in circulating white blood cells (WBC), a 20% (P < 0.05) increase in IL6 levels, and a four-fold (P < 0.005) increase in WBC in bronchial lavages. Thus, vitamin D repletion reduces the progression of premalignant lesions, proliferation, and inflammation, and may thereby suppress development of lung SCC. Further investigations of the chemopreventive effects of vitamin D in lung SCC are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Mazzilli
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York.
| | - Pamela A Hershberger
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Mary E Reid
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Paul N Bogner
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Kristopher Atwood
- Department of Biostatistics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo New York
| | | | - Candace S Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
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15
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Ghosh M, Dwyer-Nield LD, Kwon JB, Barthel L, Janssen WJ, Merrick DT, Keith RL. Tracheal dysplasia precedes bronchial dysplasia in mouse model of N-nitroso trischloroethylurea induced squamous cell lung cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122823. [PMID: 25860262 PMCID: PMC4393296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell lung cancer (SCC) is the second leading cause of lung cancer death in the US and has a 5-year survival rate of only 16%. Histological changes in the bronchial epithelium termed dysplasia are precursors to invasive SCC. However, the cellular mechanisms that cause dysplasia are unknown. To fill this knowledge gap, we used topical application of N-nitroso-tris chloroethylurea (NTCU) for 32 weeks to induce squamous dysplasia and SCC in mice. At 32 weeks the predominant cell type in the dysplastic airways was Keratin (K) 5 and K14 expressing basal cells. Notably, basal cells are extremely rare in the normal mouse bronchial epithelium but are abundant in the trachea. We therefore evaluated time-dependent changes in tracheal and bronchial histopathology after NTCU exposure (4, 8, 12, 16, 25 and 32 weeks). We show that tracheal dysplasia occurs significantly earlier than that of the bronchial epithelium (12 weeks vs. 25 weeks). This was associated with increased numbers of K5+/K14+ tracheal basal cells and a complete loss of secretory (Club cell secretory protein expressing CCSP+) and ciliated cells. TUNEL staining of NTCU treated tissues confirmed that the loss of CCSP+ and ciliated cells was not due to apoptosis. However, mitotic index (measured by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation) showed that NTCU treatment increased proliferation of K5+ basal cells in the trachea, and altered bronchial mitotic population from CCSP+ to K5+ basal cells. Thus, we demonstrate that NTCU-induced lung epithelial dysplasia starts in the tracheal epithelium, and is followed by basal cell metaplasia of the bronchial epithelium. This analysis extends our knowledge of the NTCU-SCC model by defining the early changes in epithelial cell phenotypes in distinct airway locations, and this may assist in identifying new targets for future chemoprevention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Ghosh
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lori D. Dwyer-Nield
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jennifer B. Kwon
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lea Barthel
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - William J. Janssen
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Daniel T. Merrick
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Keith
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Denver Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
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16
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Song JM, Qian X, Teferi F, Pan J, Wang Y, Kassie F. Dietary diindolylmethane suppresses inflammation-driven lung squamous cell carcinoma in mice. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014; 8:77-85. [PMID: 25403850 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory conditions of the lung such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are known to increase lung cancer risk, particularly lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). In the present study, we developed a mouse model of inflammation-driven LSCC that was induced by N-nitroso-trischloroethylurea (NTCU) and enhanced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a potent proinflammatory agent contained in tobacco and tobacco smoke, and determined the chemopreventive effects of BioResponse diindolylmethane (DIM) in the same model. Compared with mice treated with NTCU alone, mice treated with the combination of NTCU and LPS had a 9-fold increase in the number of bronchioles with LSCC. Also, compared with mice treated with LPS alone, mice treated with NTCU plus LPS showed significantly increased expression of the inflammatory cytokines IL1α, IL6, and TNFα (all three increased about 7-fold). Parallel to the increased cytokine gene expression, the NTCU plus LPS-treated group exhibited significantly enhanced activation of NF-κB, STAT3, ERK, p-38, and Akt, expression of p53, COX-2, and Mcl-1, and NF-κB- and STAT3-DNA binding in the lung. Dietary administration of DIM (10 μmol/g diet or 2,460 ppm) to mice treated with NTCU plus LPS reduced the incidence of LSCC by 2-fold, suppressed activation/expression of proinflammatory and procarcinogenic proteins and NF-κB- and STAT3-DNA binding, but not the expression of cytokines and p53. This study highlights the potential significance of our mouse model to identify promising drugs or dietary agents for the chemoprevention of human LSCC and that DIM is a very good candidate for clinical lung cancer chemoprevention trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Min Song
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Xuemin Qian
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Fitsum Teferi
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jing Pan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Yian Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Fekadu Kassie
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota.
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17
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Abstract
Although many mouse models of lung adenocarcinoma exist, only a few mouse lung squamous cell carcinoma models have been developed. Since most clinical chemoprevention trials of lung cancer are performed in subjects with bronchial dysplasia, development of a lung squamous cell carcinoma mouse model sufficient for chemoprevention studies is a high priority. We have shown that lung squamous cell carcinomas can be induced chemically in several strains of mice (1), and that this chemically induced lung squamous cell carcinoma model is applicable to cancer chemoprevention studies. Recently, Ji et al. (2) have shown that simultaneous activation of KrasG12D and inactivation of Lkb1 results in a broader histological range of lung tumors, with approximately 50 % of the lung tumors being squamous cell carcinomas. Here, we review the application of mouse lung squamous cell carcinoma models with different stages of squamous lesions and squamous cell carcinomas to cancer development and chemoprevention studies.
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18
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Tago Y, Yamano S, Wei M, Kakehashi A, Kitano M, Fujioka M, Ishii N, Wanibuchi H. Novel medium-term carcinogenesis model for lung squamous cell carcinoma induced by N-nitroso-tris-chloroethylurea in mice. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:1560-6. [PMID: 24106881 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted treatments for lung cancer based on pathological diagnoses are required to enhance therapeutic efficacy. There are few well-established animal models for lung squamous cell carcinoma although several highly reproducible mouse models for lung adenoma and adenocarcinoma are available. This study was carried out to establish a new lung squamous cell carcinoma mouse model. In the first experiment, female A/J mice were painted topically on back skin twice weekly with 75 μL 0.013 M N-nitroso-tris-chloroethylurea for 2, 4, and 8 weeks (n = 15-20 per group) as initiation of lung lesions, and surviving mice were killed at 18 weeks. In the second experiment, mice were treated as above for 4 weeks and killed at 6, 12, or 18 weeks (n = 3 per group). Lung lobes were subjected to histopathological, immunohistochemical, immunoblotting, and ultrastructural analyses. In the case of treatment for 2, 4, and 8 weeks, incidences of lung squamous cell carcinoma were 25, 54, and 71%, respectively. Cytokeratin 5/6 and epidermal growth factor receptor were clearly expressed in dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma. Desmosomes and tonofilaments developed in the squamous cell carcinoma. Considering the carcinogenesis model, we conclude that 2 or 4 weeks of N-nitroso-tris-chloroethylurea treatment may be suitable for investigating new chemicals for promotional or suppressive effects on lung squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Tago
- Department of Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide, making it an attractive disease for chemoprevention. Although avoidance of tobacco use and smoking cessation will have the greatest impact on lung cancer development, chemoprevention could prove to be very effective, particularly in former smokers. Chemoprevention is the use of agents to reverse or inhibit carcinogenesis and has been successfully applied to other common malignancies. Despite prior studies in lung cancer chemoprevention failing to identify effective agents, we now have the ability to identify high-risk populations, and our understanding of lung tumour and premalignant biology continues to advance. There are distinct histological lesions that can be reproducibly graded as precursors of non-small-cell lung cancer and similar precursor lesions exist for adenocarcinoma. These premalignant lesions are being targeted by chemopreventive agents in current trials and will continue to be studied in the future. In addition, biomarkers that predict risk and response to targeted agents are being investigated and validated. In this Review, we discuss the principles of chemoprevention, data from preclinical models, completed clinical trials and observational studies, and describe new treatments for novel targeted pathways and future chemopreventive efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Keith
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, VA Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, 1055 Clermont Street, Box 151, Denver, CO 80220, USA. robert.keith@ ucdenver.edu
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