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Kesti S, Macar O, Kalefetoğlu Macar T, Çavuşoğlu K, Yalçın E. Investigation of the protective role of Ginkgo biloba L. against phytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative damage induced by Trifloxystrobin. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19937. [PMID: 39198657 PMCID: PMC11358517 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70712-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Trifloxystrobin (TFS) is a widely used strobilurin class fungicide. Ginkgo biloba L. has gained popularity due to its recognized medicinal and antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to determine whether Ginkgo biloba L. extract (Gbex) has a protective role against TFS-induced phytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative damage in A. cepa. Different groups were formed from Allium cepa L. bulbs subjected to tap water (control), 200 mg/L Gbex (Gbex1), 400 mg/L Gbex (Gbex2), 0.8 g/L TFS solution (TFS), 200 mg/L Gbex + 0.8 g/L TFS (TFS + Gbex1) and 400 mg/L Gbex + 0.8 g/L TFS (TFS + Gbex2), respectively. The phenolic composition of Gbex and alterations in the morphological, physiological, biochemical, genotoxicity and anatomical parameters were evaluated. Rutin, protocatechuic acid, catechin, gallic acid, taxifolin, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, epicatechin, syringic acid and quercetin were the most prevalent phenolic substances in Gbex. Rooting percentage, root elongation, weight gain, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b decreased by approximately 50%, 85%, 77%, 55% and 70%, respectively, as a result of TFS treatment compared to the control. In the TFS group, the mitotic index fell by 28% compared to the control group, but chromosomal abnormalities, micronuclei frequency and tail DNA percentage increased. Fragment, vagrant chromosome, sticky chromosome, uneven chromatin distribution, bridge, vacuole-containing nucleus, reverse polarization and irregular mitosis were the chromosomal abnormalities observed in the TFS group. The levels of proline (2.17-fold) and malondialdehyde (2.71-fold), as well as the activities of catalase (2.75-fold) and superoxide dismutase (2.03-fold) were increased by TFS in comparison to the control. TFS-provoked meristematic disorders were damaged epidermis and cortex cells, flattened cell nucleus and thickened cortex cell wall. Gbex combined with TFS relieved all these TFS-induced stress signs in a dose-dependent manner. This investigation showed that Gbex can play protective role in A. cepa against the phytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative damage caused by TFS. The results demonstrated that Gbex had this antioxidant and antigenotoxic potential owing to its high phenolic content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saliha Kesti
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Oksal Macar
- Şebinkarahisar School of Applied Sciences, Department of Food Technology, Giresun University, 28400, Giresun, Turkey.
| | - Tuğçe Kalefetoğlu Macar
- Şebinkarahisar School of Applied Sciences, Department of Food Technology, Giresun University, 28400, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Kültiğin Çavuşoğlu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Emine Yalçın
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
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Pagotto GLDO, dos Santos LMO, Osman N, Lamas CB, Laurindo LF, Pomini KT, Guissoni LM, de Lima EP, Goulart RDA, Catharin VMCS, Direito R, Tanaka M, Barbalho SM. Ginkgo biloba: A Leaf of Hope in the Fight against Alzheimer's Dementia: Clinical Trial Systematic Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:651. [PMID: 38929090 PMCID: PMC11201198 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a stealthy and progressive neurological disorder that is a leading cause of dementia in the global elderly population, imposing a significant burden on both the elderly and society. Currently, the condition is treated with medications that alleviate symptoms. Nonetheless, these drugs may not consistently produce the desired results and can cause serious side effects. Hence, there is a vigorous pursuit of alternative options to enhance the quality of life for patients. Ginkgo biloba (GB), an herb with historical use in traditional medicine, contains bioactive compounds such as terpenoids (Ginkgolides A, B, and C), polyphenols, organic acids, and flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin). These compounds are associated with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties, making them valuable for cognitive health. A systematic search across three databases using specific keywords-GB in AD and dementia-yielded 1702 documents, leading to the selection of 15 clinical trials for synthesis. In eleven studies, GB extract/EGb 761® was shown to improve cognitive function, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and functional abilities in both dementia types. In four studies, however, there were no significant differences between the GB-treated and placebo groups. Significant improvements were observed in scores obtained from the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Short Cognitive Performance Test (SKT), and Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). While the majority of synthesized clinical trials show that Ginkgo biloba has promising potential for the treatment of these conditions, more research is needed to determine optimal dosages, effective delivery methods, and appropriate pharmaceutical formulations. Furthermore, a thorough assessment of adverse effects, exploration of long-term use implications, and investigation into potential drug interactions are critical aspects that must be carefully evaluated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Lopes de Oliveira Pagotto
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (G.L.d.O.P.); (L.M.O.d.S.); (N.O.); (L.F.L.); (K.T.P.); (L.M.G.); (E.P.d.L.); (V.M.C.S.C.)
| | - Livia Maria Oliveira dos Santos
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (G.L.d.O.P.); (L.M.O.d.S.); (N.O.); (L.F.L.); (K.T.P.); (L.M.G.); (E.P.d.L.); (V.M.C.S.C.)
| | - Najwa Osman
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (G.L.d.O.P.); (L.M.O.d.S.); (N.O.); (L.F.L.); (K.T.P.); (L.M.G.); (E.P.d.L.); (V.M.C.S.C.)
| | - Caroline Barbalho Lamas
- Department of Gerontology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil;
| | - Lucas Fornari Laurindo
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (G.L.d.O.P.); (L.M.O.d.S.); (N.O.); (L.F.L.); (K.T.P.); (L.M.G.); (E.P.d.L.); (V.M.C.S.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina de Marília (FAMEMA), Marília 17519-030, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina Torres Pomini
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (G.L.d.O.P.); (L.M.O.d.S.); (N.O.); (L.F.L.); (K.T.P.); (L.M.G.); (E.P.d.L.); (V.M.C.S.C.)
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil;
| | - Leila M. Guissoni
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (G.L.d.O.P.); (L.M.O.d.S.); (N.O.); (L.F.L.); (K.T.P.); (L.M.G.); (E.P.d.L.); (V.M.C.S.C.)
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil;
| | - Enzo Pereira de Lima
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (G.L.d.O.P.); (L.M.O.d.S.); (N.O.); (L.F.L.); (K.T.P.); (L.M.G.); (E.P.d.L.); (V.M.C.S.C.)
| | - Ricardo de Alvares Goulart
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil;
| | - Virginia M. C. Strozze Catharin
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (G.L.d.O.P.); (L.M.O.d.S.); (N.O.); (L.F.L.); (K.T.P.); (L.M.G.); (E.P.d.L.); (V.M.C.S.C.)
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil;
| | - Rosa Direito
- Laboratory of Systems Integration Pharmacology, Clinical & Regulatory Science, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Masaru Tanaka
- Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, HUN-REN-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, University of Szeged (HUN-REN-SZTE), Tisza Lajos krt. 113, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sandra Maria Barbalho
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (G.L.d.O.P.); (L.M.O.d.S.); (N.O.); (L.F.L.); (K.T.P.); (L.M.G.); (E.P.d.L.); (V.M.C.S.C.)
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil;
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Food and Technology of Marília (FATEC), Marília 17500-000, SP, Brazil
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Heydari M, Ahmadizadeh M, Ahmadi Angali K. Ameliorative effect of vitamin E on trichloroethylene-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. J Nephropathol 2016; 6:168-173. [PMID: 28975097 PMCID: PMC5607979 DOI: 10.15171/jnp.2017.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
1,1,2-Trichloroethylene (TCE) is an important organic solvent which is widespread in the environment. Work place exposure to TCE has been associated adverse effects in many organs including kidney. Vitamin E is an antioxidant that can overcome oxidative stress.
Objectives:
The aim of the present study is to examine the role of vitamin E against destructive effects of TCE on rat kidney.
Materials and Methods:
A total of 35 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups of equal number in each. The rats in group I were the controls received vehicle only. Animals in groups III, V and VII received intraperitoneal injection (i.p) of corn oil. Rats in groups of II, IV, and VI were received vitamin E at a dose of 200 mg/kg; 30 minutes later, animals were received TCE (i.p) at doses of 1000 mg/kg (groups II and III), 1500 mg/kg (groups of IV and V), and 2000 mg/kg (groups of VI and VII) respectively. The experiment repeated for 7 consecutive days. Twenty-four hours after last administration, animals were killed with overdose of sodium pentobarbital. Blood samples were analyzed for blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr). One part of the kidney tissues were excised for measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) concentrations. Another part were excised for histopathological estimation.
Results:
TCE induced a dose-dependent elevation in BUN, Cr, MDA and markedly decreased GSH level when compared to those in control rats. TCE-induced dose-dependent injury in rat kidney tissue. Vitamin E significantly decreased BUN, Cr, MDA and increased GSH levels and protected kidney damage in TCE treated animals.
Conclusions:
The observations suggest that vitamin E may have a protective effect against TCE-induced oxidative stress in the rat kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Heydari
- Department of Occupational Health, Engineering, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Massumeh Ahmadizadeh
- Department of Occupational Health, Engineering, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kambiz Ahmadi Angali
- Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Li H, Zhou X, Gao P, Li Q, Li H, Huang R, Wu M. Inhibition of lipid oxidation in foods and feeds and hydroxyl radical-treated fish erythrocytes: A comparative study of Ginkgo biloba leaves extracts and synthetic antioxidants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:234-241. [PMID: 29767013 PMCID: PMC5941021 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the effects of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and ethoxyquin (EQ) and ethyl ether extracts, ethyl acetate extracts (EAE), acetone extracts, ethanol extracts and aqueous extracts of Ginkgo biloba leaves (EGbs) on lipid oxidation in a linoleic acid emulsion, fish flesh and fish feed and in hydroxyl radical (·OH)-treated carp erythrocytes. The linoleic acid, fish flesh and fish feed were incubated with BHT, EQ and EGbs at 45°C for 8 d, respectively, except for the control group. The lipid oxidation in the linoleic acid emulsion, fish flesh and fish feed was then measured by the ferric thiocyanate method or thiobarbituric acid method. The carp erythrocytes were treated with BHT, EQ or EGbs in the presence of 40 μmol/L FeSO4 and 20 μmol/L H2O2 at 37°C for 6 h, except for the control group. Oxidative stress and apoptosis parameters in carp erythrocytes were then evaluated by the commercial kit. The results showed that BHT, EQ and EGbs inhibited lipid oxidation in the linoleic acid emulsion, fish flesh and fish feed and ·OH-induced phosphatidylserine exposure and DNA fragmentation (the biomarkers of apoptosis) in carp erythrocytes. Furthermore, BHT, EQ and EGbs decreased the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibited the oxidation of cellular components and restored the activities of enzymatic antioxidants in ·OH-treated carp erythrocytes. Of all examined EGbs, EAE showed the strongest effects. The effects of EAE on lipid oxidation in the linoleic acid emulsion and on superoxide anion and malonaldehyde levels, catalase activity and apoptosis in ·OH-treated carp erythrocytes were equivalent to or stronger than those of BHT. Moreover, these results indicated that the inhibition order of EGbs on the generation of ROS and oxidation of cellular components in fish erythrocytes approximately agreed with that for the food and feed materials tested above. And, the antioxidative and anti-apoptotic effects of EGbs were positively correlated with their flavonoid content. Taken together, these results revealed that the fish erythrocyte system can be used as an experimental model to evaluate lipid oxidation in food and feed ingredients. The EAE can be used as a potential natural antioxidant or apoptosis inhibitor. The inhibition effects of EGbs on lipid oxidation and apoptosis may be due to the presence of flavonoid compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huatao Li
- College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China.,Conservation and Utilization of Fishes Resources in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ping Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Qiuyue Li
- College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China.,Conservation and Utilization of Fishes Resources in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China
| | - Hansi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China.,Conservation and Utilization of Fishes Resources in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China
| | - Rong Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China.,Conservation and Utilization of Fishes Resources in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China
| | - Min Wu
- Archives, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China
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Tabrez S, Ahmad M. Toxicity, biomarkers, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of trichloroethylene and its metabolites: a review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2009; 27:178-196. [PMID: 19657920 DOI: 10.1080/10590500903091340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a prevalent occupational and environmental contaminant that has been reported to cause a variety of toxic effects. This article reviews toxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity caused by the exposure of TCE and its metabolites in the living system as well as on their (TCE and its metabolites) toxicity biomarkers.
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Ugartondo V, Mitjans M, Torres JL, Vinardell MP. Biobased epicatechin conjugates protect erythrocytes and nontumoral cell lines from H2O2-induced oxidative stress. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:4459-4465. [PMID: 19361155 DOI: 10.1021/jf900240a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the study of the protective action of epicatechin and epicatechin derivatives, obtained by depolymerizing polymeric flavanols in the presence of cysteine or cysteamine, on red blood cells (RBC) and nontumoral cell lines challenged by exogenous H(2)O(2). The epicatechin derivatives showed more effective antioxidant properties than epicatechin. Among them, 4β-(2-aminoethylthio)epicatechin 3-O-gallate showed the highest antioxidant activity against three markers of oxidative stress: hemolysis, lipid peroxidation, and cytotoxicity. Furthermore, as this compound lacks the pyrogallol group on the condensed flavanic structure, it might be safer than other potent gallocatechin-type polyphenols. These findings indicate that these epicatechin derivatives, which are byproducts of the agro-food industry show potential for application in the food and drug industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Ugartondo
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Ou HC, Lee WJ, Lee IT, Chiu TH, Tsai KL, Lin CY, Sheu WHH. Ginkgo biloba extract attenuates oxLDL-induced oxidative functional damages in endothelial cells. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 106:1674-85. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91415.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process with increased oxidative stress in vascular endothelium. Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE), extracted from Ginkgo biloba leaves, has commonly been used as a therapeutic agent for cardiovascular and neurological disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate how GbE protects vascular endothelial cells against the proatherosclerotic stressor oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in vitro. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were incubated with GbE (12.5–100 μg/ml) for 2 h and then incubated with oxLDL (150 μg/ml) for an additional 24 h. Subsequently, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, antioxidant enzyme activities, adhesion to monocytes, cell morphology, viability, and several apoptotic indexes were assessed. Our data show that ROS generation is an upstream signal in oxLDL-treated HUVECs. Cu,Zn-SOD, but not Mn-SOD, was inactivated by oxLDL. In addition, oxLDL diminished expression of endothelial NO synthase and enhanced expression of adhesion molecules (ICAM, VCAM, and E-selectin) and the adherence of monocytic THP-1 cells to HUVECs. Furthermore, oxLDL increased intracellular calcium, disturbed the balance of Bcl-2 family proteins, destabilized mitochondrial membrane potential, and triggered subsequent cytochrome c release into the cytosol and activation of caspase-3. These detrimental effects were ameliorated dose dependently by GbE ( P < 0.05). Results from this study may provide insight into a possible molecular mechanism underlying GbE suppression of the oxLDL-mediated vascular endothelial dysfunction.
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Shen T, Zhu QX, Yang S, Wu CH, Zhang HF, Zhou CF, Zhang XJ. Trichloroethylene induced cutaneous irritation in BALB/c hairless mice: Histopathological changes and oxidative damage. Toxicology 2008; 248:113-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Shen T, Zhu QX, Yang S, Ding R, Ma T, Ye LP, Wang LJ, Liang ZZ, Zhang XJ. Trichloroethylene induce nitric oxide production and nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression in cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes. Toxicology 2007; 239:186-94. [PMID: 17719164 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2007] [Revised: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE), a major chemical hazard during occupational exposure, can cause obvious skin lesions, including irritant reactions and dermatitis. Nitric oxide (NO) synthesized by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is involved in a broad array of pathogenesis of skin inflammatory and immune responses. To understand the mechanisms of TCE-induced dermatoxicity, we investigated the effects of TCE on NO production and NOS mRNA expression in cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK). Cells were treated with TCE (0 mM, 0.125 mM, 0.25 mM, 0.5 mM, 1.0 mM, 2.0 mM) for 4 h, and then incubated for 12 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. At each given time point, NO production were evaluated indirectly by measuring nitrite plus nitrate concentration in the culture medium using Griess reaction, as well as cell viability determined by MTT test, iNOS and cNOS activities assayed with a NOS activity detecting kit. The expression of iNOS and cNOS mRNA was detected using RT-PCR. TCE decreases cell viability and enhance NO production from NHEK in concentration- and time-dependent manner. Aminoguanidine (AG), an inhibitor of NOS, can prevent NO production and cell viability decrease in NHEK by TCE induced. Change to NO production was accompanied by increased activities of both types of NOS, but the iNOS activity accounted mainly for the TCE-induced NO production. RT-PCR detection showed that NHEK expressed both iNOS and cNOS mRNA by TCE exposure. Whereas a concentration- and time-dependent up-regulation of the mRNA expression was observed for iNOS and cNOS following TCE exposure, changes to iNOS were more marked. These results suggest that TCE caused increase in NO production, attributed to activation of iNOS as well as cNOS, and expression of iNOS and cNOS mRNA. These cellular changes may contribute to the pathological and physiological features of TCE-induced erythema and skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Shen
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, PR China
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