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Zhang Y, Paik SS, Kim IB. Changes in Retinal Structure and Function in Mice Exposed to Flickering Blue Light: Electroretinographic and Optical Coherence Tomographic Analyses. Exp Neurobiol 2024; 33:152-164. [PMID: 38993082 PMCID: PMC11247282 DOI: 10.5607/en24011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The harmful effects of blue light on the retina and health issues attributed to flickering light have been researched extensively. However, reports on the effects of flickering blue light at a frequency in the visible range on the retina are limited. This study aimed to non-invasively investigate the structural and functional changes in mice retinas following exposure to flickering blue light. BALB/c mice were subjected to non-flickering and flickering blue light, and changes in the retinal function and structure were assessed using electroretinography (ERG) and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), respectively. Retinal damage progression was monitored on days 3, 7, 14, and 42 following light exposure. Significant reductions in scotopic and photopic ERG responses were observed on day 3 (p<0.05). On day 7, the non-flickering and flickering groups demonstrated different functional changes: the flickering group showed further ERG response reduction, while the non-flickering group showed no reduction or slight improvement that was statistically insignificant (p>0.05). A similar trend lasted by day 14. On day 42, however, the difference between the non-flickering and flickering groups was significant, which was corroborated by the normalized amplitudes at 0, 0.5, and 1 log cd s/m2 (p<0.05). Quantitative and qualitative SD-OCT assays revealed more severe and progressive retinal damage in the flickering group throughout the study. Flickering blue light causes more persistent and severe retinal damage than non-flickering blue light and may be a risk factor for retinal degeneration even at frequencies as low as 20 Hz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Sun-Sook Paik
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - In-Beom Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
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Toluene inhalation exposure for 13 weeks causes persistent changes in electroretinograms of Long-Evans rats. Neurotoxicology 2016; 53:257-270. [PMID: 26899397 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies of humans chronically exposed to volatile organic solvents have reported impaired visual functions, including low contrast sensitivity and reduced color discrimination. These reports, however, lacked confirmation from controlled laboratory experiments. To address this question experimentally, we examined visual function by recording visual evoked potentials (VEP) and/or electroretinograms (ERG) from four sets of rats exposed repeatedly to toluene. In addition, eyes of the rats were examined with an ophthalmoscope and some of the retinal tissues were evaluated for rod and M-cone photoreceptor immunohistochemistry. The first study examined rats following exposure to 0, 10, 100 or 1000ppm toluene by inhalation (6hr/d, 5d/wk) for 13 weeks. One week after the termination of exposure, the rats were implanted with chronically indwelling electrodes and the following week pattern-elicited VEPs were recorded. VEP amplitudes were not significantly changed by toluene exposure. Four to five weeks after completion of exposure, rats were dark-adapted overnight, anesthetized, and several sets of electroretinograms (ERG) were recorded. In dark-adapted ERGs recorded over a 5-log (cd-s/m(2)) range of flash luminance, b-wave amplitudes were significantly reduced at high stimulus luminance values in rats previously exposed to 1000ppm toluene. A second set of rats, exposed concurrently with the first set, was tested approximately one year after the termination of 13 weeks of exposure to toluene. Again, dark-adapted ERG b-wave amplitudes were reduced at high stimulus luminance values in rats previously exposed to 1000ppm toluene. A third set of rats was exposed to the same concentrations of toluene for only 4 weeks, and a fourth set of rats exposed to 0 or 1000ppm toluene for 4 weeks were tested approximately 1year after the completion of exposure. No statistically significant reductions of ERG b-wave amplitude were observed in either set of rats exposed for 4 weeks. No significant changes were observed in ERG a-wave amplitude or latency, b-wave latency, UV- or green-flicker ERGs, or in photopic flash ERGs. There were no changes in the density of rod or M-cone photoreceptors. The ERG b-wave reflects the firing patterns of on-bipolar cells. The reductions of b-wave amplitude after 13 weeks of exposure and persisting for 1year suggest that alterations may have occurred in the inner nuclear layer of the retina, where the bipolar cells reside, or the outer or inner plexiform layers where the bipolar cells make synaptic connections. These data provide experimental evidence that repeated exposure to toluene may lead to subtle persistent changes in visual function. The fact that toluene affected ERGs, but not VEPs, suggests that elements in the rat retina may be more sensitive to organic solvent exposure than the rat visual cortex.
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An J, Guo Q, Li L, Zhang Z. Properties of Flicker ERGs in Rat Models with Retinal Degeneration. ISRN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2012; 2012:346297. [PMID: 24555124 PMCID: PMC3912620 DOI: 10.5402/2012/346297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. To describe the characteristics of rod and cone functions in rat models for congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) and retinal cone dysfunction (RCD).
Methods. Rod and cone function were isolated by recording the rod-/cone-driven flicker and blue light flicker electroretinograms (ERGs). Results. During dark
adaptation, the amplitudes of flicker ERGs in CSNB rats were lower than those in control rats; the responses of RCD rats were similar to control rats.
During light adaptation, the amplitudes of flicker ERGs in CSNB rats were reduced; whereas the responses of RCD rats were not detected. Blue flicker
ERGs were not observed in CSNB rats at lower frequencies. The cone driven critical flicker frequencies (CFFs) in control rats were 62 Hz. The rod driven
CFF of RCD rats was 20 Hz; whereas the rod-/cone-driven CFF of CSNB rats both were about 25 Hz. Conclusions. The function of the rod system was
damaged completely, the cones were the source of vision in CSNB rats. Rod system function is excellent in RCD rat. The rods of albinism rats are
sensitive to frequencies less than 20 Hz; whereas the cones are sensitive to frequencies up to 62 Hz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing An
- Department of Clinical Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qun Guo
- Department of Clinical Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Clinical Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zuoming Zhang
- Department of Clinical Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Hashizume K, Hirasawa M, Imamura Y, Noda S, Shimizu T, Shinoda K, Kurihara T, Noda K, Ozawa Y, Ishida S, Miyake Y, Shirasawa T, Tsubota K. Retinal dysfunction and progressive retinal cell death in SOD1-deficient mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 172:1325-31. [PMID: 18372426 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The superoxide dismutase (SOD) family is a major antioxidant system, and deficiency of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) in mice leads to many different phenotypes that resemble accelerated aging. The purpose of this study was to examine the morphology and physiology of the sensory retina in Sod1(-/-) mice. The amplitudes of the a- and b-waves of electroretinograms elicited by stimuli of different intensity were reduced in senescent Sod1(-/-) mice, and this reduction in amplitude was more pronounced with increasing age. Retinal morphometric analyses showed a reduced number of nuclei in both the inner nuclear cell layer and outer nuclear cell layer. Electron microscopy revealed swollen cells and degenerated mitochondria in the inner nuclear cell and outer nuclear cell layer of senescent Sod1(-/-) mice indicating necrotic cell death. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling revealed no significant differences in the number of apoptotic cells between Sod1(-/-) and wild-type mice, and activated caspase-3 could not be detected in the retina of Sod1(-/-) mice. In addition to the age-related macular degeneration-like phenotypes previously reported, Sod1(-/-) mice also present progressive retinal degeneration. Our results indicate that Sod1(-/-) mice may be a good model system in which to study the mechanism of reactive oxygen species-mediated retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouhei Hashizume
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inaida Laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, 35-Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Enaida H, Hisatomi T, Goto Y, Hata Y, Ueno A, Miura M, Kubota T, Ishibashi T. Preclinical investigation of internal limiting membrane staining and peeling using intravitreal brilliant blue G. Retina 2006; 26:623-30. [PMID: 16829803 DOI: 10.1097/01.iae.0000236470.71443.7c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of intravitreal brilliant blue G (BBG) on the morphology and functions of the retina and its possible use for staining and peeling of the internal limiting membrane (ILM). METHODS Rat eyes (n = 78) underwent gas compression vitrectomy. BBG solution was then injected into the vitreous cavity. The eyes were enucleated at 2 weeks and 2 months. Light as well as electron microscopy, terminal nick-end labeling staining, and electroretinography (ERG) were used to investigate retinal damage and function. To test the clinical potential of BBG, ILM staining was evaluated in primate eyes after pars plana vitrectomy followed by ILM peeling. RESULTS In the rat eyes, no pathologic changes were observed with light microscopy. Electron microscopy revealed that high doses of BBG induced vacuolization in the inner retinal cells, but apoptosis was not detected. There was no reduction in the amplitude of the ERG waves. In the primate eyes, the ILM was clearly visualized after the intravitreous injection of BBG and was peeled off easily from the retina. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that BBG, which has low potential for toxicity, high staining ability, and ease of handling, is a good candidate dye for ILM peeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Enaida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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PRECLINICAL INVESTIGATION OF INTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE STAINING AND PEELING USING INTRAVITREAL BRILLIANT BLUE G. Retina 2006. [DOI: 10.1097/00006982-200607000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Maeda T, Lem J, Palczewski K, Haeseleer F. A critical role of CaBP4 in the cone synapse. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46:4320-7. [PMID: 16249514 PMCID: PMC1351246 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.05-0478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE CaBP4, a photoreceptor-specific protein of the rods and cones, is essential for the development and maintenance of the mouse photoreceptor synapse. In this study, double CaBP4/rod alpha-transducin knockout (Cabp4(-/-)Gnat1(-/-)) mice lacking the rod-mediated component of electrophysiologic responses were generated and analyzed to investigate the role of CaBP4 in cones. METHODS The retinal morphology and physiologic function of 2-month-old Cabp4(-/-)Gnat1(-/-) mice were analyzed using immunocytochemistry, electron microscopy, and single-flash and flicker electroretinography (ERG). RESULTS The thickness of the outer plexiform layer and the number of photoreceptor terminals in Cabp4(-/-)Gnat1(-/-) mice were reduced to levels similar to those of Cabp4(-/-) mice. Single-flash and flicker ERG showed that the amplitude and sensitivity of the b-wave in the Cabp4(-/-)Gnat1(-/-) mice were severely attenuated compared with those in wild-type and Gnat1(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that the cone synaptic function in Cabp4(-/-)Gnat1(-/-) mice was severely disrupted, whereas the morphologic defects observed in Cabp4(-/-)Gnat1(-/-) mice were similar to those of single Cabp4(-/-) knockout mice. This and a previous study reveal that CaBP4 is critical for signal transmission from rods and cones to second-order neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janis Lem
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Molecular Cardiology, Tufts–New England Med Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology
- Pharmacology, and
- Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and the
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el Azazi M, Wang L, Eklund A, Wachtmeister L. Background light adaptation of the retinal neuronal adaptive system. II. Dynamic effects. Doc Ophthalmol 2005; 109:201-13. [PMID: 15881266 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-004-6206-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic effects of continuous exposure to light on the neuronal adaptive system of the retina, as indicated by the oscillatory response (OPs) of the electroretinogram (ERG) were studied in the albino rat. Digitally filtered OPs and the a- and b-waves of the corneal ERG were simultaneously recorded in dark adaptation, during continuous light adaptation to four levels of background light (BGL) changing in steps of two log units from 1.43 x 10(-6) cd/m2, referred to as 'low and high scotopic, low and high mesopic' levels. Exposed to 'high scotopic' BGL the total oscillatory response (SOP) significantly enhanced within the first minute, whereas the amplitudes of the a- and b-waves were unaffected. In 'low mesopic' BGL the SOP increased within the first minute, whereas the a- and b-waves significantly decreased. 'High mesopic' BGL instantaneously and profoundly reduced both the SOP and the slow potentials. The individual OPs changed in amplitudes mainly within the first minute of BGL. In general, the earlier OPs (O1 and O2) reacted more to the two 'scotopic' BGL levels, whereas the later OPs (O3 and 04) were more affected by the relatively brighter two 'mesopic' conditions. In conclusion, the rapid increase of the OPs within the first minute of 'high scotopic' and 'low mesopic' BGL exposure may represent a rudimentary light adaptational effect in the rod-dominated rat retina. These findings also suggest that the neuronal adaptive mechanism of the retina seems to be a robust system, probably attaining preservation of visual abilities in the rat on exposure to light.
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Pinilla I, Lund RD, Sauvé Y. Cone function studied with flicker electroretinogram during progressive retinal degeneration in RCS rats. Exp Eye Res 2005; 80:51-9. [PMID: 15652526 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2004.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2004] [Accepted: 08/09/2004] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat has a primary defect in retinal pigment epithelial cells that leads to the progressive loss of photoreceptors and central visual responsiveness. While most rods are lost by 90 days of age (P90), cones degenerate more slowly, and can be detected anatomically up to 2 years of age, despite massive neuronal death and retinal remodelling. To examine how this progressive degenerative process impacts on cone function, we recorded the electroretingram to white light flashes (1.37 log cd s m(-2)) presented at frequencies ranging from 3 to 50 Hz, under light adapted conditions (29.8 cd m(-2)). Pigmented dystrophic and congenic non-dystrophic RCS rats aged from 18 to 300 days were studied. In all responsive animals at all ages, maximal amplitudes were obtained at 3 Hz. In both non-dystrophic and dystrophic rats, there was an increase from P18 to P21 in response amplitude and critical fusion frequency. After P21, these two parameters declined progressively with age in dystrophic rats. Other changes included prolongation in latency, which was first detected prior to the initiation of amplitude reduction. While phase shifts were also detected in dystrophic RCS rats, they appeared at later degenerative stages. The latest age at which responses could be elicited in dystrophic rats was at P200, with positive waves being replaced by negative deflections. The effect of increments in the intensity of background illumination was tested at P50 in both groups. This caused a diminution in flicker response amplitude and critical fusion frequencies in non-dystrophics, while in dystrophic animals, response amplitudes were reduced only at low frequencies and critical fusion frequencies were unaltered. In conclusion, although dystrophic RCS rats undergo a progressive decline in cone function with age, the flicker responsiveness at P21 is comparable to that of non-dystrophic congenic rats, suggesting normal developmental maturation of the cone system in this animal model of retinal degeneration. Flicker responses can be recorded up to P200, at which point the retina has undergone severe regressive and reactive changes in its connectivity patterns. The fact that responses at this age consist of solely negative deflections might be a reflection of the highly pathological state of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Pinilla
- Moran Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, 75 North Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Goto Y, Taniwaki T, Shigematsu J, Tobimatsu S. The long-term effects of antiepileptic drugs on the visual system in rats: electrophysiological and histopathological studies. Clin Neurophysiol 2003; 114:1395-402. [PMID: 12888021 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2457(03)00128-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We quantified the long-term effects of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) on the visual system of rats using electroretinograms (ERGs) and visual evoked potentials (VEPs). METHODS Twenty adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups (n=5). Each animal was treated by monotherapy of phenytoin (PHT), valproic acid (VPA), zonisamide (ZNS) or physiological saline as control. The AEDs were injected intraperitoneally daily for 180 days. ERGs and VEPs were recorded before the medication and on Days 30 and 180. RESULTS There were no significant changes in the 4 groups on Day 30. On Day 180, the amplitudes of a- and b-waves of dark-adapted (DA) ERGs were reduced in the PHT group compared with those of the control group. In the VPA group, the amplitudes of the DA ERG a- and b-waves, light-adapted ERG b-wave and the DA VEP were reduced. No significant changes were observed in the ZNS group. There were no histopathological changes of the retina and visual cortex in all groups. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that neurons along the visual pathways have different sensitivity to each AED. This may result from the differential pharmacological actions of each AED on visual neurons. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings suggest that epileptic patients on long-term use of AEDs might have subclinical influences to the visual systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Goto
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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Hisatomi T, Sakamoto T, Goto Y, Yamanaka I, Oshima Y, Hata Y, Ishibashi T, Inomata H, Susin SA, Kroemer G. Critical role of photoreceptor apoptosis in functional damage after retinal detachment. Curr Eye Res 2002; 24:161-72. [PMID: 12221523 DOI: 10.1076/ceyr.24.3.161.8305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although apoptosis is assumed to play a pivotal role in retinal function loss, its mechanism and real influence on retinal function are still unclear. To investigate the relation between retinal function and apoptosis, we studied photoreceptor apoptosis in experimental retinal detachment (RD). METHODS We induced RD by subretinal injection of sodium hyaluronate in Brown Norway rats. Apoptotic photoreceptors were detected by TdT-dUTP Terminal Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL). To evaluate the function of the detached retina, electroretinograms (ERGs) were taken on day 1, 3 with corneal electrodes and full-field stimulation. RESULTS Apoptotic DNA fragmentation appeared 12 hours after RD, was most prominent on day 3, and decreased thereafter. The ERGs showed that the amplitudes of dark-adapted a-waves and light adapted 2 Hz b-waves decreased immediately after RD and continued to decrease over time. The administration of Fas/Fc chimera recombinant protein or a caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD.fmk, failed to prevent either photoreceptor apoptosis or retinal functional damage. In contrast, brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) significantly impeded both apoptosis and dysfunction. The ERGs recognized the functional changes sensitively, and these ERG changes correlated well to the amount of photoreceptor apoptosis. Immunohistochemical study showed that apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), a novel caspase-independent apoptotic factor, was relocalized from mitochondria to the nucleus in this process. CONCLUSIONS The present results showed that apoptosis was a key phenomenon in the retinal dysfunction in RD and that this process was transmitted mainly by mitochondria-dependent pathways rather than Fas/Fas-L or downstream caspase dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Hisatomi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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Goto Y, Furuta A, Tobimatsu S. Magnesium deficiency differentially affects the retina and visual cortex of intact rats. J Nutr 2001; 131:2378-81. [PMID: 11533282 DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.9.2378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the influence of magnesium (Mg) on the visual system, electroretinograms (ERG) and visual evoked potentials (VEP) were recorded under dark-(DA) and light-adapted (LA) conditions in intact rats. Weanling rats were fed either a Mg-deficient (Mg-D) or a control diet for 17 d before the tests, and ERG, VEP and immunohistopathological analyses of retinae and cortices were made. In the Mg-D rats, ear congestion, hair loss and loss of body weight were observed, and serum Mg concentration was approximately 25% of that in the control rats (P < 0.01). The amplitudes of the DA a-wave and the second positive peak of the oscillatory potentials (OP2) of the ERG, and the negative component of the VEP (N1) in Mg-D rats were significantly greater than those of control rats. However, the amplitudes of the DA b-wave, LA 2 Hz b-wave, the 20 Hz flicker responses and the implicit times of all response components did not differ between the two groups. The immunohistopathologic results also were not altered in the Mg-D rats. We suggest that the functional abnormalities induced by Mg deficiency may depend not only on the hyperactivity of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, but also on the behavior of the Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) ions in the intact eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Goto
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Goto Y, Shigematsu J, Tobimatsu S, Sakamoto T, Kinukawa N, Kato M. Different vulnerability of rat retinal cells to methylmercury exposure. Curr Eye Res 2001; 23:171-8. [PMID: 11803478 DOI: 10.1076/ceyr.23.3.171.5469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that methylmercury chloride (MMC) caused a selective vulnerability in rat retinal cells during the intact preparation. MMC was injected subcutaneously daily at 3 different doses (0.25, 0.70 or 1.50 mg/kg/day) for 30 days. The electroretinograms under dark- and light-adaptation were recorded before and at 10-day intervals during the treatment period. With the lowest dose of MMC, only the amplitude of the light-adapted (LA) 20 Hz response significantly decreased on Day 30. At the intermediate dose, amplitude reductions were observed on Day 20 for the LA 20 Hz response and dark-adapted (DA) a-wave, while reductions in the LA 2 Hz b-wave and DA b-wave were noted only on Day 30. At the highest dose, these changes occurred earlier during the course of treatment. However, the amplitude of the DA second positive oscillatory potentials and the implicit times of any response components remained unchanged at all dosages. These results suggest that the cones are more sensitive than the rods, bipolar cells and Müller cells to MMC. However, amacrine cells were found to be relatively insensitive. Therefore, each retinal cell was found to have a different vulnerability to MMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Goto
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Goto Y, Tobimatsu S, Shigematsu J, Akazawa K, Kato M. Properties of rat cone-mediated electroretinograms during light adaptation. Curr Eye Res 1999; 19:248-53. [PMID: 10487963 DOI: 10.1076/ceyr.19.3.248.5313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our aim was to better understand how to isolate the cone-mediated response in rats. Therefore, we studied the difference of ERGs in the course of light adaptation between 2 and 20 Hz stimulus frequencies. METHODS A total of 90 rats divided into 18 different groups were used following overnight dark adaptation. ERGs were recorded against 3 different adapting field luminances (1.15, 1. 50 or 1.75 log cd/m(2)) with a combination of 3 stimulus flash intensities (0.86, 1.30 or 2.03 log cd sec/m( 2)). The responses were obtained at 2 minute intervals for 25 minutes of light adaptation. RESULTS The response of the rat cone ERG was large despite the small number of cones. The mean amplitude increased systematically from the dark-adapted value requiring more than 15 minutes to reach an asymptote at 2 Hz stimulation, but only 10 minutes at 20 Hz stimulation. The 2 Hz adaptation curves had biphasic pattern compared to the monophasic 20 Hz curve. This second increase in the amplitude at 2 Hz appeared at around 7-8 minutes as a function of adaptation time. This tendency was most evident when using a low adapting field luminance with a high flash intensity. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the rods intrude much more during light adaptation at 2 Hz stimulation in rodents than in humans. Therefore, 20 Hz flicker stimulation can better isolate more the cone-mediated function than 2 Hz stimulation during the course of light adaptation in rats. Furthermore, the functional characteristics of the cone in rats may be different from that in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Goto
- Kyushu University Neurological Institute Department of Clinical Neurophysiology Fukuoka, Japan.
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