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Özkan A, LoGrande NT, Feitor JF, Goyal G, Ingber DE. Intestinal organ chips for disease modelling and personalized medicine. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024:10.1038/s41575-024-00968-3. [PMID: 39192055 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-024-00968-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Alterations in intestinal structure, mechanics and physiology underlie acute and chronic intestinal conditions, many of which are influenced by dysregulation of microbiome, peristalsis, stroma or immune responses. Studying human intestinal physiology or pathophysiology is difficult in preclinical animal models because their microbiomes and immune systems differ from those of humans. Although advances in organoid culture partially overcome this challenge, intestinal organoids still lack crucial features that are necessary to study functions central to intestinal health and disease, such as digestion or fluid flow, as well as contributions from long-term effects of living microbiome, peristalsis and immune cells. Here, we review developments in organ-on-a-chip (organ chip) microfluidic culture models of the human intestine that are lined by epithelial cells and interfaced with other tissues (such as stroma or endothelium), which can experience both fluid flow and peristalsis-like motions. Organ chips offer powerful ways to model intestinal physiology and disease states for various human populations and individual patients, and can be used to gain new insight into underlying molecular and biophysical mechanisms of disease. They can also be used as preclinical tools to discover new drugs and then validate their therapeutic efficacy and safety in the same human-relevant model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alican Özkan
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nina Teresa LoGrande
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica F Feitor
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Girija Goyal
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Donald E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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2
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Nahon DM, Moerkens R, Aydogmus H, Lendemeijer B, Martínez-Silgado A, Stein JM, Dostanić M, Frimat JP, Gontan C, de Graaf MNS, Hu M, Kasi DG, Koch LS, Le KTT, Lim S, Middelkamp HHT, Mooiweer J, Motreuil-Ragot P, Niggl E, Pleguezuelos-Manzano C, Puschhof J, Revyn N, Rivera-Arbelaez JM, Slager J, Windt LM, Zakharova M, van Meer BJ, Orlova VV, de Vrij FMS, Withoff S, Mastrangeli M, van der Meer AD, Mummery CL. Standardizing designed and emergent quantitative features in microphysiological systems. Nat Biomed Eng 2024; 8:941-962. [PMID: 39187664 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-024-01236-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Microphysiological systems (MPSs) are cellular models that replicate aspects of organ and tissue functions in vitro. In contrast with conventional cell cultures, MPSs often provide physiological mechanical cues to cells, include fluid flow and can be interlinked (hence, they are often referred to as microfluidic tissue chips or organs-on-chips). Here, by means of examples of MPSs of the vascular system, intestine, brain and heart, we advocate for the development of standards that allow for comparisons of quantitative physiological features in MPSs and humans. Such standards should ensure that the in vivo relevance and predictive value of MPSs can be properly assessed as fit-for-purpose in specific applications, such as the assessment of drug toxicity, the identification of therapeutics or the understanding of human physiology or disease. Specifically, we distinguish designed features, which can be controlled via the design of the MPS, from emergent features, which describe cellular function, and propose methods for improving MPSs with readouts and sensors for the quantitative monitoring of complex physiology towards enabling wider end-user adoption and regulatory acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis M Nahon
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Renée Moerkens
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Bas Lendemeijer
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Adriana Martínez-Silgado
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen M Stein
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Cristina Gontan
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Michel Hu
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Dhanesh G Kasi
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lena S Koch
- University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Kieu T T Le
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sangho Lim
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Joram Mooiweer
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Eva Niggl
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jens Puschhof
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nele Revyn
- Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jelle Slager
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Laura M Windt
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Sebo Withoff
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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3
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Lee EJ, Kim Y, Salipante P, Kotula AP, Lipshutz S, Graves DT, Alimperti S. Mechanical Regulation of Oral Epithelial Barrier Function. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10050517. [PMID: 37237587 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10050517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell function is modulated by mechanical forces imparted by the extracellular environment. The transmission of forces onto the cytoskeleton by modalities such as mechanical stress and matrix stiffness is necessary to address by the development of new experimental models that permit finely tuned cell mechanical challenges. Herein, we developed an epithelial tissue culture model, named the 3D Oral Epi-mucosa platform, to investigate the role mechanical cues in the epithelial barrier. In this platform, low-level mechanical stress (0.1 kPa) is applied to oral keratinocytes, which lie on 3D fibrous collagen (Col) gels whose stiffness is modulated by different concentrations or the addition of other factors such as fibronectin (FN). Our results show that cells lying on intermediate Col (3 mg/mL; stiffness = 30 Pa) demonstrated lower epithelial leakiness compared with soft Col (1.5 mg/mL; stiffness = 10 Pa) and stiff Col (6 mg/mL; stiffness = 120 Pa) gels, indicating that stiffness modulates barrier function. In addition, the presence of FN reversed the barrier integrity by inhibiting the interepithelial interaction via E-cadherin and Zonula occludens-1. Overall, the 3D Oral Epi-mucosa platform, as a new in vitro system, will be utilized to identify new mechanisms and develop future targets involved in mucosal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Computer, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Yoontae Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Paul Salipante
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Anthony P Kotula
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Sophie Lipshutz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Dana T Graves
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stella Alimperti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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4
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Xiang X, Wang X, Shang Y, Ding Y. Microfluidic intestine-on-a-chip: Current progress and further perspectives of probiotic-foodborne pathogen interactions. Trends Food Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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5
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Ferreira DA, Conde JP, Rothbauer M, Ertl P, Granja PL, Oliveira C. Bioinspired human stomach-on-a-chip with in vivo like function and architecture. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:495-510. [PMID: 36620939 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc01132h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The lack of biomimetic in vitro models capable of reproducing the complex architecture and the dynamic environment of the gastric mucosa, delay the development of diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Recent advances in microengineering made possible the fabrication of bioinspired microdevices capable of replicating the physiological properties of an organ, inside a microfluidics chip. Herein, a bioinspired stomach-on-a-chip (SoC) device is described, supporting peristalsis-like motion and reconstituting organ-level epithelial architecture and function. The device simulates the upper epithelial interface, representing the three innermost layers of the gastric mucosa, namely the epithelial barrier, the basement membrane and the lamina propria. The dynamic environment imparted by mechanical actuation of the flexible on-chip cell culture substrate, was the main driver in the development of epithelial polarization and differentiation traits characteristic of the native gastric mucosa, and allowed partial recapitulation of gastric barrier function. These traits were not affected by the addition of a mesenchymal population to the system, which was able to remodel the surrounding extracellular matrix, nor by the potential epithelial-mesenchymal cross-talk. The engineered platform highlights the importance of addressing the mechanical microenvironment of the native organ, to potentiate an organ-level response of the artificial tissue. The proposed SoC represents an appealing tool in personalized medicine, with bio-relevance for the study of gastric diseases and an alternative to current animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Ferreira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - João P Conde
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores - Microsistemas e Nanotecnologia (INESC MN), Rua Alves Redol, 9, 1000-029 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Orthopedic Microsystems, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Cell Chip Group, Vienna University of Technology (TUW), Getreidmarkt, 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology (TUW), Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Pedro L Granja
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Oliveira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Ipatimup - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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Meng F, Shen C, Yang L, Ni C, Huang J, Lin K, Cao Z, Xu S, Cui W, Wang X, Zhou B, Xiong C, Wang J, Zhao B. Mechanical stretching boosts expansion and regeneration of intestinal organoids through fueling stem cell self-renewal. CELL REGENERATION 2022; 11:39. [DOI: 10.1186/s13619-022-00137-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIntestinal organoids, derived from intestinal stem cell self-organization, recapitulate the tissue structures and behaviors of the intestinal epithelium, which hold great potential for the study of developmental biology, disease modeling, and regenerative medicine. The intestinal epithelium is exposed to dynamic mechanical forces which exert profound effects on gut development. However, the conventional intestinal organoid culture system neglects the key role of mechanical microenvironments but relies solely on biological factors. Here, we show that adding cyclic stretch to intestinal organoid cultures remarkably up-regulates the signature gene expression and proliferation of intestinal stem cells. Furthermore, mechanical stretching stimulates the expansion of SOX9+ progenitors by activating the Wnt/β-Catenin signaling. These data demonstrate that the incorporation of mechanical stretch boosts the stemness of intestinal stem cells, thus benefiting organoid growth. Our findings have provided a way to optimize an organoid generation system through understanding cross-talk between biological and mechanical factors, paving the way for the application of mechanical forces in organoid-based models.
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Boquet-Pujadas A, Feaugas T, Petracchini A, Grassart A, Mary H, Manich M, Gobaa S, Olivo-Marin JC, Sauvonnet N, Labruyère E. 4D live imaging and computational modeling of a functional gut-on-a-chip evaluate how peristalsis facilitates enteric pathogen invasion. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo5767. [PMID: 36269830 PMCID: PMC9586479 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo5767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Physical forces are essential to biological function, but their impact at the tissue level is not fully understood. The gut is under continuous mechanical stress because of peristalsis. To assess the influence of mechanical cues on enteropathogen invasion, we combine computational imaging with a mechanically active gut-on-a-chip. After infecting the device with either of two microbes, we image their behavior in real time while mapping the mechanical stress within the tissue. This is achieved by reconstructing three-dimensional videos of the ongoing invasion and leveraging on-manifold inverse problems together with viscoelastic rheology. Our results show that peristalsis accelerates the destruction and invasion of intestinal tissue by Entamoeba histolytica and colonization by Shigella flexneri. Local tension facilitates parasite penetration and activates virulence genes in the bacteria. Overall, our work highlights the fundamental role of physical cues during host-pathogen interactions and introduces a framework that opens the door to study mechanobiology on deformable tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleix Boquet-Pujadas
- Bioimage Analysis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Intracellular Trafficking and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Biomedical Imaging Group, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Feaugas
- Intracellular Trafficking and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Alba Petracchini
- Bioimage Analysis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Intracellular Trafficking and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Grassart
- Intracellular Trafficking and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Unit of Bioengineering and Microbiology, Center for Microbes, Development and Health (CMDH), Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Héloïse Mary
- Biomaterials and Microfluidics Core Facility, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Maria Manich
- Bioimage Analysis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Intracellular Trafficking and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Samy Gobaa
- Biomaterials and Microfluidics Core Facility, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Olivo-Marin
- Bioimage Analysis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Intracellular Trafficking and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Sauvonnet
- Intracellular Trafficking and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Elisabeth Labruyère
- Bioimage Analysis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Intracellular Trafficking and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Vomhof-DeKrey EE, Singhal S, Singhal SK, Stover AD, Rajpathy O, Preszler E, Garcia L, Basson MD. RNA Sequencing of Intestinal Enterocytes Pre- and Post-Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Reveals Alteration in Gene Expression Related to Enterocyte Differentiation, Restitution, and Obesity with Regulation by Schlafen 12. Cells 2022; 11:3283. [PMID: 36291149 PMCID: PMC9601224 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intestinal lining renews itself in a programmed fashion that can be affected by adaptation to surgical procedures such as gastric bypass. METHODS To assess adaptive mechanisms in the human intestine after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), we biopsied proximal jejunum at the anastomotic site during surgery to establish a baseline and endoscopically re-biopsied the same area 6-9 months after bypass for comparison. Laser microdissection was performed on pre- and post-RYGB biopsies to isolate enterocytes for RNA sequencing. RESULTS RNA sequencing suggested significant decreases in gene expression associated with G2/M DNA damage checkpoint regulation of the cell cycle pathway, and significant increases in gene expression associated with the CDP-diacylglycerol biosynthesis pathway TCA cycle II pathway, and pyrimidine ribonucleotide salvage pathway after RYGB. Since Schlafen 12 (SLFN12) is reported to influence enterocytic differentiation, we stained mucosa for SLFN12 and observed increased SLFN12 immunoreactivity. We investigated SLFN12 overexpression in HIEC-6 and FHs 74 Int intestinal epithelial cells and observed similar increased expression of the following genes that were also increased after RYGB: HES2, CARD9, SLC19A2, FBXW7, STXBP4, SPARCL1, and UTS. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that RYGB promotes SLFN12 protein expression, cellular mechanism and replication pathways, and genes associated with differentiation and restitution (HES2, CARD9, SLC19A2), as well as obesity-related genes (FBXW7, STXBP4, SPARCL1, UTS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie E. Vomhof-DeKrey
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Sonalika Singhal
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Sandeep K. Singhal
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Allie D. Stover
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Odele Rajpathy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Elizabeth Preszler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Luis Garcia
- Sanford Health Clinic, Sioux Falls, ND 57117, USA
| | - Marc D. Basson
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
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Yang H, Hou C, Xiao W, Qiu Y. The role of mechanosensitive ion channels in the gastrointestinal tract. Front Physiol 2022; 13:904203. [PMID: 36060694 PMCID: PMC9437298 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.904203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensation is essential for normal gastrointestinal (GI) function, and abnormalities in mechanosensation are associated with GI disorders. There are several mechanosensitive ion channels in the GI tract, namely transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, Piezo channels, two-pore domain potassium (K2p) channels, voltage-gated ion channels, large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channels, and the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). These channels are located in many mechanosensitive intestinal cell types, namely enterochromaffin (EC) cells, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and intrinsic and extrinsic enteric neurons. In these cells, mechanosensitive ion channels can alter transmembrane ion currents in response to mechanical forces, through a process known as mechanoelectrical coupling. Furthermore, mechanosensitive ion channels are often associated with a variety of GI tract disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and GI tumors. Mechanosensitive ion channels could therefore provide a new perspective for the treatment of GI diseases. This review aims to highlight recent research advances regarding the function of mechanosensitive ion channels in the GI tract. Moreover, it outlines the potential role of mechanosensitive ion channels in related diseases, while describing the current understanding of interactions between the GI tract and mechanosensitive ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Yang
- Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chaofeng Hou
- Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weidong Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Yuan Qiu,
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10
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Oncel S, Basson MD. Gut homeostasis, injury, and healing: New therapeutic targets. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:1725-1750. [PMID: 35633906 PMCID: PMC9099196 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i17.1725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The integrity of the gastrointestinal mucosa plays a crucial role in gut homeostasis, which depends upon the balance between mucosal injury by destructive factors and healing via protective factors. The persistence of noxious agents such as acid, pepsin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or Helicobacter pylori breaks down the mucosal barrier and injury occurs. Depending upon the size and site of the wound, it is healed by complex and overlapping processes involving membrane resealing, cell spreading, purse-string contraction, restitution, differentiation, angiogenesis, and vasculogenesis, each modulated by extracellular regulators. Unfortunately, the gut does not always heal, leading to such pathology as peptic ulcers or inflammatory bowel disease. Currently available therapeutics such as proton pump inhibitors, histamine-2 receptor antagonists, sucralfate, 5-aminosalicylate, antibiotics, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressants all attempt to minimize or reduce injury to the gastrointestinal tract. More recent studies have focused on improving mucosal defense or directly promoting mucosal repair. Many investigations have sought to enhance mucosal defense by stimulating mucus secretion, mucosal blood flow, or tight junction function. Conversely, new attempts to directly promote mucosal repair target proteins that modulate cytoskeleton dynamics such as tubulin, talin, Ehm2, filamin-a, gelsolin, and flightless I or that proteins regulate focal adhesions dynamics such as focal adhesion kinase. This article summarizes the pathobiology of gastrointestinal mucosal healing and reviews potential new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sema Oncel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States
| | - Marc D Basson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States
- Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States
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11
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GOTO T, UMEDA T, HINO S, MORITA T, NISHIMURA N. Oral Intake of Slowly Digestible α-Glucan Such as Resistant Maltodextrin Leads to Increased Secretion of Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 in Rats and Helps Thicken Their Ileal Mucosae. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2022; 68:104-111. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.68.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya GOTO
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University
| | - Tomoki UMEDA
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University
| | - Shingo HINO
- College of Agriculture, Academic Institute, Shizuoka University
| | - Tatsuya MORITA
- College of Agriculture, Academic Institute, Shizuoka University
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12
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Brás MM, Sousa SR, Carneiro F, Radmacher M, Granja PL. Mechanobiology of Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1945. [PMID: 35454852 PMCID: PMC9028036 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14081945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, the mechanobiology of colorectal cancer (CRC) are discussed. Mechanotransduction of CRC is addressed considering the relationship of several biophysical cues and biochemical pathways. Mechanobiology is focused on considering how it may influence epithelial cells in terms of motility, morphometric changes, intravasation, circulation, extravasation, and metastization in CRC development. The roles of the tumor microenvironment, ECM, and stroma are also discussed, taking into account the influence of alterations and surface modifications on mechanical properties and their impact on epithelial cells and CRC progression. The role of cancer-associated fibroblasts and the impact of flow shear stress is addressed in terms of how it affects CRC metastization. Finally, some insights concerning how the knowledge of biophysical mechanisms may contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies and targeting molecules and how mechanical changes of the microenvironment play a role in CRC disease are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Manuela Brás
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.M.B.); (S.R.S.); (F.C.); (P.L.G.)
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana R. Sousa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.M.B.); (S.R.S.); (F.C.); (P.L.G.)
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto (ISEP), Instituto Politécnico do Porto (IPP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Carneiro
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.M.B.); (S.R.S.); (F.C.); (P.L.G.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Serviço de Patologia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João (CHUSJ), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manfred Radmacher
- Institute for Biophysics, University of Bremen, 28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Pedro L. Granja
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.M.B.); (S.R.S.); (F.C.); (P.L.G.)
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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13
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Foodborne compounds that alter plasma membrane architecture can modify the response of intestinal cells to shear stress in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 446:116034. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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14
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Sun C, Yang X, Wang T, Cheng M, Han Y. Ovarian Biomechanics: From Health to Disease. Front Oncol 2022; 11:744257. [PMID: 35070963 PMCID: PMC8776636 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.744257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomechanics is a physical phenomenon which mainly related with deformation and movement of life forms. As a mechanical signal, it participates in the growth and development of many tissues and organs, including ovary. Mechanical signals not only participate in multiple processes in the ovary but also play a critical role in ovarian growth and normal physiological functions. Additionally, the involvement of mechanical signals has been found in ovarian cancer and other ovarian diseases, prompting us to focus on the roles of mechanical signals in the process of ovarian health to disease. This review mainly discusses the effects and signal transduction of biomechanics (including elastic force, shear force, compressive stress and tensile stress) in ovarian development as a regulatory signal, as well as in the pathological process of normal ovarian diseases and cancer. This review also aims to provide new research ideas for the further research and treatment of ovarian-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Sun
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiaoxu Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Tianxiao Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Min Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yangyang Han
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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15
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Marques-Magalhães Â, Cruz T, Costa ÂM, Estêvão D, Rios E, Canão PA, Velho S, Carneiro F, Oliveira MJ, Cardoso AP. Decellularized Colorectal Cancer Matrices as Bioactive Scaffolds for Studying Tumor-Stroma Interactions. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14020359. [PMID: 35053521 PMCID: PMC8773780 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
More than a physical structure providing support to tissues, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex and dynamic network of macromolecules that modulates the behavior of both cancer cells and associated stromal cells of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Over the last few years, several efforts have been made to develop new models that accurately mimic the interconnections within the TME and specifically the biomechanical and biomolecular complexity of the tumor ECM. Particularly in colorectal cancer, the ECM is highly remodeled and disorganized and constitutes a key component that affects cancer hallmarks, such as cell differentiation, proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. Therefore, several scaffolds produced from natural and/or synthetic polymers and ceramics have been used in 3D biomimetic strategies for colorectal cancer research. Nevertheless, decellularized ECM from colorectal tumors is a unique model that offers the maintenance of native ECM architecture and molecular composition. This review will focus on innovative and advanced 3D-based models of decellularized ECM as high-throughput strategies in colorectal cancer research that potentially fill some of the gaps between in vitro 2D and in vivo models. Our aim is to highlight the need for strategies that accurately mimic the TME for precision medicine and for studying the pathophysiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângela Marques-Magalhães
- i3S-Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (Â.M.-M.); (T.C.); (Â.M.C.); (D.E.); (E.R.); (S.V.); (F.C.); (M.J.O.)
- INEB-Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tânia Cruz
- i3S-Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (Â.M.-M.); (T.C.); (Â.M.C.); (D.E.); (E.R.); (S.V.); (F.C.); (M.J.O.)
- INEB-Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ângela Margarida Costa
- i3S-Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (Â.M.-M.); (T.C.); (Â.M.C.); (D.E.); (E.R.); (S.V.); (F.C.); (M.J.O.)
- INEB-Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Diogo Estêvão
- i3S-Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (Â.M.-M.); (T.C.); (Â.M.C.); (D.E.); (E.R.); (S.V.); (F.C.); (M.J.O.)
- INEB-Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Rios
- i3S-Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (Â.M.-M.); (T.C.); (Â.M.C.); (D.E.); (E.R.); (S.V.); (F.C.); (M.J.O.)
- IPATIMUP-Institute of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Amoroso Canão
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sérgia Velho
- i3S-Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (Â.M.-M.); (T.C.); (Â.M.C.); (D.E.); (E.R.); (S.V.); (F.C.); (M.J.O.)
- IPATIMUP-Institute of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Carneiro
- i3S-Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (Â.M.-M.); (T.C.); (Â.M.C.); (D.E.); (E.R.); (S.V.); (F.C.); (M.J.O.)
- IPATIMUP-Institute of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria José Oliveira
- i3S-Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (Â.M.-M.); (T.C.); (Â.M.C.); (D.E.); (E.R.); (S.V.); (F.C.); (M.J.O.)
- INEB-Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Ana Patrícia Cardoso
- i3S-Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (Â.M.-M.); (T.C.); (Â.M.C.); (D.E.); (E.R.); (S.V.); (F.C.); (M.J.O.)
- INEB-Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-22-607-4900
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16
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Mäntylä E, Ihalainen TO. Brick Strex: a robust device built of LEGO bricks for mechanical manipulation of cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18520. [PMID: 34531455 PMCID: PMC8445989 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97900-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular forces, mechanics and other physical factors are important co-regulators of normal cell and tissue physiology. These cues are often misregulated in diseases such as cancer, where altered tissue mechanics contribute to the disease progression. Furthermore, intercellular tensile and compressive force-related signaling is highlighted in collective cell behavior during development. However, the mechanistic understanding on the role of physical forces in regulation of cellular physiology, including gene expression and signaling, is still lacking. This is partly because studies on the molecular mechanisms of force transmission require easily controllable experimental designs. These approaches should enable both easy mechanical manipulation of cells and, importantly, readouts ranging from microscopy imaging to biochemical assays. To achieve a robust solution for mechanical manipulation of cells, we developed devices built of LEGO bricks allowing manual, motorized and/or cyclic cell stretching and compression studies. By using these devices, we show that [Formula: see text]-catenin responds differentially to epithelial monolayer stretching and lateral compression, either localizing more to the cell nuclei or cell-cell junctions, respectively. In addition, we show that epithelial compression drives cytoplasmic retention and phosphorylation of transcription coregulator YAP1. We provide a complete part listing and video assembly instructions, allowing other researchers to build and use the devices in cellular mechanics-related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Mäntylä
- grid.502801.e0000 0001 2314 6254BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Teemu O. Ihalainen
- grid.502801.e0000 0001 2314 6254BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
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17
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Bossink EGBM, Zakharova M, de Bruijn DS, Odijk M, Segerink LI. Measuring barrier function in organ-on-chips with cleanroom-free integration of multiplexable electrodes. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:2040-2049. [PMID: 33861228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ooc.2021.100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Transepithelial/transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements can be applied in organ-on-chips (OoCs) to estimate the barrier properties of a tissue or cell layer in a continuous, non-invasive, and label-free manner. Assessing the barrier integrity in in vitro models is valuable for studying and developing barrier targeting drugs. Several systems for measuring the TEER have been shown, but each of them having their own drawbacks. This article presents a cleanroom-free fabrication method for the integration of platinum electrodes in a polydimethylsiloxane OoC, allowing the real-time assessment of the barrier function by employing impedance spectroscopy. The proposed method and electrode arrangement allow visual inspection of the cells cultured in the device at the site of the electrodes, and multiplexing of both the electrodes in one OoC and the number of OoCs in one device. The effectiveness of our system is demonstrated by lining the OoC with intestinal epithelial cells, creating a gut-on-chip, where we monitored the formation, as well as the disruption and recovery of the cell barrier during a 21 day culture period. The application is further expanded by creating a blood-brain-barrier, to show that the proposed fabrication method can be applied to monitor the barrier formation in the OoC for different types of biological barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsbeth G B M Bossink
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical Center and Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
| | - Mariia Zakharova
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical Center and Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
| | - Douwe S de Bruijn
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical Center and Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
| | - Mathieu Odijk
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical Center and Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
| | - Loes I Segerink
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical Center and Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
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18
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Pompili S, Latella G, Gaudio E, Sferra R, Vetuschi A. The Charming World of the Extracellular Matrix: A Dynamic and Protective Network of the Intestinal Wall. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:610189. [PMID: 33937276 PMCID: PMC8085262 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.610189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal extracellular matrix (ECM) represents a complex network of proteins that not only forms a support structure for resident cells but also interacts closely with them by modulating their phenotypes and functions. More than 300 molecules have been identified, each of them with unique biochemical properties and exclusive biological functions. ECM components not only provide a scaffold for the tissue but also afford tensile strength and limit overstretch of the organ. The ECM holds water, ensures suitable hydration of the tissue, and participates in a selective barrier to the external environment. ECM-to-cells interaction is crucial for morphogenesis and cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. The ECM is a dynamic and multifunctional structure. The ECM is constantly renewed and remodeled by coordinated action among ECM-producing cells, degrading enzymes, and their specific inhibitors. During this process, several growth factors are released in the ECM, and they, in turn, modulate the deposition of new ECM. In this review, we describe the main components and functions of intestinal ECM and we discuss their role in maintaining the structure and function of the intestinal barrier. Achieving complete knowledge of the ECM world is an important goal to understand the mechanisms leading to the onset and the progression of several intestinal diseases related to alterations in ECM remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Pompili
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giovanni Latella
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Gastroenterology Unit, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine, and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Sferra
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Antonella Vetuschi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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19
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Ferreira DA, Rothbauer M, Conde JP, Ertl P, Oliveira C, Granja PL. A Fast Alternative to Soft Lithography for the Fabrication of Organ-on-a-Chip Elastomeric-Based Devices and Microactuators. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2003273. [PMID: 33898174 PMCID: PMC8061392 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip technology promises to revolutionize how pre-clinical human trials are conducted. Engineering an in vitro environment that mimics the functionality and architecture of human physiology is essential toward building better platforms for drug development and personalized medicine. However, the complex nature of these devices requires specialized, time consuming, and expensive fabrication methodologies. Alternatives that reduce design-to-prototype time are needed, in order to fulfill the potential of these devices. Here, a streamlined approach is proposed for the fabrication of organ-on-a-chip devices with incorporated microactuators, by using an adaptation of xurography. This method can generate multilayered, membrane-integrated biochips in a matter of hours, using low-cost benchtop equipment. These devices are capable of withstanding considerable pressure without delamination. Furthermore, this method is suitable for the integration of flexible membranes, required for organ-on-a-chip applications, such as mechanical actuation or the establishment of biological barrier function. The devices are compatible with cell culture applications and present no cytotoxic effects or observable alterations on cellular homeostasis. This fabrication method can rapidly generate organ-on-a-chip prototypes for a fraction of cost and time, in comparison to conventional soft lithography, constituting an interesting alternative to the current fabrication methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Ferreira
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em SaúdeUniversidade do PortoRua Alfredo Allen, 208Porto4200‐135Portugal
- INEB – Instituto de Engenharia BiomédicaUniversidade do PortoRua Alfredo Allen, 208Porto4200‐135Portugal
- ICBAS – Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel SalazarUniversidade do PortoRua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira, 228Porto4050‐313Portugal
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma SurgeryKarl Chiari Lab for Orthopedic BiologyMedical University of ViennaWähringer Gürtel, 18‐20Vienna1090Austria
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryVienna University of Technology (TUW)Getreidmarkt, 9/163Vienna1060Austria
| | - João P. Conde
- Department of BioengineeringInstituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de LisboaAv. Rovisco Pais, 1Lisboa1049‐001Portugal
- Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores – Microsistemas e Nanotecnologia (INESC MN)Rua Alves Redol, 9Lisboa1000‐029Portugal
| | - Peter Ertl
- Faculty of Technical ChemistryVienna University of Technology (TUW)Getreidemarkt 9Vienna1060Austria
| | - Carla Oliveira
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em SaúdeUniversidade do PortoRua Alfredo Allen, 208Porto4200‐135Portugal
- Ipatimup – Institute of Molecular Pathology and ImmunologyUniversidade do PortoRua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45Porto4200‐135Portugal
- Department of PathologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of PortoAlameda Prof. Hernâni MonteiroPorto4200‐319Portugal
| | - Pedro L. Granja
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em SaúdeUniversidade do PortoRua Alfredo Allen, 208Porto4200‐135Portugal
- INEB – Instituto de Engenharia BiomédicaUniversidade do PortoRua Alfredo Allen, 208Porto4200‐135Portugal
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20
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Intestine-on-a-chip: Next level in vitro research model of the human intestine. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Onfroy-Roy L, Hamel D, Foncy J, Malaquin L, Ferrand A. Extracellular Matrix Mechanical Properties and Regulation of the Intestinal Stem Cells: When Mechanics Control Fate. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122629. [PMID: 33297478 PMCID: PMC7762382 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal stem cells (ISC) are crucial players in colon epithelium physiology. The accurate control of their auto-renewal, proliferation and differentiation capacities provides a constant flow of regeneration, maintaining the epithelial intestinal barrier integrity. Under stress conditions, colon epithelium homeostasis in disrupted, evolving towards pathologies such as inflammatory bowel diseases or colorectal cancer. A specific environment, namely the ISC niche constituted by the surrounding mesenchymal stem cells, the factors they secrete and the extracellular matrix (ECM), tightly controls ISC homeostasis. Colon ECM exerts physical constraint on the enclosed stem cells through peculiar topography, stiffness and deformability. However, little is known on the molecular and cellular events involved in ECM regulation of the ISC phenotype and fate. To address this question, combining accurately reproduced colon ECM mechanical parameters to primary ISC cultures such as organoids is an appropriated approach. Here, we review colon ECM physical properties at physiological and pathological states and their bioengineered in vitro reproduction applications to ISC studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauriane Onfroy-Roy
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, 31024 Toulouse, France;
- Correspondence: (L.O.-R.); (A.F.); Tel.: +33-5-62-744-522 (A.F.)
| | - Dimitri Hamel
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, 31024 Toulouse, France;
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France; (J.F.); (L.M.)
| | - Julie Foncy
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France; (J.F.); (L.M.)
| | - Laurent Malaquin
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France; (J.F.); (L.M.)
| | - Audrey Ferrand
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, 31024 Toulouse, France;
- Correspondence: (L.O.-R.); (A.F.); Tel.: +33-5-62-744-522 (A.F.)
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22
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Shin YC, Shin W, Koh D, Wu A, Ambrosini YM, Min S, Eckhardt SG, Fleming RYD, Kim S, Park S, Koh H, Yoo TK, Kim HJ. Three-Dimensional Regeneration of Patient-Derived Intestinal Organoid Epithelium in a Physiodynamic Mucosal Interface-on-a-Chip. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E663. [PMID: 32645991 PMCID: PMC7408321 DOI: 10.3390/mi11070663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The regeneration of the mucosal interface of the human intestine is critical in the host-gut microbiome crosstalk associated with gastrointestinal diseases. The biopsy-derived intestinal organoids provide genetic information of patients with physiological cytodifferentiation. However, the enclosed lumen and static culture condition substantially limit the utility of patient-derived organoids for microbiome-associated disease modeling. Here, we report a patient-specific three-dimensional (3D) physiodynamic mucosal interface-on-a-chip (PMI Chip) that provides a microphysiological intestinal milieu under defined biomechanics. The real-time imaging and computational simulation of the PMI Chip verified the recapitulation of non-linear luminal and microvascular flow that simulates the hydrodynamics in a living human gut. The multiaxial deformations in a convoluted microchannel not only induced dynamic cell strains but also enhanced particle mixing in the lumen microchannel. Under this physiodynamic condition, an organoid-derived epithelium obtained from the patients diagnosed with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, or colorectal cancer independently formed 3D epithelial layers with disease-specific differentiations. Moreover, co-culture with the human fecal microbiome in an anoxic-oxic interface resulted in the formation of stochastic microcolonies without a loss of epithelial barrier function. We envision that the patient-specific PMI Chip that conveys genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors of individual patients will potentially demonstrate the pathophysiological dynamics and complex host-microbiome crosstalk to target a patient-specific disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Cheol Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (Y.C.S.); (W.S.); (D.K.); (A.W.); (Y.M.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Woojung Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (Y.C.S.); (W.S.); (D.K.); (A.W.); (Y.M.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Domin Koh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (Y.C.S.); (W.S.); (D.K.); (A.W.); (Y.M.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Alexander Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (Y.C.S.); (W.S.); (D.K.); (A.W.); (Y.M.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Yoko M. Ambrosini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (Y.C.S.); (W.S.); (D.K.); (A.W.); (Y.M.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Soyoun Min
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (Y.C.S.); (W.S.); (D.K.); (A.W.); (Y.M.A.); (S.M.)
| | - S. Gail Eckhardt
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (S.G.E.); (R.Y.D.F.)
| | - R. Y. Declan Fleming
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (S.G.E.); (R.Y.D.F.)
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Seung Kim
- Severance Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Center, Severance Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (S.K.); (S.P.); (H.K.)
| | - Sowon Park
- Severance Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Center, Severance Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (S.K.); (S.P.); (H.K.)
| | - Hong Koh
- Severance Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Center, Severance Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (S.K.); (S.P.); (H.K.)
| | - Tae Kyung Yoo
- Department of Computer Art, College of Art and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea;
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (Y.C.S.); (W.S.); (D.K.); (A.W.); (Y.M.A.); (S.M.)
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (S.G.E.); (R.Y.D.F.)
- Department of Medical Engineering, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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Liu C, Pei H, Tan F. Matrix Stiffness and Colorectal Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:2747-2755. [PMID: 32280247 PMCID: PMC7131993 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s231010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a growing consensus is emerging that the mechanical microenvironment of tumors is far more critical in the onset of tumor, tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis. Matrix stiffness, one of the sources of mechanical stimulation, affects tumor cells as well as non-tumor cells in multiple different molecular signaling pathways in solid tumors such as colorectal tumors, which lead to tumor invasion and metastasis, immune evasion and drug resistance. This review will illustrate the relationship between matrix stiffness and colorectal cancer from the following aspects. First, briefly introduce the mechanical microenvironment and colorectal cancer, then explain the origin of colorectal cancer extracellular matrix stiffness, and then synthesize the study of matrix stiffness of colorectal cancer in recent years to elaborate the effects of extracellular matrix stiffness in colorectal cancer’s biological behavior and signaling pathways, and finally we will discuss the transformation treatment for the matrix stiffness of colorectal cancer. An in-depth understanding of matrix stiffness and colorectal cancer can help researchers conduct further experiments to find new targets for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongshun Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiping Pei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengbo Tan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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Alzheimer M, Svensson SL, König F, Schweinlin M, Metzger M, Walles H, Sharma CM. A three-dimensional intestinal tissue model reveals factors and small regulatory RNAs important for colonization with Campylobacter jejuni. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008304. [PMID: 32069333 PMCID: PMC7048300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative Epsilonproteobacterium Campylobacter jejuni is currently the most prevalent bacterial foodborne pathogen. Like for many other human pathogens, infection studies with C. jejuni mainly employ artificial animal or cell culture models that can be limited in their ability to reflect the in-vivo environment within the human host. Here, we report the development and application of a human three-dimensional (3D) infection model based on tissue engineering to study host-pathogen interactions. Our intestinal 3D tissue model is built on a decellularized extracellular matrix scaffold, which is reseeded with human Caco-2 cells. Dynamic culture conditions enable the formation of a polarized mucosal epithelial barrier reminiscent of the 3D microarchitecture of the human small intestine. Infection with C. jejuni demonstrates that the 3D tissue model can reveal isolate-dependent colonization and barrier disruption phenotypes accompanied by perturbed localization of cell-cell junctions. Pathogenesis-related phenotypes of C. jejuni mutant strains in the 3D model deviated from those obtained with 2D-monolayers, but recapitulated phenotypes previously observed in animal models. Moreover, we demonstrate the involvement of a small regulatory RNA pair, CJnc180/190, during infections and observe different phenotypes of CJnc180/190 mutant strains in 2D vs. 3D infection models. Hereby, the CJnc190 sRNA exerts its pathogenic influence, at least in part, via repression of PtmG, which is involved in flagellin modification. Our results suggest that the Caco-2 cell-based 3D tissue model is a valuable and biologically relevant tool between in-vitro and in-vivo infection models to study virulence of C. jejuni and other gastrointestinal pathogens. Enteric pathogens have evolved numerous strategies to successfully colonize and persist in the human gastrointestinal tract. However, especially for the research of virulence mechanisms of human pathogens, often only limited infection models are available. Here, we have applied and further advanced a tissue-engineered human intestinal tissue model based on an extracellular matrix scaffold reseeded with human cells that can faithfully mimic pathogenesis-determining processes of the zoonotic pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. Our three-dimensional (3D) intestinal infection model allows for the assessment of epithelial barrier function during infection as well as for the quantification of bacterial adherence, internalization, and transmigration. Investigation of C. jejuni mutant strains in our 3D tissue model revealed isolate-specific infection phenotypes, in-vivo relevant infection outcomes, and uncovered the involvement of a small RNA pair during C. jejuni pathogenesis. Overall, our results demonstrate the power of tissue-engineered models for studying host-pathogen interactions, and our model will also be helpful to investigate other gastrointestinal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Alzheimer
- Chair of Molecular Infection Biology II, Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarah L. Svensson
- Chair of Molecular Infection Biology II, Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Fabian König
- Chair of Molecular Infection Biology II, Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schweinlin
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco Metzger
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Silicate Research, Translational Centre Regenerative Therapies, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heike Walles
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Core Facility Tissue Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (HW); (CMS)
| | - Cynthia M. Sharma
- Chair of Molecular Infection Biology II, Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (HW); (CMS)
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Modeling Host-Pathogen Interactions in the Context of the Microenvironment: Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Comes of Age. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00282-18. [PMID: 30181350 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00282-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissues and organs provide the structural and biochemical landscapes upon which microbial pathogens and commensals function to regulate health and disease. While flat two-dimensional (2-D) monolayers composed of a single cell type have provided important insight into understanding host-pathogen interactions and infectious disease mechanisms, these reductionist models lack many essential features present in the native host microenvironment that are known to regulate infection, including three-dimensional (3-D) architecture, multicellular complexity, commensal microbiota, gas exchange and nutrient gradients, and physiologically relevant biomechanical forces (e.g., fluid shear, stretch, compression). A major challenge in tissue engineering for infectious disease research is recreating this dynamic 3-D microenvironment (biological, chemical, and physical/mechanical) to more accurately model the initiation and progression of host-pathogen interactions in the laboratory. Here we review selected 3-D models of human intestinal mucosa, which represent a major portal of entry for infectious pathogens and an important niche for commensal microbiota. We highlight seminal studies that have used these models to interrogate host-pathogen interactions and infectious disease mechanisms, and we present this literature in the appropriate historical context. Models discussed include 3-D organotypic cultures engineered in the rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactor, extracellular matrix (ECM)-embedded/organoid models, and organ-on-a-chip (OAC) models. Collectively, these technologies provide a more physiologically relevant and predictive framework for investigating infectious disease mechanisms and antimicrobial therapies at the intersection of the host, microbe, and their local microenvironments.
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26
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Del Favero G, Zaharescu R, Marko D. Functional impairment triggered by altertoxin II (ATXII) in intestinal cells in vitro: cross-talk between cytotoxicity and mechanotransduction. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:3535-3547. [PMID: 30276433 PMCID: PMC6290659 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2317-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal cells are able to continuously integrate response to multiple stimuli/stressors; these include the concomitant activation of “chemically driven” pathways, of paramount importance in the response to toxicants, as well as physical stimulation derived from motility. Altertoxin II (ATXII, 0.1, 1 and 10 µM), a mycotoxin produced by the food contaminant fungus Alternaria alternata was studied in HT-29 intestinal adenocarcinoma cells and in non-transformed intestinal epithelial cells, HCEC. One-hour incubation with ATXII was sufficient to trigger irreversible cytotoxicity in both cell types, as well as to modify cellular responses to concomitant pro-oxidant challenge (H2O2, 100–500 µM, DCF-DA assay) suggesting that even relatively short-time exposure of the intestinal cells could be sufficient to alter their functionality. Combination of ATXII (1 µM) with physical stimulation typical of the intestinal compartment (shear stress) revealed differential response of tumor-derived epithelial cells HT-29 in comparison to HCEC, in particular in the localization of the transcription factor Nrf2 (NF-E2-related factor 2). Moreover, ATXII reduced the migratory potential of HCEC as well as their membrane fluidity, but had no respective impact on HT-29 cells. Taken together, ATXII appeared to alter predominantly membrane functionality in HCEC thus hampering crucial functions for cellular motility/turnover, as well as barrier function of healthy intestinal cells and had very limited activity on the tumor counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Del Favero
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 38-40, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ronita Zaharescu
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 38-40, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 38-40, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
The human gut microbiome performs prodigious physiological functions such as production of microbial metabolites, modulation of nutrient digestion and drug metabolism, control of immune system, and prevention of infection. Paradoxically, gut microbiome can also negatively orchestrate the host responses in diseases or chronic disorders, suggesting that the regulated and balanced host-gut microbiome crosstalk is a salient prerequisite in gastrointestinal physiology. To understand the pathophysiological role of host-microbiome crosstalk, it is critical to recreate in vivo relevant models of the host-gut microbiome ecosystem in human. However, controlling the multi-species microbial communities and their uncontrolled growth has remained a notable technical challenge. Furthermore, conventional two-dimensional (2D) or 3D culture systems do not recapitulate multicellular microarchitectures, mechanical dynamics, and tissue-specific functions. Here, we review recent advances and current pitfalls of in vitro and ex vivo models that display human GI functions. We also discuss how the disruptive technologies such as 3D organoids or a human organ-on-a-chip microphysiological system can contribute to better emulate host-gut microbiome crosstalks in health and disease. Finally, the medical and pharmaceutical significance of the gut microbiome-based personalized interventions is underlined as a future perspective.
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28
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Ahadian S, Civitarese R, Bannerman D, Mohammadi MH, Lu R, Wang E, Davenport-Huyer L, Lai B, Zhang B, Zhao Y, Mandla S, Korolj A, Radisic M. Organ-On-A-Chip Platforms: A Convergence of Advanced Materials, Cells, and Microscale Technologies. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7. [PMID: 29034591 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Significant advances in biomaterials, stem cell biology, and microscale technologies have enabled the fabrication of biologically relevant tissues and organs. Such tissues and organs, referred to as organ-on-a-chip (OOC) platforms, have emerged as a powerful tool in tissue analysis and disease modeling for biological and pharmacological applications. A variety of biomaterials are used in tissue fabrication providing multiple biological, structural, and mechanical cues in the regulation of cell behavior and tissue morphogenesis. Cells derived from humans enable the fabrication of personalized OOC platforms. Microscale technologies are specifically helpful in providing physiological microenvironments for tissues and organs. In this review, biomaterials, cells, and microscale technologies are described as essential components to construct OOC platforms. The latest developments in OOC platforms (e.g., liver, skeletal muscle, cardiac, cancer, lung, skin, bone, and brain) are then discussed as functional tools in simulating human physiology and metabolism. Future perspectives and major challenges in the development of OOC platforms toward accelerating clinical studies of drug discovery are finally highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samad Ahadian
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Robert Civitarese
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Dawn Bannerman
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Mohammad Hossein Mohammadi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Rick Lu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Erika Wang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Locke Davenport-Huyer
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Ben Lai
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Boyang Zhang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Yimu Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Serena Mandla
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Anastasia Korolj
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Milica Radisic
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
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29
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Costello CM, Phillipsen MB, Hartmanis LM, Kwasnica MA, Chen V, Hackam D, Chang MW, Bentley WE, March JC. Microscale Bioreactors for in situ characterization of GI epithelial cell physiology. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12515. [PMID: 28970586 PMCID: PMC5624909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12984-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of in vitro artificial small intestines that realistically mimic in vivo systems will enable vast improvement of our understanding of the human gut and its impact on human health. Synthetic in vitro models can control specific parameters, including (but not limited to) cell types, fluid flow, nutrient profiles and gaseous exchange. They are also “open” systems, enabling access to chemical and physiological information. In this work, we demonstrate the importance of gut surface topography and fluid flow dynamics which are shown to impact epithelial cell growth, proliferation and intestinal cell function. We have constructed a small intestinal bioreactor using 3-D printing and polymeric scaffolds that mimic the 3-D topography of the intestine and its fluid flow. Our results indicate that TEER measurements, which are typically high in static 2-D Transwell apparatuses, is lower in the presence of liquid sheer and 3-D topography compared to a flat scaffold and static conditions. There was also increased cell proliferation and discovered localized regions of elevated apoptosis, specifically at the tips of the villi, where there is highest sheer. Similarly, glucose was actively transported (as opposed to passive) and at higher rates under flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cait M Costello
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - Mikkel B Phillipsen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - Leonard M Hartmanis
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - Marek A Kwasnica
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - Victor Chen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - David Hackam
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Matthew W Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUS, Singapore, Singapore
| | - William E Bentley
- Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, Maryland, USA
| | - John C March
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA.
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Cei D, Costa J, Gori G, Frediani G, Domenici C, Carpi F, Ahluwalia A. A bioreactor with an electro-responsive elastomeric membrane for mimicking intestinal peristalsis. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2016; 12:016001. [PMID: 27918289 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/12/1/016001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This study describes an actuated bioreactor which mimics the pulsatile contractile motion of the intestinal barrier using electro-responsive elastomers as smart materials that undergo deformation upon electrical stimulation. The device consists of an annular dielectric elastomer actuator working as a radial artificial muscle able to rhythmically contract and relax a central cell culture well. The bioreactor maintained up to 4 h of actuation at a frequency of 0.15 Hz and a strain of 8%-10%, to those of the cyclic contraction and relaxation of the small intestine. In vitro tests demonstrated that the device was biocompatible and cell-adhesive for Caco-2 cells, which formed a confluent monolayer following 21 days of culture in the central well. In addition, cellular adhesion and cohesion were maintained after 4 h of continuous cyclic strain. These preliminary results encourage further investigations on the use of dielectric elastomer actuation as a versatile technology that might overcome the limitations of commercially available pneumatic driving systems to obtain bioreactors that can cyclically deform cell cultures in a biomimetic fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Cei
- Research Center 'E.Piaggio' and Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo L Lazzarino, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
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31
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Ciasca G, Papi M, Minelli E, Palmieri V, De Spirito M. Changes in cellular mechanical properties during onset or progression of colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:7203-7214. [PMID: 27621568 PMCID: PMC4997642 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i32.7203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) development represents a multistep process starting with specific mutations that affect proto-oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes. These mutations confer a selective growth advantage to colonic epithelial cells that form first dysplastic crypts, and then malignant tumours and metastases. All these steps are accompanied by deep mechanical changes at the cellular and the tissue level. A growing consensus is emerging that such modifications are not merely a by-product of the malignant progression, but they could play a relevant role in the cancer onset and accelerate its progression. In this review, we focus on recent studies investigating the role of the biomechanical signals in the initiation and the development of CRC. We show that mechanical cues might contribute to early phases of the tumour initiation by controlling the Wnt pathway, one of most important regulators of cell proliferation in various systems. We highlight how physical stimuli may be involved in the differentiation of non-invasive cells into metastatic variants and how metastatic cells modify their mechanical properties, both stiffness and adhesion, to survive the mechanical stress associated with intravasation, circulation and extravasation. A deep comprehension of these mechanical modifications may help scientist to define novel molecular targets for the cure of CRC.
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32
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Lee J, Choi JH, Kim HJ. Human gut-on-a-chip technology: will this revolutionize our understanding of IBD and future treatments? Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 10:883-5. [PMID: 27291426 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2016.1200466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaewon Lee
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA
| | - Jin-Ha Choi
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA
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33
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Kang TH, Kim HJ. Farewell to Animal Testing: Innovations on Human Intestinal Microphysiological Systems. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:mi7070107. [PMID: 30404281 PMCID: PMC6190004 DOI: 10.3390/mi7070107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human intestine is a dynamic organ where the complex host-microbe interactions that orchestrate intestinal homeostasis occur. Major contributing factors associated with intestinal health and diseases include metabolically-active gut microbiota, intestinal epithelium, immune components, and rhythmical bowel movement known as peristalsis. Human intestinal disease models have been developed; however, a considerable number of existing models often fail to reproducibly predict human intestinal pathophysiology in response to biological and chemical perturbations or clinical interventions. Intestinal organoid models have provided promising cytodifferentiation and regeneration, but the lack of luminal flow and physical bowel movements seriously hamper mimicking complex host-microbe crosstalk. Here, we discuss recent advances of human intestinal microphysiological systems, such as the biomimetic human "Gut-on-a-Chip" that can employ key intestinal components, such as villus epithelium, gut microbiota, and immune components under peristalsis-like motions and flow, to reconstitute the transmural 3D lumen-capillary tissue interface. By encompassing cutting-edge tools in microfluidics, tissue engineering, and clinical microbiology, gut-on-a-chip has been leveraged not only to recapitulate organ-level intestinal functions, but also emulate the pathophysiology of intestinal disorders, such as chronic inflammation. Finally, we provide potential perspectives of the next generation microphysiological systems as a personalized platform to validate the efficacy, safety, metabolism, and therapeutic responses of new drug compounds in the preclinical stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hyun Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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34
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Demehri FR, Utter B, Freeman JJ, Fukatsu Y, Luntz J, Brei D, Teitelbaum DH. Development of an endoluminal intestinal attachment for a clinically applicable distraction enterogenesis device. J Pediatr Surg 2016; 51:101-6. [PMID: 26552895 PMCID: PMC4713322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2015.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous methods of distraction enterogenesis have relied upon blind-ending intestinal segments or transmural device fixation, requiring multiple operations and potential bowel injury. We hypothesized that using a novel attachment would allow reversible device coupling to the luminal bowel surface, achieving effective endoluminal distraction. METHODS A telescopic hydraulic device was designed with latex balloon attachments covered with high-friction mesh and a dilating fenestrated elastic mask (DFM attachment), allowing mesh-to-mucosa contact only with inflation. Yorkshire pigs underwent jejunal Roux-en-Y limb creation and device placement via jejunostomy. Devices underwent 3 cycles of balloon inflation and hydraulic extension/retraction per day for 7 days and then explanted and studied for efficacy. RESULTS DFM attachment allowed reversible, high-strength endoluminal coupling without tissue injury or reduction in bowel perfusion. After 7 day implant, distracted bowel achieved a 44 ± 2% increase in length vs. fed, nondistracted bowel, corresponding to a gain of 7.1 ± 0.3 cm. Distracted bowel demonstrated increased epithelial cell proliferation vs. control bowel. Attachment sites demonstrated villus flattening, increased crypt depth, thicker muscularis mucosa, and unchanged muscularis propria thickness vs. CONCLUSION Novel high-strength, reversible attachments enabled fully endoluminal distraction enterogenesis, achieving length gains comparable to open surgical techniques. This approach may allow development of clinically applicable technology for SBS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farokh R Demehri
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Brent Utter
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Jennifer J Freeman
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Yumi Fukatsu
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Jonathan Luntz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Diann Brei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Daniel H Teitelbaum
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
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35
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Chi M, Yi B, Oh S, Park DJ, Sung JH, Park S. A microfluidic cell culture device (μFCCD) to culture epithelial cells with physiological and morphological properties that mimic those of the human intestine. Biomed Microdevices 2015; 17:9966. [PMID: 26002774 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-015-9966-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Physiological and morphological properties of the human intestine cannot be accurately mimicked in conventional culture devices such as well plates and petri dishes where intestinal epithelial cells form a monolayer with loose contacts among cells. Here, we report a novel microfluidic cell culture device (μFCCD) that can be used to culture cells as a human intestinal model. This device enables intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2) to grow three-dimensionally on a porous membrane coated with fibronectin between two polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layers. Within 3 days, Caco-2 cells cultured in the μFCCD formed villi- and crypt-like structures with small intercellular spaces, while individual cells were tightly connected to one another through the expression of the tight junction protein occludin, and were covered with a secreted mucin, MUC-2. Caco-2 cells cultured in the μFCCD for 3 days were less susceptible to bacterial attack than those cultured in transwell plates for 21 days. μFCCD-cultured Caco-2 cells also displayed physiologically relevant absorption and paracellular transport properties. These results suggest that our intestinal model more accurately mimics the morphological and physiological properties of the intestine in vivo than the conventional transwell culture model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiying Chi
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Sciences (BK21 plus), EwhaWomans University, Seoul, 120-750, Korea
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Contributions of microbiome and mechanical deformation to intestinal bacterial overgrowth and inflammation in a human gut-on-a-chip. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 113:E7-15. [PMID: 26668389 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1522193112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 567] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A human gut-on-a-chip microdevice was used to coculture multiple commensal microbes in contact with living human intestinal epithelial cells for more than a week in vitro and to analyze how gut microbiome, inflammatory cells, and peristalsis-associated mechanical deformations independently contribute to intestinal bacterial overgrowth and inflammation. This in vitro model replicated results from past animal and human studies, including demonstration that probiotic and antibiotic therapies can suppress villus injury induced by pathogenic bacteria. By ceasing peristalsis-like motions while maintaining luminal flow, lack of epithelial deformation was shown to trigger bacterial overgrowth similar to that observed in patients with ileus and inflammatory bowel disease. Analysis of intestinal inflammation on-chip revealed that immune cells and lipopolysaccharide endotoxin together stimulate epithelial cells to produce four proinflammatory cytokines (IL-8, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) that are necessary and sufficient to induce villus injury and compromise intestinal barrier function. Thus, this human gut-on-a-chip can be used to analyze contributions of microbiome to intestinal pathophysiology and dissect disease mechanisms in a controlled manner that is not possible using existing in vitro systems or animal models.
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Benam KH, Dauth S, Hassell B, Herland A, Jain A, Jang KJ, Karalis K, Kim HJ, MacQueen L, Mahmoodian R, Musah S, Torisawa YS, van der Meer AD, Villenave R, Yadid M, Parker KK, Ingber DE. Engineered in vitro disease models. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2015; 10:195-262. [PMID: 25621660 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012414-040418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ultimate goal of most biomedical research is to gain greater insight into mechanisms of human disease or to develop new and improved therapies or diagnostics. Although great advances have been made in terms of developing disease models in animals, such as transgenic mice, many of these models fail to faithfully recapitulate the human condition. In addition, it is difficult to identify critical cellular and molecular contributors to disease or to vary them independently in whole-animal models. This challenge has attracted the interest of engineers, who have begun to collaborate with biologists to leverage recent advances in tissue engineering and microfabrication to develop novel in vitro models of disease. As these models are synthetic systems, specific molecular factors and individual cell types, including parenchymal cells, vascular cells, and immune cells, can be varied independently while simultaneously measuring system-level responses in real time. In this article, we provide some examples of these efforts, including engineered models of diseases of the heart, lung, intestine, liver, kidney, cartilage, skin and vascular, endocrine, musculoskeletal, and nervous systems, as well as models of infectious diseases and cancer. We also describe how engineered in vitro models can be combined with human inducible pluripotent stem cells to enable new insights into a broad variety of disease mechanisms, as well as provide a test bed for screening new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kambez H Benam
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115;
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Samak G, Gangwar R, Crosby LM, Desai LP, Wilhelm K, Waters CM, Rao R. Cyclic stretch disrupts apical junctional complexes in Caco-2 cell monolayers by a JNK-2-, c-Src-, and MLCK-dependent mechanism. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 306:G947-58. [PMID: 24722904 PMCID: PMC4042113 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00396.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is subjected to various types of mechanical stress. In this study, we investigated the impact of cyclic stretch on tight junction and adherens junction integrity in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Stretch for 2 h resulted in a dramatic modulation of tight junction protein distribution from a linear organization into wavy structure. Continuation of cyclic stretch for 6 h led to redistribution of tight junction proteins from the intercellular junctions into the intracellular compartment. Disruption of tight junctions was associated with redistribution of adherens junction proteins, E-cadherin and β-catenin, and dissociation of the actin cytoskeleton at the actomyosin belt. Stretch activates JNK2, c-Src, and myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK). Inhibition of JNK, Src kinase or MLCK activity and knockdown of JNK2 or c-Src attenuated stretch-induced disruption of tight junctions, adherens junctions, and actin cytoskeleton. Paracellular permeability measured by a novel method demonstrated that cyclic stretch increases paracellular permeability by a JNK, Src kinase, and MLCK-dependent mechanism. Stretch increased tyrosine phosphorylation of occludin, ZO-1, E-cadherin, and β-catenin. Inhibition of JNK or Src kinase attenuated stretch-induced occludin phosphorylation. Immunofluorescence localization indicated that phospho-MLC colocalizes with the vesicle-like actin structure at the actomyosin belt in stretched cells. On the other hand, phospho-c-Src colocalizes with the actin at the apical region of cells. This study demonstrates that cyclic stretch disrupts tight junctions and adherens junctions by a JNK2, c-Src, and MLCK-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - RadhaKrishna Rao
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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Kim HJ, Huh D, Hamilton G, Ingber DE. Human gut-on-a-chip inhabited by microbial flora that experiences intestinal peristalsis-like motions and flow. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:2165-74. [PMID: 22434367 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40074j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1064] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Development of an in vitro living cell-based model of the intestine that mimics the mechanical, structural, absorptive, transport and pathophysiological properties of the human gut along with its crucial microbial symbionts could accelerate pharmaceutical development, and potentially replace animal testing. Here, we describe a biomimetic 'human gut-on-a-chip' microdevice composed of two microfluidic channels separated by a porous flexible membrane coated with extracellular matrix (ECM) and lined by human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells that mimics the complex structure and physiology of living intestine. The gut microenvironment is recreated by flowing fluid at a low rate (30 μL h(-1)) producing low shear stress (0.02 dyne cm(-2)) over the microchannels, and by exerting cyclic strain (10%; 0.15 Hz) that mimics physiological peristaltic motions. Under these conditions, a columnar epithelium develops that polarizes rapidly, spontaneously grows into folds that recapitulate the structure of intestinal villi, and forms a high integrity barrier to small molecules that better mimics whole intestine than cells in cultured in static Transwell models. In addition, a normal intestinal microbe (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG) can be successfully co-cultured for extended periods (>1 week) on the luminal surface of the cultured epithelium without compromising epithelial cell viability, and this actually improves barrier function as previously observed in humans. Thus, this gut-on-a-chip recapitulates multiple dynamic physical and functional features of human intestine that are critical for its function within a controlled microfluidic environment that is amenable for transport, absorption, and toxicity studies, and hence it should have great value for drug testing as well as development of novel intestinal disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Kim
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Amor MBEH, Yacoubi MT, Sakli SEK, Lahouar L, Bakhrouf A, Quershi HA, Achour L. Effect of olive oil and barley diets on the caecal mucosa histomorphology. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12349-010-0042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Barrila J, Radtke AL, Crabbé A, Sarker SF, Herbst-Kralovetz MM, Ott CM, Nickerson CA. Organotypic 3D cell culture models: using the rotating wall vessel to study host-pathogen interactions. Nat Rev Microbiol 2010; 8:791-801. [PMID: 20948552 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Appropriately simulating the three-dimensional (3D) environment in which tissues normally develop and function is crucial for engineering in vitro models that can be used for the meaningful dissection of host-pathogen interactions. This Review highlights how the rotating wall vessel bioreactor has been used to establish 3D hierarchical models that range in complexity from a single cell type to multicellular co-culture models that recapitulate the 3D architecture of tissues observed in vivo. The application of these models to the study of infectious diseases is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Barrila
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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Flanigan TL, Craig DH, Gayer CP, Basson MD. The effects of increased extracellular deformation, pressure, and integrin phosphorylation on fibroblast migration. J Surg Res 2009; 156:103-9. [PMID: 19555977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2009.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing requires fibroblast migration. Increased pressure slows migration and ulcer healing. Pressure also induces beta1 integrin phosphorylation. We hypothesized that beta1 phosphorylation influences cell adhesion and migration. We compared the effects of increased pressure on the adhesion and motility of GD25 beta1-integrin null fibroblasts transfected with wild-type beta1A-integrin, S785A or TT788/9AA (phosphorylation-deficient), or T788D (constitutively phosphomimetic) mutants. GD25 beta1 null cells adhered less than wild type beta1A cells, suggesting adherence by non-integrin mechanisms. Preventing Ser-785 or Thr 788/789 phosphorylation reduced adhesion, suggesting that phosphorylation regulates adhesiveness. Substituting Asp for Thr788 stimulated adhesion on both substrates. Pressure decreased migration in all lines and on all matrixes, the most in wild type beta1A integrin cells and only slightly in beta1A TT788/9AA cells. In comparison, another physical force, repetitive deformation, increased migration in the beta1A integrin T788D, S785A, and wild type cells on fibronectin, and decreased migration on collagen. Deformation did not affect the migration of GD25 beta1-integrin null or TT788/9AA cells. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) blockade neither altered basal migration nor prevented pressure inhibition, while the cellular deformation response on fibronectin was altered. beta1-Integrin phosphorylation regulates cellular adhesion and the deformation effects on motility. The pressure-induced motility response is independently regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Flanigan
- Department of Surgery, John D Dingell VA Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Gayer CP, Chaturvedi LS, Wang S, Craig DH, Flanigan T, Basson MD. Strain-induced proliferation requires the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT/glycogen synthase kinase pathway. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:2001-11. [PMID: 19047055 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804576200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is repetitively deformed by shear, peristalsis, and villous motility. Such repetitive deformation stimulates the proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells on collagen or laminin substrates via ERK, but the upstream mediators of this effect are poorly understood. We hypothesized that the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT cascade mediates this mitogenic effect. PI3K, AKT, and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) were phosphorylated by 10 cycles/min strain at an average 10% deformation, and pharmacologic blockade of these molecules or reduction by small interfering RNA (siRNA) prevented the mitogenic effect of strain in Caco-2 or IEC-6 intestinal epithelial cells. Strain MAPK activation required PI3K but not AKT. AKT isoform-specific siRNA transfection demonstrated that AKT2 but not AKT1 is required for GSK-3beta phosphorylation and the strain mitogenic effect. Furthermore, overexpression of AKT1 or an AKT chimera including the PH domain and hinge region of AKT2 and the catalytic domain and C-tail of AKT1 prevented strain activation of GSK-3beta, but overexpression of AKT2 or a chimera including the PH domain and hinge region of AKT1 and the catalytic domain and C-tail of AKT2 did not. These data delineate a role for PI3K, AKT2, and GSK-3beta in the mitogenic effect of strain. PI3K is required for both ERK and AKT2 activation, whereas AKT2 is sequentially required for GSK-3beta. Furthermore, AKT2 specificity requires its catalytic domain and tail region. Manipulating this pathway may prevent mucosal atrophy and maintain the mucosal barrier in conditions such as ileus, sepsis, and prolonged fasting when peristalsis and villous motility are decreased and the mucosal barrier fails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Gayer
- Department of Surgery, John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan 48301, USA
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Jeon YM, Kook SH, Son YO, Kim EM, Park SS, Kim JG, Lee JC. Role of MAPK in mechanical force-induced up-regulation of type I collagen and osteopontin in human gingival fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 320:45-52. [PMID: 18682895 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9897-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In addition to periodontal ligament, the gingival plays an important role in alveolar bone remodeling induced by physiological and mechanical stimuli. However, there are few reports showing the cellular responses of human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) to a mechanical force. This study examined the effects of centrifugal force on the proliferation of the bone tissue components, such as type I collagen (COL I), osteopontin (OPN), and osteonectin (ONN) in the HGF. The roles of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p-38 kinase were also investigated. Centrifugal force induced cell cycle arrest in the G(1) phase without any cytotoxic effects and increased the levels of COL I and OPN expression in the cells but had no effect on ONN. The force-induced up-regulation of COL I was found to be mediated by both the ERK-c-Fos-COL I and JNK-c-Jun-COL I pathways, while that of OPN was mediated only by the ERK-mediated pathway. Our present findings suggest that centrifugal force up-regulates COL I and OPN expression in HGF, where both ERK and JNK play indispensable roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mi Jeon
- School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Biosciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, South Korea
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Whitehead J, Vignjevic D, Fütterer C, Beaurepaire E, Robine S, Farge E. Mechanical factors activate beta-catenin-dependent oncogene expression in APC mouse colon. HFSP JOURNAL 2008; 2:286-94. [PMID: 19404440 DOI: 10.2976/1.2955566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
beta-catenin acts as a critical regulator of gastrointestinal homeostasis through its control of the Wnt signaling pathway, and genetic or epigenetic lesions which activate Wnt signaling are the primary feature of colon cancer. beta-catenin is also a key element of mechanotranscription pathways, leading to upregulation of master developmental gene expression during Drosophila gastrulation, or regulating mammalian bone development and maintenance. Here we investigate the impact of mechanical stimulation on the initiation of colon cancer. Myc and Twist1, two oncogenes regulated through beta-catenin, are expressed in response to transient compression in APC deficient (APC(1638N+)) colon tissue explants, but not in wild-type colon explants. Mechanical stimulation of APC(1638N+) tissue leads to the phosphorylation of beta-catenin at tyrosine 654, the site of interaction with E-cadherin, as well as to increased nuclear localization of beta-catenin. The mechanical activation of Myc and Twist1 expression in APC(1638N+) colon can be prevented by blocking beta-catenin phosphorylation using Src kinase inhibitors. Microenvironmental signals are known to cooperate with genetic lesions to promote the nuclear beta-catenin accumulation which drives colon cancer. Here we demonstrate that when APC is limiting, mechanical strain, such as that associated with intestinal transit or tumor growth, can be interpreted by cells of preneoplastic colon tissue as a signal to initiate a beta-catenin dependent transcriptional program characteristic of cancer.
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Downey C, Craig DH, Basson MD. Pressure activates colon cancer cell adhesion via paxillin phosphorylation, Crk, Cas, and Rac1. Cell Mol Life Sci 2008; 65:1446-57. [PMID: 18392556 PMCID: PMC3971649 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-008-8038-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Physical forces can activate colon cancer cell adhesion, critical for metastasis. Paxillin is phosphorylated by FAK and required for pressure-stimulated adhesion. However, whether paxillin acts as an inert scaffolding protein or whether paxillin phosphorylation is required is unknown. Transfection with paxillin point-phosphorylation mutants demonstrated that phosphorylation at tyrosines 31 and 118 together is necessary for pressure-stimulated adhesion. We further evaluated potential paxillin partners. Reducing the adaptor protein Crk or the focal adhesion protein p130Cas blocked pressure-stimulated adhesion. Furthermore, Crk and p130Cas both displayed increased co-immunoprecipitation with paxillin in response to increased pressure, except in cells transfected with a Y31Y118 paxillin mutant. Inhibiting the small GTPase Rac1 also abolished pressure-stimulated adhesion, and reducing paxillin by siRNA blocked Rac1 phosphorylation by pressure. Thus, paxillin phosphorylation at tyrosines 31 and 118 together is necessary for pressure-induced adhesion. Paxillin, Crk and Cas form a trimeric complex that activates Rac1 and mediates this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Downey
- Department of Surgery, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center and Wayne State University, 4646 John R. Street, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - D. H. Craig
- Department of Surgery, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center and Wayne State University, 4646 John R. Street, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - M. D. Basson
- Department of Surgery, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center and Wayne State University, 4646 John R. Street, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center and Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center and Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
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Basson MD. An intracellular signal pathway that regulates cancer cell adhesion in response to extracellular forces. Cancer Res 2008; 68:2-4. [PMID: 18172287 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that tumor cells can regulate their own adhesion via intracellular signals that modulate integrin binding affinity. Although the full pathway has not yet been elucidated, the effects of pressure seem likely to require cytoskeletal mechanosensing, Src, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, focal adhesion kinase, and Akt-1 activation. Ultimately, activated focal adhesion kinase accumulates at the membrane in association with beta(1)-integrin heterodimers and may modulate integrin binding affinity. This pathway may be a promising target for manipulation to inhibit metastatic cancer cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc D Basson
- Surgical Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center and Department of Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201-1932, USA.
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48
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Craig DH, Zhang J, Basson MD. Cytoskeletal signaling by way of alpha-actinin-1 mediates ERK1/2 activation by repetitive deformation in human Caco2 intestinal epithelial cells. Am J Surg 2007; 194:618-22. [PMID: 17936423 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Revised: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repetitive deformation stimulates proliferation in human Caco2 intestinal epithelial cells by way of an ERK1/2-dependent pathway. We examined the effects of cytoskeletal perturbation on deformation-induced signaling in Caco2 cells. METHODS The Caco2 cell cytoskeleton was disrupted with either cytochalasin D, phalloidin, colchicine, or paclitaxel. Levels of alpha-actinin-1 and -4 and paxillin were reduced by specific small interfering RNA. Cells on collagen I-precoated membranes were subjected to 10% repetitive deformation at 10 cycles/min. After 1 hour, cells were lysed for Western blot analysis. RESULTS Strain-activated ERK1/2, focal adhesion kinase, and Src phosphorylation in dimethyl sulfoxide- and/or nontargeting small interfering RNA-treated control cell populations. Cytochalasin D and paclitaxel, but not phalloidin and colchicine, blocked ERK1/2 phosphorylation. A decrease in alpha-actinin-1, but not in alpha-actinin-4 or paxillin, inhibited ERK1/2 and focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation, whereas Src activation appears to be independent of these effects. CONCLUSIONS The intestinal epithelial cell cytoskeleton may transduce mechanical signals by way of alpha-actinin-1 into the focal adhesion complex, culminating in ERK1/2 activation and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Craig
- Department of Surgery, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center and Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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49
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Avvisato CL, Yang X, Shah S, Hoxter B, Li W, Gaynor R, Pestell R, Tozeren A, Byers SW. Mechanical force modulates global gene expression and β-catenin signaling in colon cancer cells. J Cell Sci 2007; 120:2672-82. [PMID: 17635998 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
At various stages during embryogenesis and cancer cells are exposed to tension, compression and shear stress; forces that can regulate cell proliferation and differentiation. In the present study, we show that shear stress blocks cell cycle progression in colon cancer cells and regulates the expression of genes linked to the Wnt/β-catenin, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NFκB pathways. The shear stress-induced increase of the secreted Wnt inhibitor DKK1 requires p38 and activation of NFκB requires IκB kinase-β. Activation of β-catenin, important in Wnt signaling and the cause of most colon cancers, is inhibited by shear stress through a pathway involving laminin-5, α6β4 integrin, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) and Rac1 coupled with changes in the distribution of dephosphorylated β-catenin. These data show that colon cancer cells respond to fluid shear stress by activation of specific signal transduction pathways and genetic regulatory circuits to affect cell proliferation, and indicate that the response of colon cancers to mechanical forces such as fluid shear stress should be taken into account in the management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Avvisato
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA
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50
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Salerno M, Ajimo JJ, Dudley JA, Binzel K, Urayama P. Characterization of dual-wavelength seminaphthofluorescein and seminapthorhodafluor dyes for pH sensing under high hydrostatic pressures. Anal Biochem 2006; 362:258-67. [PMID: 17274941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydrostatic pressure is an important physical parameter in biology, with pressures in the few-hundred-atm range having significant effects on cellular morphology, metabolism, and viability. To ensure valid results when studying pressure effects using fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging methods, metabolic probes need to be characterized for high-pressure use. Of interest is the sensing of pH at high pressures due to the key role that pH plays in cellular function. Despite the availability of pH-sensitive dyes, only a few have been characterized for high-pressure use. Here we present the effects of pressure on the acid-base equilibria of four dual-wavelength seminaphthorhodafluor and seminaphthofluorescein dyes (pK(a)=6.6-7.8). Using phosphate buffers as high-pressure pH references, we investigate the pressure dependence of pK(a) for these dyes and determine the volume change associated with the acid-dissociation reaction. We find that if pressure-induced pK(a) changes are not accounted for during interpretation of emission spectra, systematic errors of up to 0.02 pH units per 100atm would result, comparable to previously measured pressure-induced pH changes in vivo. Results are validated by correctly sensing pH changes in Tris and acetate solutions. Methods presented here are applicable to other metabolic probes utilizing dual-wavelength ratiometric sensing modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Salerno
- Department of Physics, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
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