1
|
Huang M, Liu Y, Yan Q, Peng M, Ge J, Mo Y, Wang Y, Wang F, Zeng Z, Li Y, Fan C, Xiong W. NK cells as powerful therapeutic tool in cancer immunotherapy. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2024; 47:733-757. [PMID: 38170381 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-023-00909-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer (NK) cells have gained considerable attention and hold great potential for their application in tumor immunotherapy. This is mainly due to their MHC-unrestricted and pan-specific recognition capabilities, as well as their ability to rapidly respond to and eliminate target cells. To artificially generate therapeutic NK cells, various materials can be utilized, such as peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), umbilical cord blood (UCB), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and NK cell lines. Exploiting the therapeutic potential of NK cells to treat tumors through in vivo and in vitro therapeutic modalities has yielded positive therapeutic results. CONCLUSION This review provides a comprehensive description of NK cell therapeutic approaches for tumors and discusses the current problems associated with these therapeutic approaches and the prospects of NK cell therapy for tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mao Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yixuan Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qijia Yan
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Miao Peng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Junshang Ge
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yongzhen Mo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yumin Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fuyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Alkek Building, RM N720, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chunmei Fan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410013, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Wei Xiong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sikora A, Sullivan KM, Dineen S, Raoof M, Karolak A. Emerging therapeutic approaches for peritoneal metastases from gastrointestinal cancers. MOLECULAR THERAPY. ONCOLOGY 2024; 32:200767. [PMID: 38596287 PMCID: PMC10873742 DOI: 10.1016/j.omton.2024.200767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Peritoneal metastases from gastrointestinal malignancies present difficult management decisions, with options consisting primarily of systemic chemotherapy or major surgery with or without hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Current research is investigating expanding therapeutic modalities, and the aim of this review is to provide an overview of the existing and emerging therapies for the peritoneal metastases from gastrointestinal cancers, primarily through the recent literature (2015 and newer). These include the current data with systemic therapy and cytoreduction with hyperthermic intraperitoneal or pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy, as well as novel promising modalities under investigation, including dominating oncolytic viral therapy and adoptive cellular, biologic, and bacteria therapy, or nanotechnology. The novel diverse strategies, although preliminary and preclinical in murine models, individually and collectively contribute to the treatment of peritoneal metastases, offering hope for improved outcomes and quality of life. We foresee that these evolving treatment approaches will facilitate the transfer of knowledge and data among studies and advance discovery of new drugs and optimized treatments for patients with peritoneal metastases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Sikora
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kevin M. Sullivan
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Sean Dineen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Mustafa Raoof
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Aleksandra Karolak
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Machine Learning, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rodriguez GM, Yakubovich E, Murshed H, Maranda V, Galpin KJ, Cudmore A, Hanna AMR, Macdonald E, Ramesh S, Garson K, Vanderhyden BC. NLRC5 overexpression in ovarian tumors remodels the tumor microenvironment and increases T-cell reactivity toward autologous tumor-associated antigens. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1295208. [PMID: 38235131 PMCID: PMC10791902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1295208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Epithelial ovarian cancer (OC) stands as one of the deadliest gynecologic malignancies, urgently necessitating novel therapeutic strategies. Approximately 60% of ovarian tumors exhibit reduced expression of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I), intensifying immune evasion mechanisms and rendering immunotherapies ineffective. NOD-like receptor CARD domain containing 5 (NLRC5) transcriptionally regulates MHC I genes and many antigen presentation machinery components. We therefore explored the therapeutic potential of NLRC5 in OC. Methods We generated OC cells overexpressing NLRC5 to rescue MHC I expression and antigen presentation and then assessed their capability to respond to PD-L1 blockade and an infected cell vaccine. Results Analysis of microarray datasets revealed a correlation between elevated NLRC5 expression and extended survival in OC patients; however, NLRC5 was scarcely detected in the OC tumor microenvironment. OC cells overexpressing NLRC5 exhibited slower tumor growth and resulted in higher recruitment of leukocytes in the TME with lower CD4/CD8 T-cell ratios and increased activation of T cells. Immune cells from peripheral blood, spleen, and ascites from these mice displayed heightened activation and interferon-gamma production when exposed to autologous tumor-associated antigens. Finally, as a proof of concept, NLRC5 overexpression within an infected cell vaccine platform enhanced responses and prolonged survival in comparison with control groups when challenged with parental tumors. Discussion These findings provide a compelling rationale for utilizing NLRC5 overexpression in "cold" tumor models to enhance tumor susceptibility to T-cell recognition and elimination by boosting the presentation of endogenous tumor antigens. This approach holds promise for improving antitumoral immune responses in OC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Galaxia M. Rodriguez
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Edward Yakubovich
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Humaira Murshed
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Vincent Maranda
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kristianne J.C. Galpin
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alison Cudmore
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew M. R. Hanna
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Macdonald
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Shashankan Ramesh
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kenneth Garson
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Barbara C. Vanderhyden
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abdulal RH, Malki JS, Ghazal E, Alsaieedi AA, Almahboub SA, Khan MY, Alsulaiman RM, Ghaith MM, Abujamel TS, Ganash M, Mahmoud AB, Alkayyal AA, Hashem AM. Construction of VSVΔ51M oncolytic virus expressing human interleukin-12. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1190669. [PMID: 37255540 PMCID: PMC10225647 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1190669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of oncolytic viruses (OVs) in combination with cytokines, such as IL-12, is a promising approach for cancer treatment that addresses the limitations of current standard treatments and traditional cancer immunotherapies. IL-12, a proinflammatory cytokine, triggers intracellular signaling pathways that lead to increased apoptosis of tumor cells and enhanced antitumor activity of immune cells via IFN-γ induction, making this cytokine a promising candidate for cancer therapy. Targeted expression of IL-12 within tumors has been shown to play a crucial role in tumor eradication. The recent development of oncolytic viruses enables targeted delivery and expression of IL-12 at the tumor site, thereby addressing the systemic toxicities associated with traditional cancer therapy. In this study, we constructed an oncolytic virus, VSVΔ51M, based on the commercially available VSV wild-type backbone and further modified it to express human IL-12. Our preclinical data confirmed the safety and limited toxicity of the modified virus, VSV-Δ51M-hIL-12, supporting its potential use for clinical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rwaa H. Abdulal
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jana S. Malki
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ezdehar Ghazal
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahdab A. Alsaieedi
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah A. Almahboub
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Yasir Khan
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem M. Alsulaiman
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazen M. Ghaith
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki S. Abujamel
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magdah Ganash
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
- Strategic Research and Innovation Laboratories, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Almohanad A. Alkayyal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar M. Hashem
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ornella MSC, Badrinath N, Kim KA, Kim JH, Cho E, Hwang TH, Kim JJ. Immunotherapy for Peritoneal Carcinomatosis: Challenges and Prospective Outcomes. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082383. [PMID: 37190310 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal metastasis, also known as peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC), is a refractory cancer that is typically resistant to conventional therapies. The typical treatment for PC is a combination of cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). Recently, research in this area has seen significant advances, particularly in immunotherapy as an alternative therapy for PC, which is very encouraging. Catumaxomab is a trifunctional antibody intraperitoneal (IP) immunotherapy authorized in Europe that can be used to diminish malignant ascites by targeting EpCAM. Intraperitoneal (IP) immunotherapy breaks immunological tolerance to treat peritoneal illness. Increasing T-cell responses and vaccination against tumor-associated antigens are two methods of treatment. CAR-T cells, vaccine-based therapeutics, dendritic cells (DCs) in combination with pro-inflammatory cytokines and NKs, adoptive cell transfer, and immune checkpoint inhibitors are promising treatments for PC. Carcinoembryonic antigen-expressing tumors are suppressed by IP administration of CAR-T cells. This reaction was strengthened by anti-PD-L1 or anti-Gr1. When paired with CD137 co-stimulatory signaling, CAR-T cells for folate receptor cancers made it easier for T-cell tumors to find their way to and stay alive in the body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mefotse Saha Cyrelle Ornella
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Bionoxx Inc., Parkview Tower #1905, 248 Jeongjail-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13554, Republic of Korea
| | - Narayanasamy Badrinath
- Bionoxx Inc., Parkview Tower #1905, 248 Jeongjail-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13554, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Ae Kim
- Bionoxx Inc., Parkview Tower #1905, 248 Jeongjail-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13554, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hee Kim
- Bionoxx Inc., Parkview Tower #1905, 248 Jeongjail-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13554, Republic of Korea
| | - Euna Cho
- Bionoxx Inc., Parkview Tower #1905, 248 Jeongjail-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13554, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Ho Hwang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Bionoxx Inc., Parkview Tower #1905, 248 Jeongjail-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13554, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Joon Kim
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ghasemi M, Abbasi L, Ghanbari Naeini L, Kokabian P, Nameh Goshay Fard N, Givtaj N. Dendritic cells and natural killer cells: The road to a successful oncolytic virotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 13:950079. [PMID: 36703982 PMCID: PMC9871831 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.950079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Every type of cancer tissue is theoretically more vulnerable to viral infection. This natural proclivity has been harnessed as a new anti-cancer therapy by employing oncolytic viruses (OVs) to selectively infect and destroy cancer cells while providing little or no harm with no toxicity to the host. Whereas the primary oncolytic capabilities of OVs initially sparked the greatest concern, the predominant focus of research is on the association between OVs and the host immune system. Numerous OVs are potent causal agents of class I MHC pathway-related chemicals, enabling early tumor/viral immune recognition and cytokine-mediated response. The modified OVs have been studied for their ability to bind to dendritic cells (DCs) by expressing growth factors, chemokines, cytokines, and defensins inside the viral genome. OVs, like reovirus, can directly infect DCs, causing them to release chemokines and cytokines that attract and excite natural killer (NK) cells. In addition, OVs can directly alter cancer cells' sensitivity to NK by altering the expression levels of NK cell activators and inhibitors on cancerous cells. Therefore, NK cells and DCs in modulating the therapeutic response should be considered when developing and improving future OV-based therapeutics, whether modified to express transgenes or used in combination with other drugs/immunotherapies. Concerning the close relationship between NK cells and DCs in the potential of OVs to kill tumor cells, we explore how DCs and NK cells in tumor microenvironment affect oncolytic virotherapy and summarize additional information about the interaction mentioned above in detail in this work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matin Ghasemi
- Faculty of Medicine, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Laleh Abbasi
- Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | | | - Pajman Kokabian
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Najmeh Nameh Goshay Fard
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nozar Givtaj
- Rajaei Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,*Correspondence: Nozar Givtaj,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Niavarani SR, St-Cyr G, Daniel L, Lawson C, Giguère H, Alkayyal AA, Tai LH. Heterologous prime-boost cellular vaccination induces potent antitumor immunity against triple negative breast cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1098344. [PMID: 36860852 PMCID: PMC9968850 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1098344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive and hard-to-treat subtype of breast cancer, affecting 10-20% of all women diagnosed with breast cancer. Surgery, chemotherapy and hormone/Her2 targeted therapies are the cornerstones of treatment for breast cancer, but women with TNBC do not benefit from these treatments. Although the prognosis is dismal, immunotherapies hold significant promise in TNBC, even in wide spread disease because TNBC is infiltrated with more immune cells. This preclinical study is proposing to optimize an oncolytic virus-infected cell vaccine (ICV) based on a prime-boost vaccination strategy to address this unmet clinical need. Methods We used various classes of immunomodulators to improve the immunogenicity of whole tumor cells in the prime vaccine, followed by their infection with oncolytic Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSVd51) to deliver the boost vaccine. For in vivo studies, we compared the efficacy of a homologous prime-boost vaccination regimen to a heterologous strategy by treating 4T1 tumor bearing BALB/c mice and further by conducting re-challenge studies to evaluate immune memory responses in surviving mice. Due to the aggressive nature of 4T1 tumor spread (akin to stage IV TNBC in human patients), we also compared early surgical resection of primary tumors versus later surgical resection combined with vaccination. Results In vitro results demonstrated that immunogenic cell death (ICD) markers and pro-inflammatory cytokines were released at the highest levels following treatment of mouse 4T1 TNBC cells with oxaliplatin chemotherapy and influenza vaccine. These ICD inducers also contributed towards higher dendritic cell recruitment and activation. With the top ICD inducers at hand, we observed that treatment of TNBC-bearing mice with the influenza virus-modified prime vaccine followed by VSVd51 infected boost vaccine resulted in the best survival. Furthermore, higher frequencies of both effector and central memory T cells along with a complete absence of recurrent tumors were observed in re-challenged mice. Importantly, early surgical resection combined with prime-boost vaccination led to improved overall survival in mice. Conclusion Taken together, this novel cancer vaccination strategy following early surgical resection could be a promising therapeutic avenue for TNBC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillaume St-Cyr
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Lauren Daniel
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Christine Lawson
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Hugo Giguère
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Almohanad A Alkayyal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.,Immunology Research Program, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lee-Hwa Tai
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Alluqmani N, Jirovec A, Taha Z, Varette O, Chen A, Serrano D, Maznyi G, Khan S, Forbes NE, Arulanandam R, Auer RC, Diallo JS. Vanadyl sulfate-enhanced oncolytic virus immunotherapy mediates the antitumor immune response by upregulating the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1032356. [PMID: 36532027 PMCID: PMC9749062 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1032356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are promising anticancer treatments that specifically replicate in and kill cancer cells and have profound immunostimulatory effects. We previously reported the potential of vanadium-based compounds such as vanadyl sulfate (VS) as immunostimulatory enhancers of OV immunotherapy. These compounds, in conjunction with RNA-based OVs such as oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSVΔ51), improve viral spread and oncolysis, leading to long-term antitumor immunity and prolonged survival in resistant tumor models. This effect is associated with a virus-induced antiviral type I IFN response shifting towards a type II IFN response in the presence of vanadium. Here, we investigated the systemic impact of VS+VSVΔ51 combination therapy to understand the immunological mechanism of action leading to improved antitumor responses. VS+VSVΔ51 combination therapy significantly increased the levels of IFN-γ and IL-6, and improved tumor antigen-specific T-cell responses. Supported by immunological profiling and as a proof of concept for the design of more effective therapeutic regimens, we found that local delivery of IL-12 using VSVΔ51 in combination with VS further improved therapeutic outcomes in a syngeneic CT26WT colon cancer model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nouf Alluqmani
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada,Research Center, Molecular Oncology Department King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anna Jirovec
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Zaid Taha
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Oliver Varette
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Chen
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Serrano
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Glib Maznyi
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sarwat Khan
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Nicole E. Forbes
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rozanne Arulanandam
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rebecca C. Auer
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jean-Simon Diallo
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada,*Correspondence: Jean-Simon Diallo,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cheng K, Zhang H, Guo Q, Zhai P, Zhou Y, Yang W, Wang Y, Lu Y, Shen Z, Wu H. Emerging trends and research foci of oncolytic virotherapy for central nervous system tumors: A bibliometric study. Front Immunol 2022; 13:975695. [PMID: 36148235 PMCID: PMC9486718 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.975695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundCentral nervous system tumor (CNST) is one of the most complicated and lethal forms of human tumors with very limited treatment options. In recent years, growing evidence indicates that oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for CNSTs. And a considerable amount of literature on OVT-CNSTs has been published. However, there are still no studies summarizing the global research trends and hotspots of this field through a bibliometric approach. To fulfill this knowledge gap, bibliometric analysis was conducted based on all publications relating to OVT-CNSTs since 2000s.MethodsWe searched the Web of Science Core Collection for all relevant studies published between 2000 and 2022. Four different tools (online analysis platform, R-bibliometrix, CiteSpace and VOSviewer) were used to perform bibliometric analysis and network visualization, including annual publication output, active journals, contribution of countries, institutions, and authors, references, as well as keywords.ResultsA total of 473 articles and reviews were included. The annual number of publications on OVT-CNSTs showed a significant increasing trend. Molecular Therapy and Cancer Research were the most active and co-cited journals, respectively. In terms of contributions, there is no doubt that the United States occupied a leading position with the most publications (n=307, 64.9%) and the highest H-index (57). The institution and author that contributed the largest number of publications were Ohio State University and Chiocca EA, respectively. As can be seen from citation analysis, the current studies mainly focused on preclinical and phase I/II clinical results of various oncolytic virus for CNSTs treatment. Keywords co-occurrence and burst analysis revealed that the following research topics including immunotherapy, T-cells, tumor microenvironment, vaccine, blood-brain-barrier, checkpoint inhibitors, macrophage, stem cell, and recurrent glioblastoma have been research frontiers of this field and also have great potential to continue to be research hotspots in the future.ConclusionThere has been increasing attention on oncolytic viruses for use as CNSTs therapeutics. Oncolytic immunotherapy is a topic of great concern in this field. This bibliometric study provides a comprehensive analysis of the knowledge base, research hotspots, development perspective in the field of OVT-CNSTs, which could become an essential reference for scholars in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kunming Cheng
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People’s Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Department of Orhopaedic Surgery, Baodi Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Pengfei Zhai
- Department of Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of NeuroSpine Surgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Weiguang Yang
- Department of Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yulin Wang
- Department of Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanqiu Lu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yanqiu Lu, ; Zefeng Shen, ; Haiyang Wu,
| | - Zefeng Shen
- Department of Graduate School, Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yanqiu Lu, ; Zefeng Shen, ; Haiyang Wu,
| | - Haiyang Wu
- Department of Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Yanqiu Lu, ; Zefeng Shen, ; Haiyang Wu,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wei GX, Du Y, Zhou YW, Li LJ, Qiu M. Peritoneal carcinomatosis with intraperitoneal immunotherapy: current treatment options and perspectives. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 16:851-861. [PMID: 36107723 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2022.2125866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) is an advanced malignancy that is not sensitive to systemic conventional chemotherapy. Treatment options for PC are usually palliative rather than curative. Cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy are associated with limited efficacy in patients with PC. However, the peritoneum can produce effective immunity by inducing T-lymphocyte recruitment and proliferation, and the unique immune environment of the peritoneum provides the rationale for IP immunotherapy in PC. AREAS COVERED The authors retrieved relevant documents of IP immunotherapy for PC from PubMed and Medline. This review elaborates on the knowledge of the peritoneal immune microenvironment and IP immunotherapy for PC covering immune stimulators, radioimmunotherapy, catumaxomab, cancer vaccines, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells, and immune checkpoint inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION The prognosis of PC is poor. However, the peritoneal cavity is a unique immune compartment with abundant immune cells which can produce effective immunity. IP immunotherapy may be a promising strategy in patients with PC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Xia Wei
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Du
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu-Wen Zhou
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin-Juan Li
- Thoracic Oncology Ward, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng Qiu
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Helmin-Basa A, Gackowska L, Balcerowska S, Ornawka M, Naruszewicz N, Wiese-Szadkowska M. The application of the natural killer cells, macrophages and dendritic cells in treating various types of cancer. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2019-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Innate immune cells such as natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) are involved in the surveillance and clearance of tumor. Intensive research has exposed the mechanisms of recognition and elimination of tumor cells by these immune cells as well as how cancers evade immune response. Hence, harnessing the immune cells has proven to be an effective therapy in treating a variety of cancers. Strategies aimed to harness and augment effector function of these cells for cancer therapy have been the subject of intense researches over the decades. Different immunotherapeutic possibilities are currently being investigated for anti-tumor activity. Pharmacological agents known to influence immune cell migration and function include therapeutic antibodies, modified antibody molecules, toll-like receptor agonists, nucleic acids, chemokine inhibitors, fusion proteins, immunomodulatory drugs, vaccines, adoptive cell transfer and oncolytic virus–based therapy. In this review, we will focus on the preclinical and clinical applications of NK cell, macrophage and DC immunotherapy in cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Helmin-Basa
- Department of Immunology , Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun , 85-094 Bydgoszcz , Poland
| | - Lidia Gackowska
- Department of Immunology , Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun , 85-094 Bydgoszcz , Poland
| | - Sara Balcerowska
- Department of Immunology , Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun , 85-094 Bydgoszcz , Poland
| | - Marcelina Ornawka
- Department of Immunology , Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun , 85-094 Bydgoszcz , Poland
| | - Natalia Naruszewicz
- Department of Immunology , Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun , 85-094 Bydgoszcz , Poland
| | - Małgorzata Wiese-Szadkowska
- Department of Immunology , Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun , 85-094 Bydgoszcz , Poland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Self-replicating RNA viral vectors have been engineered for both prophylactic and therapeutic applications. Mainly the areas of infectious diseases and cancer have been targeted. Both positive and negative strand RNA viruses have been utilized including alphaviruses, flaviviruses, measles viruses and rhabdoviruses. The high-level of RNA amplification has provided efficient expression of viral surface proteins and tumor antigens. Immunization studies in animal models have elicit robust neutralizing antibody responses. In the context of infectious diseases, immunization with self-replicating RNA viral vectors has provided protection against challenges with lethal doses of pathogens in animal models. Similarly, immunization with vectors expressing tumor antigens has resulted in tumor regression and eradication and protection against tumor challenges in animal models. The transient nature and non-integration of viral RNA into the host genome are ideal features for vaccine development. Moreover, self-replicating RNA viral vectors show great flexibility as they can be applied as recombinant viral particles, RNA replicons or DNA replicon plasmids. Several clinical trials have been conducted especially in the area of cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
|
13
|
Mealiea D, McCart JA. Cutting both ways: the innate immune response to oncolytic virotherapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2022; 29:629-646. [PMID: 34453122 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-021-00351-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs), above and beyond infecting and lysing malignant cells, interact with the immune system in complex ways that have important therapeutic significance. While investigation into these interactions is still in its early stages, important insights have been made over the past two decades that will help improve the clinical efficacy of OV-based management strategies in cancer care moving forward. The inherent immunosuppression that defines the tumor microenvironment can be modified by OV infection, and the subsequent recruitment and activation of innate immune cells, in particular, is central to this. Indeed, neutrophils, macrophages, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells, as well as other populations such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells, are key to the immune escape that allows tumors to survive, but their natural response to infection can be exploited by virotherapy. While stimulation of innate immune cells by OVs can initiate antitumor responses, related antiviral activity can limit virus spread and direct cytopathogenic effects. In this review, we highlight how each innate immune cell population influences this balance of antitumor and antiviral forces during virotherapy, some of the important molecular pathways that have been identified, and specific therapeutic targets that have emerged through this work. We discuss the importance of OV-based combination therapies in optimizing antiviral and antitumor innate immune responses stimulated by virotherapy toward tumor eradication, and how these processes vary depending on the tumor and OV in question. Rather than concentrating on a particular OV species in the review, we present the range of effects that have been documented across OV types to emphasize the context-specific nature of these interactions and how this is important in the design of future OV-based treatment approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Mealiea
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - J Andrea McCart
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dunai C, Ames E, Ochoa MC, Fernandez-Sendin M, Melero I, Simonetta F, Baker J, Alvarez M. Killers on the loose: Immunotherapeutic strategies to improve NK cell-based therapy for cancer treatment. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 370:65-122. [PMID: 35798507 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that control tumor progression by not only directly killing cancer cells, but also by regulating other immune cells, helping to orchestrate a coordinated anti-tumor response. However, despite the tremendous potential that this cell type has, the clinical results obtained from diverse NK cell-based immunotherapeutic strategies have been, until recent years, rather modest. The intrinsic regulatory mechanisms that are involved in the control of their activation as well as the multiple mechanisms that tumor cells have developed to escape NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity likely account for the unsatisfactory clinical outcomes. The current approaches to improve long-term NK cell function are centered on modulating different molecules involved in both the activation and inhibition of NK cells, and the latest data seems to advocate for combining strategies that target multiple aspects of NK cell regulation. In this review, we summarize the different strategies (such as engineered NK cells, CAR-NK, NK cell immune engagers) that are currently being used to take advantage of this potent and complex immune cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cordelia Dunai
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Ames
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Maria C Ochoa
- Program for Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Myriam Fernandez-Sendin
- Program for Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Program for Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Federico Simonetta
- Division of Hematology, Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Translational Research Centre in Onco-Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jeanette Baker
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Maite Alvarez
- Program for Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bastin DJ, Quizi J, Kennedy MA, Kekre N, Auer RC. Current challenges in the manufacture of clinical-grade autologous whole cell vaccines for hematological malignancies. Cytotherapy 2022; 24:979-989. [PMID: 35562303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Autologous whole cell vaccines use a patient's own tumor cells as a source of antigen to elicit an anti-tumor immune response in vivo. Recently, the authors conducted a systematic review of clinical trials employing these products in hematological cancers that showed a favorable safety profile and trend toward efficacy. However, it was noted that manufacturing challenges limit both the efficacy and clinical implementation of these vaccine products. In the current literature review, the authors sought to define the issues surrounding the manufacture of autologous whole cell products for hematological cancers. The authors describe key factors, including the acquisition, culture, cryopreservation and transduction of malignant cells, that require optimization for further advancement of the field. Furthermore, the authors provide a summary of pre-clinical work that informs how the identified challenges may be overcome. The authors also highlight areas in which future basic research would be of benefit to the field. The goal of this review is to provide a roadmap for investigators seeking to advance the field of autologous cell vaccines as it applies to hematological malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald J Bastin
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Jennifer Quizi
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Michael A Kennedy
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Natasha Kekre
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Rebecca C Auer
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tian Y, Xie D, Yang L. Engineering strategies to enhance oncolytic viruses in cancer immunotherapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:117. [PMID: 35387984 PMCID: PMC8987060 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00951-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are emerging as potentially useful platforms in treatment methods for patients with tumors. They preferentially target and kill tumor cells, leaving healthy cells unharmed. In addition to direct oncolysis, the essential and attractive aspect of oncolytic virotherapy is based on the intrinsic induction of both innate and adaptive immune responses. To further augment this efficacious response, OVs have been genetically engineered to express immune regulators that enhance or restore antitumor immunity. Recently, combinations of OVs with other immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), antigen-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs) and autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), have led to promising progress in cancer treatment. This review summarizes the intrinsic mechanisms of OVs, describes the optimization strategies for using armed OVs to enhance the effects of antitumor immunity and highlights rational combinations of OVs with other immunotherapies in recent preclinical and clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaomei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Section 3, South Renmin Road, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, No. 519, Huixing Road, 643000, Zigong, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Daoyuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Section 3, South Renmin Road, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Section 3, South Renmin Road, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rangsitratkul C, Lawson C, Bernier-Godon F, Niavarani SR, Boudaud M, Rouleau S, Gladu-Corbin AO, Surendran A, Ekindi-Ndongo N, Koti M, Ilkow CS, Richard PO, Tai LH. Intravesical immunotherapy with a GM-CSF armed oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus improves outcome in bladder cancer. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:507-521. [PMID: 35229029 PMCID: PMC8851153 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant proportion of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer cases will progress to muscle invasive disease. Transurethral resection followed by Bacillus Calmette Guerin immunotherapy can reduce this risk, while cystectomy prior to muscle invasion provides the best option for survival. Currently, there are no effective treatments for Bacillus Calmette Guerin refractory disease. A novel oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus containing the human GM-CSF transgene (VSVd51-hGM-CSF) was rescued and tested as a potential bladder-sparing therapy for aggressive bladder cancer. The existing variant expressing mouse GM-CSF was also used. Measurement of gene expression and protein level alterations of canonical immunogenic cell death associated events on mouse and human bladder cancer cell lines and spheroids showed enhanced release of danger signals and immunogenic factors following infection with VSVd51-m/hGM-CSF. Intravesical instillation of VSVd51-mGM-CSF into MB49 bladder cancer bearing C57Bl/6 mice demonstrated enhanced activation of peripheral and bladder infiltrating effector immune cells, along with improved survival and reduced tumor volume. Importantly, virus-mediated anti-tumor immunity was recapitulated in bladder cancer patient-derived organoids. These results suggest that VSVd51-hGM-CSF is a promising viro/immunotherapy that could benefit bladder cancer patients.
Collapse
|
18
|
Niavarani SR, Lawson C, Boudaud M, Simard C, Tai LH. Oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus-based cellular vaccine improves triple-negative breast cancer outcome by enhancing natural killer and CD8 + T-cell functionality. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2019-000465. [PMID: 32179632 PMCID: PMC7073779 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh-Raheleh Niavarani
- Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christine Lawson
- Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie Boudaud
- Pediatrics, Université de Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Camille Simard
- Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lee-Hwa Tai
- Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada .,Centre de recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Warricker F, Khakoo SI, Blunt MD. The role of NK cells in oncolytic viral therapy: a focus on hepatocellular carcinoma. JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL GENETICS AND GENOMICS 2021; 5:304-322. [PMID: 34888493 PMCID: PMC7612080 DOI: 10.20517/jtgg.2021.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have a key role in host anti-tumour immune responses via direct killing of tumour cells and promotion of adaptive immune responses. They are therefore attractive targets to promote the anti-tumour efficacy of oncolytic viral therapies. However, NK cells are also potent components of the host anti-viral immune response, and therefore have the potential for detrimental anti-viral responses, limiting the spread and persistence of oncolytic viruses. Oncolytic viruses are currently being investigated for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a leading cause of cancer-related death with a high unmet clinical need. In this review, we highlight the role of NK cells in oncolytic virus therapy, their potential for improving treatment options for patients with HCC, and discuss current and potential strategies targeting NK cells in combination with oncolytic viral therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frazer Warricker
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Salim I Khakoo
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Matthew D Blunt
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Leung EYL, McNeish IA. Strategies to Optimise Oncolytic Viral Therapies: The Role of Natural Killer Cells. Viruses 2021; 13:1450. [PMID: 34452316 PMCID: PMC8402671 DOI: 10.3390/v13081450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are an emerging class of anti-cancer agents that replicate selectively within malignant cells and generate potent immune responses. Their potential efficacy has been shown in clinical trials, with talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC or IMLYGIC®) now approved both in the United States and Europe. In healthy individuals, NK cells provide effective surveillance against cancer and viral infections. In oncolytic viral therapy, NK cells may render OV ineffective by rapid elimination of the propagating virus but could also improve therapeutic efficacy by preferential killing of OV-infected malignant cells. Existing evidence suggests that the overall effect of NK cells against OV is context dependent. In the past decade, the understanding of cancer and OV biology has improved significantly, which helped refine this class of treatments in early-phase clinical trials. In this review, we summarised different strategies that have been evaluated to modulate NK activities for improving OV therapeutic benefits. Further development of OVs will require a systematic approach to overcome the challenges of the production and delivery of complex gene and cell-based therapies in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Y. L. Leung
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Iain A. McNeish
- Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, IRDB Building, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lee SJ, Yang H, Kim WR, Lee YS, Lee WS, Kong SJ, Lee HJ, Kim JH, Cheon J, Kang B, Chon HJ, Kim C. STING activation normalizes the intraperitoneal vascular-immune microenvironment and suppresses peritoneal carcinomatosis of colon cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-002195. [PMID: 34145029 PMCID: PMC8215239 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-002195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Peritoneal carcinomatosis is a fatal clinical presentation of colon cancer, characterized by unresponsiveness to conventional anticancer therapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors. Here, we elucidated the immune-evasion mechanisms during the peritoneal carcinomatosis of colon cancer and developed a novel immunotherapy by activating the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway. Methods We generated a syngeneic peritoneal carcinomatosis model of colon cancer. Mice were intraperitoneally treated with either STING agonist (MIW815, also known as ADU-S100) or PD-1 blockade or both. The tumor microenvironment was comprehensively analyzed using multiplexed immunofluorescence imaging, flow cytometry, and NanoString immune profiling. Results Intraperitoneal colon cancer cells induce a massive influx of immunosuppressive M2-like macrophages, upregulate immune checkpoints, and impair effector T cell functions during peritoneal dissemination; these collectively create a highly angiogenic and immunosuppressive milieu that is resistant to anti-PD-1 monotherapy. Intraperitoneal administration of a STING agonist suppressed aberrant angiogenesis, increased pericyte coverage, and normalized tumor vessels, thereby facilitating the infiltration of activated CD8+ T cells into peritoneal tumor nodules. Moreover, STING activation reprogramed tumor-associated macrophages toward the M1 phenotype. STING activation converted immunologically cold peritoneal tumors into T-cell-inflamed tumors in a type-I interferon-dependent manner. Lastly, the STING agonist synergistically cooperated with PD-1 and/or COX2 blockade to further suppress the peritoneal dissemination of colon cancer, resulting in complete eradication of tumor and ascites, and inducing durable antitumor immunity. Conclusions STING activation can normalize the peritoneal vascular and immune microenvironment, providing a rationale for a novel combination therapeutic strategy for peritoneal carcinomatosis in colon cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Joon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Hannah Yang
- Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Woo Ram Kim
- Department of Surgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Yu Seong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Won Suk Lee
- Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - So Jung Kong
- Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Hye Jin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Jaekyung Cheon
- Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Beodeul Kang
- Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Hong Jae Chon
- Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Chan Kim
- Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Khabipov A, Freund E, Liedtke KR, Käding A, Riese J, van der Linde J, Kersting S, Partecke LI, Bekeschus S. Murine Macrophages Modulate Their Inflammatory Profile in Response to Gas Plasma-Inactivated Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2525. [PMID: 34064000 PMCID: PMC8196763 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages and immuno-modulation play a dominant role in the pathology of pancreatic cancer. Gas plasma is a technology recently suggested to demonstrate anticancer efficacy. To this end, two murine cell lines were employed to analyze the inflammatory consequences of plasma-treated pancreatic cancer cells (PDA) on macrophages using the kINPen plasma jet. Plasma treatment decreased the metabolic activity, viability, and migratory activity in an ROS- and treatment time-dependent manner in PDA cells in vitro. These results were confirmed in pancreatic tumors grown on chicken embryos in the TUM-CAM model (in ovo). PDA cells promote tumor-supporting M2 macrophage polarization and cluster formation. Plasma treatment of PDA cells abrogated this cluster formation with a mixed M1/M2 phenotype observed in such co-cultured macrophages. Multiplex chemokine and cytokine quantification showed a marked decrease of the neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL1, IL6, and the tumor growth supporting TGFβ and VEGF in plasma-treated compared to untreated co-culture settings. At the same time, macrophage-attractant CCL4 and MCP1 release were profoundly enhanced. These cellular and secretome data suggest that the plasma-inactivated PDA6606 cells modulate the inflammatory profile of murine RAW 264.7 macrophages favorably, which may support plasma cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aydar Khabipov
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Greifswald University Medical Center, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (A.K.); (E.F.); (A.K.); (J.R.); (J.v.d.L.); (S.K.); (L.-I.P.)
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP Greifswald), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Eric Freund
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Greifswald University Medical Center, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (A.K.); (E.F.); (A.K.); (J.R.); (J.v.d.L.); (S.K.); (L.-I.P.)
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP Greifswald), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kim Rouven Liedtke
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, Schleswig-Holstein University Medical Center, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Andre Käding
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Greifswald University Medical Center, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (A.K.); (E.F.); (A.K.); (J.R.); (J.v.d.L.); (S.K.); (L.-I.P.)
| | - Janik Riese
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Greifswald University Medical Center, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (A.K.); (E.F.); (A.K.); (J.R.); (J.v.d.L.); (S.K.); (L.-I.P.)
| | - Julia van der Linde
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Greifswald University Medical Center, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (A.K.); (E.F.); (A.K.); (J.R.); (J.v.d.L.); (S.K.); (L.-I.P.)
| | - Stephan Kersting
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Greifswald University Medical Center, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (A.K.); (E.F.); (A.K.); (J.R.); (J.v.d.L.); (S.K.); (L.-I.P.)
| | - Lars-Ivo Partecke
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Greifswald University Medical Center, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (A.K.); (E.F.); (A.K.); (J.R.); (J.v.d.L.); (S.K.); (L.-I.P.)
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, Schleswig Helios Medical Center, St. Jürgener Str. 1-3, 24837 Schleswig, Germany
| | - Sander Bekeschus
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP Greifswald), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Senekal NS, Mahasa KJ, Eladdadi A, de Pillis L, Ouifki R. Natural Killer Cells Recruitment in Oncolytic Virotherapy: A Mathematical Model. Bull Math Biol 2021; 83:75. [PMID: 34008149 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-021-00903-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate how natural killer (NK) cell recruitment to the tumor microenvironment (TME) affects oncolytic virotherapy. NK cells play a major role against viral infections. They are, however, known to induce early viral clearance of oncolytic viruses, which hinders the overall efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy. Here, we formulate and analyze a simple mathematical model of the dynamics of the tumor, OV and NK cells using currently available preclinical information. The aim of this study is to characterize conditions under which the synergistic balance between OV-induced NK responses and required viral cytopathicity may or may not result in a successful treatment. In this study, we found that NK cell recruitment to the TME must take place neither too early nor too late in the course of OV infection so that treatment will be successful. NK cell responses are most influential at either early (partly because of rapid response of NK cells to viral infections or antigens) or later (partly because of antitumoral ability of NK cells) stages of oncolytic virotherapy. The model also predicts that: (a) an NK cell response augments oncolytic virotherapy only if viral cytopathicity is weak; (b) the recruitment of NK cells modulates tumor growth; and (c) the depletion of activated NK cells within the TME enhances the probability of tumor escape in oncolytic virotherapy. Taken together, our model results demonstrate that OV infection is crucial, not just to cytoreduce tumor burden, but also to induce the stronger NK cell response necessary to achieve complete or at least partial tumor remission. Furthermore, our modeling framework supports combination therapies involving NK cells and OV which are currently used in oncolytic immunovirotherapy to treat several cancer types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noma Susan Senekal
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, National University of Lesotho, Roma, Maseru, Lesotho.
| | - Khaphetsi Joseph Mahasa
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, National University of Lesotho, Roma, Maseru, Lesotho
| | | | | | - Rachid Ouifki
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Shin DH, Nguyen T, Ozpolat B, Lang F, Alonso M, Gomez-Manzano C, Fueyo J. Current strategies to circumvent the antiviral immunity to optimize cancer virotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-002086. [PMID: 33795384 PMCID: PMC8021759 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-002086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer virotherapy is a paradigm-shifting treatment modality based on virus-mediated oncolysis and subsequent antitumor immune responses. Clinical trials of currently available virotherapies showed that robust antitumor immunity characterizes the remarkable and long-term responses observed in a subset of patients. These data suggest that future therapies should incorporate strategies to maximize the immunotherapeutic potential of oncolytic viruses. In this review, we highlight the recent evidence that the antiviral immunity of the patients may limit the immunotherapeutic potential of oncolytic viruses and summarize the most relevant approaches to strategically redirect the immune response away from the viruses and toward tumors to heighten the clinical impact of viro-immunotherapy platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ho Shin
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Teresa Nguyen
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bulent Ozpolat
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Frederick Lang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marta Alonso
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Candelaria Gomez-Manzano
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Juan Fueyo
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Targeted Delivery of IL-12 Adjuvants Immunotherapy by Oncolytic Viruses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1290:67-80. [PMID: 33559855 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-55617-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The great hopes raised by the discovery of the immunoregulatory cytokine interleukin 12 (IL-12) as an anticancer agent were marred during early clinical experimentation because of severe adverse effects, which prompted a search for alternative formulations and routes of administration. Onco-immunotherapeutic viruses (OIVs) are wild-type or genetically engineered viruses that exert antitumor activity by causing death of the tumor cells they infect and by overcoming a variety of immunosuppressive mechanisms put in place by the tumors. OIVs have renewed the interest in IL-12, as they offer the opportunity to encode the cytokine transgenically from the viral genome and to produce it at high concentrations in the tumor bed. A large body of evidence indicates that IL-12 serves as a potent adjuvant for the immunotherapeutic response elicited by OIVs in murine tumor models. The list of OIVs includes onco-immunotherapeutic herpes simplex, adeno, measles, Newcastle disease, and Maraba viruses, among others. The large increase in IL-12-mediated adjuvanticity was invariably observed for all the OIVs analyzed. Indirect evidence suggests that locally delivered IL-12 may also increase tumor antigenicity. Importantly, the OIV/IL-12 treatment was not accompanied by adverse effects and elicited a long-lasting immune response capable of halting the growth of distant tumors. Thus, OIVs provide an avenue for reducing the clinical toxicity associated with systemic IL-12 therapy, by concentrating the cytokine at the site of disease. The changes to the tumor microenvironment induced by the IL-12-armed OIVs primed the tumors to an improved response to the checkpoint blockade therapy, suggesting that the triple combination is worth pursuing in the future. The highly encouraging results in preclinical models have prompted translation to the clinic. How well the IL-12-OIV-checkpoint inhibitors' combination will perform in humans remains to be fully investigated.
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Tumors represent a hostile environment for the effector cells of cancer immunosurveillance. Immunosuppressive receptors and soluble or membrane-bound ligands are abundantly exposed and released by malignant entities and their stromal accomplices. As a consequence, executioners of antitumor immunity inefficiently navigate across cancer tissues and fail to eliminate malignant targets. By inducing immunogenic cancer cell death, oncolytic viruses profoundly reshape the tumor microenvironment. They trigger the local spread of danger signals and tumor-associated (as well as viral) antigens, thus attracting antigen-presenting cells, promoting the activation and expansion of lymphocytic populations, facilitating their infiltration in the tumor bed, and reinvigorating cytotoxic immune activity. The present review recapitulates key chemokines, growth factors and other cytokines that orchestrate this ballet of antitumoral leukocytes upon oncolytic virotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Pol
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Villejuif, France.
| | - Samuel T Workenhe
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Prathyusha Konda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Shashi Gujar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Villejuif, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France; Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China; Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lam M, Lum C, Latham S, Tipping Smith S, Prenen H, Segelov E. Refractory Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Current Challenges and Future Prospects. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:5819-5830. [PMID: 32765085 PMCID: PMC7369412 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s213236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances, patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) still have poor long-term survival. Identification of molecular subtypes is important to guide therapy through standard treatment pathways and holds promise for the development of new treatments. Following standard first- and second-line chemotherapy plus targeted agents, many patients retain a reasonable performance status, and thus are seeking further effective treatment to extend life and maintain symptom control. The challenge lies in selecting the most appropriate therapy in the third- and fourth-line settings, from a range of options including the relatively new oral agents TAS-102 and regorafenib, or rechallenge with previous chemotherapy or anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (anti-EGFR) monoclonal antibodies (mAB). Beyond this, therapy consists of trials involving novel agents and new combinations of treatments with theoretical synergy and/or non-overlapping toxicity. There is a great focus on enhancing immunogenicity in mCRC, to reflect the impressive results of immunotherapy drugs in the small cohort with mismatch repair deficient (dMMR) mCRC. Rare molecular subtypes of mCRC are increasingly being identified, including Her2-positive disease, NTRK fusions and others. Clinical trials exploring the efficacy of immunomodulatory and precision agents are plentiful and will hopefully yield clinically meaningful results that can be rapidly translated into routine care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Lam
- Department of Medical Oncology, Monash Medical Center, Clayton, Australia
| | - Caroline Lum
- Department of Medical Oncology, Monash Medical Center, Clayton, Australia
| | - Sarah Latham
- Department of Medical Oncology, Monash Medical Center, Clayton, Australia
| | - Sam Tipping Smith
- Department of Medical Oncology, Monash Medical Center, Clayton, Australia
| | - Hans Prenen
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Eva Segelov
- Department of Medical Oncology, Monash Medical Center, Clayton, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Marotel M, Hasim MS, Hagerman A, Ardolino M. The two-faces of NK cells in oncolytic virotherapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 56:59-68. [PMID: 32586674 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are immunotherapeutics capable of directly killing cancer cells and with potent immunostimulatory properties. OVs exert their antitumor effect, at least partially, by activating the antitumor immune response, of which NK cells are an important component. However, if on the one hand increasing evidence revealed that NK cells are important mediators of oncolytic virotherapy, on the other hand, NK cells have evolved to fight viral infections, and therefore they can have a detrimental effect for the efficacy of OVs. In this review, we will discuss the dichotomy between the antitumor and antiviral functions of NK cells related to oncolytic virotherapy. We will also review NK cell-based and OV-based therapies, engineered OVs aimed at enhancing immune stimulation, and combination therapies involving OVs and NK cells currently used in cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Marotel
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa, Canada; Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - M S Hasim
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa, Canada; Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - A Hagerman
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa, Canada; Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; University of Ottawa, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa, Canada
| | - M Ardolino
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa, Canada; Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; University of Ottawa, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hodgins JJ, Khan ST, Park MM, Auer RC, Ardolino M. Killers 2.0: NK cell therapies at the forefront of cancer control. J Clin Invest 2020; 129:3499-3510. [PMID: 31478911 DOI: 10.1172/jci129338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate cytotoxic lymphocytes involved in the surveillance and elimination of cancer. As we have learned more and more about the mechanisms NK cells employ to recognize and eliminate tumor cells, and how, in turn, cancer evades NK cell responses, we have gained a clear appreciation that NK cells can be harnessed in cancer immunotherapy. Here, we review the evidence for NK cells' critical role in combating transformed and malignant cells, and how cancer immunotherapies potentiate NK cell responses for therapeutic purposes. We highlight cutting-edge immunotherapeutic strategies in preclinical and clinical development such as adoptive NK cell transfer, chimeric antigen receptor-expressing NK cells (CAR-NKs), bispecific and trispecific killer cell engagers (BiKEs and TriKEs), checkpoint blockade, and oncolytic virotherapy. Further, we describe the challenges that NK cells face (e.g., postsurgical dysfunction) that must be overcome by these therapeutic modalities to achieve cancer clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Hodgins
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, and
| | - Sarwat T Khan
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria M Park
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, and
| | - Rebecca C Auer
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michele Ardolino
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, and
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Leung EY, Ennis DP, Kennedy PR, Hansell C, Dowson S, Farquharson M, Spiliopoulou P, Nautiyal J, McNamara S, Carlin LM, Fisher K, Davis DM, Graham G, McNeish IA. NK Cells Augment Oncolytic Adenovirus Cytotoxicity in Ovarian Cancer. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2020; 16:289-301. [PMID: 32195317 PMCID: PMC7068056 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) can trigger profound innate and adaptive immune responses, which have the potential both to potentiate and reduce the activity of OVs. Natural killer (NK) cells can mediate potent anti-viral and anti-tumoral responses, but there are no data on the role of NK cells in oncolytic adenovirus activity. Here, we have used two different oncolytic adenoviruses-the Ad5 E1A CR2-deletion mutant dl922-947 (group C) and the chimeric Ad3/Ad11p mutant enadenotucirev (group B)-to investigate the effect of NK cells on overall anti-cancer efficacy in ovarian cancer. Because human adenoviruses do not replicate in murine cells, we utilized primary human NK cells from peripheral blood and ovarian cancer ascites. Our results show that dl922-947 and enadenotucirev do not infect NK cells, but induce contact-dependent activation and anti-cancer cytotoxicity against adenovirus-infected ovarian cancer cells. Moreover, manipulation of NK receptors DNAM-1 (DNAX accessory molecule-1) and TIGIT (T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains) significantly influences NK cytotoxicity against adenovirus-infected cells. Together, these results indicate that NK cells act to increase the activity of oncolytic adenovirus in ovarian cancer and suggest that strategies to augment NK activity further via the blockade of inhibitory NK receptor TIGIT could enhance therapeutic potential of OVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Y.L. Leung
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Darren P. Ennis
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre and Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Philippa R. Kennedy
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Christopher Hansell
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Suzanne Dowson
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Pavlina Spiliopoulou
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre and Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Jaya Nautiyal
- Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre and Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Sophie McNamara
- Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre and Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | | | - Daniel M. Davis
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Gerard Graham
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Iain A. McNeish
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre and Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Oncolytic Virus Encoding a Master Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Interleukin 12 in Cancer Immunotherapy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020400. [PMID: 32050597 PMCID: PMC7072539 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are genetically modified or naturally occurring viruses, which preferentially replicate in and kill cancer cells while sparing healthy cells, and induce anti-tumor immunity. OV-induced tumor immunity can be enhanced through viral expression of anti-tumor cytokines such as interleukin 12 (IL-12). IL-12 is a potent anti-cancer agent that promotes T-helper 1 (Th1) differentiation, facilitates T-cell-mediated killing of cancer cells, and inhibits tumor angiogenesis. Despite success in preclinical models, systemic IL-12 therapy is associated with significant toxicity in humans. Therefore, to utilize the therapeutic potential of IL-12 in OV-based cancer therapy, 25 different IL-12 expressing OVs (OV-IL12s) have been genetically engineered for local IL-12 production and tested preclinically in various cancer models. Among OV-IL12s, oncolytic herpes simplex virus encoding IL-12 (OHSV-IL12) is the furthest along in the clinic. IL-12 expression locally in the tumors avoids systemic toxicity while inducing an efficient anti-tumor immunity and synergizes with anti-angiogenic drugs or immunomodulators without compromising safety. Despite the rapidly rising interest, there are no current reviews on OV-IL12s that exploit their potential efficacy and safety to translate into human subjects. In this article, we will discuss safety, tumor-specificity, and anti-tumor immune/anti-angiogenic effects of OHSV-IL12 as mono- and combination-therapies. In addition to OHSV-IL12 viruses, we will also review other IL-12-expressing OVs and their application in cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
32
|
Ceelen W, Ramsay RG, Narasimhan V, Heriot AG, De Wever O. Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment in Colorectal Peritoneal Metastases. Trends Cancer 2020; 6:236-246. [PMID: 32101726 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Peritoneal metastasis (PM) occurs in approximately one in four colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. The pathophysiology of colorectal PM remains poorly characterized. Also, the efficacy of current treatment modalities, including surgery and intraperitoneal (IP) delivery of chemotherapy, is limited. Increasingly, therefore, efforts are being developed to unravel the PM cascade and at understanding the PM-associated tumor microenvironment (TME) and peritoneal ecosystem as potential therapeutic targets. Here, we review recent insights in the structure and components of the TME in colorectal PM, and discuss how these may translate into novel therapeutic approaches aimed at re-engineering the metastasis-promoting activity of the stroma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wim Ceelen
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of GI Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Robert G Ramsay
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and the Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vignesh Narasimhan
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and the Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alexander G Heriot
- Department of Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Olivier De Wever
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory for Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Niavarani SR, Lawson C, Bakos O, Boudaud M, Batenchuk C, Rouleau S, Tai LH. Lipid accumulation impairs natural killer cell cytotoxicity and tumor control in the postoperative period. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:823. [PMID: 31429730 PMCID: PMC6701111 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer (NK) cell dysfunction following cancer surgery has been shown to promote metastases. Recent studies demonstrate an emerging role for lipids in the modulation of NK cell innate responses. However, the mechanisms involved in lipid modulation of NK cell postoperative anti-tumor function are unknown. This current study will determine whether the lipid accumulation via scavenger receptors on NK cells is responsible for the increase in postoperative metastasis. METHODS Lipid content in mouse and human NK cells was evaluated by flow cytometry. NK cell scavenger receptor (SR) expression was measured by microarray analysis, validated by qRT-PCR and flow cytometry. NK cell ex vivo and in vivo tumor killing was measured by chromium-release and adoptive transfer assays, respectively. The mediating role of surgery-expanded granulocytic myeloid derived suppressor cells (gMDSC) in SR induction on NK cells was evaluated using co-culture assays. RESULTS NK cells in surgery-treated mice demonstrated increased lipid accumulation, which occurred via up-regulation of MSR1, CD36 and CD68. NK cells with high lipid content had diminished ability to lyse tumor targets ex vivo. Adoptive transfer of lipid-laden NK cells into NK cell-deficient mice were unable to protect against a lung tumor challenge. Granulocytic MDSC from surgery-treated mice increased SR expression on NK cells. Colorectal cancer surgical patients showed increased NK cell lipid content, higher CD36 expression, decreased granzyme B and perforin production in addition to reduced cytotoxicity in the postoperative period. CONCLUSIONS Postoperative lipid accumulation promotes the formation of metastases by impairing NK cell function in both preclinical surgical models and human surgical colorectal cancer patient samples. Understanding and targeting the mechanisms underlying lipid accumulation in innate immune NK cells can improve prognosis in cancer surgical patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Raheleh Niavarani
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Pavillon sur la Recherche Appliqué du Cancer at 3201 rue Jean-Mignault, Sherbrooke, QC, J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Christine Lawson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Pavillon sur la Recherche Appliqué du Cancer at 3201 rue Jean-Mignault, Sherbrooke, QC, J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Orneala Bakos
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Pavillon sur la Recherche Appliqué du Cancer at 3201 rue Jean-Mignault, Sherbrooke, QC, J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Marie Boudaud
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Cory Batenchuk
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Samuel Rouleau
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Pavillon sur la Recherche Appliqué du Cancer at 3201 rue Jean-Mignault, Sherbrooke, QC, J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Lee-Hwa Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Pavillon sur la Recherche Appliqué du Cancer at 3201 rue Jean-Mignault, Sherbrooke, QC, J1E 4K8, Canada. .,Centre de Recherche Clinique de Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Treatment of Metastatic Disease through Natural Killer Cell Modulation by Infected Cell Vaccines. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050434. [PMID: 31083491 PMCID: PMC6563237 DOI: 10.3390/v11050434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are a form of immunotherapy that release tumor antigens in the context of highly immunogenic viral signals following tumor-targeted infection and destruction. Emerging preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that this in situ vaccine effect is critical for successful viro-immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the application of OV as an infected cell vaccine (ICV) as one method of enhancing the potency and breadth of anti-tumoral immunity. We focus on understanding and manipulating the critical role of natural killer (NK) cells and their interactions with other immune cells to promote a clinical outcome. With a synergistic tumor killing and immune activating mechanism, ICVs represent a valuable new addition to the cancer fighting toolbox with the potential to treat malignant disease.
Collapse
|
35
|
Pol JG, Atherton MJ, Bridle BW, Stephenson KB, Le Boeuf F, Hummel JL, Martin CG, Pomoransky J, Breitbach CJ, Diallo JS, Stojdl DF, Bell JC, Wan Y, Lichty BD. Development and applications of oncolytic Maraba virus vaccines. Oncolytic Virother 2018; 7:117-128. [PMID: 30538968 PMCID: PMC6263248 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s154494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic activity of the MG1 strain of the Maraba vesiculovirus has proven efficacy in numerous preclinical cancer models, and relied not only on a direct cytotoxicity but also on the induction of both innate and adaptive antitumor immunity. To further expand tumor-specific T-cell effector and long-lasting memory compartments, we introduced the MG1 virus in a prime-boost cancer vaccine strategy. To this aim, a replication-incompetent adenoviral [Ad] vector together with the oncolytic MG1 have each been armed with a transgene expressing a same tumor antigen. Immune priming with the Ad vaccine subsequently boosted with the MG1 vaccine mounted tumor-specific responses of remarkable magnitude, which significantly prolonged survival in various murine cancer models. Based on these promising results, we validated the safety profile of the Ad:MG1 oncolytic vaccination strategy in nonhuman primates and initiated clinical investigations in cancer patients. Two clinical trials are currently under way (NCT02285816; NCT02879760). The present review will recapitulate the discoveries that led to the development of MG1 oncolytic vaccines from bench to bedside.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Pol
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1138, Paris, France
- Team 11 labelled Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités/Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Matthew J Atherton
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada,
| | - Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Fabrice Le Boeuf
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jeff L Hummel
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada,
- Clinical Trial Division, CANSWERS, Georgetown, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Simon Diallo
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - David F Stojdl
- Turnstone Biologics, Ottawa, ON, Canada,
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - John C Bell
- Turnstone Biologics, Ottawa, ON, Canada,
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Yonghong Wan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada,
| | - Brian D Lichty
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada,
- Turnstone Biologics, Ottawa, ON, Canada,
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ravindranathan S, Nguyen KG, Kurtz SL, Frazier HN, Smith SG, Koppolu BP, Rajaram N, Zaharoff DA. Tumor-derived granulocyte colony-stimulating factor diminishes efficacy of breast tumor cell vaccines. Breast Cancer Res 2018; 20:126. [PMID: 30348199 PMCID: PMC6198508 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-018-1054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although metastasis is ultimately responsible for about 90% of breast cancer mortality, the vast majority of breast-cancer-related deaths are due to progressive recurrences from non-metastatic disease. Current adjuvant therapies are unable to prevent progressive recurrences for a significant fraction of patients with breast cancer. Autologous tumor cell vaccines (ATCVs) are a safe and potentially useful strategy to prevent breast cancer recurrence, in a personalized and patient-specific manner, following standard-of-care tumor resection. Given the high intra-patient and inter-patient heterogeneity in breast cancer, it is important to understand which factors influence the immunogenicity of breast tumor cells in order to maximize ATCV effectiveness. METHODS The relative immunogenicity of two murine breast carcinomas, 4T1 and EMT6, were compared in a prophylactic vaccination-tumor challenge model. Differences in cell surface expression of antigen-presentation-related and costimulatory molecules were compared along with immunosuppressive cytokine production. CRISPR/Cas9 technology was used to modulate tumor-derived cytokine secretion. The impacts of cytokine deletion on splenomegaly, myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) accumulation and ATCV immunogenicity were assessed. RESULTS Mice vaccinated with an EMT6 vaccine exhibited significantly greater protective immunity than mice vaccinated with a 4T1 vaccine. Hybrid vaccination studies revealed that the 4T1 vaccination induced both local and systemic immune impairments. Although there were significant differences between EMT6 and 4T1 in the expression of costimulatory molecules, major disparities in the secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines likely accounts for differences in immunogenicity between the cell lines. Ablation of one cytokine in particular, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), reversed MDSC accumulation and splenomegaly in the 4T1 model. Furthermore, G-CSF inhibition enhanced the immunogenicity of a 4T1-based vaccine to the extent that all vaccinated mice developed complete protective immunity. CONCLUSIONS Breast cancer cells that express high levels of G-CSF have the potential to diminish or abrogate the efficacy of breast cancer ATCVs. Fortunately, this study demonstrates that genetic ablation of immunosuppressive cytokines, such as G-CSF, can enhance the immunogenicity of breast cancer cell-based vaccines. Strategies that combine inhibition of immunosuppressive factors with immune stimulatory co-formulations already under development may help ATCVs reach their full potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Khue G Nguyen
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Samantha L Kurtz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Haven N Frazier
- Honors College, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Sean G Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Bhanu Prasanth Koppolu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Narasimhan Rajaram
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - David A Zaharoff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA. .,Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Honors College, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA. .,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kowalsky SJ, Liu Z, Feist M, Berkey SE, Ma C, Ravindranathan R, Dai E, Roy EJ, Guo ZS, Bartlett DL. Superagonist IL-15-Armed Oncolytic Virus Elicits Potent Antitumor Immunity and Therapy That Are Enhanced with PD-1 Blockade. Mol Ther 2018; 26:2476-2486. [PMID: 30064894 PMCID: PMC6171074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic immunotherapy is a promising novel therapeutic for cancer, and further preclinical studies may maximize its therapeutic efficacy. In this study, we construct a novel oncolytic vaccinia virus (VV) expressing a superagoinst IL-15, a fusion protein of IL-15 and IL-15Ralpha. This virus, named vvDD-IL15-Rα, possesses similar replication efficiency as the parental virus vvDD yet leads to significantly more regression of the disease and extends the survival of mice bearing MC38 colon or ID8 ovarian cancer. This novel virus elicits potent adaptive antitumor immunity as shown by ELISPOT assays for interferon-gamma-secreting CD8+ T cells and by the rejection of tumor implants upon re-challenge in the mice, which were previously cured by vvDD-IL15-Rα treatment. In vivo cell depletion assays with antibodies showed that this antitumor activity is highly dependent on CD8+ T cells but much less so on CD4+ T cells and NK cells. Finally, the combination of the oncolytic immunotherapy with anti-PD-1 antibody dramatically improves the therapeutic outcome compared to either anti-PD-1 alone or vvDD-IL15-Rα alone. These results demonstrate that the IL-15-IL-15Rα fusion protein-expressing OV elicits potent antitumor immunity, and rational combination with PD-1 blockade leads to dramatic tumor regression and prolongs the survival of mice bearing colon or ovarian cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy J Kowalsky
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zuqiang Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mathilde Feist
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Surgery, CCM/CVK, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sara E Berkey
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Congrong Ma
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Roshni Ravindranathan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Enyong Dai
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Edward J Roy
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Zong Sheng Guo
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - David L Bartlett
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Pol JG, Acuna SA, Yadollahi B, Tang N, Stephenson KB, Atherton MJ, Hanwell D, El-Warrak A, Goldstein A, Moloo B, Turner PV, Lopez R, LaFrance S, Evelegh C, Denisova G, Parsons R, Millar J, Stoll G, Martin CG, Pomoransky J, Breitbach CJ, Bramson JL, Bell JC, Wan Y, Stojdl DF, Lichty BD, McCart JA. Preclinical evaluation of a MAGE-A3 vaccination utilizing the oncolytic Maraba virus currently in first-in-human trials. Oncoimmunology 2018; 8:e1512329. [PMID: 30546947 PMCID: PMC6287790 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1512329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple immunotherapeutics have been approved for cancer patients, however advanced solid tumors are frequently refractory to treatment. We evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of a vaccination approach with multimodal oncolytic potential in non-human primates (NHP) (Macaca fascicularis). Primates received a replication-deficient adenoviral prime, boosted by the oncolytic Maraba MG1 rhabdovirus. Both vectors expressed the human MAGE-A3. No severe adverse events were observed. Boosting with MG1-MAGEA3 induced an expansion of hMAGE-A3-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells with the latter peaking at remarkable levels and persisting for several months. T-cells reacting against epitopes fully conserved between simian and human MAGE-A3 were identified. Humoral immunity was demonstrated by the detection of circulating MAGE-A3 antibodies. These preclinical data establish the capacity for the Ad:MG1 vaccination to engage multiple effector immune cell populations without causing significant toxicity in outbred NHPs. Clinical investigations utilizing this program for the treatment of MAGE-A3-positive solid malignancies are underway (NCT02285816, NCT02879760).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Pol
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sergio A Acuna
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Beta Yadollahi
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Nan Tang
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Matthew J Atherton
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - David Hanwell
- Animal Resources Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Alyssa Goldstein
- Animal Resources Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Badru Moloo
- Animal Resources Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patricia V Turner
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Roberto Lopez
- Animal Resources Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sandra LaFrance
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carole Evelegh
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Galina Denisova
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Robin Parsons
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jamie Millar
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Gautier Stoll
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités/Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Jonathan L Bramson
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - John C Bell
- Turnstone Biologics, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Yonghong Wan
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - David F Stojdl
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Turnstone Biologics, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Brian D Lichty
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Turnstone Biologics, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - J Andrea McCart
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Pol JG, Lévesque S, Workenhe ST, Gujar S, Le Boeuf F, Clements DR, Fahrner JE, Fend L, Bell JC, Mossman KL, Fucikova J, Spisek R, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch: Oncolytic viro-immunotherapy of hematologic and solid tumors. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1503032. [PMID: 30524901 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1503032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses selectively target and kill cancer cells in an immunogenic fashion, thus supporting the establishment of therapeutically relevant tumor-specific immune responses. In 2015, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the oncolytic herpes simplex virus T-VEC for use in advanced melanoma patients. Since then, a plethora of trials has been initiated to assess the safety and efficacy of multiple oncolytic viruses in patients affected with various malignancies. Here, we summarize recent preclinical and clinical progress in the field of oncolytic virotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Pol
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,INSERM, Paris, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Lévesque
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,INSERM, Paris, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Samuel T Workenhe
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Shashi Gujar
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, NS, Canada.,Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, NS, Canada.,Centre for Innovative and Collaborative Health Sciences Research, Quality and System Performance, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Fabrice Le Boeuf
- Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Derek R Clements
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jean-Eudes Fahrner
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,INSERM, Villejuif, France.,Transgene S.A., Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | | | - John C Bell
- Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Karen L Mossman
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jitka Fucikova
- Sotio a.c., Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio a.c., Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,INSERM, Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,INSERM, Paris, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Thadi A, Khalili M, Morano WF, Richard SD, Katz SC, Bowne WB. Early Investigations and Recent Advances in Intraperitoneal Immunotherapy for Peritoneal Metastasis. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:E54. [PMID: 30103457 PMCID: PMC6160982 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6030054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal metastasis (PM) is an advanced stage malignancy largely refractory to modern therapy. Intraperitoneal (IP) immunotherapy offers a novel approach for the control of regional disease of the peritoneal cavity by breaking immune tolerance. These strategies include heightening T-cell response and vaccine induction of anti-cancer memory against tumor-associated antigens. Early investigations with chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T cells), vaccine-based therapies, dendritic cells (DCs) in combination with pro-inflammatory cytokines and natural killer cells (NKs), adoptive cell transfer, and immune checkpoint inhibitors represent significant advances in the treatment of PM. IP delivery of CAR-T cells has shown demonstrable suppression of tumors expressing carcinoembryonic antigen. This response was enhanced when IP injected CAR-T cells were combined with anti-PD-L1 or anti-Gr1. Similarly, CAR-T cells against folate receptor α expressing tumors improved T-cell tumor localization and survival when combined with CD137 co-stimulatory signaling. Moreover, IP immunotherapy with catumaxomab, a trifunctional antibody approved in Europe, targets epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and has shown considerable promise with control of malignant ascites. Herein, we discuss immunologic approaches under investigation for treatment of PM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Thadi
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
| | - Marian Khalili
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
| | - William F Morano
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
| | - Scott D Richard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Steven C Katz
- Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Wilbur B Bowne
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Leoni V, Vannini A, Gatta V, Rambaldi J, Sanapo M, Barboni C, Zaghini A, Nanni P, Lollini PL, Casiraghi C, Campadelli-Fiume G. A fully-virulent retargeted oncolytic HSV armed with IL-12 elicits local immunity and vaccine therapy towards distant tumors. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007209. [PMID: 30080893 PMCID: PMC6095629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (oHSVs) showed efficacy in clinical trials and practice. Most of them gain cancer-specificity from deletions/mutations in genes that counteract the host response, and grow selectively in cancer cells defective in anti-viral response. Because of the deletions/mutations, they are frequently attenuated or over-attenuated. We developed next-generation oHSVs, which carry no deletion/mutation, gain cancer-specificity from specific retargeting to tumor cell receptors-e.g. HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2)-hence are fully-virulent in the targeted cancer cells. The type of immunotherapy they elicit was not predictable, since non-attenuated HSVs induce and then dampen the innate response, whereas deleted/attenuated viruses fail to contrast it, and since the retargeted oHSVs replicate efficiently in tumor cells, but spare other cells in the tumor. We report on the first efficacy study of HER2-retargeted, fully-virulent oHSVs in immunocompetent mice. Their safety profile was very high. Both the unarmed R-LM113 and the IL-12-armed R-115 inhibited the growth of the primary HER2-Lewis lung carcinoma-1 (HER2-LLC1) tumor, R-115 being constantly more efficacious. All the mice that did not die because of the primary treated tumors, were protected from the growth of contralateral untreated tumors. The long-term survivors were protected from a second contralateral tumor, providing additional evidence for an abscopal immunotherapeutic effect. Analysis of the local response highlighted that particularly R-115 unleashed the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, i.e. induced immunomodulatory cytokines, including IFNγ, T-bet which promoted Th1 polarization. Some of the tumor infiltrating cells, e.g. CD4+, CD335+ cells were increased in the tumors of all responders mice, irrespective of which virus was employed, whereas CD8+, Foxp3+, CD141+ were increased and CD11b+ cells were decreased preferentially in R-115-treated mice. The durable response included a breakage of tolerance towards both HER2 and the wt tumor cells, and underscored a systemic immunotherapeutic vaccine response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Leoni
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Vannini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Gatta
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Julie Rambaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mara Sanapo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Catia Barboni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Zaghini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Nanni
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pier-Luigi Lollini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Costanza Casiraghi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gabriella Campadelli-Fiume
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
McCloskey CW, Rodriguez GM, Galpin KJC, Vanderhyden BC. Ovarian Cancer Immunotherapy: Preclinical Models and Emerging Therapeutics. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10080244. [PMID: 30049987 PMCID: PMC6115831 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10080244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has emerged as one of the most promising approaches for ovarian cancer treatment. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a key factor to consider when stimulating antitumoral responses as it consists largely of tumor promoting immunosuppressive cell types that attenuate antitumor immunity. As our understanding of the determinants of the TME composition grows, we have begun to appreciate the need to address both inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity, mutation/neoantigen burden, immune landscape, and stromal cell contributions. The majority of immunotherapy studies in ovarian cancer have been performed using the well-characterized murine ID8 ovarian carcinoma model. Numerous other animal models of ovarian cancer exist, but have been underutilized because of their narrow initial characterizations in this context. Here, we describe animal models that may be untapped resources for the immunotherapy field because of their shared genomic alterations and histopathology with human ovarian cancer. We also shed light on the strengths and limitations of these models, and the knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to enhance the utility of preclinical models for testing novel immunotherapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Curtis W McCloskey
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Galaxia M Rodriguez
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Kristianne J C Galpin
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Barbara C Vanderhyden
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Martin NT, Bell JC. Oncolytic Virus Combination Therapy: Killing One Bird with Two Stones. Mol Ther 2018; 26:1414-1422. [PMID: 29703699 PMCID: PMC5986726 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last 60 years an eclectic collection of microbes has been tested in a variety of pre-clinical models as anti-cancer agents. At the forefront of this research are a number of virus-based platforms that have shown exciting activity in a variety of pre-clinical models and are collectively referred to as oncolytic viruses. Our true understanding of the potential and limitations of this therapeutic modality has been substantially advanced through clinical studies carried out over the last 25 years. Perhaps not surprising, as with all other cancer therapeutics, it has become clear that current oncolytic virus therapeutics on their own are unlikely to be effective in the majority of patients. The greatest therapeutic gains will therefore be made through thoughtful combination strategies built upon an understanding of cancer biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Tim Martin
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - John Cameron Bell
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
A group of impressive immunotherapies for cancer treatment, including immune checkpoint-blocking antibodies, gene therapy and immune cell adoptive cellular immunotherapy, have been established, providing new weapons to fight cancer. Natural killer (NK) cells are a component of the first line of defense against tumors and virus infections. Studies have shown dysfunctional NK cells in patients with cancer. Thus, restoring NK cell antitumor functionality could be a promising therapeutic strategy. NK cells that are activated and expanded ex vivo can supplement malfunctional NK cells in tumor patients. Therapeutic antibodies, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), or bispecific proteins can all retarget NK cells precisely to tumor cells. Therapeutic antibody blockade of the immune checkpoints of NK cells has been suggested to overcome the immunosuppressive signals delivered to NK cells. Oncolytic virotherapy provokes antitumor activity of NK cells by triggering antiviral immune responses. Herein, we review the current immunotherapeutic approaches employed to restore NK cell antitumor functionality for the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangxi Li
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Felt SA, Grdzelishvili VZ. Recent advances in vesicular stomatitis virus-based oncolytic virotherapy: a 5-year update. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2895-2911. [PMID: 29143726 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virus (OV) therapy is an anti-cancer approach that uses viruses that preferentially infect, replicate in and kill cancer cells. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV, a rhabdovirus) is an OV that is currently being tested in the USA in several phase I clinical trials against different malignancies. Several factors make VSV a promising OV: lack of pre-existing human immunity against VSV, a small and easy to manipulate genome, cytoplasmic replication without risk of host cell transformation, independence of cell cycle and rapid growth to high titres in a broad range of cell lines facilitating large-scale virus production. While significant advances have been made in VSV-based OV therapy, room for improvement remains. Here we review recent studies (published in the last 5 years) that address 'old' and 'new' challenges of VSV-based OV therapy. These studies focused on improving VSV safety, oncoselectivity and oncotoxicity; breaking resistance of some cancers to VSV; preventing premature clearance of VSV; and stimulating tumour-specific immunity. Many of these approaches were based on combining VSV with other therapeutics. This review also discusses another rhabdovirus closely related to VSV, Maraba virus, which is currently being tested in Canada in phase I/II clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien A Felt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Valery Z Grdzelishvili
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Atherton MJ, Evgin L, Keller BA, Shenouda MM, Stephenson KB, Vile RG, Bell JC, Evans DH, Lichty BD. Infectious Optimism following the 10th International Oncolytic Virus Meeting. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
47
|
Turbocharging vaccines: emerging adjuvants for dendritic cell based therapeutic cancer vaccines. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 47:35-43. [PMID: 28732279 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Development of therapeutic cancer vaccines has been hindered by the many pro-tumorigenic mechanisms at play in cancer patients that serve to suppress both antigen presenting cells and T cells. In face of these obstacles, cancer vaccines are most likely to promote anti-tumorigenic immune responses only when formulated with strong adjuvants, and in combination with new immune interventions designed to reverse immune suppression and exhaustion of T cells in the tumor microenvironment. Dendritic cells (DCs) are often termed 'nature's adjuvant' due to their exceptional capacity for initiating both innate and adaptive immune responses. Hence, the past decade has witnessed a flurry of activity in testing DC based immunotherapies for cancer intervention. In this review we will discuss advances in conventional adjuvants and provide insight into new adjuvants as they pertain to DC cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
48
|
Oncolytic Alphaviruses in Cancer Immunotherapy. Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:vaccines5020009. [PMID: 28417936 PMCID: PMC5492006 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5020009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses show specific targeting and killing of tumor cells and therefore provide attractive assets for cancer immunotherapy. In parallel to oncolytic viral vectors based on adenoviruses and herpes simplex viruses, oncolytic RNA viruses and particularly alphaviruses have been evaluated as delivery vehicles. Immunization studies in experimental rodent models for various cancers including glioblastoma, hematologic, hepatocellular, colon, cervix, and lung cancer as well as melanoma have been conducted with naturally occurring oncolytic alphavirus strains such as M1 and Sindbis AR339. Moreover, animals were vaccinated with engineered oncolytic replication-deficient and -competent Semliki Forest virus, Sindbis virus and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus vectors expressing various antigens. Vaccinations elicited strong antibody responses and resulted in tumor growth inhibition, tumor regression and even complete tumor eradication. Vaccination also led to prolonged survival in several animal models. Furthermore, preclinical evaluation demonstrated both prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of oncolytic alphavirus administration. Clinical trials in humans have mainly been limited to safety studies so far.
Collapse
|