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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is characterized by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta-cells in genetically predisposed individuals, eventually resulting in severe insulin deficiency. It is the most common form of diabetes in children and adolescents. Genetic susceptibility plays a crucial role in development of T1DM. The human leukocyte antigen complex plays a key role in the pathogenesis of T1DM. Furthermore, genome-wide association studies and linkage analysis have recently made a significant contribution to current knowledge relative to the impact of genetics on T1DM development and progression. This review focuses on current knowledge of genetics as a pathogenesis for T1DM. It also discusses mechanisms by which genes influence the risk of developing T1DM as well as the clinical and research applications of genetic risk scores in T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Sang Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Ajou University Hospital, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea,Address for correspondence: Hae Sang Lee, MD, PhD Department of Pediatrics, Ajou University Hospital, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 World cupro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Korea Tel: +82-31-219-5166 Fax: +82-31-219-5169 E-mail:
| | - Jin Soon Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, Ajou University Hospital, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Classical HLA alleles tag SNP in families from Antioquia with type 1 diabetes mellitus. BIOMEDICA 2018; 38:329-337. [PMID: 30335238 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v38i3.3768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The HLA region strongly associates with autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes. An alternative way to test classical HLA alleles is by using tag SNP. A set of tag SNP for several classical HLA alleles has been reported as associated with susceptibility or resistance to this disease in Europeans.
Objective: We aimed at validating the methodology based on tag SNP focused on the inference of classical HLA alleles, and at evaluating their association with type 1 diabetes mellitus in a sample of 200 families from Antioquia.
Materials and methods: We studied a sample of 200 families from Antioquia. Each family had one or two children with T1D. We genotyped 13 SNPs using tetra-primer ARMS-PCR or PCRRFLP. In addition, we tested the validity of the tag SNP reported for Europeans in 60 individuals from a population of Colombians living in Medellín (CLM) from the 1000 Genomes Project database. Statistical analyses included the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the transmission disequilibrium and the linkage disequilibrium tests.
Results: The linkage disequilibrium was low in reported tag SNP and classical HLA alleles in this CLM population. Association analyses revealed both risk and protection factors to develop type 1 diabetes mellitus. Appropriate tag SNPs for the CLM population were determined by using the genotype information available in the 1000 Genome Project database.
Conclusions: Although linkage disequilibrium patterns in this CLM population were different from those reported in Europeans, we did find strong evidence of the role of HLA in the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus in the study population.
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Tomita T. Apoptosis of pancreatic β-cells in Type 1 diabetes. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2017; 17:183-193. [PMID: 28368239 PMCID: PMC5581966 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2017.1961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells after an asymptomatic period over years. Insulitis activates antigen presenting cells, which trigger activating CD4+ helper-T cells, releasing chemokines/cytokines. Cytokines activate CD8+ cytotoxic-T cells, which lead to β-cell destruction. Apoptosis pathway consists of extrinsic (receptor-mediated) and intrinsic (mitochondria-driven) pathway. Extrinsic pathway includes Fas pathway to CD4+-CD8+ interaction, whereas intrinsic pathway includes mitochondria-driven pathway at a balance between anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 and Bcl-xL and pro-apoptotic Bad, Bid, and Bik proteins. Activated cleaved caspse-3 is the converging point between extrinsic and intrinsic pathway. Apoptosis takes place only when pro-apoptotic proteins exceed anti-apoptotic proteins. Since the concordance rate of T1DM in identical twins is about 50%, environmental factors are involved in the development of T1DM, opening a door to find means to detect and prevent further development of autoimmune β-cell destruction for a therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Tomita
- Departments of Integrative Bioscience and Pathology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
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Manandhar B, Ahn JM. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs: recent advances, new possibilities, and therapeutic implications. J Med Chem 2014; 58:1020-37. [PMID: 25349901 PMCID: PMC4329993 DOI: 10.1021/jm500810s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
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Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is
an incretin that plays important
physiological roles in glucose homeostasis. Produced from intestine
upon food intake, it stimulates insulin secretion and keeps pancreatic
β-cells healthy and proliferating. Because of these beneficial
effects, it has attracted a great deal of attention in the past decade,
and an entirely new line of diabetic therapeutics has emerged based
on the peptide. In addition to the therapeutic applications, GLP-1
analogs have demonstrated a potential in molecular imaging of pancreatic β-cells;
this may be useful in early detection of the disease and evaluation
of therapeutic interventions, including islet transplantation. In
this Perspective, we focus on GLP-1 analogs for their studies on improvement
of biological activities, enhancement of metabolic stability, investigation
of receptor interaction, and visualization of the pancreatic islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Manandhar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
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Seifarth C, Littmann L, Resheq Y, Rössner S, Goldwich A, Pangratz N, Kerek F, Steinkasserer A, Zinser E. MCS-18, a novel natural plant product prevents autoimmune diabetes. Immunol Lett 2011; 139:58-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2011.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Wang P, Yigit MV, Medarova Z, Wei L, Dai G, Schuetz C, Moore A. Combined small interfering RNA therapy and in vivo magnetic resonance imaging in islet transplantation. Diabetes 2011; 60:565-71. [PMID: 21270267 PMCID: PMC3028356 DOI: 10.2337/db10-1400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent advances in human islet transplantation are hampered by significant graft loss shortly after transplantation and inability to follow islet fate directly. Both issues were addressed by utilizing a dual-purpose therapy/imaging small interfering RNA (siRNA)-nanoparticle probe targeting apoptotic-related gene caspase-3. We expect that treatment with the probe would result in significantly better survival of transplanted islets, which could be monitored by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We synthesized a probe consisting of therapeutic (siRNA to human caspase-3) and imaging (magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, MN) moieties. In vitro testing of the probe included serum starvation of the islets followed by treatment with the probe. Caspase-3 gene silencing and protein expression were determined by RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. In vivo studies included serial MRI of NOD-SCID mice transplanted with MN-small interfering (si)Caspase-3-labeled human islets under the left kidney capsule and MN-treated islets under the right kidney capsule. RESULTS Treatment with MN-siCaspase-3 probe resulted in decrease of mRNA and protein expression in serum-starved islets compared with controls. In vivo MRI showed that there were significant differences in the relative volume change between MN-siCaspase-3-treated grafts and MN-labeled grafts. Histology revealed decreased caspase-3 expression and cell apoptosis in MN-siCaspase-3-treated grafts compared with the control side. CONCLUSIONS Our data show the feasibility of combining siRNA therapy and in vivo monitoring of transplanted islets in mice. We observed a protective effect of MN-siCaspase-3 in treated islets both in vitro and in vivo. This study could potentially aid in increasing the success of clinical islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mehmet V. Yigit
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zdravka Medarova
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lingling Wei
- The Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Guangping Dai
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christian Schuetz
- The Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anna Moore
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Corresponding author: Anna Moore,
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Guimarães RL, Segat L, Rocha CRC, Brandão LAC, Zanin V, Araujo J, Naslavsky MS, de Lima Filho JL, Crovella S. Functional polymorphisms of DEFB1 gene in type 1 diabetes Brazilian children. Autoimmunity 2010; 42:406-13. [PMID: 19811257 DOI: 10.1080/08916930902882756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed three functional 5' un-translated region beta-defensin 1 (DEFB1) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) in a group of 170 type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients. In order to evaluate the SNPs influence on the disease onset and the development of other autoimmune disorder, such as celiac disease (CD) and autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), patients were stratified according to the presence of AITD, CD, and both AITD and CD. As control group, we studied 191 healthy children and adolescent not presenting a familiar historic of T1D, CD or AITD. DEFB1 SNPs were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium both in healthy controls and T1D patients, as well in the T1D patients stratified according to the presence of other autoimmune disorder(s). Allele, genotype, and haplotype frequencies of T1D patients globally considered were comparable to healthy controls ones. No evidence of any association of DEFB1 SNPs with the onset of AIDT, CD, and both AITD and CD on T1D patients was evidenced. Only a minor trend was found for an increased frequency of the - 20 G allele in T1D patients only presenting AITD vs. T1D patients not presenting AITD or CD, as well as an increase of those haplotypes comprising the - 20 G allele when compared with the GCA haplotype. We also evaluated the influence of functional DEFB1 SNPs on the age of T1D onset: no significant statistical conclusion was achieved. Further studies are envisaged, in order to elucidate the possible role of functional DEFB1 polymorphisms in the onset of TD1 and other autoimmune-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Guimarães
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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Marciano R, D'Annunzio G, Minuto N, Pasquali L, Santamaria A, Di Duca M, Ravazzolo R, Lorini R. Association of alleles at polymorphic sites in the Osteopontin encoding gene in young type 1 diabetic patients. Clin Immunol 2009; 131:84-91. [PMID: 19138884 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The Osteopontin (OPN) encoding gene, SPP1, can be considered as a candidate for genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes (T1D) because of its known function in immune response and inflammation. This work aimed to evaluate the role of SPP1 gene in susceptibility to T1D. Patients (238: 130 male, 108 female) and unaffected adult control individuals (137: 68 males and 69 females) have been genotyped for three variants in the SPP1 gene: -156 (G/GG) and -66 (T/G) in the promoter and a biallelic ins/del variant (TG/TGTG) at +245 in the first intron. The G allele at the -66 SNP had significantly higher frequency in controls than T1D patients. Interestingly, case-control comparison in males showed no significant association, whereas the association was confirmed in females. These results suggest that SPP1 can play a role as susceptibility gene, possibly by a sex-specific mechanism acting in the autoimmune process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Marciano
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, G. Gaslini Institute, Genova, Italy
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Lin M, Lubag A, McGuire MJ, Seliounine SY, Tsyganov EN, Antich PP, Sherry AD, Brown KC, Sun X. Advances in molecular imaging of pancreatic beta cells. FRONTIERS IN BIOSCIENCE : A JOURNAL AND VIRTUAL LIBRARY 2008; 13:4558-75. [PMID: 18508529 PMCID: PMC2790725 DOI: 10.2741/3023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The development of non-invasive imaging methods for early diagnosis of beta cell associated metabolic diseases, including type 1 and type 2 diabetes (T1D and T2D), has recently drawn interest from the molecular imaging community and clinical investigators. Due to the challenges imposed by the location of the pancreas, the sparsely dispersed beta cell population within the pancreas, and the poor understanding of the pathogenesis of the diseases, clinical diagnosis of beta cell abnormalities is still limited. Current diagnostic methods are invasive, often inaccurate, and usually performed post-onset of the disease. Advances in imaging techniques for probing beta cell mass and function are needed to address this critical health care problem. A variety of imaging techniques have been tested for the assessment of pancreatic beta cell islets. Here we discuss current advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), bioluminescence imaging (BLI), and nuclear imaging for the study of beta cell diseases. Spurred by early successes in nuclear imaging techniques for beta cells, especially positron emission tomography (PET), the need for beta cell specific ligands has expanded. Progress for obtaining such ligands is presented. We report our preliminary efforts of developing such a peptidic ligand for PET imaging of pancreatic beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Lin
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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Baniasadi V, Das SN. No evidence for association of PTPN22 R620W functional variant C1858T with type 1 diabetes in Asian Indians. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 12:1061-2. [PMID: 18194462 PMCID: PMC4401145 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00222.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- V Baniasadi
- *Correspondence to: Prof. Satya N DAS, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi-110029, India. E-mail:
| | - S N Das
- *Correspondence to: Prof. Satya N DAS, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi-110029, India. E-mail:
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Ljungberg M, Korpela R, Ilonen J, Ludvigsson J, Vaarala O. Probiotics for the prevention of beta cell autoimmunity in children at genetic risk of type 1 diabetes--the PRODIA study. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1079:360-4. [PMID: 17130579 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1375.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The final aim of the PRODIA study is to determine whether the use of probiotics during the first 6 months of life decreases the appearance of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)-associated autoantibodies in children with genetic risk for T1DM. A pilot study including 200 subjects was planned to show whether the use of probiotics during the first 6 months of life is safe and feasible. The prevalence of autoantibodies among the study subjects at 6, 12, and 24 months of age was at levels close to the expected and the clinical follow-up did not either indicate problems in the feasibility of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ljungberg
- Centre of Clinical Experimental Research, Division of Pediatrics and Diabetes Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, S-581 85 Linköping, Sweden.
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Maffei A, Harris PE. Targeting vesicular monoamine transporter Type 2 for noninvasive PET-based β-cell mass measurements. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2007; 2:35-46. [PMID: 30743747 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2.1.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The common pathology in both Types 1 and 2 diabetes is insufficient β-cell mass to meet the metabolic needs of insulin production. The rising worldwide incidence of diabetes, combined with the lack of reliable endpoints of the body's true capacity to produce insulin, constitute a serious dilemma facing healthcare professionals and the pharmaceutical industry. Recent advances in imaging science and molecular imaging chemistry, as well as a broader understanding of basic islet biology, now allow the collection of quantitative information about β cells deep within the pancreas. The ability to noninvasively measure the mass of insulin-producing cells will most likely be of value towards characterizing new drugs and refining the diagnosis and treatment of this burdensome disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Maffei
- a Research Scientist, IGB - CNR: Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, Adriano Buzzati-Traverso, Naples, 80131, Italy.
| | - Paul E Harris
- b Research Scientist, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, BB 20-06, College of Physicians and Surgeons 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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Das SN, Baniasadi V, Kapuria V. Association of ?308 TNF-? promoter polymorphism with type 1 diabetes in North Indians. Int J Immunogenet 2006; 33:411-6. [PMID: 17117950 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2006.00632.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S N Das
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.
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Abstract
The debate on whether infection precipitates or prevents autoimmunity remains a contentious one. Recently the suggestion that some unknown microbe can be at the origin of some chronic inflammatory diseases has been countered by accumulating evidence that decreasing infection rates might have an important role to play in the rising prevalence of autoimmune disorders. The 'Hygiene Hypothesis' was initially postulated to explain the inverse correlation between the incidence of infections and the rise of allergic diseases, particularly in the developed world. Latterly, the Hygiene Hypothesis has been extended to also incorporate autoimmune diseases in general. Amongst the various infectious agents, a particular emphasis has been put on the interaction between parasitic worms and humans. Worm parasites have co-evolved with the mammalian immune system for many millions of years and during this time, they have developed extremely effective strategies to modulate and evade host defences and so maintain their evolutionary fitness. It is therefore reasonable to conclude that the human immune system has been shaped by its relationship with parasitic worms and this may be a necessary requirement for maintaining our immunological health. Fully understanding this relationship may lead to novel and effective treatments for a host of deleterious inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zaccone
- Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK
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Ballotti S, Chiarelli F, de Martino M. Autoimmunity: basic mechanisms and implications in endocrine diseases. Part I. Horm Res Paediatr 2006; 66:132-41. [PMID: 16807508 DOI: 10.1159/000094251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmunity implies disturbances at several levels of the immune control. Self-tolerance and discrimination between self and non-self synergize to avoid the development of autoimmunity. Negative selection in the thymus, the transcription factor AIRE, CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells, and dendritic cells cooperate to produce and maintain tolerance. Cytokines modulate deriving immune processes and influence the local micro-environment. Multiple mechanisms are involved in tolerance breakdown: genetic factors (major histocompatibility complex haplotypes, polymorphisms in the cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen gene and epigenetic alterations), environmental factors (mainly infections), impaired apoptosis, and the emergence of autoreactive naive lymphocytes. These events may be involved in the pathogenesis of endocrine diseases at several levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ballotti
- Department of Paediatrics, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Byersdorfer CA, Chaplin DD. Visualization of early APC/T cell interactions in the mouse lung following intranasal challenge. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:6756-64. [PMID: 11739490 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.12.6756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have used fluorescent latex beads, with or without covalently conjugated OVA, to facilitate study of Ag trafficking in the mouse lung and draining peribronchial lymph node (LN). At 6 h, and up to 48 h after intranasal administration, beads were observed as intracellular clusters in the tissue parenchyma. Flow cytometry of bead-positive (bead(+)) cells from the bronchoalveolar lavage demonstrated that a majority of these cells are CD11c(+), F4/80(+), and CD11b(-). Furthermore, fluorescent microscopy confirmed that a major subset of bead(+) cells in the lung tissue was also CD11c(+). In the draining peribronchial LNs, small numbers of beads were present in the subcapsular sinus as early as 6 h after inhalation. By 12 h and beyond, bead(+) cells had localized exclusively to the LN T zone. OVA-conjugated latex beads, in addition to stimulating brisk proliferation of naive, OVA-specific DO11.10 transgenic T cells in vitro, could also recruit OVA-specific T cells in vivo. In some cases, bead(+) APCs and CD4(+) Th1 cells were found adjacently localized in the lung tissue 6 h after airway challenge. Thus, interactions of bead(+) APCs with Ag-specific CD4(+) T cells occurred earlier in the peripheral airways than these same interactions occurred in the draining peribronchial LN. Lastly, after adoptive transfer, in vitro differentiated Th1 cells accumulated at peripheral sites in the lung tissue and airways before Ag challenge and therefore were ideally positioned to influence subsequent immune reactions of the airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Byersdorfer
- Program in Immunology, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, and Center for Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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