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Wei WJ, Hong YL, Deng Y, Wang GL, Qiu JT, Pan F. Research progress on the development of hepatocyte growth factor/c-Met signaling pathway in gastric cancer: A review. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2024; 16:3397-3409. [PMID: 39171189 PMCID: PMC11334049 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v16.i8.3397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor, c-Met, play important roles in the occurrence, development, and treatment of gastric cancer (GC). This review explored the function of the HGF/c-Met signaling pathway in GC and its potential targeted therapeutic mechanisms. As one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide, GC has a complex pathogenesis and limited therapeutic options. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the molecular mechanism of GC is very important for the development of new therapeutic methods. The HGF/c-Met signaling pathway plays an important role in the proliferation, migration, and invasion of GC cells and has become a new therapeutic target. This review summarizes the current research progress on the role of HGF/c-Met in GC and discusses targeted therapeutic strategies targeting this signaling pathway, providing new ideas and directions for the treatment of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Jie Wei
- Department of Oncology, People's Hospital of Chongqing Hechuan, Chongqing 401520, China
| | - Ya-Li Hong
- Department of Cardiovascular, People's Hospital of Chongqing Hechuan, Chongqing 401520, China
| | - Yi Deng
- Intensive Care Unit, People's Hospital of Chongqing Hechuan, Chongqing 401520, China
| | - Guan-Liang Wang
- Department of Oncology, People's Hospital of Chongqing Hechuan, Chongqing 401520, China
| | - Jiang-Tao Qiu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fang Pan
- Department of Oncology, People's Hospital of Chongqing Hechuan, Chongqing 401520, China
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Wang LM, Zhang WW, Qiu YY, Wang F. Ferroptosis regulating lipid peroxidation metabolism in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2024; 16:2781-2792. [PMID: 38994139 PMCID: PMC11236228 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v16.i6.2781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world, and its occurrence and development involve complex biological processes. Iron death, as a new cell death mode, has attracted wide attention in recent years. However, the regulatory mechanism of iron death in gastric cancer and its effect on lipid peroxidation metabolism remain unclear. AIM To explore the role of iron death in the development of gastric cancer, reveal its relationship with lipid peroxidation, and provide a new theoretical basis for revealing the molecular mechanism of the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. METHODS The process of iron death in gastric cancer cells was simulated by cell culture model, and the occurrence of iron death was detected by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. The changes of gene expression related to iron death and lipid peroxidation metabolism were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing technology. In addition, a mouse model of gastric cancer was established, and the role of iron death in vivo was studied by histology and immunohistochemistry, and the level of lipid peroxidation was detected. These methods comprehensively and deeply reveal the regulatory mechanism of iron death on lipid peroxidation metabolism in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. RESULTS Iron death was significantly activated in gastric cancer cells, and at the same time, associated lipid peroxidation levels increased significantly. Through high-throughput sequencing analysis, it was found that iron death regulated the expression of several genes related to lipid metabolism. In vivo experiments demonstrated that increased iron death in gastric cancer mice was accompanied by a significant increase in lipid peroxidation. CONCLUSION This study confirmed the important role of iron death in regulating lipid peroxidation metabolism in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. The activation of iron death significantly increased lipid peroxidation levels, revealing its regulatory mechanism inside the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Mei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Anqiu People's Hospital, Weifang 262123, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Feicheng People's Hospital, Tai’an 271600, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ying-Yang Qiu
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250013, Shandong Province, China
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Li J, Zhang X, Liu Y, Zhou J, Shen L, Yue G. Expressions and Clinical Significance of Met and YAP in Gastric Cancer Tissue Microarray. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2024; 2024:5591298. [PMID: 38634107 PMCID: PMC11022516 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5591298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study is aimed at investigating the expression of Met and YAP in gastric cancer and their impact on clinical prognosis. Methods Tissue samples and clinical data were collected from 89 patients with gastric cancer. Immunohistochemistry was performed to quantify the expression of Met and YAP using tissue microarray. The correlation between the expressions of Met, YAP, and clinicopathological characteristics of patients was determined using a chi-square test. Survival analysis was conducted using the Kaplan-Meier method, while multivariate survival analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazard model. Bioinformatics analysis was carried out by downloading chip data from TCGA. Results The expression levels of both Met and YAP were significantly higher in gastric cancer tissues compared to adjacent tissues (P < 0.001). Met expression showed a positive association with P53 and CD133, whereas YAP expression correlated positively with tumor grade and CD133 (P < 0.05). Pearson's analysis revealed a significant correlation between Met expression and VEGFR as well as CD133, while YAP expression correlated with Ki67 and VEGFR (P < 0.05). Patients with high levels of both Met and YAP exhibited decreased survival time (P < 0.01). Furthermore, Met expression, N stage, and VEGFR were identified as independent risk factors for gastric cancer prognosis (P < 0.05), whereas no such association was observed for YAP expression. Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated a significant correlation between the expressions of Met and YAP; both proteins were highly expressed in gastric cancer patients accompanied by markedly reduced survival time. Conclusion The expressions of Met and YAP are closely associated with the survival outcomes as well as clinicopathological features in patients with gastric cancer. Moreover, our findings highlight that Met serves as an independent prognostic factor for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Li
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Xinyun Zhang
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jinyong Zhou
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Li Shen
- Institute of Basic Theory of TCM, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Guangxin Yue
- Institute of Basic Theory of TCM, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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Ogata T, Narita Y, Wainberg ZA, Van Cutsem E, Yamaguchi K, Piao Y, Zhao Y, Peterson PM, Wijayawardana SR, Abada P, Chatterjee A, Muro K. Exploratory Analysis of Patients With Gastric/Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma With or Without Liver Metastasis From the Phase 3 RAINBOW Study. J Gastric Cancer 2023; 23:289-302. [PMID: 37129153 PMCID: PMC10154140 DOI: 10.5230/jgc.2023.23.e15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Liver metastasis (LM) is reported in approximately 40% of patients with advanced/metastatic gastric/gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (metastatic esophagogastric adenocarcinoma; mGEA) and is associated with a worse prognosis. This post-hoc analysis from the RAINBOW trial reported the efficacy, safety, and biomarker outcomes of ramucirumab and paclitaxel combination treatment (RAM+PAC) in patients with (LM+) and without (LM-) LM at baseline. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients (n=665) were randomly assigned on a 1:1 basis to receive either RAM+PAC (LM+: 150, LM-: 180) or placebo and paclitaxel (PL+PAC) (LM+: 138, LM-: 197). The overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were evaluated using stratified Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression models. The correlation of dichotomized biomarkers (VEGF-C, D; VEGFR-1,2) with efficacy in the LM+ versus LM- subgroups was analyzed using the Cox regression model with reported interaction P-values. RESULTS The presence of LM was associated with earlier progression than those without LM, particularly in patients receiving PL+PAC (hazard ratio [HR], 1.68). RAM+PAC treatment improved OS and PFS irrespective of LM status but showed greater improvement in LM+ than that in LM- (OS HR, 0.71 [LM+] vs. 0.88 [LM-]; PFS HR, 0.47 [LM+] vs. 0.76 [LM-]). Treatment-emergent adverse events were similar between patients with and without LM. No predictive relationship was observed between biomarker levels (VEGF-C, D; VEGFR-1,2) and efficacy outcome (OS, PFS) (all interaction P-values >0.05). CONCLUSIONS RAM provided a significant benefit, irrespective of LM status; however, its effect was numerically stronger in patients with LM. Therefore, RAM+PAC is a clinically meaningful therapeutic option for patients with mGEA and LM. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01170663.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zev A Wainberg
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Eric Van Cutsem
- University Hospitals Gasthuisberg/Leuven & Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kensei Yamaguchi
- Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yumin Zhao
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | | | | | - Paolo Abada
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | | | - Kei Muro
- Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.
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Targeting HGF/c-Met Axis Decreases Circulating Regulatory T Cells Accumulation in Gastric Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215562. [PMID: 34771724 PMCID: PMC8583551 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Restoring an effective immune response is the key goal of immunotherapy. One of the major mechanisms of tumor-induced immunosuppression is regulatory T cells (Treg) accumulation. In this study, using in vitro and in vivo analysis, we assessed the impact of the HGF/c-Met pathway, involved notably in tumor angiogenesis, on Treg accumulation in patients with gastric cancer. First, we reported that c-Met is expressed on circulating monocytes of gastric cancer patients and this expression seems to be associated with the worst outcome. Secondly, during in vitro cultures, c-Met+ monocytes differentiate into dendritic cells with tolerogenic properties able to induce the proliferation of Treg. Finally, rilotumumab, an anti-HGF antibody, decreases the percentage of circulating Treg in gastric cancer patients. Using HGF/c-Met inhibitors to partially reverse immunosuppression could lead to the development of new treatment associations, for example with immune checkpoint blockers. Abstract Elucidating mechanisms involved in tumor-induced immunosuppression is of great interest since it could help to improve cancer immunotherapy efficacy. Here we show that Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF), a pro-tumoral and proangiogenic factor, and its receptor c-Met are involved in regulatory T cells (Treg) accumulation in the peripheral blood of gastric cancer (GC) patients. We observed that c-Met is expressed on circulating monocytes from GC patients. The elevated expression on monocytes is associated with clinical parameters linked to an aggressive disease phenotype and correlates with a worse prognosis. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells from GC patients differentiated in the presence of HGF adopt a regulatory phenotype with a lower expression of co-stimulatory molecules, impaired maturation capacities, and an increased ability to produce interleukin-10 and to induce Treg differentiation in vitro. In the MEGA-ACCORD20-PRODIGE17 trial, GC patients received an anti-HGF antibody treatment (rilotumumab), which had been described to have an anti-angiogenic activity by decreasing proliferation of endothelial cells and tube formation. Rilotumumab decreased circulating Treg in GC patients. Thus, we identified that HGF indirectly triggers Treg accumulation via c-Met-expressing monocytes in the peripheral blood of GC patients. Our study provides arguments for potential alternative use of HGF/c-Met targeted therapies based on their immunomodulatory properties which could lead to the development of new therapeutic associations in cancer patients, for example with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Tanaka R, Terai M, Londin E, Sato T. The Role of HGF/MET Signaling in Metastatic Uveal Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215457. [PMID: 34771620 PMCID: PMC8582360 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET) signaling plays an important role in the metastatic formation and therapeutic resistance to uveal melanoma. Here, we review the various functions of MET signaling contributing to metastatic formation, as well as review resistance to treatments in metastatic uveal melanoma. Abstract Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET) signaling promotes tumorigenesis and tumor progression in various types of cancer, including uveal melanoma (UM). The roles of HGF/MET signaling have been studied in cell survival, proliferation, cell motility, and migration. Furthermore, HGF/MET signaling has emerged as a critical player not only in the tumor itself but also in the tumor microenvironment. Expression of MET is frequently observed in metastatic uveal melanoma and is associated with poor prognosis. It has been reported that HGF/MET signaling pathway activation is the major mechanism of treatment resistance in metastatic UM (MUM). To achieve maximal therapeutic benefit in MUM patients, it is important to understand how MET signaling drives cellular functions in uveal melanoma cells. Here, we review the HGF/MET signaling biology and the role of HGF/MET blockades in uveal melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Tanaka
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (R.T.); (T.S.)
| | - Mizue Terai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (R.T.); (T.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-215-955-4780
| | - Eric Londin
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
| | - Takami Sato
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (R.T.); (T.S.)
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Grojean M, Schwarz MA, Schwarz JR, Hassan S, von Holzen U, Zhang C, Schwarz RE, Awasthi N. Targeted dual inhibition of c-Met/VEGFR2 signalling by foretinib improves antitumour effects of nanoparticle paclitaxel in gastric cancer models. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:4950-4961. [PMID: 33939252 PMCID: PMC8178268 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated expression of multiple growth factors and receptors including c‐Met and VEGFR has been reported in gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) and thus provides a potentially useful therapeutic target. The therapeutic efficacy of foretinib, a c‐Met/VEGFR2 inhibitor, was determined in combination with nanoparticle paclitaxel (NPT) in GAC. Animal studies were conducted in NOD/SCID mice in subcutaneous and peritoneal dissemination xenografts. The mechanism of action was assessed by Immunohistochemical and Immunoblot analyses. In c‐Met overexpressing MKN‐45 cell‐derived xenografts, NPT and foretinib demonstrated inhibition in tumour growth, while NPT plus foretinib showed additive effects. In c‐Met low‐expressing SNU‐1 or patient‐derived xenografts, the foretinib effect was smaller, while NPT had a similar effect compared with MKN‐45, as NPT plus foretinib still exhibited an additive response. Median mice survival was markedly improved by NPT (83%), foretinib (100%) and NPT plus foretinib (230%) in peritoneal dissemination xenografts. Subcutaneous tumour analyses exhibited that foretinib increased cancer cell death and decreased cancer cell proliferation and tumour vasculature. NPT and foretinib suppressed the proliferation of GAC cells in vitro and had additive effects in combination. Further, foretinib caused a dramatic decrease in phosphorylated forms of c‐Met, ERK, AKT and p38. Foretinib led to a decrease in Bcl‐2, and an increase in p27, Bax, Bim, cleaved PARP‐1 and cleaved caspase‐3. Thus, these findings highlight the antitumour impact of simultaneous suppression of c‐Met and VEGFR2 signalling in GAC and its potential to enhance nanoparticle paclitaxel response. This therapeutic approach might lead to a clinically beneficial combination to increase GAC patients’ survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Grojean
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN, USA
| | - Margaret A Schwarz
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN, USA.,Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA
| | - Johann R Schwarz
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN, USA
| | - Sazzad Hassan
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN, USA.,Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA
| | - Urs von Holzen
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN, USA.,Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA.,Goshen Center for Cancer Care, Goshen, IN, USA.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Changhua Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Roderich E Schwarz
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN, USA.,Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA.,Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA.,University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Niranjan Awasthi
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN, USA.,Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA
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Koustas E, Karamouzis MV, Sarantis P, Schizas D, Papavassiliou AG. Inhibition of c-MET increases the antitumour activity of PARP inhibitors in gastric cancer models. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:10420-10431. [PMID: 32686903 PMCID: PMC7521333 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the fifth most common malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer‐related death worldwide. Activation of c‐MET increases tumour cell survival through the initiation of the DNA damage repair pathway. PARP is an essential key in the DNA damage repair pathway. The primary role of PARP is to detect and initiate an immediate cellular response to single‐strand DNA breaks. Tumours suppressor genes such as BRCA1/2 are closely associated with the DNA repair pathway. In BRCA1/2 mutations or deficiency status, cells are more likely to develop additional genetic alterations and chromosomal instability and can lead to cancer. In this study, we investigate the role of c‐MET and PARP inhibition in a gastric cancer model. We exploited functional in vitro and in vivo experiments to assess the antitumour potential of co‐inhibition of c‐MET (SU11274) and PARP (NU1025). This leads to a reduction of gastric cancer cells viability, especially after knockdown of BRCA1/2 through apoptosis and induction of γ‐Η2ΑΧ. Moreover, in AGS xenograft models, the combinatorial treatment of NU1025 plus SU11274 reduced tumour growth and triggers apoptosis. Collectively, our data may represent a new therapeutic approach for GC thought co‐inhibition of c‐MET and PARP, especially for patients with BRCA1/2 deficiency tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Koustas
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michalis V Karamouzis
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,First Department of Internal Medicine, 'Laiko' General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Sarantis
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Schizas
- First Department of Surgery, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios G Papavassiliou
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Seo S, Ryu MH, Ryoo BY, Park Y, Park YS, Na YS, Lee CW, Lee JK, Kang YK. Clinical significance of MET gene amplification in metastatic or locally advanced gastric cancer treated with first-line fluoropyrimidine and platinum combination chemotherapy. Chin J Cancer Res 2019; 31:620-631. [PMID: 31564805 PMCID: PMC6736660 DOI: 10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2019.04.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the clinical significance of MET gene amplification in patients with gastric cancer in the palliative setting.
Methods MET amplification was assessed using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in 50 patients and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in 326 patients; 259 patients treated with first-line fluoropyrimidine and platinum were included for survival analysis.
Results The results of FISH and qPCR indicated that the c-MET/CEP7 ratio was correlated with gene copy number. The optimal cutoff value for the copy number using qPCR to detect MET gene amplification with FISH was 5 (κ=0.778, P<0.001). Twenty-one out of 326 patients (6.4%) were identified asMET amplification with a copy number of >5 detected by qPCR. MET-amplified gastric cancer was associated with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) score of ≥2 (33.3% vs. 10.5% P=0.007), peritoneal metastasis (76.2% vs. 46.2%, P=0.008), and elevated bilirubin levels (28.6% vs. 7.3%, P=0.006). The median overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were 11.9 and 5.6 months, respectively. MET-amplified gastric cancer was not associated with survival outcomes [hazard ratio (HR)=0.68, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.35−1.32, P=0.254 for PFS; HR=0.68, 95% CI: 0.35−1.32, P=0.251 for OS].
Conclusions qPCR can be used to detect MET gene amplification. MET amplification was not a predictor of poor prognosis in patients with metastatic or unresectable gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Young-Soon Na
- Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Won Lee
- Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Kyung Lee
- Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
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Evaluation of Intratumoral and Intertumoral Heterogeneity of MET Protein Expression in Gastric Cancer. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2019; 26:445-453. [PMID: 28968267 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tumor heterogeneity of a target molecule could contribute to failure of the targeted therapy. We investigated the heterogeneity of MET expression within same primary gastric cancer (GC) and between primary and corresponding secondary GC lesions using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Intratumoral heterogeneity was defined as discordant MET status among 3 tissue microarray cores (3 different areas of same tumor). IHC 3+ was considered positive for MET overexpression. MET overexpression was observed in 2.7% (50/1869) of all examined cores and 5.3% (33/623) of primary GCs. When we compared MET IHC results between 3 cores from each tumor, intratumoral heterogeneity was identified (65.0% in total 623 cases; 84.4% in 480 cases with any staining intensity; 84.9% in 251 cases with moderate to strong intensity; 90.9% in 33 cases with strong intensity). Of 33 MET-overexpressed GCs, the average proportion of strongly stained area was 19.6% in the whole sections. Of 269 cases with primary GC and regional lymph node metastasis, 17 (6.3%) showed MET positivity in which 9 (52.9%) were discordant (negative conversion). In 123 cases with primary and corresponding local recurrent/distant metastatic GC, 3 (2.4%) showed MET positivity in which 2 (66.7%) were discordant (positive conversion). In the survival analysis, MET IHC 3+ in lymph node metastases was an independent negative prognostic factor for overall survival. We found that MET overexpression is uncommon and highly heterogeneous in GC. This severe heterogeneity of MET status should be considered in tissue sampling and development of biomarkers for anti-MET therapy.
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Curea FG, Hebbar M, Ilie SM, Bacinschi XE, Trifanescu OG, Botnariuc I, Anghel RM. Current Targeted Therapies in HER2-Positive Gastric Adenocarcinoma. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2018; 32:351-363. [PMID: 29265917 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2017.2249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in the world, usually diagnosed at an advanced stage. Despite the advances in specific anticancer agents' development, the survival rates remain modest, even in early stages. In 15%-20% of cases, the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression was identified. We conducted a general review to summarize the progress that has been made in the targeted treatment of HER2-positive esogastric junction or gastric adenocarcinoma. According to our findings, trastuzumab is the only validated anti-HER2 agent in locally advanced or metastatic disease and its adjuvant effectiveness is assessed in a RTOG phase III study. In a previously treated advanced disease, the maytansine derivate TDM 1 failed to be approved as a second-line regimen, and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, lapatinib, shows modest results. The antiangiogenics have not been analyzed in specific populations and targeting the mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET) receptor, overexpressed in up to 46% of the advanced disease, seems encouraging. Regarding the checkpoint inhibitors, based on KEYNOTE 059 multilevel ongoing trial, stratified according to the HER2 and programmed death-ligand (PD-L) 1 status, pembrolizumab was approved for third-line treatment of gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana G Curea
- 1 Department of Oncology-Radiotherapy, Institute of Oncology "Prof. Dr. Alexandru Trestioreanu," Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mohamed Hebbar
- 2 Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital , Lille, France
| | - Silvia M Ilie
- 1 Department of Oncology-Radiotherapy, Institute of Oncology "Prof. Dr. Alexandru Trestioreanu," Bucharest, Romania .,3 University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila," Bucharest, Romania
| | - Xenia E Bacinschi
- 1 Department of Oncology-Radiotherapy, Institute of Oncology "Prof. Dr. Alexandru Trestioreanu," Bucharest, Romania .,3 University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila," Bucharest, Romania
| | - Oana G Trifanescu
- 1 Department of Oncology-Radiotherapy, Institute of Oncology "Prof. Dr. Alexandru Trestioreanu," Bucharest, Romania .,3 University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila," Bucharest, Romania
| | - Inga Botnariuc
- 1 Department of Oncology-Radiotherapy, Institute of Oncology "Prof. Dr. Alexandru Trestioreanu," Bucharest, Romania
| | - Rodica M Anghel
- 1 Department of Oncology-Radiotherapy, Institute of Oncology "Prof. Dr. Alexandru Trestioreanu," Bucharest, Romania .,3 University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila," Bucharest, Romania
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12
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Abbas M, Faggian A, Sintali DN, Khan GJ, Naeem S, Shi M, Dingding C. Current and future biomarkers in gastric cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:1688-1700. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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13
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Huang KH, Sung IC, Fang WL, Chi CW, Yeh TS, Lee HC, Yin PH, Li AFY, Wu CW, Shyr YM, Yang MH. Correlation between HGF/c-Met and Notch1 signaling pathways in human gastric cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2018; 40:294-302. [PMID: 29781036 PMCID: PMC6059752 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, research concerning gastric carcinogenesis has rapidly progressed. It is evident that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is clinically related to gastric cancer progression and metastasis. In addition, previous studies have found that expression of Notch ligand Jagged1 is correlated with the poor prognosis of gastric cancer. However, the interaction between the HGF/c-Met and Notch1 signaling pathways remains unknown. In the present study, we found that gastric cancer patients with positive c-Met expression exhibited poorer overall survival than patients without c-Met expression (P=0.043) and that Jagged1 expression was significantly correlated with c-Met expression (r=0.301; P=0.004) in human gastric cancer specimens. In addition, Jagged1 activity increased after HGF stimulation, which in turn increased the downstream expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in a time-dependent manner. After knockdown of Notch1 intracellular domain (N1IC), HGF was found to increase the proliferation and migration ability in human gastric cancer cells. However, overexpression of N1IC still had no effect after HGF stimulation. Our study found a feedback loop between HGF/c-Met and Jagged1/Notch1 signaling. Furthermore, both HGF/c-Met and Notch1 signaling triggered COX-2 activity. These results suggest that gastric cancer progression is not associated with a unique signaling pathway and that a feedback loop may exist between the HGF/c-Met and Notch1 signaling pathways, which may result in therapeutic resistance. Therefore, multi-modality therapies should be considered for treating gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Hung Huang
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - I-Cheng Sung
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen-Liang Fang
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chin-Wen Chi
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tien-Shun Yeh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsin-Chen Lee
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Pen-Hui Yin
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Anna Fen-Yau Li
- Department of Pathology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chew-Wun Wu
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Ming Shyr
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Muh-Hwa Yang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
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14
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Kim HS, Chon HJ, Kim H, Shin SJ, Wacheck V, Gruver AM, Kim JS, Rha SY, Chung HC. MET in gastric cancer with liver metastasis: The relationship between METamplification and Met overexpression in primary stomach tumors and liver metastasis. J Surg Oncol 2018; 117:1679-1686. [DOI: 10.1002/jso.25097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Han S. Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology; Department of Internal Medicine; Yonsei Cancer Center; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
- Song-Dang Institute for Cancer Research; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Hong J. Chon
- Division of Medical Oncology; Department of Internal Medicine; CHA University Bundang Medical Center; Seongnam South Korea
| | - Hyunki Kim
- Department of Pathology; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Su-Jin Shin
- Department of Pathology; Hanyang University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Volker Wacheck
- Oncology Medical; Lilly Research Laboratories; A Division of Eli Lilly and Company; Lilly Corporate Center; Indianapolis Indiana
| | - Aaron M. Gruver
- Diagnostic and Experimental Pathology; Eli Lilly and Company; Indianapolis Indiana
| | | | - Sun Y. Rha
- Division of Medical Oncology; Department of Internal Medicine; Yonsei Cancer Center; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
- Song-Dang Institute for Cancer Research; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Hyun C. Chung
- Division of Medical Oncology; Department of Internal Medicine; Yonsei Cancer Center; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
- Song-Dang Institute for Cancer Research; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
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15
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Anestis A, Zoi I, Karamouzis MV. Current advances of targeting HGF/c-Met pathway in gastric cancer. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 6:247. [PMID: 30069449 PMCID: PMC6046293 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.04.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite the advances in systemic chemotherapy, gastric adenocarcinoma (GC) remains the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths with poor prognosis. The heterogeneity of GC indicates that novel biomarkers should be established in order to further classify tumors and develop individual targeted therapies. High-quality preclinical and clinical research has demonstrated that growth factor (HGF)-hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-Met) pathway plays a pivotal role on the growth, survival and invasiveness of GC. In particular, aberrant activation of HGF/c-Met signaling pathway has been associated with poor clinical outcomes, suggesting the therapeutic potential of c-Met. This has stimulated the development and evaluation of a number of c-Met targeted agents in an advance disease setting. In this review, we summarize the current state of the art in the advances on the inhibition of c-Met pathway, with particular emphasis on the clinical testing of c-Met targeted therapeutic agents. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges facing the incorporation of c-Met targeted agents in randomized trials, with the idea that the definition of the appropriate genetic and molecular context for the use of these agents remains the priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristomenis Anestis
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, ‘Laiko’ General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ilianna Zoi
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, ‘Laiko’ General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michalis V. Karamouzis
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, ‘Laiko’ General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- First Department of Internal Medicine, ‘Laiko’ General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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16
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Petrini I, Lencioni M, Vasile E, Fornaro L, Belluomini L, Pasquini G, Ginocchi L, Caparello C, Musettini G, Vivaldi C, Caponi S, Ricci S, Proietti A, Fontanini G, Naccarato AG, Nardini V, Santi S, Falcone A. EGFR and AKT1 overexpression are mutually exclusive and associated with a poor survival in resected gastric adenocarcinomas. Cancer Biomark 2018; 21:731-741. [DOI: 10.3233/cbm-170865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iacopo Petrini
- Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Monica Lencioni
- Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Enrico Vasile
- Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Fornaro
- Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Pasquini
- Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Ginocchi
- Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Caparello
- Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gianna Musettini
- Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Caterina Vivaldi
- Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Caponi
- Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sergio Ricci
- Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Agenese Proietti
- Surgical Pathology, Unit 3, University Hospital of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Vincenzo Nardini
- Surgical Pathology, Unit 2, University Hospital of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Santi
- Esophageal Surgery, University Hospital of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alfredo Falcone
- Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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17
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Abbas M, Habib M, Naveed M, Karthik K, Dhama K, Shi M, Dingding C. The relevance of gastric cancer biomarkers in prognosis and pre- and post- chemotherapy in clinical practice. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:1082-1090. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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18
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Xie C, Yang Z, Hu Y, Cao X, Chen J, Zhu Y, Lu N. Expression of c-Met and hepatocyte growth factor in various gastric pathologies and its association with Helicobacter pylori infection. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:6151-6155. [PMID: 29113260 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met signaling pathway was identified to be associated with malignant tumors. The present study aimed at determining the expression of HGF and c-Met in gastric carcinogenesis and its association with Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastric biopsies were obtained from 160 H. pylori-negative and -positive patients, including those with chronic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia and gastric cancer (GC). Proteins were extracted from GES-1, gastric epithelial, and AGS, gastric adenocarcinoma, cells following co-culture with H. pylori in vitro. The expression of HGF and c-Met in gastric tissues or cells was determined using immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. The expression of c-Met increased in GC tissues (72.5%) compared with that in pre-cancerous lesions (17.5, 17.5 and 30%). Additional analysis identified that the expression of HGF and c-Met was significantly increased in the presence of H. pylori infection in dysplasia and gastric cancer samples. Furthermore, H. pylori may activate the HGF/c-Met signaling pathway in vitro, which may contribute to gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Ximei Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Nonghua Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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19
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Vaidya KS, Oleksijew A, Tucker LA, Pappano WN, Anderson MG, Grinnell CM, Zhang Q, Heighton SJ, Mitten MJ, Mishra S, Palma JP, Wang J, Reilly EB, Boghaert ER. A "Prozone-Like" Effect Influences the Efficacy of the Monoclonal Antibody ABT-700 against the Hepatocyte Growth Factor Receptor. Pharmacology 2017; 100:229-242. [PMID: 28743107 DOI: 10.1159/000478663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
ABT-700 is a therapeutic antibody against the hepatocyte growth factor receptor (MET). At doses or regimens that lead to exposures exceeding optimum in vivo, the efficacy of ABT-700 is unexpectedly reduced. We hypothesized that this reduction in efficacy was due to a "prozone-like" effect in vivo. A prozone-like effect, which is a reduction in efficacy beyond optimum exposure, is caused due a mechanism similar to the generation of false negative flocculation tests by excessive antibody titres. In vitro, we demonstrate that at higher ABT-700 concentrations, this "prozone-like" effect is mediated by a progressive conversion from bivalent to ineffective monovalent binding of the antibody. In vivo, the efficacy of ABT-700 is dependent on an optimum range of exposure as well. Our data suggest that the "prozone-like" effect is operative and independent of target expression. ABT-700 dose, regimen, exposure, and tumor burden are interdependent variables influencing the "prozone-like" effect and mediating and in vivo efficacy. By optimization of dosage and regimen we demonstrate that the "prozone-like" effect can be alleviated and ABT-700 efficacy at varying tumor loads can be further extended in combination with cisplatin. Our results suggest that optimization of exposure taking tumor burden into account may alleviate "prozone-like" effects without compromising efficacy.
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20
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Sakamoto N, Tsujimoto H, Takahata R, Cao B, Zhao P, Ito N, Shimazaki H, Ichikura T, Hase K, Vande Woude GF, Shinomiya N. MET4 expression predicts poor prognosis of gastric cancers with Helicobacter pylori infection. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:322-330. [PMID: 28012218 PMCID: PMC5378289 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of HGF/SF‐MET signaling is important in cancer progression, but its relation with Helicobacter pylori‐positive gastric cancers remains to be elucidated. In total, 201 patients with primary gastric carcinoma who underwent curative or debulking resection without preoperative chemotherapy were studied. MET4 and anti‐HGF/SF mAbs were used for immunohistochemical analysis. Survival of gastric cancer patients was estimated by Kaplan–Meier method and compared with log‐rank. Cox proportional hazards models were fit to determine the independent association of MET‐staining status with outcome. The effect of live H. pylori bacteria on cell signaling and biological behaviors was evaluated using gastric cancer cell lines. MET4‐positive gastric cancers showed poorer prognosis than MET4‐negative cases (overall survival, P = 0.02; relapse‐free survival, P = 0.06). Positive staining for MET4 was also a statistically significant factor to predict poor prognosis in H. pylori‐positive cases (overall survival, P < 0.01; relapse‐free survival, P = 0.01) but not in H. pylori‐negative cases. Gastric cancers positively stained with both HGF/SF and MET4 showed a tendency of the worst prognosis. Stimulation of MET‐positive gastric cancer cells with live H. pylori bacteria directly upregulated MET phosphorylation and activated MET downstream signals such as p44/42MAPK and Akt, conferring cell proliferation and anti‐apoptotic activity. In conclusion, positive staining for MET4 was useful for predicting poor prognosis of gastric cancers with H. pylori infection. Helicobacter pylori stimulated MET‐positive gastric cancers and activated downstream signaling, thereby promoting cancer proliferation and anti‐apoptotic activity. These results support the importance of H. pylori elimination from gastric epithelial surface in clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Sakamoto
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Hironori Tsujimoto
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Risa Takahata
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Brian Cao
- Laboratory of Antibody Technology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Ping Zhao
- Laboratory of Antibody Technology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Nozomi Ito
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Shimazaki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Ichikura
- Court Physician in Chief, The Imperial Household Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Hase
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - George F Vande Woude
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Nariyoshi Shinomiya
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
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21
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Targeting c-MET in gastrointestinal tumours: rationale, opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2017; 14:562-576. [PMID: 28374784 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2017.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Data from many preclinical studies, including those using cellular models of colorectal, gastric, gastro-oesophageal and gastro-oesophageal junction cancers, indicate that the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-MET) pathway is vital for the growth, survival and invasive potential of gastrointestinal cancers. Following the availability of data from these various studies, and data on c-MET expression as a biomarker that indicates a poor prognosis in patients with gastrointestinal cancer and increased c-MET expression, inhibitors targeting this pathway have entered the clinic in the past decade. However, the design of clinical trials that incorporate the use of HGF/c-MET inhibitors in their most appropriate genetic and molecular context remains crucial. Recognizing and responding to this challenge, the European Commission funded Framework 7 MErCuRIC programme is running a biomarker-enriched clinical trial investigating the efficacy of combined c-MET/MEK inhibition in patients with RAS-mutant or RAS-wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer with aberrant c-MET expression. The design of this trial enables the continued refinement of the predictive biomarker and co-development of companion diagnostics. In this Review, we focus on advances in our understanding of inhibition of the HGF/c-MET pathway in patients with gastro-intestinal cancers, the prominent challenges facing the clinical translation and implementation of agents targeting HGF/c-MET, and discuss the various efforts, and associated obstacles to the discovery and validation of biomarkers that will enable patient stratification in this context.
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22
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Li S, Zhang H, Wang X, Qu Y, Duan J, Liu R, Deng T, Ning T, Zhang L, Bai M, Zhou L, Wang X, Ge S, Ying G, Ba Y. Direct targeting of HGF by miR-16 regulates proliferation and migration in gastric cancer. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:15175-15183. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5390-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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23
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Jia YX, Li TF, Zhang DD, Fan ZM, Fan HJ, Yan J, Chen LJ, Tang H, Qin YR, Li XY. The coexpression and prognostic significance of c-MET, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 in resected gastric cancer: a retrospective study. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:5919-5929. [PMID: 27729801 PMCID: PMC5045911 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s111778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular-targeted therapy against tyrosine kinase receptors (RTKs) plays an important role in gastric cancer (GC) treatment. Understanding the correlation between RTK coexpression could better guide clinical drug use. In the present study, the coexpression status of c-MET, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in human GC and their clinical significance in clinical therapy were explored. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and fluorescent in situ hybridization were performed in 143 cases of GC who had undergone gastrectomy without preoperative chemoradiotherapy. Their association with clinicopathological features and clinical prognosis was analyzed. The frequencies of c-MET, FGFR2, and HER2 overexpression were 47.6% (68/143), 34.3% (49/143), and 10.5% (15/143), respectively. In the RTK coexpression study, 30.1% of patients (43/143) were positive for only one RTK, 25.8% (37/143) were positive for two RTKs, 3.5% (5/143) had triple-positive status, and 40.6% (58/143) had triple-negative status. In survival analysis, the overexpression of c-MET, FGFR2, and HER2 were significantly associated with overall survival (OS) (P=0.018, 0.004, and 0.049, respectively). In coexpression analysis, patients with triple-positive GC had the poorest OS (P=0.013). In conclusion, RTK coexpression is significantly associated with poor clinical outcome in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Xu Jia
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Esophageal and Gastric Cancer Center of Henan Province
| | | | | | - Zong-Min Fan
- Henan Key Laboratory for Esophageal Cancer Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University
| | - Hui-Jie Fan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Esophageal and Gastric Cancer Center of Henan Province
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Esophageal and Gastric Cancer Center of Henan Province
| | - Li-Juan Chen
- Department of Oncology, Tumor Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Tang
- Department of Oncology, Tumor Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ru Qin
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Esophageal and Gastric Cancer Center of Henan Province
| | - Xing-Ya Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University
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24
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Riquelme I, Saavedra K, Espinoza JA, Weber H, García P, Nervi B, Garrido M, Corvalán AH, Roa JC, Bizama C. Molecular classification of gastric cancer: Towards a pathway-driven targeted therapy. Oncotarget 2016; 6:24750-79. [PMID: 26267324 PMCID: PMC4694793 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the third leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Although surgical resection is a potentially curative approach for localized cases of GC, most cases of GC are diagnosed in an advanced, non-curable stage and the response to traditional chemotherapy is limited. Fortunately, recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that mediate GC hold great promise for the development of more effective treatment strategies. In this review, an overview of the morphological classification, current treatment approaches, and molecular alterations that have been characterized for GC are provided. In particular, the most recent molecular classification of GC and alterations identified in relevant signaling pathways, including ErbB, VEGF, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and HGF/MET signaling pathways, are described, as well as inhibitors of these pathways. An overview of the completed and active clinical trials related to these signaling pathways are also summarized. Finally, insights regarding emerging stem cell pathways are described, and may provide additional novel markers for the development of therapeutic agents against GC. The development of more effective agents and the identification of biomarkers that can be used for the diagnosis, prognosis, and individualized therapy for GC patients, have the potential to improve the efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness for GC treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Riquelme
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, CEGIN-BIOREN, Temuco, Chile
| | - Kathleen Saavedra
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, CEGIN-BIOREN, Temuco, Chile
| | - Jaime A Espinoza
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,UC-Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Helga Weber
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, CEGIN-BIOREN, Temuco, Chile
| | - Patricia García
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,UC-Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bruno Nervi
- UC-Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Hematology Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Garrido
- UC-Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Hematology Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro H Corvalán
- UC-Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Hematology Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDIS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Roa
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,UC-Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDIS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Bizama
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,UC-Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Xiong QQ, Wang DR, Liang Y. Liver metastases of gastric cancer: Molecular mechanisms and comprehensive therapy. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:2823-2829. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i18.2823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is the main target organ of metastasis for gastric cancer. Gastric cancer with liver metastases (GCLM) has a poor prognosis and is a challenge for treatment of patients with gastric cancer. At present the mechanism of liver metastases of gastric cancer is unclear, and there have been no unified treatment guidelines. This paper mainly discusses the molecular mechanism and comprehensive therapy of liver metastases of gastric cancer.
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Aquaporins: Their role in gastrointestinal malignancies. Cancer Lett 2016; 373:12-18. [PMID: 26780474 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are small (~30 kDa monomers) integral membrane water transport proteins that allow water to flow through cell membranes in reaction to osmotic gradients in cells. In mammals, the family of AQPs has thirteen (AQP0-12) unique members that mediate critical biological functions. Since AQPs can impact cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis, their role in various human cancers is well established. Recently, AQPs have been explored as potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets in gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. GI cancers encompass multiple sites including the colon, esophagus, stomach and pancreas. Research in the last three decades has revealed biological aspects and signaling pathways critical for the development of GI cancers. Since the majority of these cancers are very aggressive and rapidly metastasizes, identifying effective targets is crucial for treatment. Preclinical studies have utilized inhibitors of specific AQPs and knock down of AQP expression using siRNA. Although several studies have explored the role of AQPs in colorectal, esophageal, gastric, hepatocellular and pancreatic cancers, there is no comprehensive review compiling the available information on GI cancers as has been published for other malignancies such as ovarian cancer. Due to the similarities and association of various sites of GI cancers, it is helpful to consider these results collectively in order to better understand the role of specific AQPs in critical GI cancers. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the role of AQPs in GI malignancies with particular focus on diagnosis and therapeutic applications.
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Roviello G, Polom K, Petrioli R, Marano L, Marrelli D, Paganini G, Savelli V, Generali D, De Franco L, Ravelli A, Roviello F. Monoclonal antibodies-based treatment in gastric cancer: current status and future perspectives. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:127-40. [PMID: 26566626 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4408-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death, and despite having improved treatment modalities over the last decade, for most patients, only modest improvements have been seen in overall survival. Recent progress in understanding the molecular biology of GC and the related signaling pathways offers, from the clinical point of view, promising advances for selected groups of patients. In the past, targeted therapies have significantly impacted the treatment strategy of several common solid tumors such as breast, colorectal, and lung cancers. Unfortunately, translational and clinical research shows fewer encouraging targeted treatments with regards to the GC. To date, only two monoclonal antibodies (mAb), named trastuzumab and ramucirumab, are approved for the treatment of advanced GC, suggesting that in GC, maybe more than in other cancers, effective targeted therapy requires patient selection based on precise predictive molecular biomarkers. The aim of this review is to summarize the available data on the clinical advantages offered by the use of mAbs in the treatment of advanced/metastatic GC. Future perspective is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giandomenico Roviello
- Section of pharmacology and University Center DIFF-Drug Innovation Forward Future, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25124, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Karol Polom
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neuroscience; Unit of General and Minimally Invasive Surgery, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 11, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Roberto Petrioli
- Medical Oncology Unit, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 11, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Luigi Marano
- General, Minimally Invasive and Robotic Surgery, Department of Surgery, "San Matteo degli Infermi" Hospital, ASL Umbria 2, 06049, Spoleto, Italy
| | - Daniele Marrelli
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurosciences, Section of Advanced Surgical Oncology, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 11, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Paganini
- Unit of General Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera "C. Poma " Presidio ospedaliero di Pieve di Coriano, Mantova, Italy
| | - Vinno Savelli
- Department of Surgery and Bioengineering, Section of Surgery, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 11, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Daniele Generali
- Department of Medical, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazza Ospitale 1, 34129, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lorenzo De Franco
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurosciences, Section of Advanced Surgical Oncology, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 11, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Andrea Ravelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Franco Roviello
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neuroscience; Unit of General and Minimally Invasive Surgery, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 11, 53100, Siena, Italy
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Prognostic impact of HER2, EGFR, and c-MET status on overall survival of advanced gastric cancer patients. Gastric Cancer 2016; 19:183-91. [PMID: 25682441 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-015-0471-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted to investigate whether human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) status, and c-MET status are independent prognostic factors for advanced gastric cancer patients who received standard chemotherapy. METHOD Unresectable or recurrent gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer patients with histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma treated with S-1 plus cisplatin as first-line chemotherapy were eligible. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor samples were examined for HER2, EGFR, and c-MET status using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Additionally, gene amplification was examined using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) for HER2. Positivity was defined as an IHC score of 3+ or an IHC score of 2+/FISH positive for HER2, and an IHC score of 2+ or 3+ for both EGFR and c-MET. RESULTS Of the 293 patients from nine institutions, 43 (15%) were HER2 positive, 79 (27%) were EGFR positive, and 120 (41%) were c-MET positive. Ten patients (3%) showed positive co-expression of HER2, EGFR, and c-MET. After a median follow-up time of 58.4 months with 280 deaths, there was no significant difference in overall survival (OS) in terms of HER2 and EGFR status. However, there was a significant difference in OS between c-MET-positive and c-MET-negative patients [median, 11.9 months vs 14.2 months; hazard ratio, 1.31 (95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.67); log-rank P = 0.024]. Multivariate analysis also showed that c-MET positivity was still a prognostic factor for OS [hazard ratio, 1.30 (95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.67); P = 0.037]. CONCLUSIONS The study suggested that c-MET-positive status had poor prognostic value. These data could be used as the basis for future clinical trials for targeting agents for advanced gastric cancer patients.
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Inokuchi M, Otsuki S, Fujimori Y, Sato Y, Nakagawa M, Kojima K. Clinical significance of MET in gastric cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2015; 7:317-327. [PMID: 26600931 PMCID: PMC4644854 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v7.i11.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy has become the global standard treatment for patients with metastatic or unresectable gastric cancer (GC), although outcomes remain unfavorable. Many molecular-targeted therapies inhibiting signaling pathways of various tyrosine kinase receptors have been developed, and monoclonal antibodies targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 or vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 have become standard therapy for GC. Hepatocyte growth factor and its receptor, c-MET (MET), play key roles in tumor growth through activated signaling pathways from receptor in GC cells. Genomic amplification of MET leads to the aberrant activation found in GC tumors and is related to survival in patients with GC. This review discusses the clinical significance of MET in GC and examines MET as a potential therapeutic target in patients with GC. Preclinical studies in animal models have shown that MET antibodies or small-molecule MET inhibitors suppress tumor-cell proliferation and tumor progression in MET-amplified GC cells. These drugs are now being evaluated in clinical trials as treatments for metastatic or unresectable GC.
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Prognostic impact of the c-MET polymorphism on the clinical outcome in locoregional gastric cancer patients. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2015; 24:588-96. [PMID: 25203738 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dysregulation of the c-MET signaling pathway results from various molecular mechanisms including mutation, amplification, and overexpression. Overexpression and amplification of c-MET have been correlated with poor clinical outcome in gastric cancer, whereas the associations between c-MET polymorphisms and prognosis have not been well defined. We examined the prognostic impact of functional polymorphisms of the MET gene on clinical outcome in gastric cancer. METHODS Candidate polymorphisms of the MET gene were analyzed by PCR-based direct sequencing for the associations with clinical outcome across three independent cohorts, including 161 Japanese, 101 US, and 63 Austrian patients, with locoregional gastric cancer, treated with surgery. RESULTS The univariable analysis showed that patients with any G (A/G or G/G genotype) allele of MET rs40239 had significantly longer disease-free survival and overall survival compared with those with the AA genotype in the Japanese cohort [hazard ratio (HR): 0.43, P=0.001, and HR: 0.47, P=0.006, respectively]; this remained significant upon multivariable analysis adjusted for age, sex, stage, and type of adjuvant therapy (HR: 0.48; P=0.009, HR: 0.50; P=0.017, respectively). However, there was no significant association of the polymorphism with clinical outcome in the US and Austrian cohorts. When stratified by sex in the Japanese cohort, male individuals, but not female individuals, with the G allele maintained a clinical outcome benefit in both univariable and multivariable analyses. CONCLUSION MET rs40239 may serve as a prognostic biomarker in locoregional gastric cancer. These data also suggest that genetic variants of c-MET may show sex-related differences in the impact on clinical outcome.
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c-Met targeting in advanced gastric cancer: An open challenge. Cancer Lett 2015; 365:30-6. [PMID: 26049023 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant improvements in systemic chemotherapy over the last two decades, the prognosis of patients with advanced gastric and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (GC) remains poor. Because of molecular heterogeneity, it is essential to classify tumors based on the underlying oncogenic pathways and to develop targeted therapies acting on individual tumors. High-quality research and advances in technology have contributed to the elucidation of molecular pathways underlying disease progression and have stimulated many clinical studies testing target therapies in an advanced disease setting. In particular, strong preclinical evidence for the aberrant activation of the HGF/c-Met signaling pathways in GC cancers exists. This review will cover the c-Met pathway, the mechanisms of c-Met activation and the different strategies of its inhibition. Next, we will focus on the current state of the art in the clinical evaluation of c-Met-targeted therapies and the description of ongoing randomized trials with the idea that in this disease, high quality translational research to identify and validate biomarkers is a priority task.
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Sueta A, Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto-Ibusuki M, Hayashi M, Takeshita T, Yamamoto S, Omoto Y, Iwase H. Differential role of MACC1 expression and its regulation of the HGF/c‑Met pathway between breast and colorectal cancer. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:2143-53. [PMID: 25738887 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The newly identified gene, metastasis‑associated in colon cancer 1 (MACC1), is suggested to be a transcriptional regulator of c‑Met, leading to cancer progression in colorectal cancer. To date however, little is known of the role of MACC1 in breast cancer. In a series of 300 breast cancer patients, we analyzed the association of MACC1 mRNA and protein expression with breast cancer survival using Cox proportional hazard models. In an in vitro study, we evaluated activities of c‑Met protein after transfection with a MACC1‑harboring plasmid as well as the binding ability of MACC1 to the c‑Met promoter using a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. In survival analyses, reduced MACC1 expression was associated with patient mortality. MACC1 expression was an independent prognostic factor in multivariate analysis. In the cell lines tested, MACC1 expression was much higher in colorectal than in breast cancer cells. After cells were transfected with MACC1, c‑Met expression was not induced in MCF7 cells, whereas corresponding c‑Met expression was upregulated in SW480 cells. Further, SW480 cells transfected with MACC1 showed enhanced migratory ability, whereas in MDA‑MB‑231 cells, transfection of MACC1 had no impact on this ability. In ChIP assay, the binding of MACC1 to the c‑Met promoter was suggested in SW480 cells, but not in MCF7 cells. In conclusion, our findings provide some novel insights into the role of MACC1 in breast cancer, indicating that it plays different roles in breast and several other cancers. There is a possibility that MACC1 does not modulate the transcriptional role of c‑Met signaling in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Sueta
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto 860‑8556, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yamamoto
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto 860‑8556, Japan
| | - Mutsuko Yamamoto-Ibusuki
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto 860‑8556, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Hayashi
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto 860‑8556, Japan
| | - Takashi Takeshita
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto 860‑8556, Japan
| | - Satoko Yamamoto
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto 860‑8556, Japan
| | - Yoko Omoto
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto 860‑8556, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Iwase
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto 860‑8556, Japan
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Jin Z, Jiang W, Wang L. Biomarkers for gastric cancer: Progression in early diagnosis and prognosis (Review). Oncol Lett 2015; 9:1502-1508. [PMID: 25788990 PMCID: PMC4356326 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.2959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide and is a notable disease due to its heterogeneity. Recently, numerous studies have investigated the molecular basis of gastric cancer, involving the alteration of pathogenesis, and invasion and metastasis. With the development of modern technologies, various novel biomarkers had been identified that appear to possess diagnostic and prognostic value; therefore, the present review describes our current knowledge of biomarkers for the early diagnosis and prognosis of gastric cancer. Classic biomarkers for gastric cancer diagnosis include carcinoembryonic antigen and cancer antigen 19-9, while microRNA and DNA hypomethylation are proposed as novel biomarkers. Excluding classical biomarkers, biomarkers for determining the progression and prognosis of gastric cancer focus on targeting microRNAs, epigenetic alterations and genetic polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziliang Jin
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Weihua Jiang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Liwei Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
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Exposure-response analysis of rilotumumab in gastric cancer: the role of tumour MET expression. Br J Cancer 2015; 112:429-37. [PMID: 25584489 PMCID: PMC4453660 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rilotumumab, an investigational, monoclonal antibody, inhibits MET-mediated signalling. In a randomized phase 2 trial of rilotumumab±epirubicin/cisplatin/capecitabine in gastric or oesophagogastric junction cancer, patients receiving rilotumumab showed a trend towards improved survival, especially in MET-positive patients, but no clear dose-response relationship was observed. Exposure-response and biomarker analyses were used for dose selection and to differentiate patient subpopulations that may benefit most from treatment. Here, we analyse rilotumumab exposure-survival and exposure-safety and the impact of MET expression on these relationships. METHODS Individual rilotumumab exposure parameters were generated using population pharmacokinetic modelling. Relationships among rilotumumab dose (7.5 and 15 mg kg(-1)), exposure, and clinical outcomes (progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS)) were evaluated with Cox regression models and Kaplan-Meier plots. MET status and other baseline covariates were evaluated in subgroup and multivariate analyses. Treatment-emergent adverse events were summarised by exposure. RESULTS Among MET-positive patients, higher rilotumumab exposure, vs placebo and low exposure, was associated with improved median PFS (80% CI: 7.0 (5.7-9.7) vs 4.4 (2.9-4.9) and 5.5 (4.2-6.8) months) and OS (13.4 (10.6-18.6) vs 5.7 (4.7-10.2) and 8.1 (6.9-11.1) months) without increased toxicity. No rilotumumab benefit was seen among MET-negative patients. CONCLUSIONS Rilotumumab had an exposure-dependent treatment effect in patients with MET-positive gastric or oesophagogastric junction cancer.
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ZHANG NAN, XIE FUBO, GAO WEI, YU SHUWEN, QIU LIYUN, LIN WENLI, SUN YUPING, JIA TANGHONG. Expression of hepatocyte growth factor and c-Met in non-small-cell lung cancer and association with lymphangiogenesis. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:2797-804. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.3071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Kim ST, Do IG, Lee J, Sohn I, Kim KM, Kang WK. The NanoString-based multigene assay as a novel platform to screen EGFR, HER2, and MET in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2014; 17:462-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-014-1258-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Choi J, Lee HE, Kim MA, Jang BG, Lee HS, Kim WH. Analysis of MET mRNA expression in gastric cancers using RNA in situ hybridization assay: its clinical implication and comparison with immunohistochemistry and silver in situ hybridization. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111658. [PMID: 25364819 PMCID: PMC4218795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated MET mRNA expression status using RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) technique in primary and metastatic lesions of 535 surgically resected gastric carcinoma (GC) cases. We compared the results with those of immunohistochemistry and silver in situ hybridization, and examined the association with clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis. Among 535 primary GCs, 391 (73.1%) were scored 0, 87 (16.3%) were scored 1, 38 (7.1%) were scored 2, 12 (2.2%) were scored 3 and 7 (1.3%) were scored 4 by RNA ISH. High MET mRNA expression (score ≥3) was associated with lymph node metastasis (P = .014), distant metastasis (P = .001), and higher TNM stage (P<.001). MET mRNA expression was correlated with protein expression (r = 0.398; P<.001) and gene copy number (r = 0.345; P<.001). The patients showing high-MET mRNA in primary or metastatic lesions had shorter overall survival than those showing low-MET mRNA (primary tumors, P = .002; metastatic lymph nodes, P<.001). The patients showing positive conversion of MET mRNA status in metastatic lymph node had shorter overall survival than those with no conversion (P = .011). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that high MET mRNA expression in metastatic lymph node was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (P = .007). Therefore, this study suggests that MET mRNA expression assessed by RNA ISH could be useful as a potential marker to identify MET oncogene-addicted GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwoon Choi
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Eun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min A. Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo Gun Jang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Seung Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Woo Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Kim C, Mulder K, Spratlin J. How prognostic and predictive biomarkers are transforming our understanding and management of advanced gastric cancer. Oncologist 2014; 19:1046-55. [PMID: 25142842 PMCID: PMC4201005 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2014-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. GC is a heterogeneous disease in terms of histology, anatomy, and epidemiology. There is also wide variability in how GC is treated in both the resectable and unresectable settings. Identification of prognostic and predictive biomarkers is critical to help direct and tailor therapy for this deadly disease. METHODS A literature search was done using Medline and MeSH terms for GC and predictive biomarkers and prognostic biomarkers. The search was limited to human subjects and the English language. There was no limit on dates. Published data and unpublished abstracts with clinical relevance were included. RESULTS Many potential prognostic and predictive biomarkers have been assessed for GC, some of which are becoming practice changing. This review is focused on clinically relevant biomarkers, including EGFR, HER2, various markers of angiogenesis, proto-oncogene MET, and the mammalian target of rapamycin. CONCLUSION GC is a deadly and heterogeneous disease for which biomarkers are beginning to change our understanding of prognosis and management. The recognition of predictive biomarkers, such as HER2 and vascular endothelial growth factor, has been an exciting development in the management of GC, validating the use of targeted drugs trastuzumab and ramucirumab. MET is another potential predictive marker that may be targeted in GC with drugs such as rilotumumab, foretinib, and crizotinib. Further identification and validation of prognostic and predictive biomarkers has the potential transform how this deadly disease is managed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Mulder
- Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. There are large geographic variations in the incidence of these tumors, with 60% occurring in East Asia. For patients with resectable disease, surgery and perioperative treatment can be effective. For patients with advanced gastric cancer, chemotherapy regimens result in a median survival of 9-11 months. In general, the prognosis for advanced disease is poor and 5-year overall survival rates are around 15%. Combination therapies yield better survival rates, albeit with increased toxicity. Therefore, more effective and less toxic treatment regimens are needed. SUMMARY The molecular aberrations that characterize the different subgroups of gastric cancer have been used as therapeutic targets. However, the heterogeneity and complexity of gastric cancers is a major challenge for the development of effective targeted therapies. This review examines the main molecular targets in the treatment of gastric cancer, namely the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathways. KEY MESSAGE The molecular aberrations characteristic of gastric cancer are being explored for the development of targeted therapies, including the VEGF, HER2, HGF/c-Met, EGFR and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Trastuzumab, an antibody which targets HER2, is the first approved targeted therapy for the treatment of gastric cancer. However, trastuzumab is only effective in HER2-positive tumors (about 10-20% of all gastric cancers). Ramucirumab, which targets the VEGF receptor 2, has yielded benefits with respect to overall survival in a phase III trial and is an effective treatment for advanced gastric cancer with approval in second-line treatment. Apatinib and rilotumumab are another two promising new agents currently under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Schulte
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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Tabernero J, Elez ME, Herranz M, Rico I, Prudkin L, Andreu J, Mateos J, Carreras MJ, Han M, Gifford J, Credi M, Yin W, Agarwal S, Komarnitsky P, Baselga J. A Pharmacodynamic/Pharmacokinetic Study of Ficlatuzumab in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors and Liver Metastases. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:2793-804. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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A phase II trial of a selective c-Met inhibitor tivantinib (ARQ 197) monotherapy as a second- or third-line therapy in the patients with metastatic gastric cancer. Invest New Drugs 2013; 32:355-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-013-0057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Guo T, Yang J, Yao J, Zhang Y, Da M, Duan Y. Expression of MACC1 and c-Met in human gastric cancer and its clinical significance. Cancer Cell Int 2013; 13:121. [PMID: 24325214 PMCID: PMC4029370 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-13-121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have suggested that the metastasis-associated colon cancer1 (MACC1) gene can promote tumor proliferation, invasion and metastasis through an upregulation of c-Met expression. However, its role in gastric cancer is controversial. Our study investigated expression of MACC1 and c-Met in gastric cancer, as well as correlated this with clinicopathological parameters. METHODS Expressions of MACC1 and c-Met protein in a sample of 98 gastric carcinoma and adjacent nontumorous tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry. Their relationships and correlations with clinicopathological features were analyzed. RESULTS The positive rates of MACC1 and c-Met protein in primary tumors were 61.22% and 59.18%, respectively. A significant correlation was found between expression of MACC1 and c-Met (P<0.05). Expression of the MACC1 protein in gastric cancer tissue was correlated with lymph node metastasis (χ2 = 10.555,P = 0.001), peritoneal metastasis (χ2 = 5.694, P = 0.017), and hepatic metastasis (χ2 = 4.540,P = 0.033), but not with age, gender, tumor size, location, clinical stage or the distant metastases (P>0.05). CONCLUSION The positive rate of MACC1 protein expression was related to the protein expression of c-Met. Both had a correlation with the presence of peritoneal metastasis, lymph node metastasis and hepatic metastasis, all of which contribute to a poor prognosis for gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiankang Guo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, PR, China
| | - Jingyu Yang
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Jining 272033, PR, China
| | - Jibin Yao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, PR, China
| | - Yongbin Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, PR, China
| | - Mingxu Da
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, PR, China
| | - Yaoxing Duan
- Department of Surgery, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, PR, China
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Ha SY, Lee J, Kang SY, Do IG, Ahn S, Park JO, Kang WK, Choi MG, Sohn TS, Bae JM, Kim S, Kim M, Kim S, Park CK, Ignatius Ou SH, Kim KM. MET overexpression assessed by new interpretation method predicts gene amplification and poor survival in advanced gastric carcinomas. Mod Pathol 2013; 26:1632-41. [PMID: 23807774 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2013.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of better selection criteria for identifying sub-populations that may benefit from treatment is a key aspect of the development and success of targeted therapy. To investigate methods for assessing MET overexpression in gastric cancer, we conducted immunohistochemistry using a new anti-Total MET monoclonal antibody in a single-institution cohort of 495 patients. As antibody is directed against a membranous and/or cytoplasmic epitope, two interpretation methods were used: (1) membranous and cytoplasmic and (2) membranous alone. In selected 120 cases, copy number gain and mRNA expression levels were measured using quantitative real-time PCR. Further in situ hybridization confirmed the presence of MET gene amplification. Among the 495 gastric cancers, simultaneous membranous and cytoplasmic overexpression of MET was found in 108 cases (21.8%) and membranous alone overexpression was observed in 40 cases (8.1%). The highest correlation was observed in membranous and cytoplasmic staining of MET: MET expression scores correlated significantly with high MET mRNA levels (r=0.465, P<0.0001), increased copy number gain (r=0.393, P=0.000002) and amplification of MET gene. Moreover, patients with MET overexpression showed shorter overall survival (HR, 1.781; 95% CI, 1.324-2.395; P<0.001) and disease-free survival (HR, 1.765; 95% CI, 1.227-2.541; P=0.002) compared with patients without MET overexpression. However, membranous overexpression of MET did not highly correlate with mRNA level (r=0.274, P=0.002), copy number gain or survival (P>0.05). We developed highly correlating interpretation methods of MET immunohistochemistry in gastric carcinomas. MET overexpression is an independent prognostic factor and could be a potential target and predictor of benefit for targeted therapy with MET inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Y Ha
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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44
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Zhao L, Yasumoto K, Kawashima A, Nakagawa T, Takeuchi S, Yamada T, Matsumoto K, Yonekura K, Yoshie O, Yano S. Paracrine activation of MET promotes peritoneal carcinomatosis in scirrhous gastric cancer. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:1640-6. [PMID: 24118504 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Scirrhous gastric cancer is associated with abundant stroma and frequently develops into peritoneal carcinomatosis with malignant ascites. Although malignant ascites is among the most deadly diseases worldwide, its molecular pathogenesis is poorly understood. We investigated the role of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in the production of peritoneal carcinomatosis with malignant ascites. We examined three scirrhous and three non-scirrhous human gastric cancer cell lines for the production of peritoneal carcinomatosis in vivo and responses to HGF in vitro. Furthermore, clinical scirrhous gastric cancer specimens were examined for HGF production. Among the six cell lines examined, only two scirrhous cell lines (NUGC4 and GCIY) produced peritoneal carcinomatosis with massive ascites after intraperitoneal injection in nude mice. Their proliferation was stimulated by exogenous HGF in vitro. On the other hand, a non-scirrhous cell line, MKN45, with MET amplification generated peritoneal tumors but not ascites. MET tyrosine kinase inhibitors, crizotinib and TAS-115, inhibited HGF-stimulated proliferation of NUGC4 and GCIY as well as constitutive proliferation of MKN45. Furthermore, crizotinib and TAS-115 prolonged the survival of mice bearing established tumors by NUGC4 or MKN45. In clinical specimens, HGF was markedly produced by stromal fibroblasts. Malignant ascitic fluids from patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis contained high levels of HGF. Our results strongly suggest that paracrine HGF-induced activation of MET-mediated signaling pathways plays an important role in the pathogenesis of peritoneal carcinomatosis in scirrhous gastric cancer. Thus, MET signaling pathway may be a potential therapeutic target for peritoneal carcinomatosis of gastric cancer, even without MET amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhao
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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45
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Yu S, Yu Y, Zhao N, Cui J, Li W, Liu T. C-Met as a prognostic marker in gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79137. [PMID: 24223894 PMCID: PMC3817069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND c-Met has been recognized as an important therapeutic target in gastric cancer, but the prognostic property of the c-Met status is still unclear. We aimed to characterize the prognostic effect of c-Met by systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS We identified 15 studies assessing survival in gastric cancer by c-Met status. Effect measure of interest was hazard ratio (HR) for survival. Meta-regression was performed to estimate the relationship between HR and disease stage. Random-effects meta-analyses were used to account for heterogeneity. RESULTS 15 eligible studies provided outcome data stratified by c-Met status in 2210 patients. Meta-analysis of the HRs indicated a significantly poorer Os in patients with high c-Met expression (average HR=2.112, 95%CI: 1.622-2.748). Subgroup analysis showed the prognostic effect of c-Met was identical in protein-level and gene-level based methodology. The same effect was also seen in Asian and Western ethnicity subgroup analysis. Meta-regression showed HR was not associated with disease stage. CONCLUSIONS Patients with tumors that harbor high c-Met expression are more likely to have a worse Os, with this prognostic effect independent of disease stage. c-Met status should be evaluated in clinical prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiyi Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Naiqing Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianlan Cui
- Department of Biostatistics, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianshu Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Shah MA, Wainberg ZA, Catenacci DVT, Hochster HS, Ford J, Kunz P, Lee FC, Kallender H, Cecchi F, Rabe DC, Keer H, Martin AM, Liu Y, Gagnon R, Bonate P, Liu L, Gilmer T, Bottaro DP. Phase II study evaluating 2 dosing schedules of oral foretinib (GSK1363089), cMET/VEGFR2 inhibitor, in patients with metastatic gastric cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54014. [PMID: 23516391 PMCID: PMC3597709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The receptors for hepatocyte and vascular endothelial cell growth factors (MET and VEGFR2, respectively) are critical oncogenic mediators in gastric adenocarcinoma. The purpose is to examine the safety and efficacy of foretinib, an oral multikinase inhibitor targeting MET, RON, AXL, TIE-2, and VEGFR2 receptors, for the treatment of metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS Foretinib safety and tolerability, and objective response rate (ORR) were evaluated in patients using intermittent (240 mg/day, for 5 days every 2 weeks) or daily (80 mg/day) dosing schedules. Thirty evaluable patients were required to achieve alpha = 0.10 and beta = 0.2 to test the alternative hypothesis that single-agent foretinib would result in an ORR of ≥ 25%. Up to 10 additional patients could be enrolled to ensure at least eight with MET amplification. Correlative studies included tumor MET amplification, MET signaling, pharmacokinetics and plasma biomarkers of foretinib activity. RESULTS From March 2007 until October 2009, 74 patients were enrolled; 74% male; median age, 61 years (range, 25-88); 93% had received prior therapy. Best response was stable disease (SD) in 10 (23%) patients receiving intermittent dosing and five (20%) receiving daily dosing; SD duration was 1.9-7.2 months (median 3.2 months). Of 67 patients with tumor samples, 3 had MET amplification, one of whom had SD. Treatment-related adverse events occurred in 91% of patients. Rates of hypertension (35% vs. 15%) and elevated aspartate aminotransferase (23% vs. 8%) were higher with intermittent dosing. In both patients with high baseline tumor phospho-MET (pMET), the pMET:total MET protein ratio decreased with foretinib treatment. CONCLUSION These results indicate that few gastric carcinomas are driven solely by MET and VEGFR2, and underscore the diverse molecular oncogenesis of this disease. Despite evidence of MET inhibition by foretinib, single-agent foretinib lacked efficacy in unselected patients with metastatic gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish A Shah
- The Weill Cornell Medical College/New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA.
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47
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Ge SH, Wu XJ, Wang XH, Xing XF, Zhang LH, Zhu YB, Du H, Dong B, Hu Y, Ji JF. Over-expression of Metastasis-associated in Colon Cancer-1 (MACC1) Associates with Better Prognosis of Gastric Cancer Patients. Chin J Cancer Res 2013; 23:153-9. [PMID: 23483020 DOI: 10.1007/s11670-011-0153-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to detect metastasis-associated in colon cancer-1 (MACC1) expression in Chinese gastric cancer and analyze the relationship between MACC1 expression and postoperative survival. METHODS The expression of MACC1 and c-MET protein in a sample of 128 gastric cancer tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. A retrospective cohort study on the prognosis was carried out and data were collected from medical records. RESULTS The positive rate of MACC1 protein expression in gastric cancer was 47.66%, higher than that in adjacent noncancerous mucosa (P<0.001). MACC1 protein expression was not related to the clinicopathological variables involved. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the survival of MACC1 positive group tended to be better than that of MACC1 negative group, particularly in patients with stage III carcinoma (P=0.032). Cox regression analysis revealed that MACC1 protein over-expression in gastric cancer tended to be a protective factor with hazard ratio of 0.621 (P=0.057). Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the positive rate of c-MET protein expression was much higher in cases with positive MACC1 expression in gastric cancer (P=0.002), but P53 expression was not associated with MACC1 expression. CONCLUSION MACC1 over-expression implies better survival and may be an independent prognostic factor for gastric cancer in Chinese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Hua Ge
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
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48
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KRC-408, a novel c-Met inhibitor, suppresses cell proliferation and angiogenesis of gastric cancer. Cancer Lett 2013; 332:74-82. [PMID: 23348694 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Among many cancer therapeutic targets, c-Met receptor tyrosine kinase has recently given particular attention. This kinase and its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), play a central role in cell proliferation and the survival of several human cancers. Thus, we developed KRC-408 as a novel c-Met inhibitor and investigated its anti-cancer effects on human gastric cancer. KRC-408 inhibited the phosphorylation of c-Met and its constitutive downstream effectors such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, Mek, and Erk. This compound was found to exert anti-cancer effects stronger than those of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on gastric cancer cells, especially cell lines that overexpressed c-Met. Interestingly, cytotoxicity of KRC-408 was lower than that of 5-FU in normal gastric cells. Apoptosis induced by KRC-408 was accompanied by increased levels of cleaved caspase-3 and PARP as well as DNA condensation and fragmentation. Flow cytometry analysis showed an accumulation of gastric cancer cells in the G2/M phase with concomitant loss of cells in the S phase following treatment with this drug. In the angiogenesis studies, KRC-408 inhibited tube formation and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and suppressed microvessel sprouting from rat aortic rings ex vivo along with blood vessel formation in a Matrigel plug assay in mice. Results of an in vivo mouse xenograft experiment showed that the administration of KRC-408 significantly delayed tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner, and suppressed Akt and Erk phosphorylation as well CD34 expression in tumor tissues. These findings indicate that KCR-408 may exert anti-tumor effects by directly affecting tumor cell growth or survival via the c-Met receptor tyrosine kinase pathway. We therefore suggest that KRC-408 is a novel therapeutic candidate effective against gastric cancers that overexpress c-Met.
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49
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Janjigian YY, Kelsen DP. Genomic Dysregulation in gastric tumors. J Surg Oncol 2012; 107:237-42. [DOI: 10.1002/jso.23263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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50
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Pierscianek D, Kim YH, Motomura K, Mittelbronn M, Paulus W, Brokinkel B, Keyvani K, Wrede K, Nakazato Y, Tanaka Y, Mariani L, Vital A, Sure U, Ohgaki H. MET gain in diffuse astrocytomas is associated with poorer outcome. Brain Pathol 2012; 23:13-8. [PMID: 22672415 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2012.00609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma may develop rapidly without evidence for precursor lesions (primary glioblastomas), or progress from diffuse or anaplastic astrocytomas (secondary glioblastomas). Despite having distinct genetic profiles, these glioblastoma subtypes have similar histological features. We hypothesized that the highly malignant phenotype of glioblastoma may be attributable to genetic alterations that are common to both glioblastoma subtypes. In the present study, we first searched for commonly (>35%) amplified genes in glioblastomas with IDH1 mutation (a hallmark of secondary glioblastoma) and those without IDH1 mutation (typical for primary glioblastoma) in data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). A total of 25 genes were identified, of which 21 were located at 7q31-34. We then screened 264 gliomas (70 glioblastomas, 112 diffuse astrocytomas, 82 oligodendrogliomas) for gain of the MET at 7q31.2 with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). MET gain was detected in primary glioblastomas (47%) and secondary glioblastomas (44%), suggesting that this genetic alteration plays a role in the pathogenesis of both glioblastoma subtypes. MET gain was also common in diffuse astrocytomas (38%), but less frequent in oligodendrogliomas (16%). MET gain in diffuse astrocytomas was associated with shorter survival (median, 43.0 vs. 70.7 months; P = 0.004), suggesting that MET gain is a useful prognostic marker for diffuse astrocytomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pierscianek
- Molecular Pathology, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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