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Huenchuguala S, Segura-Aguilar J. Natural Compounds That Activate the KEAP1/Nrf2 Signaling Pathway as Potential New Drugs in the Treatment of Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:1125. [PMID: 39334784 PMCID: PMC11428591 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13091125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, a single-neuron degeneration model has been proposed to understand the development of idiopathic Parkinson's disease based on (i) the extremely slow development of the degenerative process before the onset of motor symptoms and during the progression of the disease and (ii) the fact that it is triggered by an endogenous neurotoxin that does not have an expansive character, limiting its neurotoxic effect to single neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons. It has been proposed that aminochrome is the endogenous neurotoxin that triggers the neurodegenerative process in idiopathic Parkinson's disease by triggering mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, dysfunction of both lysosomal and proteasomal protein degradation, endoplasmic reticulum stress and formation of neurotoxic alpha-synuclein oligomers. Aminochrome is an endogenous neurotoxin that is rapidly reduced by flavoenzymes and/or forms adducts with proteins, which implies that it is impossible for it to have a propagative neurotoxic effect on neighboring neurons. Interestingly, the enzymes DT-diaphorase and glutathione transferase M2-2 prevent the neurotoxic effects of aminochrome. Natural compounds present in fruits, vegetables and other plant products have been shown to activate the KEAP1/Nrf2 signaling pathway by increasing the expression of antioxidant enzymes including DT-diaphorase and glutathione transferase. This review analyzes the possibility of searching for natural compounds that increase the expression of DT-diaphorase and glutathione transferase through activation of the KEAP1/Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Huenchuguala
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago 8370003, Chile;
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
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Assiry HM, Hamed AR, Mohamed GA, Ibrahim SRM, Koshak AE, Malebari AM, Fadil SA, Abdallah HM. Acetyl barlerin from Barleria trispinosa induces chemopreventive NQO1 and attenuates LPS-induced inflammation: in vitro and molecular dynamic studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-12. [PMID: 38116740 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2293272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Extraction and fractionation of Barleria trispinosa growing in Saudi Arabia yielded four iridoid compounds identified by spectroscopic techniques as acetylbarlerin (1), barlerin (2), shanzhiside methyl ester (3) and 6-⍺-L-rhamnopyranosyl-8-O-acetylshanzihiside methyl ester (4). Preliminary experiments confirmed that compound 1 acts as an inducer of chemopreventive NAD(P)H:Quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) enzymatic activity in a murine hepatoma (Hepa1c1c7) chemoprevention model. It also demonstrated the ability to inhibit the lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in the RAW264.7 macrophage model. Western blotting revealed the ability of compound 1 to up-regulate the protein expression of the NQO1 marker. Furthermore, compound 1 elicited NO suppression in RAW264.7 macrophages by inhibiting iNOS protein expression. Molecular docking and molecular simulation studies of 1 supported its experimental results as an inhibitor of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Nrf2-KEAP1) complex, resulting in Nrf2-mediated induction of chemopreventive NQO1.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza M Assiry
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed R Hamed
- Chemistry of Medicinal Plants Department & Biology Unit, Central Laboratory for Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Gamal A Mohamed
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabrin R M Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Preparatory Year Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Abdulrahman E Koshak
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azizah M Malebari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sana A Fadil
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hossam M Abdallah
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Plant-Derived Anticancer Agents: Lessons from the Pharmacology of Geniposide and Its Aglycone, Genipin. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6020039. [PMID: 29587429 PMCID: PMC6027249 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
For centuries, plants have been exploited by mankind as sources of numerous cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Good examples of anticancer compounds of clinical significance today include the taxanes (e.g., taxol), vincristine, vinblastine, and the podophyllotoxin analogues that all trace their origin to higher plants. While all these drugs, along with the various other available therapeutic options, brought some relief in cancer management, a real breakthrough or cure has not yet been achieved. This critical review is a reflection on the lessons learnt from decades of research on the iridoid glycoside geniposide and its aglycone, genipin, which are currently used as gold standard reference compounds in cancer studies. Their effects on tumour development (carcinogenesis), cancer cell survival, and death, with particular emphasis on their mechanisms of actions, are discussed. Particular attention is also given to mechanisms related to the dual pro-oxidant and antioxidant effects of these compounds, the mitochondrial mechanism of cancer cell killing through reactive oxygen species (ROS), including that generated through the uncoupling protein-2 (UCP-2), the inflammatory mechanism, and cell cycle regulation. The implications of various studies for the evaluation of glycosidic and aglycone forms of natural products in vitro and in vivo through pharmacokinetic scrutiny are also addressed.
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A Recipe Composed of Chinese Herbal Active Components Regulates Hepatic Lipid Metabolism of NAFLD In Vivo and In Vitro. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1026852. [PMID: 27069915 PMCID: PMC4812184 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1026852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study is to investigate the therapeutic effects of the recipe composed of Atractylodes macrocephala polysaccharide, chlorogenic acid, and geniposide (named ACG) on experimental nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL). The research was divided into two parts as screening experiment and verification experiment. In the screening experiment, we used high-fat diet (HFD) induced NAFL rat model and uniform design to get the recipe from five Chinese herbal active components. In the verification experiment, HFD induced fatty liver rat and mouse NAFL models and free fatty acid (FFA) induced HepG2 cell model were used to verify the effects of ACG. According to the multiple regression equation of the hepatic triglyceride (TG) contents of each group in the screening experiment, the recipe ACG was obtained and the doses of Atractylodes macrocephala polysaccharide, chlorogenic acid, and geniposide for rats were 266.67, 3.33, and 45 mg/kg, respectively. The results of verification experiment verified that ACG could significantly reduce hepatic TG contents of NAFL rats and mice, as well as the cellular TG content of FFA-induced HepG2 cells. ACG could also improve HOMA-IR and hepatic mitochondrial ultrastructure of NAFL mice. Our study verified that ACG recipe could regulate lipid metabolism of NAFL in vivo and in vitro.
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Gao LN, Zhang Y, Cui YL, Yan K. Evaluation of genipin on human cytochrome P450 isoenzymes and P-glycoprotein in vitro. Fitoterapia 2014; 98:130-6. [PMID: 25073096 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Genipin is obtained from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis and acts as an herbal medicine or functional food in East Asia. In addition to produce natural colorant, it possesses widely antiinflammatory, antithrombotic, antidepressive and anticarcinogenic activities. However, little research focuses on the potential of genipin for drug-drug interactions. In this study, effects of genipin on mRNA and protein expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 were detected by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) and Western blot, respectively, in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Enzyme activities of which were detected by luminogenic CYP assay in vitro. Moreover, effect of genipin on P-glycoprotein expression was analyzed by Western blot. Results showed that genipin possessed a significant induction on CYP2D6 and a remarkable inhibition on CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 not only from the expression of mRNA and protein (P<0.05 or P<0.01), but the level of enzyme activity. Moreover, a concentration-dependent induction of genipin on P-glycoprotein expression was observed. In conclusion, caution should be exercised with respect to the induction or inhibition of genipin on CYP isoenzymes and the strong induction on P-glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Gao
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zibo Vocational Institute, Zibo, Shandong 255314, China
| | - Yuan-Lu Cui
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Kuo Yan
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
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Li S, Wu C, Chen J, Lu P, Chen C, Fu M, Fang J, Gao J, Zhu L, Liang R, Shen X, Yang H. An effective solution to discover synergistic drugs for anti-cerebral ischemia from traditional Chinese medicinal formulae. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78902. [PMID: 24236065 PMCID: PMC3827340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the pharmaceutical industry has shifted to pursuing combination therapies that comprise more than one active ingredient. Interestingly, combination therapies have been used for more than 2500 years in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Understanding optimal proportions and synergistic mechanisms of multi-component drugs are critical for developing novel strategies to combat complex diseases. A new multi-objective optimization algorithm based on least angle regression-partial least squares was proposed to construct the predictive model to evaluate the synergistic effect of the three components of a novel combination drug Yi-qi-jie-du formula (YJ), which came from clinical TCM prescription for the treatment of encephalopathy. Optimal proportion of the three components, ginsenosides (G), berberine (B) and jasminoidin (J) was determined via particle swarm optimum. Furthermore, the combination mechanisms were interpreted using PLS VIP and principal components analysis. The results showed that YJ had optimal proportion 3(G): 2(B): 0.5(J), and it yielded synergy in the treatment of rats impaired by middle cerebral artery occlusion induced focal cerebral ischemia. YJ with optimal proportion had good pharmacological effects on acute ischemic stroke. The mechanisms study demonstrated that the combination of G, B and J could exhibit the strongest synergistic effect. J might play an indispensable role in the formula, especially when combined with B for the acute stage of stroke. All these data in this study suggested that in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, besides restoring blood supply and protecting easily damaged cells in the area of the ischemic penumbra as early as possible, we should pay more attention to the removal of the toxic metabolites at the same time. Mathematical system modeling may be an essential tool for the analysis of the complex pharmacological effects of multi-component drug. The powerful mathematical analysis method could greatly improve the efficiency in finding new combination drug from TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojing Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanhong Wu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Information Center, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Lu
- Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meihong Fu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Gao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine of pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, NanChang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Rixin Liang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Shen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Kim J, Kim HY, Lee SM. Protective Effects of Geniposide and Genipin against Hepatic Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Mice. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2013; 21:132-7. [PMID: 24009871 PMCID: PMC3762313 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2013.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Geniposide is an active product extracted from the gardenia fruit, and is one of the most widely used herbal preparations for liver disorders. This study examined the cytoprotective properties of geniposide and its metabolite, genipin, against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. C57BL/6 mice were subjected to 60 min of ischemia followed by 6 h of reperfusion. Geniposide (100 mg/kg) and genipin (50 mg/kg) were administered orally 30 min before ischemia. In the I/R mice, the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase and hepatic lipid peroxidation were elevated, whereas hepatic glutathione/glutathione disulfide ratio was decreased. These changes were attenuated by geniposide and genipin administration. On the other hand, increased hepatic heme oxygenase-1 protein expression was potentiated by geniposide and genipin administration. The increased levels of tBid, cytochrome c protein expression and caspase-3 activity were attenuated by geniposide and genipin. Increased apoptotic cells in the I/R mice were also significantly reduced by geniposide and genipin treatment. Our results suggest that geniposide and genipin offer significant hepatoprotection against I/R injury by reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonki Kim
- Natural Medicine Center, Korea Institute of Science & Technology, Gangneung 210-340, Republic of Korea
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Ma CJ, Nie AF, Zhang ZJ, Zhang ZG, Du L, Li XY, Ning G. Genipin stimulates glucose transport in C2C12 myotubes via an IRS-1 and calcium-dependent mechanism. J Endocrinol 2013; 216:353-62. [PMID: 23257267 DOI: 10.1530/joe-11-0473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Genipin, a compound derived from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fruits, has been used over the years in traditional Chinese medicine to treat symptoms of type 2 diabetes. However, the molecular basis for its antidiabetic effect has not been fully revealed. In this study, we investigated the effects of genipin on glucose uptake and signaling pathways in C(2)C(12) myotubes. Our study demonstrates that genipin stimulated glucose uptake in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The maximal effect was achieved at 2 h with a concentration of 10 μM. In myotubes, genipin promoted glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation to the cell surface, which was observed by analyzing their distribution in subcellular membrane fraction, and increased the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), AKT, and GSK3β. Meanwhile, genipin increased ATP levels, closed K(ATP) channels, and then increased the concentration of calcium in the cytoplasm in C(2)C(12) myotubes. Genipin-stimulated glucose uptake could be blocked by both the PI3-K inhibitor wortmannin and calcium chelator EGTA. Moreover, genipin increases the level of reactive oxygen species and ATP in C(2)C(12) myotubes. These results suggest that genipin activates IRS-1, PI3-K, and downstream signaling pathway and increases concentrations of calcium, resulting in GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake increase in C(2)C(12) myotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Juan Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Endocrine Tumor, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rui-Jin Hospital, 197 Rui-Jin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
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Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor plays an essential role in geniposide attenuating lipotoxicity-induced β-cell apoptosis. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:1093-7. [PMID: 22819839 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
β-Cell apoptosis is considered to be a major cause of loss of β cells in diabetes. Geniposide could prevent oxidative stress-induced neuron apoptosis, and improved glucose stimulated insulin secretion by activating glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) in INS-1 cells. Here we have investigated whether geniposide can exert a direct effect against pancreatic β-cell lipoapoptosis. The results indicated that pretreatment pancreatic INS-1 cells with geniposide for 7h attenuated palmitate-induced β-cell apoptosis and active caspase-3 expression, but this effect was disappeared at 18 h. Long-term incubation with palmitate decreased GLP-1R expression in INS-1 cells, and exendin (9-39), an antagonist for GLP-1R, inhibited the effect of geniposide on palmitate-induced apoptosis in INS-1 cells. Moreover, geniposide also improved the impairment of GLP-1R signaling through enhancing the phosphorylation of Akt and Foxo1, and increased the expression of PDX-1 in palmitate-treated INS-1 cells. These results suggest that geniposide inhibits early stage of lipotoxicity-induced β-cell apoptosis, and GLP-1R plays a critical role in geniposide counteracting the action of lipotoxicity in INS-1 pancreatic β cells.
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Khanal T, Kim HG, Choi JH, Do MT, Kong MJ, Kang MJ, Noh K, Yeo HK, Ahn YT, Kang W, Kim DH, Jeong TC, Jeong HG. Biotransformation of geniposide by human intestinal microflora on cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells. Toxicol Lett 2012; 209:246-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Yin F, Liu J, Zheng X, Guo L, Xiao H. Geniposide induces the expression of heme oxygenase-1 via PI3K/Nrf2-signaling to enhance the antioxidant capacity in primary hippocampal neurons. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 33:1841-6. [PMID: 21048309 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.1841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress in brain is emerging as a potential causal factor in aging and age-related neurodegenerative disorders. A large body of evidence shows that induction of endogenous antioxidative proteins seems to be a reasonable strategy for delaying the progression of cell injury. In this study, geniposide upregulates the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) to attenuate the cell apoptosis induced by 3-morpholinosydnonimine hydrochloride (SIN-1) in primary cultured hippocampal neurons. Furthermore, geniposide induces the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and activation of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K) in the presence of oxidative stress, and both LY294002 (a specific inhibitor of PI3K) and Zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP, an inhibitor of HO-1) decrease the cytoprotective action of geniposide in hippocampal neurons. Taken together, the novel cytoprotective mechanism of geniposide to antagonize oxidative stress may be involved in PI3K- and Nrf2-mediated upregulation of the antioxidative enzyme HO-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yin
- Research Center of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, PR China
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Yin F, Liu J, Xiao H, Kong S. Geniposide Prevents PC12 Cells from Peroxynitrite via the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.56.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yin
- Research Center of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology
| | - Jianhui Liu
- Research Center of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology
| | - He Xiao
- Research Center of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology
| | - Shuzhen Kong
- Research Center of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology
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Wu SY, Wang GF, Liu ZQ, Rao JJ, Lü L, Xu W, Wu SG, Zhang JJ. Effect of geniposide, a hypoglycemic glucoside, on hepatic regulating enzymes in diabetic mice induced by a high-fat diet and streptozotocin. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30:202-8. [PMID: 19122671 PMCID: PMC4002460 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2008.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Hepatic glycogen phosphorylase (GP) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) play an important role in the control of blood glucose homeostasis and are proposed to be potential targets for anti-diabetic drugs. Geniposide is an iridoid glucoside extracted from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fruits and has been reported to have a hypoglycemic effect. However, little is known about the biochemical mechanisms by which geniposide regulates hepatic glucose-metabolizing enzymes. The present study investigates whether the hypoglycemic effect of geniposide is mediated by GP or G6Pase. METHODS Type 2 diabetic mice, induced by a high-fat diet and streptozotocin injection, were treated with or without geniposide for 2 weeks. Blood glucose levels were monitored by a glucometer. Insulin concentrations were analyzed by the ELISA method. Total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels were measured using Labassay kits. Activities of hepatic GP and G6Pase were measured by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-coupled reaction. Real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting were used to determine the mRNA and protein levels of both enzymes. RESULTS Geniposide (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly decreased the blood glucose, insulin and TG levels in diabetic mice in a dose-dependent manner. This compound also decreased the expression of GP and G6Pase at mRNA and immunoreactive protein levels, as well as enzyme activity. CONCLUSION Geniposide is an effective hypoglycemic agent in diabetic mice. The hypoglycemic effect of this compound may be mediated, at least in part, by inhibiting the GP and G6Pase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-yu Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Guang-fa Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhong-qiu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jin-jun Rao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lin Lü
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shu-guang Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jia-jie Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of genipin and geniposide in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:2764-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kim CY, Kim J. Preparative isolation and purification of geniposide from gardenia fruits by centrifugal partition chromatography. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2007; 18:115-7. [PMID: 17439011 DOI: 10.1002/pca.958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The iridoid glycoside, geniposide was purified by centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) with a two-phase solvent system composed of ethyl acetate:isopropanol:water (3:2:5, v/v) from an 80% methanolic extract of fruits of Gardenia jasminoides. Preparative CPC yielded 56.2 mg of geniposide in a one-step separation of 500 mg of extract, with a purity of 95% as determined by HPLC. Isolated geniposide was identified from its 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and MS spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Young Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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He ML, Cheng XW, Chen JK, Zhou TS. Simultaneous Determination of Five Major Biologically Active Ingredients in Different Parts of Gardenia jasminoides Fruits by HPLC with Diode-Array Detection. Chromatographia 2006. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-006-0099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Peng PL, Hsieh YS, Wang CJ, Hsu JL, Chou FP. Inhibitory effect of berberine on the invasion of human lung cancer cells via decreased productions of urokinase-plasminogen activator and matrix metalloproteinase-2. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 214:8-15. [PMID: 16387334 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2005.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2005] [Revised: 10/26/2005] [Accepted: 11/19/2005] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Berberine, a compound isolated from medicinal herbs, has been reported with many pharmacological effects related to anti-cancer and anti-inflammation capabilities. In this study, we observed that berberine exerted a dose- and time-dependent inhibitory effect on the motility and invasion ability of a highly metastatic A549 cells under non-cytotoxic concentrations. In cancer cell migration and invasion process, matrix-degrading proteinases are required. A549 cell treated with berberine at various concentrations showed reduced ECM proteinases including matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) and urokinase-plasminogen activator (u-PA) by gelatin and casein zymography analysis. The inhibitory effect is likely to be at the transcriptional level, since the reduction in the transcripts levels was corresponding to the proteins. Moreover, berberine also exerted its action via regulating tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) and urokinase-plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI). The upstream mediators of the effect involved c-jun, c-fos and NF-kappaB, as evidenced by reduced phosphorylation of the proteins. These findings suggest that berberine possesses an anti-metastatic effect in non-small lung cancer cell and may, therefore, be helpful in clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ling Peng
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, No 110, section 2, Chien Kauo N. Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC
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Kim BC, Kim HG, Lee SA, Lim S, Park EH, Kim SJ, Lim CJ. Genipin-induced apoptosis in hepatoma cells is mediated by reactive oxygen species/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase-dependent activation of mitochondrial pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 70:1398-407. [PMID: 16143311 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2005] [Revised: 07/28/2005] [Accepted: 07/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Genipin, the aglycone of geniposide, exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic activities. Here we demonstrate that genipin induces apoptotic cell death in FaO rat hepatoma cells and human hepatocarcinoma Hep3B cells, detected by morphological cellular changes, caspase activation and release of cytochrome c. During genipin-induced apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was elevated, and N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) and glutathione (GSH) suppressed activation of caspase-3, -7 and -9. Stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 1/2(SAPK/JNK1/2) but neither MEK1/2 nor p38 MAPK was activated in genipin-treated hepatoma cells. SP600125, an SAPK/JNK1/2 inhibitor, markedly suppressed apoptotic cell death in the genipin-treated cells. The FaO cells stably transfected with a dominant-negative c-Jun, TAM67, was less susceptible to apoptotic cell death triggered by genipin. Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, inhibited ROS generation, apoptotic cell death, caspase-3 activation and JNK activation. Consistently, the stable expression of Nox1-C, a C-terminal region of Nox1 unable to generate ROS, blocked the formation of TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells, and activation of caspase-3 and JNK in FaO cells treated with genipin. Our observations imply that genipin signaling to apoptosis of hepatoma cells is mediated via NADPH oxidase-dependent generation of ROS, which leads to downstream of JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Chul Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, 192-1 Hyoja-2-dong, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
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Kuo WH, Chou FP, Young SC, Chang YC, Wang CJ. Geniposide activates GSH S-transferase by the induction of GST M1 and GST M2 subunits involving the transcription and phosphorylation of MEK-1 signaling in rat hepatocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2005; 208:155-62. [PMID: 16183389 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2005.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2004] [Revised: 02/14/2005] [Accepted: 02/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Geniposide, an iridoid glycoside isolated from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, has biological capabilities of detoxication, antioxidation, and anticarcinogenesis. We have recently found that geniposide possesses a potential for detoxication by inducing GST activity and the expression of GST M1 and GST M2 subunits. In this study, the signaling pathway of geniposide leading to the activation of GSH S-transferase (GST) was investigated. Primary cultured rat hepatocytes were treated with geniposide in the presence or absence of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors and examined for GST activity, expression of GST M1 and M2 subunits, and protein levels of MAPK signaling proteins. Western blotting data demonstrated that geniposide induced increased protein levels of GST M1 and GST M2 (approximately 1.76- and 1.50-fold of control, respectively). The effect of geniposide on the increased protein levels of GST M1 and GST M2 was inhibited by the MEK-1 inhibitor PD98059, but not by other MAPK inhibitors. The GST M1 and GST M2 transcripts as determined by RT-PCR and GST activity were also inhibited concurrently by the MEK-1 inhibitor PD98059. The protein levels of up- and down-stream effectors of the MEK-1, including Ras, Raf, and Erk1/2, and the phosphorylation state of Erk1/2 were found to be induced by geniposide, indicating a two-phase influence of geniposide. The results suggest that geniposide induced GST activity and the expression of GST M1 and GST M2 acting through MEK-1 pathway by activating and increasing expression of Ras/Raf/MEK-1 signaling mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Hsien Kuo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Armed Forces Taichung General Hospital, ROC, Taiwan
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Pharmacological activities of iridoids biosynthesized by route II. BIOACTIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS (PART L) 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(05)80060-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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