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Wu XJ, Jing J, Lu ZF, Zheng M. Expression and localization of VEGFR-2 in hair follicles during induced hair growth in mice. Arch Dermatol Res 2018; 310:591-598. [PMID: 29909529 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-018-1843-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, VEGFR-2 has been detected not only in vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells but also in some non-vascular endothelial cells, particularly human hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. In addition, VEGFR-2 has been confirmed to play direct roles in hair follicle keratinocyte regulation beyond simply angiogenesis. To elucidate whether VEGFR-2 activation plays a role in hair follicle cycling regulation, immunofluorescence of VEGFR-2 expression was performed during hair cycling of the dorsum of the mouse induced by hair plucking. We observed that staining for VEGFR-2 in hair follicles during anagen II and IV was much stronger than during anagen VI, catagen and telogen. During anagen II, intense staining for VEGFR-2 was observed on the keratinocyte strands of the hair follicle. Subsequently, we detected intense staining for VEGFR-2 in the ORS, IRS and hair bulb during anagen IV. Moderate staining for VEGFR-2 was detected in the ORS and hair bulb, but staining was most intense in IRS during anagen VI. During catagen, staining for VEGFR-2 in the IRS remained intense, while staining in the ORS and hair bulb was significantly weakened and was negative in the dermal papilla. During telogen, we detected VEGFR-2 in germ cells, cap, and club hair adjoining the epidermis. In conclusion, VEGFR-2 was expressed on the hair follicles of the dorsum of the mouse and varied in expression on the mouse hair follicles during hair cycling, suggesting that VEGFR-2 may exert roles in hair cycle regulation in hair follicles on the dorsum of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Jie Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Jing Jing
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Zhong-Fa Lu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
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2
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Hisadome M, Ohnishi T, Kakimoto K, Kusuyama J, Bandow K, Kanekura T, Matsuguchi T. Hepatocyte growth factor reduces CXCL10 expression in keratinocytes. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:3595-3605. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Hisadome
- Department of Dermatology; Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Japan
| | - Tomokazu Ohnishi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry; Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Japan
| | - Kyoko Kakimoto
- Department of Oral Biochemistry; Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Japan
| | - Joji Kusuyama
- Department of Oral Biochemistry; Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Japan
| | - Kenjiro Bandow
- Department of Oral Biochemistry; Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Japan
| | - Takuro Kanekura
- Department of Dermatology; Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Japan
| | - Tetsuya Matsuguchi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry; Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Japan
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3
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Solmaz A, Bahadır E, Gülçiçek OB, Yiğitbaş H, Çelik A, Karagöz A, Özsavcı D, Şirvancı S, Yeğen BÇ. Nesfatin-1 improves oxidative skin injury in normoglycemic or hyperglycemic rats. Peptides 2016; 78:1-10. [PMID: 26829459 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is one of the major causes of suppressed angiogenesis and impaired wound healing leading to chronic wounds. Nesfatin-1 a novel peptide was reported to have antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties. This study is aimed to investigate the potential healing-promoting effects of nesfatin-1 in non-diabetic or diabetic rats with surgical wounds. In male Sprague-Dawley rats, hyperglycemia was induced by intraperitoneal (ip) injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg). Under anesthesia, dorsum skin tissues of normoglycemic (n=16) and hyperglycemic rats were excised (2 × 2 cm, full-thickness), while control rats (n=16) had neither hyperglycemia nor wounds. Half of the rats in each group were treated ip with saline, while the others were treated with nesfatin-1 (2 μg/kg/day) for 3 days until they were decapitated. Plasma interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β-1), IL-6 levels, and dermal tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) levels, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and caspase-3 activity were measured. For histological examination, paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin or Masson's trichrome and immunohistochemistry for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was applied. ANOVA and Student's t-tests were used for statistical analysis. Compared to control rats, skin MPO activity, MDA and caspase-3 levels were increased similarly in saline-treated normo- and hyperglycemic rats. Nesfatin-1 depressed MDA, caspase-3, MPO activity and IL-1β with concomitant elevations in dermal GSH and plasma TGF-β-1 levels. Histopathological examination revealed regeneration of epidermis, regular arrangement of collagen fibers in the dermis and a decrease in VEGF immunoreactivity in the epidermal keratinocytes of nesfatin-1-treated groups. Nesfatin-1 improved surgical wound healing in both normo- and hyperglycemic rats via the suppression of neutrophil recruitment, apoptosis and VEGF activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Solmaz
- General Surgery Clinic, Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Bahadır
- Department of Physiology, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Osman B Gülçiçek
- General Surgery Clinic, Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakan Yiğitbaş
- General Surgery Clinic, Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Atilla Çelik
- General Surgery Clinic, Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayça Karagöz
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Derya Özsavcı
- Department of Biochemistry, Marmara University Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serap Şirvancı
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berrak Ç Yeğen
- Department of Physiology, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
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4
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Bae ON, Noh M, Chun YJ, Jeong TC. Keratinocytic vascular endothelial growth factor as a novel biomarker for pathological skin condition. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2015; 23:12-8. [PMID: 25593638 PMCID: PMC4286744 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin is an emerging target tissue in pharmaceutical and cosmetic science. Safety assessment for dermal toxicity is a critical step for development of topically applicable pharmaceutical agents and ingredients in cosmetics. Urgent needs exist to set up toxicity testing methods for dermal safety, and identification of novel biomarkers for pathological cutaneous alteration is highly required. Here we will discuss if vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has a potential as a biomarker for dermal impairment. Experimental and clinical evidences for induction of keratinocytic VEGF under pathological conditions will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ok-Nam Bae
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791
| | - Minsoo Noh
- Collge of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742
| | - Young-Jin Chun
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756
| | - Tae Cheon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, Republic of Korea
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5
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Benazzi C, Al-Dissi A, Chau CH, Figg WD, Sarli G, de Oliveira JT, Gärtner F. Angiogenesis in spontaneous tumors and implications for comparative tumor biology. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:919570. [PMID: 24563633 PMCID: PMC3916025 DOI: 10.1155/2014/919570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood supply is essential for development and growth of tumors and angiogenesis is the fundamental process of new blood vessel formation from preexisting ones. Angiogenesis is a prognostic indicator for a variety of tumors, and it coincides with increased shedding of neoplastic cells into the circulation and metastasis. Several molecules such as cell surface receptors, growth factors, and enzymes are involved in this process. While antiangiogenic therapy for cancer has been proposed over 20 years ago, it has garnered much controversy in recent years within the scientific community. The complex relationships between the angiogenic signaling cascade and antiangiogenic substances have indicated the angiogenic pathway as a valid target for anticancer drug development and VEGF has become the primary antiangiogenic drug target. This review discusses the basic and clinical perspectives of angiogenesis highlighting the importance of comparative biology in understanding tumor angiogenesis and the integration of these model systems for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Benazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - A. Al-Dissi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5B4
| | - C. H. Chau
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - W. D. Figg
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - G. Sarli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - J. T. de Oliveira
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-456 Porto, Portugal
- Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), 4200-456 Porto, Portugal
| | - F. Gärtner
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-456 Porto, Portugal
- Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), 4200-456 Porto, Portugal
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Wu XJ, Zhu JW, Jing J, Xue D, Liu H, Zheng M, Lu ZF. VEGF165 modulates proliferation, adhesion, migration and differentiation of cultured human outer root sheath cells from central hair follicle epithelium through VEGFR-2 activation in vitro. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 73:152-60. [PMID: 24296159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The functional state of vasculature is tightly controlled by vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2). Recent studies revealed that VEGFR-2 is expressed on hair follicle keratinocytes. OBJECTIVE We proposed to investigate its effect on proliferation, adhesion and migration of cultured human outer root sheath cells from central hair follicle epithelium. METHODS These studies were undertaken in vitro using human outer root sheath cells from central hair follicle epithelium, immunohistochemistry analysis, immunofluorescence microscopy, western blot analysis, MTT, trans well analysis, and RT-PCR. RESULTS Our results show that VEGFR-2 is expressed in these cells in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, proliferation and migration of cultured human outer root sheath cells from central hair follicle epithelium is increased by VEGF165, while homotypic adhesion is decreased but heterotypic adhesion is increased. VEGF165 upregulates integrin β1 but dowregulates lgr6 expression. In addition, phosphorylation of VEGFR-2, Erk1/2, c-Jun and p38, are increased following VEGF165 treatment and these effects are reversed by a VEGFR-2 neutralizing antibody. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a role of VEGF/VEGFR-2 beyond angiogenesis in hair follicle regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Jie Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jian-Wei Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jing Jing
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Dan Xue
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Hai Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zhong-Fa Lu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Man XY, Yang XH, Cai SQ, Bu ZY, Wu XJ, Lu ZF, Zheng M. Expression and localization of vascular endothelial growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 in human epidermal appendages: a comparison study by immunofluorescence. Clin Exp Dermatol 2009; 34:396-401. [PMID: 19309374 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2008.03104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promotes angiogenesis and plays important roles in neovascularization and development of tissues. VEGF receptors (VEGFRs) are high-affinity receptors for VEGF and are originally considered specific to endothelial cells. We have previously shown that keratinocytes from human normal skin express VEGFRs. This poses the question of whether these receptors are also expressed by epidermal appendages, as epidermal appendages are lined with epithelial cells. OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of VEGFR-2 compare with VEGF in epidermal appendages, including hair follicles, eccrine sweat glands and sebaceous glands. METHODS Monoclonal antibodies to VEGF and VEGFR-2 were used for immunohistochemical examination of cryostat-cut sections of normal human skin specimens from 11 donors undergoing cosmetic surgery. RESULTS Immunoreactivities for VEGF and VEGFR-2 principally showed parallel intense expression in anagen hair follicle (including outer root sheat, inner root sheath, dermal papillae epidermal matrix), sebaceous glands (ductal and secretory portions) and eccrine sweat glands (ductal and secretory portions), respectively. In particular, abundant expression of VEGF was found in the follicular basement membrane zone surrounding the bulb matrix and in the ductal and secretory portions of eccrine sweat glands. CONCLUSION A potential VEGF/VEGFR-2 autocrine pathway may be defined by the coexpression of VEGF and VEGFR-2 in human skin epidermal appendages.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-Y Man
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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8
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Boivin WA, Jiang H, Utting OB, Hunt DWC. Influence of interleukin-1α on androgen receptor expression and cytokine secretion by cultured human dermal papilla cells. Exp Dermatol 2006; 15:784-93. [PMID: 16984260 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2006.00462.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dermal papilla cells (DPC) control the growth character of the hair follicle through their elaboration of mitogenic factors and extracellular matrix components. Further, the dermal papilla is a primary site of androgen action in the hair follicle. Interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) is prominent in skin wounding and inflammatory responses although regarded as a negative hair growth regulator. We studied the effect of IL-1alpha and the potent androgen 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on the expression of the androgen receptor (AR) and various factors secreted by cultured human temporal scalp DPC. IL-1alpha triggered cellular changes consistent with nuclear factor-kappaB pathway activation as well as reduced AR mRNA and protein expression levels for DHT-stimulated DPC. This cytokine also increased DPC supernatant keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), IL-8 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) concentrations. IL-1alpha did not influence DPC supernatant levels of transforming growth factor-beta1, a negative hair growth regulator. The stimulatory effect of IL-1alpha on DPC VEGF, GM-CSF, KGF, and IL-8 expression was also evident at the mRNA level for these cytokines. IL-1alpha also increased mRNA transcript levels of protease-nexin-1, a secreted serine protease inhibitor expressed in the dermal papilla of anagen-stage hair follicles. Although DHT did not affect supernatant cytokine concentrations, the androgen altered mRNA transcript levels of several factors for DPC co-stimulated with IL-1alpha. In consideration of its in vitro activity profile, IL-1alpha may be an important modifier of dermal papilla activity as well as potentially influence androgen-regulated gene expression in DPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A Boivin
- Scientific Affairs: Dermatology, QLT Inc., 887 Great Northern Way, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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9
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Rakhorst HA, Posthumus-Van Sluijs SJ, Tra WMW, Van Neck JW, Van Osch GJVM, Hovius SER, El Ghalbzouri A, Hofer SOP. Fibroblasts Accelerate Culturing of Mucosal Substitutes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 12:2321-31. [PMID: 16968172 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.12.2321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Reconstruction of large mucosal defects of the floor of the mouth is typically performed with keratinizing skin. Drawbacks include donor site defects and hair bearing of the flaps. Cultured mucosal substitutes (CMSs) have been developed for clinical use to replace keratinizing skin. Acellular dermis is often used as a dermal carrier for autologous cells, because it reduces wound contraction and is easier for the surgeon to handle than, for example, collagen gels. A major problem of CMSs using acellular dermis is variation in epidermal quality. To improve the quality of the CMSs, human fibroblasts were incorporated into the acellular dermis and seeded with human keratinocytes. To study the role of the fibroblasts in epidermal morphology and basement membrane formation, CMSs were stained for differentiation markers beta1 integrin, cytokeratin 10, and involucrin after 1 and 2 weeks in culture. Basement membrane formation was analyzed using laminin 5 and collagen IV and VII staining; proliferation was analyzed using Ki-67 staining. The epidermises of fibroblast-containing CMSs matured faster into a well-organized epithelium than did those that did not contain CMSs. A 52.7% increase in basal cells, a 53.5% increase in mitosis index, and a 78.0% increase in keratinocyte cell layers were observed. Addition of fibroblasts reduced culturing time and enhanced proliferation, maturation, and quality of the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinne A Rakhorst
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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10
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Jeremy AHT, Holland DB, Roberts SG, Thomson KF, Cunliffe WJ. Inflammatory events are involved in acne lesion initiation. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 121:20-7. [PMID: 12839559 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The earliest subclinical acne "lesion" is a microcomedone, of which hyperproliferation of the follicular epithelium is a characteristic feature. Inflammatory cells have been observed at the periphery of these "lesions". This study investigated whether inflammatory events occur pre or post hyperproliferative changes. Cellular, vascular, and proliferative markers were examined by immunohistochemical techniques on biopsies of clinically normal follicles from uninvolved skin and early inflamed lesions from acne patients. Control follicles were obtained from non-acne subjects. Follicles from uninvolved skin exhibited no microcomedonal features. Proliferation in the epithelium was comparable to controls and was significantly lower than in inflamed lesions. Numbers of CD3+, CD4+ T cells were elevated in the perifollicular and papillary dermis although levels were not equivalent to those in papules. The number of macrophages was also greatly increased and similar to those in papules. There were no changes in blood vessel numbers or vascular intercellular adhesion molecule 1 expression but E-selectin expression was increased to levels found in papules and vascular adhesion molecule 1 levels were upregulated. Levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 were also upregulated perifollicularly. Moreover, aberrant integrin expression was demonstrated in the epidermis around these uninvolved follicles and inflamed lesions whereas the basement membrane was still intact. These results provide novel evidence for vascular endothelial cell activation and involvement of inflammatory responses in the very earliest stages of acne lesion development.
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11
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Kosmadaki MG, Yaar M, Arble BL, Gilchrest BA. UV induces VEGF through a TNF-alpha independent pathway. FASEB J 2003; 17:446-8. [PMID: 12551841 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-0379fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent keratinocyte-derived angiogenic factor. Prior reports suggest that following UV irradiation VEGF in keratinocytes is induced primarily by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- alpha, a cytokine synthesized and secreted by keratinocytes after UV irradiation. We investigated whether blocking TNF-alpha binding to its receptors would inhibit UV-induced VEGF expression and secretion in the keratinocyte-derived line SCC-12F. Irradiation with physiologic UV doses (30 mJ/cm2) substantially induced VEGF mRNA in this cell line, as expected, and mRNA induction was followed by increased VEGF in medium conditioned by UV-irradiated cells. Also as expected, TNF-alpha induced VEGF expression and secretion in a dose-dependent manner. Addition of a hexapeptide (Ac-KWIIVW-NH2), known to block TNF-alpha binding to its receptors, abrogated this TNF-alpha effect on VEGF mRNA induction. However, addition of the peptide to cells immediately after UV irradiation did not substantially affect VEGF mRNA induction or secretion into the medium. Our results suggest that VEGF induction after UV irradiation is mediated by multiple mechanisms and that blocking a single pathway does not affect the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Kosmadaki
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
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12
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Wolf R, Schönfelder G, Paul M, Blume-Peytavi U. Nitric oxide in the human hair follicle: constitutive and dihydrotestosterone-induced nitric oxide synthase expression and NO production in dermal papilla cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 2003; 81:110-7. [PMID: 12601527 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-002-0402-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2002] [Accepted: 10/02/2002] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The free radical nitric oxide, generated by different types of epidermal and dermal cells, has been identified as an important mediator in various physiological and pathophysiological processes of the skin, such as regulation of blood flow, melanogenesis, wound healing, and hyperproliferative skin diseases. However, little is known about the role of NO in the human hair follicle and in hair cycling processes. Here we demonstrate for the first time that dermal papilla cells derived from human hair follicles spontaneously produce NO by measuring nitrate and nitrite levels in culture supernatants. This biomolecule is apparently formed by the endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase, which was detected at the mRNA and protein levels. Remarkably, basal NO level was enhanced threefold by stimulating dermal papilla cells with 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) but not with testosterone. Addition of N-[3-(aminomethyl)benzyl]acetamidine (1400W), a highly selective inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase, restrained the elevation in NO level induced by DHT. Analyses of DHT-stimulated cells at the mRNA and protein levels confirmed the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase. These findings suggest NO as a signaling molecule in human dermal papilla cells and implicate basal and androgen-mediated NO production to be involved in the regulation of hair follicle activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Wolf
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Benjamin Franklin, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Alesci S, Bornstein SR. Neuroimmunoregulation of androgens in the adrenal gland and the skin. HORMONE RESEARCH 2002; 54:281-6. [PMID: 11595818 DOI: 10.1159/000053272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human adrenals produce large quantities of androgens, especially DHEA which is the most abundant circulating hormone in the human body. Adrenal androgens are regulated by several factors, including pituitary ACTH and an intricate intraadrenal network involving immune cells, cytokines and neuroendocrine factors. The skin is a major target of androgens and androgen receptors are expressed in the epidermis, dermis, sebaceous glands and hair. In addition, the skin has the capacity to metabolize androgens into more powerful compounds. Similar to the adrenal gland, there is an intradermal neuro-immune network involving the local expression of cytokines and neuropeptides. Dysregulation of androgens in the adrenals and/or the skin is associated with acne, hirsutism and androgenic alopecia. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of these intricate networks is of both basic and clinical relevance and may help to develop new strategies for the treatment of androgen-dependent skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Alesci
- Pediatric and Reproductive Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1583, USA.
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14
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Abstract
In wound healing and many pathologic conditions, keratinocytes become activated: they turn into migratory, hyperproliferative cells that produce and secrete extracellular matrix components and signaling polypeptides. At the same time, their cytoskeleton is also altered by the production of specific keratin proteins. These changes are orchestrated by growth factors, chemokines, and cytokines produced by keratinocytes and other cutaneous cell types. The responding intracellular signaling pathways activate transcription factors that regulate expression of keratin genes. Analysis of these processes led us to propose the existence of a keratinocyte activation cycle, in which the cells first become activated by the release of IL-1. Subsequently, they maintain the activated state by autocrine production of proinflammatory and proliferative signals. Keratins K6 and K16 are markers of the active state. Signals from the lymphocytes, in the form of Interferon-gamma, induce the expression of K17 and make keratinocytes contractile. This enables the keratinocytes to shrink the provisional fibronectin-rich basement membrane. Signals from the fibroblasts, in the form of TGF-beta, induce the expression of K5 and K14, revert the keratinocytes to the healthy basal phenotype, and thus complete the activation cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Freedberg
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University Medical Center, New York, USA
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15
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Sakaguchi I, Ikeda N, Nakayama M, Kato Y, Yano I, Kaneda K. Trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate (Cord factor) enhances neovascularization through vascular endothelial growth factor production by neutrophils and macrophages. Infect Immun 2000; 68:2043-52. [PMID: 10722600 PMCID: PMC97384 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.4.2043-2052.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate (TDM) plays important roles in the development of granulomatous inflammation during infection with Mycobacterium spp., Rhodococcus spp., etc. To reveal the augmenting effect of TDM on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production and neovascularization, we investigated murine granulomatous tissue air pouches induced by Rhodococcus sp. strain 4306 TDM dissolved in Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA), comparing them to pouches treated with FIA alone. Histologically, granulomatous tissue and new vessel formation, which reached a maximum at day 7, was greatly enhanced by treatment with TDM. At day 1, VEGF-positive neutrophils accumulated in the pouch wall with frequency of 95% of total infiltrating cells, adhering to TDM-containing micelles. By day 3, granulomatous tissue and new vessels started to develop, and VEGF-positive macrophages appeared in a small number and gradually increased in number thereafter. The pouch contents of VEGF, interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and transforming growth factor beta were significantly elevated in TDM-treated pouches, with peaks at days 1, 0.5, 1, and 3, respectively, compared to those of control pouches, while that of basic fibroblast growth factor showed no significant increase. Treatment with anti-VEGF antibody inhibited TDM-induced granulomatous tissue formation and neovascularization, and administration of recombinant VEGF into pouches treated with FIA alone induced neovascularization comparable to that in the TDM-treated pouches. Incubation of neutrophils and macrophages on TDM-coated plastic dishes increased the VEGF release. The present results indicate that TDM augments VEGF production by neutrophils and macrophages and induces neovascularization in the granulomatous tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sakaguchi
- Department of Anatomy, Osaka City University Medical School, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
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Abstract
The majority of recent publications on the immunology of Propionibacterium acnes relate to the potential use of the bacterium as an adjuvant or its use in rodent models of human inflammatory disease. These studies have increased the understanding of the potential effects of Propionibacterium acnes on cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Research into the immunology of acne and the role that Propionibacterium acnes plays in inflammatory acne has been limited, with efforts being focussed on the problems of Propionibacterium acnes resistance to antibiotics. Recent studies have indicated that inflammatory acne is a T cell-mediated disease, but whether Propionibacterium acnes is the initial stimulus for either the specific or non-specific recruitment of T cells in acne lesions is still a matter for conjecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ingham
- The Skin Research Centre, Division of Microbiology, School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Leeds, Leeds
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