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Hetland G, Tangen JM, Mahmood F, Mirlashari MR, Nissen-Meyer LSH, Nentwich I, Therkelsen SP, Tjønnfjord GE, Johnson E. Antitumor, Anti-Inflammatory and Antiallergic Effects of Agaricus blazei Mushroom Extract and the Related Medicinal Basidiomycetes Mushrooms, Hericium erinaceus and Grifola frondosa: A Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051339. [PMID: 32397163 PMCID: PMC7285126 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the 1980s, medicinal effects have been documented in scientific studies with the related Basidiomycota mushrooms Agaricus blazei Murill (AbM), Hericium erinaceus (HE) and Grifola frondosa (GF) from Brazilian and Eastern traditional medicine. Special focus has been on their antitumor effects, but the mushrooms' anti-inflammatory and antiallergic properties have also been investigated. The antitumor mechanisms were either direct tumor attack, e.g., apoptosis and metastatic suppression, or indirect defense, e.g., inhibited tumor neovascularization and T helper cell (Th) 1 immune response. The anti-inflammatory mechanisms were a reduction in proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress and changed gut microbiota, and the antiallergic mechanism was amelioration of a skewed Th1/Th2 balance. Since a predominant Th2 milieu is also found in cancer, which quite often is caused by a local chronic inflammation, the three conditions-tumor, inflammation and allergy-seem to be linked. Further mechanisms for HE were increased nerve and beneficial gut microbiota growth, and oxidative stress regulation. The medicinal mushrooms AbM, HE and GF appear to be safe, and can, in fact, increase longevity in animal models, possibly due to reduced tumorigenesis and oxidation. This article reviews preclinical and clinical findings with these mushrooms and the mechanisms behind them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Hetland
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway; (M.R.M.); (L.S.H.N.-M.); (I.N.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; (G.E.T.); (E.J.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jon-Magnus Tangen
- National CBRNE Medical Advisory Centre, Oslo University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Faiza Mahmood
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway;
| | - Mohammad Reza Mirlashari
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway; (M.R.M.); (L.S.H.N.-M.); (I.N.)
| | - Lise Sofie Haug Nissen-Meyer
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway; (M.R.M.); (L.S.H.N.-M.); (I.N.)
| | - Ivo Nentwich
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway; (M.R.M.); (L.S.H.N.-M.); (I.N.)
| | | | - Geir Erland Tjønnfjord
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; (G.E.T.); (E.J.)
- Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Egil Johnson
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; (G.E.T.); (E.J.)
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway
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The Mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill Elicits Medicinal Effects on Tumor, Infection, Allergy, and Inflammation through Its Modulation of Innate Immunity and Amelioration of Th1/Th2 Imbalance and Inflammation. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2011; 2011:157015. [PMID: 21912538 PMCID: PMC3168293 DOI: 10.1155/2011/157015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The medicinal mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill from the Brazilian rain forest has been used in traditional medicine and as health food for the prevention of a range of diseases, including infection, allergy, and cancer. Other scientists and we have examined whether there is scientific evidence behind such postulations. Agaricus blazei M is rich in the immunomodulating polysaccharides, β-glucans, and has been shown to have antitumor, anti-infection, and antiallergic/-asthmatic properties in mouse models, in addition to anti-inflammatory effects in inflammatory bowel disease patients. These effects are mediated through the mushroom's stimulation of innate immune cells, such as monocytes, NK cells, and dendritic cells, and the amelioration of a skewed Th1/Th2 balance and inflammation.
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Pate MB, Smith JK, Chi DS, Krishnaswamy G. Regulation and dysregulation of immunoglobulin E: a molecular and clinical perspective. Clin Mol Allergy 2010; 8:3. [PMID: 20178634 PMCID: PMC2837605 DOI: 10.1186/1476-7961-8-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered levels of Immunoglobulin E (IgE) represent a dysregulation of IgE synthesis and may be seen in a variety of immunological disorders. The object of this review is to summarize the historical and molecular aspects of IgE synthesis and the disorders associated with dysregulation of IgE production. METHODS Articles published in Medline/PubMed were searched with the keyword Immunoglobulin E and specific terms such as class switch recombination, deficiency and/or specific disease conditions (atopy, neoplasia, renal disease, myeloma, etc.). The selected papers included reviews, case reports, retrospective reviews and molecular mechanisms. Studies involving both sexes and all ages were included in the analysis. RESULTS Both very low and elevated levels of IgE may be seen in clinical practice. Major advancements have been made in our understanding of the molecular basis of IgE class switching including roles for T cells, cytokines and T regulatory (or Treg) cells in this process. Dysregulation of this process may result in either elevated IgE levels or IgE deficiency. CONCLUSION Evaluation of a patient with elevated IgE must involve a detailed differential diagnosis and consideration of various immunological and non-immunological disorders. The use of appropriate tests will allow the correct diagnosis to be made. This can often assist in the development of tailored treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariah B Pate
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - John Kelly Smith
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Department of Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - David S Chi
- Department of Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Guha Krishnaswamy
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Department of Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Mountain Home, TN, USA
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Ellertsen LK, Storla DG, Diep LM, Brokstad KA, Wiker HG, Hetland G. Allergic sensitisation in tuberculosis patients at the time of diagnosis and following chemotherapy. BMC Infect Dis 2009; 9:100. [PMID: 19558655 PMCID: PMC2711955 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-9-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is still a matter of debate whether there is an association between infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) and allergy. Previously, we have shown higher levels of specific IgE to different inhalant allergens and total IgE in tuberculosis (TB) patients compared to controls. The objectives of this study were to evaluate a possible change in allergic sensitisation after successful TB treatment and to confirm the finding of our previous study of enhanced allergic sensitisation in TB patients compared to controls in a more controlled setting. Additionally, we wanted to determine the cytokine profile in the same groups and finally to evaluate the association between the presence of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination (BCG) scar and allergic sensitisation among the controls. Methods Sera were analysed for specific IgE to inhalant allergens (Phadiatop) and total IgE by the use of ImmunoCAP 1000 (Pharmacia Diagnostics). Thirteen different cytokines were also analysed in the sera by multiplex bead immunoassay (Luminex 100, Luminex Corporation), and clinical symptoms of allergy and BCG scar were reported in a questionnaire. Results A reduction in levels of specific and total IgE were observed after successful TB treatment. TB patients also had higher levels of specific and total IgE compared to healthy controls. Both interleukin (IL)-6 and interferon (IFN)γ were higher in TB patients compared to healthy controls. The levels of IL-6 were reduced after successful TB treatment. The presence of a BCG scar was associated with a reduced risk of developing allergic sensitisation. Conclusion We observed a reduced level of allergic sensitisation after successful TB treatment. TB patients seem to be more allergically sensitised than healthy controls, confirming our previous finding. Furthermore, we observed an inverse association between allergic sensitisation and visible BCG scar, which adds additional support to the hygiene hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda K Ellertsen
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Plant pollens are one of the most common outdoor allergens. Pollen grains and subpollen particles can reach lower airways and induce symptoms of seasonal asthma and allergic rhinitis. Plants possess NAD(P)H oxidase activity that generates reactive oxygen species for physiological functions such as root-hair and pollen-tube growth, defense against microbial infections and cell signaling. The presence of NAD(P)H oxidases in pollens and their role in induction of airway inflammation have not been described until recently. RECENT FINDINGS We discovered the presence of NAD(P)H oxidase in ragweed and other plant pollens. These oxidases induce reactive oxygen species in mucosal cells (signal 1) independent of adaptive immunity. This reactive oxygen species facilitates antigen (signal 2)-induced allergic inflammation. Inhibiting signal 1 by administration of antioxidants attenuated ragweed extract-induced allergic inflammation. Likewise, abrogating signal 2 by antigen challenge in mice lacking T cells failed to induce allergic inflammation. SUMMARY Reactive oxygen species generated by pollen NAD(P)H oxidase play a major role in pathogenesis of allergic airway inflammation and airway hypersensitivity. Based on our findings, we propose a 'two signal hypothesis of allergic inflammation' in which both signal 1 (reactive oxygen species) and signal 2 (antigen presentation) are required in order to induce full-blown allergic inflammation.
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Rook GAW, Hamelmann E, Brunet LR. Mycobacteria and allergies. Immunobiology 2007; 212:461-73. [PMID: 17544831 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2007.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to mycobacteria was inevitable throughout mammalian evolution. Most mycobacteria are saprophytic environmental organisms that are enormously abundant in soil and untreated water and evoke immune responses in the residents of developing countries. A few species are pathogens. For example Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), infects approximately 1/3 of the world's population. Many individuals also receive vaccination with the Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG), which is an attenuated form of the organism causing bovine TB. In order to understand the possible role that mycobacteria might have in the increases in allergic disorders over the last decades, it is necessary to dissect out these different mycobacterial influences. Above all it is essential, when analysing tuberculin test results, to distinguish between individuals who have latent TB and those who do not. Only then can probable effects of diverse types of exposure emerge. There is no doubt that in animal models mycobacteria can both prevent and treat allergic responses either by boosting Th1 or by driving allergen-specific regulatory T cells (RegT). Clinical trials in man remain inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham A W Rook
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and International Health, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, 46 Cleveland Street, London W1T 4JF, UK.
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Abstract
Infections, such as tuberculosis, measles and diphtheria, may decrease the risk of developing atopic allergic disorders. Patients with pulmonary TB having similar allergic skin prick test sensitivity as healthy controls but unable to show vigorous atopic phenotype in their healthy period might be a sign for Th1-Th2 immune interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kutlu
- Department of Allergy, Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Outcome measures. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 6:241-4. [PMID: 16670521 DOI: 10.1097/01.all.0000225167.72842.fd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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