1
|
Kopchick JJ, Basu R, Berryman DE, Jorgensen JOL, Johannsson G, Puri V. Covert actions of growth hormone: fibrosis, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2022; 18:558-573. [PMID: 35750929 PMCID: PMC9703363 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-022-00702-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery nearly a century ago, over 100,000 studies of growth hormone (GH) have investigated its structure, how it interacts with the GH receptor and its multiple actions. These include effects on growth, substrate metabolism, body composition, bone mineral density, the cardiovascular system and brain function, among many others. Recombinant human GH is approved for use to promote growth in children with GH deficiency (GHD), along with several additional clinical indications. Studies of humans and animals with altered levels of GH, from complete or partial GHD to GH excess, have revealed several covert or hidden actions of GH, such as effects on fibrosis, cardiovascular function and cancer. In this Review, we do not concentrate on the classic and controversial indications for GH therapy, nor do we cover all covert actions of GH. Instead, we stress the importance of the relationship between GH and fibrosis, and how fibrosis (or lack thereof) might be an emerging factor in both cardiovascular and cancer pathologies. We highlight clinical data from patients with acromegaly or GHD, alongside data from cellular and animal studies, to reveal novel phenotypes and molecular pathways responsible for these actions of GH in fibrosis, cardiovascular function and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J Kopchick
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
| | - Reetobrata Basu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Jens O L Jorgensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gudmundur Johannsson
- Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Göteborg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vishwajeet Puri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cheng Y, Li W, Gui R, Wang C, Song J, Wang Z, Wang X, Shen Y, Wang Z, Hao L. Dual Characters of GH-IGF1 Signaling Pathways in Radiotherapy and Post-radiotherapy Repair of Cancers. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:671247. [PMID: 34178997 PMCID: PMC8220142 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.671247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy remains one of the most important cancer treatment modalities. In the course of radiotherapy for tumor treatment, the incidental irradiation of adjacent tissues could not be completely avoided. DNA damage is one of the main factors of cell death caused by ionizing radiation, including single-strand (SSBs) and double-strand breaks (DSBs). The growth hormone-Insulin-like growth factor 1 (GH-IGF1) axis plays numerous roles in various systems by promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis, supporting its effects in inducing the development of multiple cancers. Meanwhile, the GH-IGF1 signaling involved in DNA damage response (DDR) and DNA damage repair determines the radio-resistance of cancer cells subjected to radiotherapy and repair of adjacent tissues damaged by radiotherapy. In the present review, we firstly summarized the studies on GH-IGF1 signaling in the development of cancers. Then we discussed the adverse effect of GH-IGF1 signaling in radiotherapy to cancer cells and the favorable impact of GH-IGF1 signaling on radiation damage repair to adjacent tissues after irradiation. This review further summarized recent advances on research into the molecular mechanism of GH-IGF1 signaling pathway in these effects, expecting to specify the dual characters of GH-IGF1 signaling pathways in radiotherapy and post-radiotherapy repair of cancers, subsequently providing theoretical basis of their roles in increasing radiation sensitivity during cancer radiotherapy and repairing damage after radiotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Cheng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wanqiao Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruirui Gui
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunli Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Song
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaoguo Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Wang
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yannan Shen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhicheng Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Linlin Hao
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Basu R, Kopchick JJ. The effects of growth hormone on therapy resistance in cancer. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2019; 2:827-846. [PMID: 32382711 PMCID: PMC7204541 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2019.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary derived and peripherally produced growth hormone (GH) is a crucial mediator of longitudinal growth, organ development, metabolic regulation with tissue specific, sex specific, and age-dependent effects. GH and its cognate receptor (GHR) are expressed in several forms of cancer and have been validated as an anti-cancer target through a large body of in vitro, in vivo and epidemiological analyses. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of GH action in cancer prognosis and therapeutic response had been sparse until recently. This review assimilates the critical details of GH-GHR mediated therapy resistance across different cancer types, distilling the therapeutic implications based on our current understanding of these effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reetobrata Basu
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine (OU-HCOM), Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.,Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine (OU-HCOM), Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.,Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kawa MP, Stecewicz I, Piecyk K, Paczkowska E, Rogińska D, Sobuś A, Łuczkowska K, Pius-Sadowska E, Gawrych E, Petriczko E, Walczak M, Machaliński B. The Impact of Growth Hormone Therapy on the Apoptosis Assessment in CD34+ Hematopoietic Cells from Children with Growth Hormone Deficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010111. [PMID: 28067847 PMCID: PMC5297745 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) modulates hematopoietic cell homeostasis and is associated with apoptosis control, but with limited mechanistic insights. Aim of the study was to determine whether GH therapeutic supplementation (GH-TS) could affect apoptosis of CD34+ cells enriched in hematopoietic progenitor cells of GH deficient (GHD) children. CD34+ cells from peripheral blood of 40 GHD children were collected before and in 3rd and 6th month of GH-TS and compared to 60 controls adjusted for bone age, sex, and pubertal development. Next, apoptosis assessment via different molecular techniques was performed. Finally, to comprehensively characterize apoptosis process, global gene expression profile was determined using genome-wide RNA microarray technology. Results showed that GH-TS significantly reduced spontaneous apoptosis in CD34+ cells (p < 0.01) and results obtained using different methods to detect early and late apoptosis in analyzed cells population were consistent. GH-TS was also associated with significant downregulation of several members of TNF-alpha superfamily and other genes associated with apoptosis and stress response. Moreover, the significant overexpression of cyto-protective and cell cycle-associated genes was detected. These findings suggest that recombinant human GH has a direct anti-apoptotic activity in hematopoietic CD34+ cells derived from GHD subjects in course of GH-TS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miłosz Piotr Kawa
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstancow Wlkp. Street, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Iwona Stecewicz
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Metabolic Diseases and Cardiology of the Developmental Age, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 1 Unii Lubelskiej Street, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Piecyk
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstancow Wlkp. Street, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Edyta Paczkowska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstancow Wlkp. Street, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Dorota Rogińska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstancow Wlkp. Street, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Anna Sobuś
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstancow Wlkp. Street, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Karolina Łuczkowska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstancow Wlkp. Street, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Ewa Pius-Sadowska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstancow Wlkp. Street, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Gawrych
- Department of Pediatric and Oncological Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 1 Unii Lubelskiej Street, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Petriczko
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Metabolic Diseases and Cardiology of the Developmental Age, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 1 Unii Lubelskiej Street, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Mieczysław Walczak
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Metabolic Diseases and Cardiology of the Developmental Age, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 1 Unii Lubelskiej Street, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Bogusław Machaliński
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstancow Wlkp. Street, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Devesa J, Almengló C, Devesa P. Multiple Effects of Growth Hormone in the Body: Is it Really the Hormone for Growth? Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes 2016; 9:47-71. [PMID: 27773998 PMCID: PMC5063841 DOI: 10.4137/cmed.s38201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we analyze the effects of growth hormone on a number of tissues and organs and its putative role in the longitudinal growth of an organism. We conclude that the hormone plays a very important role in maintaining the homogeneity of tissues and organs during the normal development of the human body or after an injury. Its effects on growth do not seem to take place during the fetal period or during the early infancy and are mediated by insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) during childhood and puberty. In turn, IGF-I transcription is dependent on an adequate GH secretion, and in many tissues, it occurs independent of GH. We propose that GH may be a prohormone, rather than a hormone, since in many tissues and organs, it is proteolytically cleaved in a tissue-specific manner giving origin to shorter GH forms whose activity is still unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Devesa
- Scientific Direction, Medical Center Foltra, Teo, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Devesa
- Research and Development, Medical Center Foltra, 15886-Teo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Luna-Acosta JL, Alba-Betancourt C, Martínez-Moreno CG, Ramírez C, Carranza M, Luna M, Arámburo C. Direct antiapoptotic effects of growth hormone are mediated by PI3K/Akt pathway in the chicken bursa of Fabricius. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 224:148-59. [PMID: 26231908 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is expressed in several extra-pituitary tissues, including the primary and secondary lymphoid organs of the immune system. In birds, GH mRNA and protein expression show a specific developmental distribution pattern in the bursa of Fabricius (BF), particularly in epithelial and B cells. Changes in the bursal concentration and distribution of locally produced GH during ontogeny suggest it is involved in B cell differentiation and maturation, as well as in a functional survival role in this organ, which may be mediated by paracrine/autocrine mechanisms. Here, we analyzed the anti-apoptotic effect of GH in BF and the intracellular signaling pathways involved in this activity. Also, we studied if this effect was exerted directly by GH or mediated indirectly by IGF-I. Bursal cell cultures showed an important loss of their viability after 4h of incubation and a significant increase in apoptosis. However, treatment with 10nM GH or 40 nM IGF-I significantly increased B cell viability (16.7 ± 0.67% and 13.4 ± 1.12%, respectively) when compared with the untreated controls. In addition, the presence of apoptotic bodies (TUNEL) dramatically decreased (5.5-fold) after GH and IGF-I treatments, whereas co-incubation with anti-GH or anti-IGF-I, respectively, blocked their anti-apoptotic effect. Likewise, both GH and IGF-I significantly inhibited caspase-3 activity (by 40 ± 2.0%) in these cultures. However, the use of anti-IGF-I could not reverse the GH anti-apoptotic effects, thus indicating that these were exerted directly. The addition of 100 nM wortmannin (a PI3K/Akt inhibitor) blocked the GH protective effects. Also, GH stimulated (3-fold) the phosphorylation of Akt in bursal cells, and adding wortmannin or an anti-GH antibody inhibited this effect. Furthermore, GH was capable to stimulate (7-fold) the expression of Bcl-2. Taken together, these results indicate that the direct anti-apoptotic activity of GH observed in the chicken bursal B cell cultures might be mediated through the PI3K/Akt pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Luna-Acosta
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Clara Alba-Betancourt
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico; Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico
| | - Carlos G Martínez-Moreno
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Candy Ramírez
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Martha Carranza
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Maricela Luna
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Carlos Arámburo
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hrabia A, Leśniak-Walentyn A, Sechman A, Gertler A. Chicken oviduct-the target tissue for growth hormone action: effect on cell proliferation and apoptosis and on the gene expression of some oviduct-specific proteins. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 357:363-72. [PMID: 24744268 PMCID: PMC4077250 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1860-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the in vivo effect of growth hormone (GH) on cell proliferation and apoptosis and on the gene expression of selected proteins in the chicken oviduct before sexual maturity (first oviposition). Ten-week-old Hy-Line Brown chickens were injected three times a week with 200 μg · kg-1 body weight of recombinant chicken GH (cGH) until 16 weeks of age. Control hens received 0.9 % NaCl with 0.05 % bovine serum albumin as a vehicle. Treatment with cGH increased (P < 0.05) oviduct weight at 16 weeks of age, i.e. 1–2 weeks before onset of egg laying. The highest number of proliferating (determined by proliferating cell nuclear antigen [PCNA] immunocytochemistry) and apoptotic (determined by TUNEL assay) cells in the oviduct was found in the mucosal epithelium, and the lowest in the stroma. Administration of cGH did not increase (P > 0.05) the number of PCNA-positive cells but it decreased (P < 0.01) the number of TUNEL-positive cells, thus increasing the proliferating-to-apoptotic cell ratio in the oviduct. Gene expression (determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction) of apoptosis-related caspase-2 in the magnum and caspase-3 in the magnum and isthmus and their activity (determined by fluorometric assay) in the magnum were attenuated (P < 0.05) in cGH-treated hens. The gene expression of the magnum-specific ovalbumin and the shell-gland-specific ovocalyxins 32 and 36 was increased (P < 0.05) in cGH-treated chickens. In contrast, the expression of Bcl-2 and of caspases 8 and 9 was not affected by cGH in any of the oviductal segments. The results suggest that GH, via the orchestration of apoptosis and expression of some oviduct-specific proteins, participates in the development and activity of the chicken oviduct prior to the onset of egg laying.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hrabia
- Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059, Krakow, Poland,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Weigent DA. Lymphocyte GH-axis hormones in immunity. Cell Immunol 2013; 285:118-32. [PMID: 24177252 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The production and utilization of common ligands and their receptors by cells of the immune and neuroendocrine systems constitutes a biochemical information circuit between and within the immune and neuroendocrine systems. The sharing of ligands and receptors allows the immune system to serve as the sixth sense notifying the nervous system of the presence of foreign entities. Within this framework, it is also clear that immune cell functions can be altered by neuroendocrine hormones and that cells of the immune system have the ability to produce neuroendocrine hormones. This review summarizes a part of this knowledge with particular emphasis on growth hormone (GH). The past two decades have uncovered a lot of detail about the actions of GH, acting through its receptor, at the molecular and cellular level and its influence on the immune system. The production and action of immune cell-derived GH is less well developed although its important role in immunity is also slowly emerging. Here we discuss the production of GH, GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and their cognate receptors on cells of the immune system and their influence via endocrine/autocrine/paracrine and intracrine pathways on immune function. The intracellular mechanisms of action of immune cell-derived GH are still largely unexplored, and it is anticipated that further work in this particular area will establish an important role for this source of GH in normal physiology and in pathologic situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Weigent
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1918 University Blvd., MCLM894, Birmingham, AL 35294-0005, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Growth hormone is a cellular senescence target in pituitary and nonpituitary cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E3331-9. [PMID: 23940366 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1310589110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature proliferative arrest in benign or early-stage tumors induced by oncoproteins, chromosomal instability, or DNA damage is associated with p53/p21 activation, culminating in either senescence or apoptosis, depending on cell context. Growth hormone (GH) elicits direct peripheral metabolic actions as well as growth effects mediated by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1). Locally produced peripheral tissue GH, in contrast to circulating pituitary-derived endocrine GH, has been proposed to be both proapoptotic and prooncogenic. Pituitary adenomas expressing and secreting GH are invariably benign and exhibit DNA damage and a senescent phenotype. We therefore tested effects of nutlin-induced p53-mediated senescence in rat and human pituitary cells. We show that DNA damage senescence induced by nutlin triggers the p53/p21 senescent pathway, with subsequent marked induction of intracellular pituitary GH in vitro. In contrast, GH is not induced in cells devoid of p53. Furthermore we show that p53 binds specific GH promoter motifs and enhances GH transcription and secretion in senescent pituitary adenoma cells and also in nonpituitary (human breast and colon) cells. In vivo, treatment with nutlin results in up-regulation of both p53 and GH in the pituitary gland, as well as increased GH expression in nonpituitary tissues (lung and liver). Intracrine GH acts in pituitary cells as an apoptosis switch for p53-mediated senescence, likely protecting the pituitary adenoma from progression to malignancy. Unlike in the pituitary, in nonpituitary cells GH exerts antiapoptotic properties. Thus, the results show that GH is a direct p53 transcriptional target and fulfills criteria as a p53 target gene. Induced GH is a readily measurable cell marker for p53-mediated cellular senescence.
Collapse
|
10
|
Expression of lymphocyte-derived growth hormone (GH) and GH-releasing hormone receptors in aging rats. Cell Immunol 2013; 282:71-8. [PMID: 23770714 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we show that higher levels of lymphocyte GH are expressed in spleen cells from aging animals compared to young animals. Further, leukocytes from primary and secondary immune tissues and splenic T and B cells from aging rats all express higher levels of GHRH receptors compared to younger animals. Bone marrow and splenic T cells express the highest levels of GHRH receptor in aging animals. Spleen cells from aging animals showed no significant change in proliferation or GH induction after treatment with GHRH. Taken together, the data for the first time show alterations in GH synthesis and expression of the GHRH receptor on cells of the immune system that may play a role in the immune response in aging.
Collapse
|
11
|
Weigent DA. Hypoxia and cytoplasmic alkalinization upregulate growth hormone expression in lymphocytes. Cell Immunol 2013; 282:9-16. [PMID: 23639351 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report here that culture of lymphoid cells under hypoxic conditions showed an increase in both luciferase expression from a GH-promoter luciferase construct and the levels of lymphocyte GH. The effect was mimicked by treatment of cells with cobalt chloride consistent with a specific oxygen-sensing mechanism. We identified a putative hypoxia response element (HRE) in the GH promoter at the region -176 bp to -172 bp that contains a copy of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (Hif-1) binding motif (5'-ACGTG-3'). The results also showed that culture of primary rat spleen cells with different doses of TMA induced a dose-dependent increase in lymphocyte GH by Western blot analysis. Greater levels of GH are induced in T cell-enriched populations compared to B cell-enriched populations after treatment with CoCl(2) or TMA. Our results suggest that the stressful cellular conditions likely to occur at sites of inflammation or tumor growth may induce the synthesis of lymphocyte GH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Weigent
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0005, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Shohreh R, Pardo CA, Guaraldi F, Schally AV, Salvatori R. GH, but not GHRH, plays a role in the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Endocrinology 2011; 152:3803-10. [PMID: 21846799 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
GH has been suggested to influence the function of the immune system in several species. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) (an animal model for multiple sclerosis) has been reported not to occur in GH-deficient (GHD) mice. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of GH and GHRH replacement on development of EAE in a mouse model of isolated GHD due to removal of the GHRH gene [GHRH knockout (GHRHKO)]. We studied two groups of adult female mice: 12 GH-sufficient animals (control) and 36 GHRHKO animals. All mice were immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide, a peptide known to induce EAE. GHRHKO mice were left untreated or were treated for 4 wk with daily sc injections of recombinant GH or of a GHRH super agonist JI-38 (JI38-GHD). Evaluation of EAE symptoms was carried out daily, and T-proliferative assay and histopathological analysis of the spinal cord were performed. GHRHKO mice were less prone to develop EAE when compared with control mice. GH (but not JI-38) restored the original susceptibility of mice to the disease, despite lack of complete serum IGF-I normalization. GH treatment was also associated with a markedly increase in spleen size and T-cell proliferation specific to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide. GH (but not GHRH) plays an important role in the development of EAE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rugia Shohreh
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Weigent DA. High molecular weight isoforms of growth hormone in cells of the immune system. Cell Immunol 2011; 271:44-52. [PMID: 21741628 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A substantial body of research exists to support the idea that cells of the immune system produce growth hormone (GH). However, the structure and mechanism of action of lymphocyte-derived GH continues to remain largely unknown. Here we present the results of Western analysis of whole cell extracts showing that different molecular weight isoforms of GH of approximately 100, 65, and 48 kDa can be detected in primary mouse cells of the immune system and in the mouse EL4 cell line. The identity of the 65 and 48 kDa isoforms of GH were confirmed by mass spectrometry. The various isoforms were detected in both enriched T and B spleen cell populations. The large molecular weight isoform appears to reside primarily in the cytoplasm, whereas the lower molecular weight 65 and 48 kDa isoforms were detected primarily in the nucleus. These results also suggest that GH isoforms are induced by oxidative stress. In EL4 cells overexpressing GH, the expression of luciferase controlled by a promoter containing the antioxidant response element is increased almost threefold above control. The data suggest that the induction of isoforms of the GH molecule in cells of the immune system may be an important mechanism of adaptation and/or protection of lymphoid cells under conditions of oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Weigent
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Birmingham, AL 35294-0005, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Pituitary somatotrophs secrete growth hormone (GH) into the bloodstream, to act as a hormone at receptor sites in most, if not all, tissues. These endocrine actions of circulating GH are abolished after pituitary ablation or hypophysectomy, indicating its pituitary source. GH gene expression is, however, not confined to the pituitary gland, as it occurs in neural, immune, reproductive, alimentary, and respiratory tissues and in the integumentary, muscular, skeletal, and cardiovascular systems, in which GH may act locally rather than as an endocrine. These actions are likely to be involved in the proliferation and differentiation of cells and tissues prior to the ontogeny of the pituitary gland. They are also likely to complement the endocrine actions of GH and are likely to maintain them after pituitary senescence and the somatopause. Autocrine or paracrine actions of GH are, however, sometimes mediated through different signaling mechanisms to those mediating its endocrine actions and these may promote oncogenesis. Extrapituitary GH may thus be of physiological and pathophysiological significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Harvey
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, 7-41 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada,
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rejuvenation of the aging thymus: growth hormone-mediated and ghrelin-mediated signaling pathways. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2010; 10:408-24. [PMID: 20595009 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2010.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the major fundamental causes for the aging of the immune system is the structural and functional involution of the thymus, and the associated decline in de novo naïve T-lymphocyte output. This loss of naïve T-cell production weakens the ability of the adaptive immune system to respond to new antigenic stimuli and eventually leads to a peripheral T-cell bias to the memory phenotype. While the precise mechanisms responsible for age-associated thymic involution remain unknown, a variety of theories have been forwarded including the loss of expression of various growth factors and hormones that influence the lymphoid compartment and promote thymic function. Extensive studies examining two hormones, namely growth hormone (GH) and ghrelin (GRL), have demonstrated their contributions to thymus biology. In the current review, we discuss the literature supporting a role for these hormones in thymic physiology and age-associated thymic involution and their potential use in the restoration of thymic function in aged and immunocompromised individuals.
Collapse
|
16
|
Rodríguez-Méndez AJ, Luna-Acosta JL, Carranza M, Harvey S, Arámburo C, Luna M. Growth hormone expression in stromal and non-stromal cells in the bursa of Fabricius during bursal development and involution: Causal relationships? Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 167:297-307. [PMID: 20347824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Revised: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is expressed in the chicken bursa of Fabricius (BF), an organ that undergoes three distinct developmental stages: rapid growth (late embryogenesis until 6-8 weeks of age [w]), plateaued growth (between 10 and 15w), and involution (after 18-20w). The distribution and abundance of GH-immunoreactivity (GH-IR) and GH mRNA expression in stromal and non-stromal bursal cells during development, as well as the potential anti-apoptotic effect of GH in bursal cell survival were the focus of this study. GH mRNA expression was mainly in the epithelial layer and in epithelial buds at embryonic day (ED) 15; at 2w it was widely distributed within the follicle and in the interfollicular epithelium (IFE); at 10w it clearly diminished in the epithelium; whereas at 20w it occurred in only a few cortical cells and in the connective tissue. Parallel changes in the relative proportion of GH mRNA expression (12, 21, 13, 1%) and GH-IR (19, 18, 11, <3%) were observed at ED 15, 2w, 10w, and 20w, respectively. During embryogenesis, GH-IR co-localized considerably with IgM-IR, but scarcely with IgG-IR, whereas the opposite was observed after hatching. Significant differences in bursal cell death occurred during development, with 9.3% of cells being apoptotic at ED 15, 0.4% at 2w, 0.23% at 10w, and 21.1% at 20w. Addition of GH increased cultured cell survival by a mechanism that involved suppression (up to 41%) of caspase-3 activity. Results suggest that autocrine/paracrine actions of bursal GH are involved in the differentiation and proliferation of B lymphocytes and in BF growth and cell survival in embryonic and neonatal chicks, whereas diminished GH expression in adults may result in bursal involution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Rodríguez-Méndez
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Qro. 76230, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Smaniotto S, Mendes-da-Cruz DA, Carvalho-Pinto CE, Araujo LM, Dardenne M, Savino W. Combined role of extracellular matrix and chemokines on peripheral lymphocyte migration in growth hormone transgenic mice. Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24:451-61. [PMID: 19948213 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous evidence indicated that growth hormone (GH) modulates cell migration in the thymus, and that extracellular matrix and chemokines are involved. Herein, we studied migration of peripheral lymphocytes derived from spleen and lymph nodes of GH-transgenic (GH-Tg) mice. We initially found that the relative cell numbers (normalized per gram of body weight) in lymph nodes and spleens from GH-Tg were higher at all ages tested (2-3, 7 and 12 months), as compared to wild type age-matched controls. Functionally, we found that lymphocyte migration triggered by laminin or fibronectin was enhanced in cells from GH-Tg versus control mice, independent of the organ from which the cells were derived (as ascertained in young adult animals). However, such an enhancement in migration was statistically significant only for CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from mesenteric lymph nodes. Migration of lymphocytes from mesenteric lymph nodes of GH-Tg mice, triggered by the chemokine CXCL12, in conjunction with laminin or fibronectin, was enhanced compared to lymphocytes from control mice. Rather surprisingly, the membrane levels of the corresponding extracellular matrix or chemokine receptors in peripheral lymphoid organs of GH-Tg mice did not necessarily correlate with the changes seen in migratory responses. In conclusion, our data show for the first time that GH alters lymphocyte migration in the periphery of the immune system. Considering that GH is used as an adjuvant therapeutic agent in immunodeficiencies, including AIDS, the concepts defined herein provide relevant background knowledge for future GH-related immune interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salete Smaniotto
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Department of Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hattori N. Expression, regulation and biological actions of growth hormone (GH) and ghrelin in the immune system. Growth Horm IGF Res 2009; 19:187-197. [PMID: 19144554 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Revised: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Immune and neuroendocrine systems have bidirectional communications. Growth hormone (GH) and an orexigenic hormone ghrelin are expressed in various immune cells such as T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils. These immune cells also bear receptors for hormones: growth hormone receptor (GHR) for GH and growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) for ghrelin. The expression of GH in immune cells is stimulated by ghrelin as in anterior pituitary cells, whereas the regulation of GH secretion in the immune system by other peptides seems to be different from that in the anterior pituitary gland. Cytokines and mitogens enhance GH secretion from immune cells. GH has several biological actions in the immune system: enhancing thymopoiesis and T cell development, modulating cytokine production, enhancing B cell development and antibody production, priming neutrophils and monocytes for superoxide anion secretion, enhancing neutrophil adhesion and monocyte migration and anti-apoptotic action. Biological actions of ghrelin include attenuation of septic shock and anti-inflammatory actions, modulating phagocytosis, and enhancing thymopoiesis. The effect of ghrelin may be direct or through GH production, and that of GH may be direct or through insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-I) production. Elucidation of the roles of GH and ghrelin in the immune system may shed light on the treatment and prevention of immunological disorders such as AIDS and organ damages due to obesity/ageing-related chronic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Hattori
- Department of Pharmacology, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi-city, Osaka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Regulation of Id2 expression in EL4 T lymphoma cells overexpressing growth hormone. Cell Immunol 2009; 255:46-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
20
|
Beyea JA, Olson DM, Harvey S. Growth hormone-dependent changes in the rat lung proteome during alveorization. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 321:197-204. [PMID: 18985281 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9933-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) mRNA and protein have recently been demonstrated in the rat lung throughout the period of alveolarization (day 4-14 postnatally). The functional significance of this finding was therefore assessed, by determining the effects of GH mRNA knockout using aerosolized antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) directed against the GH gene. In a preliminary experiment, the effectiveness of the antisense GH ODN was demonstrated in a lung Type II epithelial cell line (L2 cells), in which constitutive GH mRNA expression was completely abolished by GH ODN transfection. Administration of the aerosolized GH ODN to 4-day-old rats for 10 days was accompanied by a widespread presence of its delivery liposomes within lung cells. Aerosolized GH ODN treatment decreased lung concentrations of IGF (insulin-like growth factor)-1 and increased concentrations of albumin, calcyclin binding protein, superoxide dismutase, RNA binding protein motif 3, and the alpha- and beta-subunits of ATP synthase and electron transfer flavoprotein. At least 32 other proteins (identified by 2D gel electrophoresis) were also significantly affected by the antisense GH ODN treatment. By changing the lung proteome, these results indicate hitherto unsuspected autocrine/paracrine actions of GH in developmental lung function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Beyea
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, AB, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Redelman D, Welniak LA, Taub D, Murphy WJ. Neuroendocrine hormones such as growth hormone and prolactin are integral members of the immunological cytokine network. Cell Immunol 2008; 252:111-21. [PMID: 18313040 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine hormones such as growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) have been demonstrated to accelerate the recovery of the immune response after chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation and to enhance the restoration of immunity in individuals infected with HIV and in normal individuals with compromised immune systems associated with aging. As the mechanism of action of these hormones has been elucidated, it has become clear that they are integral members of the immunological cytokine/chemokine network and share regulatory mechanisms with a wide variety of cytokines and chemokines. The members of this cytokine network induce and can be regulated by members of the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family of intracellular proteins. In order to take advantage of the potential beneficial effects of hormones such as GH or PRL, it is essential to take into consideration the overall cytokine network and the regulatory effects of SOCS proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doug Redelman
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, UNR Cytometry Center and Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Farmer JT, Weigent DA. Expression of insulin-like growth factor-2 receptors on EL4 lymphoma cells overexpressing growth hormone. Brain Behav Immun 2007; 21:79-85. [PMID: 16631346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2006.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Revised: 02/15/2006] [Accepted: 02/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we report the upregulation of functional IGF-2Rs in cells overexpressing growth hormone (GH). EL4 lymphoma cells stably transfected with an rGH cDNA overexpression vector (GHo) exhibited an increase in the binding of (125)I-IGF-2 with no change in the binding affinity compared to vector alone controls. An increase in the expression of the insulin-like growth factor-2 receptor (IGF-2R) in cells overexpressing GH was confirmed by Western blot analysis and IGF-2R promoter luciferase assays. EL4 cells produce insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2) as detected by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); however, no IGF-2 protein was detected by Western analysis. The increase in the expression of the IGF-2R resulted in greater levels of IGF-2 uptake in GHo cells compared to vector alone controls. The data suggest that one of the consequences of the overexpression of GH is an increase in the expression of the IGF-2R.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John T Farmer
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0005, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Harvey S, Baudet ML, Sanders EJ. Growth hormone and cell survival in the neural retina: caspase dependence and independence. Neuroreport 2006; 17:1715-8. [PMID: 17047459 DOI: 10.1097/01.wnr.0000239952.22578.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone has recently been shown to be expressed in the retinal ganglion cells of embryonic chicks, in which it induces cell survival during neurogenesis. The mechanism of this action has been examined in neural retina explants from 6-day-old and 8-day-old embryos that were incubated for 48 h in 10 M growth hormone, to reduce the number of spontaneous apoptotic cells. This anti-apoptotic action was accompanied by a reduction in caspase-3 expression and, at embryonic day 8, by reduced expression of apoptosis inducing factor-1, which is caspase independent. These actions were specific, as other genes involved in apoptotic signaling (bcl-2, bcl-x, bid and inhibitor of apoptosis protein-1) were unaffected. These results therefore demonstrate caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways in growth hormone-induced retinal cell survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Harvey
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Deane EE, Woo NYS. Growth hormone increases hsc70/hsp70 expression and protects against apoptosis in whole blood preparations from silver sea bream. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1040:288-92. [PMID: 15891044 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1327.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Preparations of whole blood, from silver sea bream (Sparus sarba), were used for heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) and apoptosis studies. It was found that the expression of both gene members of the hsp70 family (hsc70 and hsp70) were upregulated during acute heat shock. The transcript abundance of both of these genes was increased when cells were exposed to growth hormone (GH) at concentrations of 10 and 100 ng/mL. It was also found that GH at concentrations of 10 and 100 ng/mL could protect whole blood from camptothecin-induced apoptosis as determined by DNA fragmentation analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eddie E Deane
- Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Farmer JT, Weigent DA. TGF-β1 expression in EL4 lymphoma cells overexpressing growth hormone. Cell Immunol 2006; 240:22-30. [PMID: 16839530 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2006.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Revised: 06/01/2006] [Accepted: 06/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies show that growth hormone overexpression (GHo) upregulates the expression of the IGF-1R and IGF-2R resulting in the protection of the EL4 lymphoma cell line from apoptosis. In this study, we report that GHo also increases TGF-beta1 protein expression measured by luciferase promoter assay, Western analysis, and ELISA. Further, the data show that antibody to TGF-betaR2 decreases TGF-beta1 promoter activity to the level of vector alone control cells. GHo cells treated with (125)I-rh-latent TGF-beta1 showed increased activation of latent TGF-beta1 as measured by an increase in the active 24kDa, TGF-beta1 compared to vector alone control cells. The ability of endogenous GH to increase TGF-beta1 expression is blocked in EL4 cells by antisense but not sense oligodeoxynucleotides or in cells cultured with antibody to growth hormone (GH). The data suggest that endogenous GH may protect from apoptosis through the IGF-1R receptor while limiting cellular growth through increased expression and activation of TGF-beta1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John T Farmer
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0005, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
|
27
|
Beyea JA, Olson DM, Harvey S. Growth hormone (GH) action in the developing lung: Changes in lung proteins after adenoviral GH overexpression. Dev Dyn 2005; 234:404-12. [PMID: 16127721 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) recently has been shown to be expressed in the neonatal rat lung during alveolarization. The possible functional importance of lung GH in lung function, therefore, has been assessed by determining changes in GH-responsive proteins in the developing rat lung after the overexpression of the GH gene in this tissue. GH overexpression was achieved using an adenovirus that expressed the mouse GH gene. This adenovirus was effective in inducing mouse GH expression in cultured rat lung L2 epithelial cells. It was also shown to be strongly expressed in the alveoli of 14-day-old rat pup lungs 10 days after it was administered by intratracheal injection, during a period of rapid lung development. Expression of the transgene in these pups was accompanied by changes in lung protein concentrations determined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. The lung concentrations of specific enzymes (nucleotide diphosphate kinase B, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, and aldehyde reductase-1) were increased by the adenoviral expression of mouse GH, as were the concentrations of beta subunit G-protein calponin 2, beta-5 tubulin, retinoblastoma binding protein 4, and fetuin A. In contrast, the lung concentrations of haptoglobin and major acute phase alpha-1 protein were reduced by adenoviral expression of mouse GH. Although most of these proteins have not previously been identified as GH-responsive proteins, these results demonstrate actions of GH in the rat lung and support the possibility that GH acts as an autocrine/paracrine during early lung development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Beyea
- Department of Physiology and Perinatal Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|