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Villanueva-Charbonneau G, Potvin S, Marchand S, McIntyre A, McIntosh D, Bissonnette A, Gendron A, Giguère CÉ, Koué MÈ, Kouassi É. Serotonin Transporter mRNA Expression Is Reduced in the Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Subjects with Major Depression but Normal in Fibromyalgia. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1485. [PMID: 37891852 PMCID: PMC10605238 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13101485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibromyalgia (FM) and major depression disorder (MDD) frequently co-occur. Both disorders may share common serotonergic alterations, although there is less evidence of such alterations in FM. It is also unclear as to whether these alterations are persistent over time or transient. The objectives of this study were to (i) examine the changes in mRNA expression of serotonin transporter (SERT) on the surface of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in FM, MDD, and the FM + MDD subjects compared to healthy controls, and to (ii) evaluate the effect of drug treatment on SERT expression. METHODS PBMCs were isolated from FM, MDD, FM + MDD, and control subjects. SERT expression was analyzed at the mRNA level via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Statistical analyses were performed using analyses of variance and linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS SERT mRNA expression was significantly reduced in MDD subjects compared to controls (p < 0.001), but not in FM nor in FM + MDD subjects. Although the drug treatments improved symptoms in FM, MDD, and FM + MDD subjects, they had no significant effect on SERT mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS These results corroborate the role of the SERT in the pathophysiology of MDD, but not in FM, and show that the decreased mRNA expression of SERT is a persistent, rather than transient, phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Villanueva-Charbonneau
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montréal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada; (C.-É.G.); (É.K.)
| | - Stéphane Potvin
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montréal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada; (C.-É.G.); (É.K.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Serge Marchand
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada;
| | | | - Diane McIntosh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
| | | | - Alain Gendron
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Mississauga, ON L4Y 1M4, Canada;
| | - Charles-Édouard Giguère
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montréal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada; (C.-É.G.); (É.K.)
| | - Marie-Ève Koué
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;
| | - Édouard Kouassi
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montréal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada; (C.-É.G.); (É.K.)
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
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Önal HT, Yetkin D, Ayaz F. Immunostimulatory activity of fluoxetine in macrophages via regulation of the PI3K and P38 signaling pathways. Immunol Res 2022; 71:413-421. [PMID: 36512200 PMCID: PMC9745289 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-022-09350-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fluoxetine is an antidepressant drug that is heavily preferred in the cure of depression, which is from the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) group. There are many reports on the effect of fluoxetine on the immune system, and its effect on the macrophage cells has never been looked at before. We aimed to demonstrate the cytokine production potential of fluoxetine antidepressant, which is widely used in the clinic, in the J774.2 cell line and its effect on PI3K and P38 pathways. The use of fluoxetine alone in J774.2 macrophage cells showed immunostimulatory properties by inducing the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL) IL-6, IL-12p40, and granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) cytokines. It showed anti-inflammatory properties by completely stopping the production of cytokines (IL-6, IL12p40, TNF-α, and GM-CSF) at all concentrations where LPS and fluoxetine were used together. While PI3K and P38 pathways were not effective in the immunostimulatory effect in the presence of the drug agent, we found that the PI3K and P38 pathways were influenced during their anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harika Topal Önal
- Medical Laboratory Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Toros University, 33140 Mersin, Turkey
| | - Derya Yetkin
- Mersin University Advanced Technology Education Research and Application Center, Mersin University, 33110 Mersin, Turkey
| | - Furkan Ayaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey 33110
- Mersin University Biotechnology Research and Application Center, Mersin University, 33110, Mersin, Turkey
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Sertraline inhibits stress-induced tumor growth through regulating CD8+ T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity. Anticancer Drugs 2022; 33:935-942. [PMID: 36066403 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress has been reported to be associated with tumor initiation and progression. But the underlying mechanism and the specific role of tumor immunity in this process are still unknown. Herein, we applied the repeated restrain stress model in C57BL/6J mice and found that the tumor growth in stressed mice was accelerated compared with that in control mice. In addition, serotonin, also called 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), in the serum of stressed mice was also elevated. Sertraline, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor used in the clinic, can restore the serum 5-HT level in stressed mice and restrain tumor growth. We further explored the distribution of major immune cells, including B lymphocytes cells, T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and regulatory T cells (Treg). We found that the infiltration of CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) decreased significantly in stressed mice. And the extra 5-HT treatment could further decrease the infiltration of CD8+ T cells in the TME. The expression of IFN-γ and Granular enzyme B (GzmB) in CD8+ T cells were also dropped in the stressed mice group, whereas the expression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) on CD8+ T cells was increased. The T cell deficiency induced by stress can be reversed by sertraline, indicating its promising role in strengthening the efficacy of anti-PDL1/PD-1 immunotherapy. The present study provides new mechanistic insights into the impact of chronic stress on antitumor immunity and implicates a novel combined immunotherapy strategy for cancer patients with chronic stress.
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Li H, Wang P, Zhou Y, Zhao F, Gao X, Wu C, Wu T, Jiang L, Zhang D. Correlation between intestinal microbiotal imbalance and 5-HT metabolism, immune inflammation in chronic unpredictable mild stress male rats. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2022; 21:e12806. [PMID: 35535862 PMCID: PMC9744555 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To explore the role of intestinal microbiota on the occurrence of depression-like behavior. Twenty male adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. Depression-like behavior of the rats was validated using sucrose preference test (SPT) and forced swimming test (FST) after chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 3 weeks. Fecal microbiota was analyzed through 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The levels of 5-HT and inflammatory factors in the colon, brain and sera were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), quantitative PCR (qPCR) and western blotting analyses. The percentage of different types of immune cells in the peripheral blood was determined through flow cytometry. CUMS caused depression-like symptoms, including anhedonia and desperate behavior. Significant differences were found in the structure and abundance of intestinal microbiota. CUMS intervention significantly increased the levels of 5-HT and Tph1 in the colon and decreased the level of Scl6a4. The concentrations of 5-HT and Tph2 in the prefrontal and hippocampal tissues were lower, while IDO1 was higher. Certain cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-1 and TNF-ɑ, were significantly elevated in peripheral blood, while the percentage of CD3+ CD4+ double-positive cells and CD4+ /CD8+ ratio were downregulated in the CUMS group. Pearson correlation analysis showed that intestinal microbiota was significantly associated with not only the metabolism of 5-HT in intestinal and brain tissues, but also with the proportion of immune cells and certain cytokines. Stress can lead to disturbances in the intestinal microbial structure, which may contribute to depression by interfering with 5-HT metabolism and immune inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Li
- School of NursingQingdao UniversityQingdaoShandong ProvinceChina
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of UrologyQingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao UniversityQingdaoShandong ProvinceChina
| | - Yunping Zhou
- School of NursingQingdao UniversityQingdaoShandong ProvinceChina
| | - Fei Zhao
- School of NursingQingdao UniversityQingdaoShandong ProvinceChina
| | - Xue Gao
- School of NursingQingdao UniversityQingdaoShandong ProvinceChina
| | - Chunfeng Wu
- School of NursingQingdao UniversityQingdaoShandong ProvinceChina
| | - Tianxia Wu
- School of NursingQingdao UniversityQingdaoShandong ProvinceChina
| | - Liping Jiang
- School of NursingQingdao UniversityQingdaoShandong ProvinceChina
| | - Dianliang Zhang
- Center of Colon and RectumQingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao UniversityQingdaoShandong ProvinceChina
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Nedic Erjavec G, Sagud M, Nikolac Perkovic M, Svob Strac D, Konjevod M, Tudor L, Uzun S, Pivac N. Depression: Biological markers and treatment. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 105:110139. [PMID: 33068682 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays depression is considered as a systemic illness with different biological mechanisms involved in its etiology, including inflammatory response, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation and neurotransmitter and neurotrophic systems imbalance. Novel "omics" approaches, such as metabolomics and glycomics provide information about altered metabolic pathways and metabolites, as well as disturbances in glycosylation processes affected by or causing the development of depression. The clinical diagnosis of depression continues to be established based on the presence of the specific symptoms, but due to its heterogeneous underlying biological background, that differs according to the disease stage, there is an unmet need for treatment response biomarkers which would facilitate the process of appropriate treatment selection. This paper provides an overview of the role of major stress response system, the HPA axis, and its dysregulation in depression, possible involvement of neurotrophins, especially brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and insulin-like growth factor-1, in the development of depression. Article discusses how activated inflammation processes and increased cytokine levels, as well as disturbed neurotransmitter systems can contribute to different stages of depression and could specific metabolomic and glycomic species be considered as potential biomarkers of depression. The second part of the paper includes the most recent findings about available medical treatment of depression. The described biological factors impose an optimistic conclusion that they could represent easy obtainable biomarkers potentially predicting more personalized treatment and diagnostic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Nedic Erjavec
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marina Sagud
- The University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; University Hospital Center Zagreb, Department of Psychiatry, Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Matea Nikolac Perkovic
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dubravka Svob Strac
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marcela Konjevod
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lucija Tudor
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sandra Uzun
- University Hospital Center Zagreb, Department for Anesthesiology, Reanimatology, and Intensive Care, Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nela Pivac
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Li G, Yang J, Wang X, Zhou C, Zheng X, Lin W. Effects of EGCG on depression-related behavior and serotonin concentration in a rat model of chronic unpredictable mild stress. Food Funct 2020; 11:8780-8787. [PMID: 32955535 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00524j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to examine the antidepressant-like effect of EGCG and get deeper insights into implications of modulating serotonin (5-HT) in the colon and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjian Li
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center
- The First Hospital of Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Bioscience
- Changchun Normal University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center
- The First Hospital of Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Chen Zhou
- Department of Personnel
- The First Hospital of Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Xiangyu Zheng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center
- The First Hospital of Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Weihong Lin
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center
- The First Hospital of Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
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Piszczek L, Memoli S, Raggioli A, Viosca J, Rientjes J, Hublitz P, Czaban W, Wyrzykowska A, Gross C. Mouse model of the human serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region. Mamm Genome 2019; 30:319-328. [PMID: 31667540 PMCID: PMC6884432 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-019-09815-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors play a significant role in risk for mood and anxiety disorders. Polymorphisms in genes that regulate the brain monoamine systems, such as catabolic enzymes and transporters, are attractive candidates for being risk factors for emotional disorders given the weight of evidence implicating monoamines involvement in these conditions. Several common genetic variants have been identified in the human serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene, including a repetitive sequence located in the promoter region of the locus called the serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTT-LPR). This polymorphism has been associated with a number of mental traits in both humans and primates, including depression, neuroticism, and harm avoidance. Some, but not all, studies found a link between the polymorphism and 5-HTT levels, leaving open the question of whether the polymorphism affects risk for mental traits via changes in 5-HTT expression. To investigate the impact of the polymorphism on gene expression, serotonin homeostasis, and behavioral traits, we set out to develop a mouse model of the human 5-HTT-LPR. Here we describe the creation and characterization of a set of mouse lines with single-copy human transgenes carrying the short and long 5-HTT-LPR variants. Although we were not able to detect differences in expression between the short and long variants, we encountered several technical issues concerning the design of our humanized mice that are likely to have influenced our findings. Our study serves as a cautionary note for future studies aimed at studying human transgene regulation in the context of the living mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Piszczek
- Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL Rome, Monterotondo, Italy.
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Simone Memoli
- Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL Rome, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Angelo Raggioli
- Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL Rome, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - José Viosca
- Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL Rome, Monterotondo, Italy
- Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
| | - Jeanette Rientjes
- Monash Genome Modification Platform (MGMP), Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Philip Hublitz
- Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL Rome, Monterotondo, Italy
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Weronika Czaban
- Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL Rome, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Anna Wyrzykowska
- Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL Rome, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Cornelius Gross
- Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL Rome, Monterotondo, Italy.
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Li H, Wang P, Huang L, Li P, Zhang D. Effects of regulating gut microbiota on the serotonin metabolism in the chronic unpredictable mild stress rat model. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13677. [PMID: 31323174 PMCID: PMC6852474 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was to inspect the antidepressant-like effect of prebiotics and probiotics, and to explore the effect of modulating gut microbiota on the serotonin (5-HT) metabolism. METHODS Fifty rats were separated into control and other four groups randomly. The four groups underwent the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) intervention with or without prebiotics and probiotics (Bifidobacterium longum, L. rhamnosus) treatment. After weighted, the animals underwent a series of behavioral tests comprising the sucrose preference test (SPT) and the forced swimming test (FST). Central and colonic serotonin levels and relative metabolism factors were measured and analyzed. Microbiota was examined by 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. RESULTS CUMS intervention caused a decrease in body weight, an increase in FST, and a decrease in SPT. Prebiotics and probiotics all ameliorated the CUMS-induced loss of weight and depressive-like behaviors to a certain extent, especially L. rhamnosus. Compared with the group of CUMS intervention, the rats of probiotics and probiotics treatment had a tendency to reduce colonic 5-HT and increase 5-HT in frontal cortex and hippocampus. However, there was no significant difference in peripheral blood 5-HT among these groups. Furthermore, CUMS caused noteworthy gut microbiota variations at the phylum and other levels in rats. Remarkably, there were considerable relations of perturbed gut microbiota with the changed metabolism of 5-HT. CONCLUSION In conclusion, these findings implied that prebiotics and probiotics have antidepressive effects, and a considerable effect on the regulation of 5-HT metabolism, especially L. rhamnosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Li
- School of NursingQingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Urology, Qingdao Municipal HospitalQingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Luqiao Huang
- Department of Anorectal SurgeryTongde hospital of Zhejiang ProvenceHangZhouChina
| | - Ping Li
- Department of UltrasoundThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Dianliang Zhang
- Center of Colon and Rectum, Qingdao Municipal HospitalQingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
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Caruncho HJ, Rivera-Baltanas T, Romay-Tallon R, Kalynchuk LE, Olivares JM. Patterns of Membrane Protein Clustering in Peripheral Lymphocytes as Predictors of Therapeutic Outcomes in Major Depressive Disorder. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:190. [PMID: 30930773 PMCID: PMC6423346 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an utmost necessity of developing novel biomarkers of depression that result in a more efficacious use of current antidepressant drugs. The present report reviews and discusses a recent series of experiments that focused on analysis of membrane protein clustering in peripheral lymphocytes as putative biomarkers of therapeutic efficacy for major depressive disorder. This review recapitulates how the ideas were originated, and the main findings demonstrated that analysis of serotonin transporter and serotonin 2 A receptor clustering in peripheral lymphocytes of naïve depression patients resulted in a discrimination of two subpopulations of depressed patients that showed a differential response upon 8 weeks of antidepressant treatment. The paper also reviews the usefulness of animal models of depression for an initial evaluation of membrane protein clustering in lymphocytes, which provides a screening tool to determine additional proteins to be further evaluated in depression patients. Finally, the present review provides a brief discussion of the general field of biomarkers of depression in relation to therapeutic outcomes and suggests additional ideas to provide extra value to the reviewed studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector J Caruncho
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Tania Rivera-Baltanas
- Psychiatric Diseases Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), SERGAS, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Lisa E Kalynchuk
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Jose M Olivares
- Psychiatric Diseases Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), SERGAS, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
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Colmenares-Aguilar M, Lima L. Role of 5-HT 2 and 5-HT 7 Serotonin Receptors, and Protein Kinases C and A on Taurine Transport in Lymphocytes of Rats Treated with Fluoxetine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 975 Pt 2:1129-1140. [PMID: 28849528 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1079-2_90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Fluoxetine, an antidepressant and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, modulates immune cells in vitro. The present study investigates the influence of pharmacological agents which acts as agonist and antagonist of serotonin receptors ex vivo over taurine transport in lymphocytes of rats treated with fluoxetine by one week. The treatment with fluoxetine increase taurine transport and the incubation with the agonist of 5-HT2 receptor, 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI) counteract this effect, and ketanserin provoked no change in fluoxetine effect. While the agonist of 5-HT7 receptor, 4-[2-(methylthio)phenyl]-N-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphth alenyl)-1-piperazinehexanamide hydrochloride (LP44) had no significant effects, however the differences between Control and Fluoxetine groups were not observed, the antagonist (R)-3-[2-[2-(4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)ethyl]pyrrolidine-1-sulfonyl]phenol hydrochloride (SB269970) had no differences. Preincubation of cells with the diacylglycerol analogue, 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol (OAG) caused inhibition of fluoxetine treatment effect but this not occurred in presence of the PKC inhibitor, 1-O-hexadecyl-2-O-methyl-rac-glycerol (AMG-C16). Forskolin counteracted the effect of fluoxetine on taurine transport, since at the concentrations used, the rate of taurine transport in Fluoxetine group, returned to Control rate. No significant differences were observed with the PKA inhibitor. Although it is not possible to attribute a definitive role of 5-HT2 receptors in fluoxetine effect on taurine transport, its signaling might affect the function of it. Participation of PKC and PKA have an apparently relevant role in lymphocyte taurine transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Colmenares-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela.
| | - Lucimey Lima
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
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Kao WT, Chang CL, Lung FW. 5-HTT mRNA level as a potential biomarker of treatment response in patients with major depression in a clinical trial. J Affect Disord 2018; 238:597-608. [PMID: 29957477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether the serotonin transporter (5-HTT or SERT or SLC6A4) mRNA level could be used as a biomarker of treatment response in patients with major depression treated with different antidepressants while controlling related factors. METHODS One hundred and nineteen patients with major depression were recruited; all genotyped for the 5-HTT polymorphism concerning 5-HTTLPR, rs25531, and STin2 VNTR, provided demographic data and completed relevant questionnaires. Duloxetine and paroxetine were administered over 32 weeks to these patients. The Hamilton depression rating scale (HDRS) and 5-HTT mRNA level were evaluated at baseline (Week 0), and at 8, 16, 24 and 32 weeks. RESULTS Improvement in depressive symptoms (HDRS score declined) and increasing in 5-HTT mRNA level were found with longer duration of antidepressant treatment in patients with major depression. Patients with more 5-HTTPR long-form alleles and STin2.12 alleles had poor antidepressant treatment response. Duloxetine may give a better treatment response than paroxetine. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), the 5-HTTLPR long-form had a direct positive association with the 5-HTT mRNA level and an indirect adverse relationship with the 5-HTT mRNA level through neuroticism and previous suicide attempts. CONCLUSION The 5-HTT mRNA level increased and correlated with the treatment response (HDRS score improvement) under 32-weeks antidepressants treatment clinical trial. We speculate that the 5-HTT mRNA level may be used as a potential biomarker of antidepressant treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Tsung Kao
- Laboratories of Medical Research, Center for Faculty Development and Education, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Lin Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - For-Wey Lung
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Calo Psychiatric Center, Pingtung County, Taiwan.
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Belzeaux R, Lin R, Ju C, Chay MA, Fiori LM, Lutz PE, Turecki G. Transcriptomic and epigenomic biomarkers of antidepressant response. J Affect Disord 2018; 233:36-44. [PMID: 28918100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antidepressant treatment is associated with a high rate of poor response, and thus, biomarker development is warranted. METHODS We aimed to synthesize studies investigating gene expression, small RNAs, and epigenomic biomarkers of antidepressant response. We conducted a narrative review of the literature. RESULTS Firstly, we detailed the challenges involved, in terms of biological tissues, relevant study time frames, and mandatory statistical tools. Secondly we synthesized results obtained in gene expression studies, focusing mainly on genome-wide studies, particularly small non-coding RNA, including micro-RNA and other small RNA species. In addition, we reviewed the potential biomarkers of antidepressant response arising from studies investigating DNA methylation variation and histone modifications. LIMITATIONS We did not conduct a meta-analysis due to the heterogeneity of the study. CONCLUSION Although promising, the field of gene expression and epigenomic biomarkers of antidepressant response is still in its infancy, and needs further development to define useful biomarkers in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoul Belzeaux
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rixing Lin
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chelsey Ju
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marc-Aurele Chay
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laura M Fiori
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre-Eric Lutz
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience, CNRS, UPR3212, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Hacimusalar Y, Eşel E. Suggested Biomarkers for Major Depressive Disorder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 55:280-290. [PMID: 30224877 DOI: 10.5152/npa.2017.19482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) mainly relies on clinical examination and subjective evaluation of depressive symptoms. There is no non-invasive, quantitative test available today for the diagnosis of MDD. In MDD, exploration of biomarkers will be helpful in diagnosing the disorder as well as in choosing a treatment, and predicting the treatment response. In this article, it is aimed to review the findings of suggested biomarkers such as growth factors, cytokines and other inflammatory markers, oxidative stress markers, endocrine markers, energy balance hormones, genetic and epigenetic features, and neuroimaging in MDD and to evaluate how these findings contribute to the pathophysiology of MDD, the prediction of treatment response, severity of the disorder, and identification of subtypes. Among these, the findings related to the brain-derived neurotrophic factor, the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, cytokines, and neuroimaging may be strong candidates for being biomarkers MDD, and may provide critical information in understanding biological etiology of depression. Although the findings are not sufficient yet, we think that the results of epigenetic studies will also provide very important contributions to the biomarker research in MDD. The availability of biomarkers in MDD will be an advancement that will facilitate the diagnosis of the disorder, treatment choices in the early stages, and prediction of the course of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunus Hacimusalar
- Department of Psychiatry, Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ertuğrul Eşel
- Department of Psychiatry, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
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14
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Consoloni JL, Ibrahim EC, Lefebvre MN, Zendjidjian X, Olié E, Mazzola-Pomietto P, Desmidt T, Samalin L, Llorca PM, Abbar M, Lopez-Castroman J, Haffen E, Baumstarck K, Naudin J, Azorin JM, El-Hage W, Courtet P, Belzeaux R. Serotonin transporter gene expression predicts the worsening of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts along a long-term follow-up of a Major Depressive Episode. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 28:401-414. [PMID: 29287766 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The quest for biomarkers in suicidal behaviors has been elusive so far, despite their potential utility in clinical practice. One of the most robust biological findings in suicidal behaviors is the alteration of the serotonin transporter function in suicidal individuals. Our main objective was to investigate the predictive value of the serotonin transporter gene expression (SLC6A4) for suicidal ideation and as secondary, for suicide attempts in individuals with a major depressive episode (MDE). A 30-week prospective study was conducted on 148 patients with a MDE and 100 healthy controls including 4 evaluation times (0, 2, 8 and 30 weeks). Blood samples and clinical data were collected and SLC6A4 mRNA levels were measured from peripheral blood mononuclear cells using RT-qPCR. We first demonstrated the stability and reproducibility of SLC6A4 mRNA expression measures over time in healthy controls (F=0.658; p=0.579; η2=0.008; ICC=0.91, 95% CI [0.87-0.94]). Baseline SLC6A4 expression level (OR=0.563 [0.340-0.932], p=0.026) as well as early changes in SLC6A4 expression between baseline and the 2nd week (β=0.200, p=0.042) predicted the worsening of suicidal ideation (WSI) in the following 8 weeks. Moreover, changes in SLC6A4 expression between the 2nd and 8th weeks predicted the occurrence of a suicide attempt within 30 weeks (OR=10.976 [1.438-83.768], p=0.021). Altogether, the baseline level and the changes in SLC6A4 mRNA expression during a MDE might predict the WSI and the occurrence of suicidal attempts and could be a useful biomarker in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia-Lou Consoloni
- APHM, Department of psychiatry, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRN2M, UMR 7286, Marseille, France; Fondation FondaMental, Fondation de Recherche et de Soins en Santé Mentale, Créteil, France
| | - El Chérif Ibrahim
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRN2M, UMR 7286, Marseille, France; Fondation FondaMental, Fondation de Recherche et de Soins en Santé Mentale, Créteil, France; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INT, Inst Neurosci Timone, Marseille, France
| | | | - Xavier Zendjidjian
- APHM, Department of psychiatry, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, SPMC, EA 3279, Public Health, Chronic Diseases and Quality of Life - Research Unit, Marseille, France
| | - Emilie Olié
- Fondation FondaMental, Fondation de Recherche et de Soins en Santé Mentale, Créteil, France; Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, CHU Montpellier, France; Inserm, U1061, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Thomas Desmidt
- CHRU de Tours, Clinique Psychiatrique Universitaire, Tours, France; Inserm U1253 Imaging & Brain, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Ludovic Samalin
- Fondation FondaMental, Fondation de Recherche et de Soins en Santé Mentale, Créteil, France; CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Department of Psychiatry, EA 7280, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pierre-Michel Llorca
- Fondation FondaMental, Fondation de Recherche et de Soins en Santé Mentale, Créteil, France; CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Department of Psychiatry, EA 7280, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mocrane Abbar
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, CHRU Nimes, Nimes, France
| | - Jorge Lopez-Castroman
- Inserm, U1061, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Department of Adult Psychiatry, CHRU Nimes, Nimes, France
| | - Emmanuel Haffen
- Fondation FondaMental, Fondation de Recherche et de Soins en Santé Mentale, Créteil, France; Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital, Besançon, France; EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France; CIC-1431 Inserm, University Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Karine Baumstarck
- Aix Marseille Univ, SPMC, EA 3279, Public Health, Chronic Diseases and Quality of Life - Research Unit, Marseille, France
| | - Jean Naudin
- APHM, Department of psychiatry, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Michel Azorin
- APHM, Department of psychiatry, Marseille, France; Fondation FondaMental, Fondation de Recherche et de Soins en Santé Mentale, Créteil, France; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INT, Inst Neurosci Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Wissam El-Hage
- CHRU de Tours, Clinique Psychiatrique Universitaire, Tours, France; Inserm U1253 Imaging & Brain, Université de Tours, Tours, France; Inserm CIC 1415, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Courtet
- Fondation FondaMental, Fondation de Recherche et de Soins en Santé Mentale, Créteil, France; Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, CHU Montpellier, France; Inserm, U1061, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Raoul Belzeaux
- APHM, Department of psychiatry, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRN2M, UMR 7286, Marseille, France; Fondation FondaMental, Fondation de Recherche et de Soins en Santé Mentale, Créteil, France; McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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15
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Di Rosso ME, Palumbo ML, Genaro AM. Immunomodulatory effects of fluoxetine: A new potential pharmacological action for a classic antidepressant drug? Pharmacol Res 2016; 109:101-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Gururajan A, Clarke G, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Molecular biomarkers of depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 64:101-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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17
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Li X, Fan Y, Xiao S, Peng S, Dong X, Zheng X, Liu CC, Li H, Xiao Z. Decreased platelet 5-hydroxytryptamin (5-HT) levels: a response to antidepressants. J Affect Disord 2015; 187:84-90. [PMID: 26321259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet 5-hydroxytryptamin (serotonin, 5-HT) has been examined for its use as a peripheral biomarker for depression or other mental disorders; however, it remains unclear whether blood 5-HT levels can reflect the brain's levels of serotonin. METHODS Platelet 5-HT levels in 45 drug-naïve, 32 citalopram-treated patients with major depression and 32 healthy control were assayed, Hamilton Depression scale (HAMD) and Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) were assessed. We then measured 5-HT in platelet, in platelet-poor plasma and in the nuclei of brain tissues obtained from chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rats with or without citalopram treatment, and from the controls rats that were treated with vehicle. Toward this end, we analyzed whether correlations exist between platelet and brain. RESULTS No differences were observed among drug-naïve patients, citalopram-treated patients and health control according to gender and age (p>0.05). Drug-naïve depressed patients had highest scores in HAMD and HAMA among the three groups (F=223.3, p<0.01; F=70.7, p<0.01, respectively) Citalopram-treated patients had significantly lower platelet 5-HT levels,compared to control subjects (Mean 58.1±36.8ng/10(9) versus 558.0±199.4ng/10(9), p<0.01) and compared to drug-naïve patients (Mean 58.1 ±36.8ng/10(9) versus 646.4±259.0ng/10(9), p<0.01), while drug-naïve patients had similar 5-HT platelet concentrations as controls(p>0.05). Consistent with clinical results, in comparison with control (1473.4±391.0ng/10(9)) and drug-naive CUMS rats (1559.0±424.4ng/10(9)), the citalopram-treated CUMS rats (684.2±335.6ng/10(9)) demonstrated a significant reduction in platelet 5-HT levels (p<0.01), but there were no difference among the three groups in platelet-poor plasma 5-HT(F=0.11, p>0.05). Hippocampal 5-HT levels were higher among CUMS rats treated with saline (98.2±59.0ng/g) than vehicle animals (31.9±18.3ng/g, p<0.01) or citalopram-treated rats (42.1±33.9ng/g, p<0.05); however, 5-HT concentrations in prefrontal cortex and Raphe Nuclei were consistent among citalopram-treated or saline-treated CUMS rats(p>0.05). Furthermore, the levels of platelet 5-HT did not correlate with neuronal 5-HT levels (p>0.05). LIMITATIONS Dosages was fix for citalopram-treat rats, and the citalopram-treated vehicle arm did not set up. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that platelet 5-HT levels might respond to SSRI treatment, but this peripheral index is not a direct reflector of central 5-HT levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Wan Ping Nan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yuan Fan
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Wan Ping Nan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Shifu Xiao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Wan Ping Nan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Sufang Peng
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Wan Ping Nan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xiaowei Dong
- Brain Function Research Laboratory, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xianjie Zheng
- Brain Function Research Laboratory, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Chia-Chen Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville FL 32224, USA
| | - Huafang Li
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Wan Ping Nan Road, Shanghai 200030, China.
| | - Zeping Xiao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Wan Ping Nan Road, Shanghai 200030, China.
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18
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Jaiswal P, Mohanakumar KP, Rajamma U. Serotonin mediated immunoregulation and neural functions: Complicity in the aetiology of autism spectrum disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 55:413-31. [PMID: 26021727 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Serotonergic system has long been implicated in the aetiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), since platelet hyperserotonemia is consistently observed in a subset of autistic patients, who respond well to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Apart from being a neurotransmitter, serotonin functions as a neurotrophic factor directing brain development and as an immunoregulator modulating immune responses. Serotonin transporter (SERT) regulates serotonin level in lymphoid tissues to ensure its proper functioning in innate and adaptive responses. Immunological molecules such as cytokines in turn regulate the transcription and activity of SERT. Dysregulation of serotonergic system could trigger signalling cascades that affect normal neural-immune interactions culminating in neurodevelopmental and neural connectivity defects precipitating behavioural abnormalities, or the disease phenotypes. Therefore, we suggest that a better understanding of the cross talk between serotonergic genes, immune systems and serotonergic neurotransmission will open wider avenues to develop pharmacological leads for addressing the core ASD behavioural deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Jaiswal
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, Manovikas Kendra, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector-J, EM Bypass, Kolkata 700 107, India
| | - Kochupurackal P Mohanakumar
- Division of Cell Biology & Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Usha Rajamma
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, Manovikas Kendra, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector-J, EM Bypass, Kolkata 700 107, India.
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19
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Effects of genetic and early environmental risk factors for depression on serotonin transporter expression and methylation profiles. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e402. [PMID: 24937096 PMCID: PMC4080318 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonin transporter (SERT) gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) has been implicated in moderating the link between life stress and depression. However, respective molecular pathways of gene-environment (GxE) interaction are largely unknown. Sustained alterations in SERT gene expression profiles, possibly mediated by epigenetic modifications, are a frequent correlate of depression and may thus constitute a putative mediator of GxE interaction. Here, we aimed to investigate joint effects of 5-HTTLPR and self-reported environmental adversity throughout the lifespan (prenatal, early and recent stress/trauma) on in vivo SERT mRNA expression in peripheral blood cells. To further evaluate whether environmentally induced changes in SERT expression are mediated by epigenetic modifications, we analyzed 83 CpG sites within a 799-bp promoter-associated CpG island of the SERT gene using the highly sensitive method of bisulfite pyrosequencing. Participants were 133 healthy young adults. Our findings show that both the 5-HTTLPR S allele and maternal prenatal stress/child maltreatment are associated with reduced in vivo SERT mRNA expression in an additive manner. Remarkably, individuals carrying both the genetic and the environmental risk factors exhibited 32.8% (prenatal stress) and 56.3% (child maltreatment) lower SERT mRNA levels compared with those without any risk factor. Our data further indicated that changes in SERT mRNA levels were unlikely to be mediated by DNA methylation profiles within the SERT CpG island. It is thus conceivable that the persistent changes in SERT expression may in turn relate to altered serotonergic functioning and possibly convey differential disease vulnerability associated with 5-HTTLPR and early adversity.
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20
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Xu J, Cheng YQ, Chen B, Bai R, Li S, Xu XF, Xu L, Wen JF, Lu ZP, Zeng XF. Depression in systemic lupus erythematosus patients is associated with link-polymorphism but not methylation status of the 5HTT promoter region. Lupus 2013; 22:1001-10. [PMID: 23893825 DOI: 10.1177/0961203313498793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A higher prevalence of depression in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients has been reported, though the mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains unclear. The present study was conducted to explore whether the polymorphism and methylation status of the serotonin transporter gene (5HTT) promoter region (PR-5HTT) contribute to depression in SLE patients from both genetic and epigenetic perspectives. In this study, 96 SLE patients and 96 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. Depression levels of all subjects were evaluated using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). The serotonin transporter-linked polymorphism (5HTTLPR) and the DNA methylation status of PR-5HTT were detected in peripheral lymphocytes of SLE patients and HCs. The differences in 5HTTLPR and DNA methylation of PR-5HTT between SLEs and HCs were compared. In SLE patients, the frequencies of short allele (S) and SS genotype of 5HTTLPR were higher in depressive SLE (SLE-D) patients than in non-depressive SLE (SLE-ND) patients. The mean HDRS score of SS homozygote patients was higher than that of patients with SL/LL genotypes. Conversely, PR-5HTT was hypomethylated in HCs as well as SLE patients. There was no difference in the methylation status between HCs and SLEs. Thus, the functional expression of PR-5HTT may be primarily regulated by gene polymorphism and not by DNA methylation. The risk allele of 5HTTLPR appears to be a major contributor to depression in SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - YQ Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - B Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - R Bai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - S Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - XF Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - L Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - JF Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - ZP Lu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - XF Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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Coding and noncoding gene expression biomarkers in mood disorders and schizophrenia. DISEASE MARKERS 2013; 35:11-21. [PMID: 24167345 PMCID: PMC3774957 DOI: 10.1155/2013/748095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mood disorders and schizophrenia are common and complex disorders with consistent evidence of genetic and environmental influences on predisposition. It is generally believed that the consequences of disease, gene expression, and allelic heterogeneity may be partly the explanation for the variability observed in treatment response. Correspondingly, while effective treatments are available for some patients, approximately half of the patients fail to respond to current neuropsychiatric treatments. A number of peripheral gene expression studies have been conducted to understand these brain-based disorders and mechanisms of treatment response with the aim of identifying suitable biomarkers and perhaps subgroups of patients based upon molecular fingerprint. In this review, we summarize the results from blood-derived gene expression studies implemented with the aim of discovering biomarkers for treatment response and classification of disorders. We include data from a biomarker study conducted in first-episode subjects with schizophrenia, where the results provide insight into possible individual biological differences that predict antipsychotic response. It is concluded that, while peripheral studies of expression are generating valuable results in pathways involving immune regulation and response, larger studies are required which hopefully will lead to robust biomarkers for treatment response and perhaps underlying variations relevant to these complex disorders.
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22
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Baganz NL, Blakely RD. A dialogue between the immune system and brain, spoken in the language of serotonin. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:48-63. [PMID: 23336044 DOI: 10.1021/cn300186b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders have long been linked to both immune system activation and alterations in serotonin (5-HT) signaling. In the CNS, the contributions of 5-HT modulate a broad range of targets, most notably, hypothalamic, limbic and cortical circuits linked to the control of mood and mood disorders. In the periphery, many are aware of the production and actions of 5-HT in the gut but are unaware that the molecule and its receptors are also present in the immune system where evidence suggests they contribute to the both innate and adaptive responses. In addition, there is clear evidence that the immune system communicates to the brain via both humoral and neuronal mechanisms, and that CNS 5-HT neurons are a direct or indirect target for these actions. Following a brief primer on the immune system, we describe our current understanding of the synthesis, release, and actions of 5-HT in modulating immune function, including the expression of 5-HT biosynthetic enzymes, receptors, and transporters that are typically studied with respect to the roles in the CNS. We then orient our presentation to recent findings that pro-inflammatory cytokines can modulate CNS 5-HT signaling, leading to a conceptualization that among the many roles of 5-HT in the body is an integrated physiological and behavioral response to inflammatory events and pathogens. From this perspective, altered 5-HT/immune conversations are likely to contribute to risk for neurobehavioral disorders historically linked to compromised 5-HT function or ameliorated by 5-HT targeted medications, including depression and anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and autism. Our review raises the question as to whether genetic variation impacting 5-HT signaling genes may contribute to maladaptive behavior as much through perturbed immune system modulation as through altered brain mechanisms. Conversely, targeting the immune system for therapeutic development may provide an important opportunity to treat mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L. Baganz
- Department of Pharmacology and ‡Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-8548, United States
| | - Randy D. Blakely
- Department of Pharmacology and ‡Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-8548, United States
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Abstract
The dramatic technical advances in methods to measure gene expression on a genome-wide level thus far have not been paralleled by breakthrough discoveries in psychiatric disorders-including major depression (MD)-using these hypothesis-free approaches. In this review, we first describe the methodologic advances made in gene expression analysis, from quantitative polymerase chain reaction to next-generation sequencing. We then discuss issues in gene expression experiments specific to MD, ranging from the choice of target tissues to the characterization of the case group. We provide a synopsis of the gene expression studies published thus far for MD, with a focus on studies using mRNA microarray methods. Finally, we discuss possible new strategies for the gene expression studies in MD that circumvent some of the addressed issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Mehta
- Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Menke
- Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth B. Binder
- Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
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24
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Yang GB, Qiu CL, Aye P, Shao Y, Lackner AA. Expression of serotonin transporters by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Cell Immunol 2007; 248:69-76. [PMID: 17980355 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2007] [Revised: 09/16/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been well established that serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) plays a key role in neuro-endocrine-immune networks, mostly through its receptors and/or transporters. Although the presence of 5-HT receptor mRNAs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of rhesus monkeys has been reported, there is little information about serotonin transporter (SERT) expression by these cells. To examine SERT expression at the transcription and translation level, one-step RT-PCR, confocal microscopy and flow cytometry were used to detect SERT mRNA and protein expression by rhesus monkey PBMCs. It was found that SERT mRNA could be detected by RT-PCR from all of the rhesus macaque PBMC RNA samples and the nucleotide sequence of the amplicons was identical to the published SERT mRNA sequence. Low level SERT immunoreactivity was also demonstrated on the surface of rhesus PBMCs by confocal microscopy. Almost all lymphocytes and most monocytes were positive for SERT by flow cytometry. In the 2 rhesus macaques examined by multicolor flow cytometry, SERT(bright) cells were more than 84%, 94%, and 96% among CD20+, CD3+, and CD3+CD4+ lymphocytes respectively. These data demonstrate expression of SERT by rhesus macaque PBMCs, and indicate that rhesus macaques would be suitable models to test the in vivo immune regulatory effects of 5-HT or drugs targeting SERT.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China-CDC, 27 Nanwei Road, Xuanwu District, Beijing 100050, PR China.
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