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Camargo Moreno M, Lewis JB, Kovacs EJ, Lowery EM. Lung allograft donors with excessive alcohol use have increased levels of human antimicrobial peptide LL-37. Alcohol 2019; 80:109-117. [PMID: 30419299 PMCID: PMC6616019 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The relatively low long-term survival rate of lung transplant recipients as compared to other organ recipients serves as an impetus to identify potential lung dysfunction as early as possible. There is an association between donor heavy alcohol use and acute lung injury in the lung allograft after transplant, known as primary graft dysfunction. Excessive alcohol use (EAU) can induce pulmonary immune dysregulation in response to an infection. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an important component of the innate immune response to pulmonary infections, but the impact of EAU on AMPs in the allograft lung has not been evaluated. Our hypothesis is that specific lung AMPs, LL-37, α-defensin-1,2,3, and β-defensin-2, are dysregulated in the lungs from organ donors who had EAU. In this prospective observational investigation, we measured AMPs via ELISA and inflammatory cytokines via multiplex bead array, in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of lung allograft donors, comparing results based on their alcohol consumption. LL-37 levels in lung donors with EAU were found to be increased compared to nondrinker (ND) donors [median 7.7 ng/mL (IQR 4.1-37.0) vs. 2.3 ng/mL (IQR 1.1-7.9), p = 0.004], whereas α-defensins-1,2,3 were decreased only in the presence of an infection in donors with EAU compared to ND donors [median 2.2 ng/mL (IQR 1.6-2.4) vs. 3.2 ng/mL (IQR 2.3-3.8), p = 0.049]. There was no difference in β-defensin-2 levels. Gene expression levels of these AMPs were not different. Elevated levels of CXCL8 were noted in bronchial washings of donors with EAU compared to ND donors, [median 4372 pg/mL (IQR 3352-13180) vs. 867.3 pg/mL (IQR 163.6-3675), p = 0.04], suggesting a potentially heightened inflammatory response. At 1 month post-transplant, LL-37 and CXCL8 levels are decreased compared to levels at time of transplant. In lung donors with EAU, LL-37 and α-defensins-1,2,3 dysregulated levels in the presence of an infection may be a harbinger of dysfunction of the lungs through the transplant process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Camargo Moreno
- Alcohol Research Program, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, 2160 S. 1st Ave., Maywood, IL, 60153, United States; Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Health Sciences Campus, 2160 S. 1st Ave., Maywood, IL, 60153, United States
| | - J B Lewis
- Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Health Sciences Campus, 2160 S. 1st Ave., Maywood, IL, 60153, United States
| | - E J Kovacs
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12631 E. 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States; Alcohol Research Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - E M Lowery
- Alcohol Research Program, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, 2160 S. 1st Ave., Maywood, IL, 60153, United States; Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Health Sciences Campus, 2160 S. 1st Ave., Maywood, IL, 60153, United States.
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Liao Z, Dong J, Hu X, Wang T, Wan C, Li X, Li L, Guo L, Xu D, Wen F. Enhanced expression of human β-defensin 2 in peripheral lungs of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Peptides 2012; 38:350-6. [PMID: 23000304 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Human β-defensin 2 (hBD-2) has antimicrobial activity and may play a role in airway mucosal defense, but studies have not yet examined its expression in lung tissue of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Here we investigated hBD-2 levels in lung tissues of COPD patients and analyzed their correlations with IL-8, IL-1β, cigarette smoking and lung function in order to see whether the protein may be involved in pathogenesis of the disease. Peripheral lung tissue specimens were obtained from 51 patients who underwent lung resection for peripheral lung cancer: healthy non-smokers (n=8), healthy current smokers (n=7), non-smokers with COPD (n=11), and current smokers with COPD (n=25). RT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining were used to detect expression levels of hBD-2, IL-8 and IL-1β. Expression of hBD-2 mRNA was significantly higher in COPD patients than in healthy controls, and significantly higher in current smokers than in non-smokers (p<0.05). Among healthy controls, hBD-2 mRNA levels were similar between current smokers and non-smokers. Immunohistochemistry showed hBD-2 protein to be expressed mainly in epithelia of distal bronchioles and its expression pattern among our patient groups mirrored that of the mRNA. IL-8 mRNA levels were significantly higher in COPD patients than in healthy controls (p<0.05), while IL-1β mRNA levels did not differ significantly among the groups. Levels of hBD-2 mRNA positively correlated with levels of IL-8 mRNA (r=0.545, p=0.002), and negatively correlated with FEV1/FVC ratios and with predicted FEV1% values (r=-0.406, p=0.011). Our results indicate that hBD-2 expression is elevated in distal airways of COPD patients and that it may be involved in pathogenesis of the disease. Our data implicate cigarette smoking as a factor that may elevate hBD-2 levels in lung tissues of COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenglin Liao
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, and Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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Méndez-Samperio P. The human cathelicidin hCAP18/LL-37: a multifunctional peptide involved in mycobacterial infections. Peptides 2010; 31:1791-8. [PMID: 20600427 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are predominantly small cationic polypeptides that are classified together on the basis of these molecules to directly kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms including mycobacteria, and to activate mechanisms of cellular and adaptive immunity. Various families of antimicrobial peptides have been identified, including the cathelicidins. The cathelicidin family is characterised by a conserved N-terminal cathelin domain and a variable C-terminal antimicrobial domain that can be released from the precursor protein after cleavage by proteinases. LL-37 is the C-terminal part of the only human cathelicidin identified to date called human cationic antimicrobial protein (hCAP18), which is mainly expressed by neutrophils and epithelial cells. The cathelicidin hCAP18/LL-37 is a multifunctional molecule that may mediate various host responses, including bactericidal action, chemotaxis, epithelial cell activation, angiogenesis, epithelial wound repair and activation of chemokine secretion. The antimicrobial peptide LL-37 is produced from human cells during infection of mycobacteria and exerts a microbicidal effect. The discussion will (1) describe recent work on the antimicrobial and immunomodulatory functions of the cathelicidin hCAP18/LL-37, (2) highlight the effectiveness of the cathelicidin hCAP18/LL-37 as a potent component in antimycobacterial immune responses and (3) summarise current progress in the understanding of the therapeutic application of hCAP18/LL-37 and its derivates antimicrobial peptides in mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Méndez-Samperio
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN., Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala, 11340 Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
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Altiok E, Kemper R, Kindler J. [Idiopathic chronic eosinophilic pneumonia - a diagnostic challenge]. MEDIZINISCHE KLINIK (MUNICH, GERMANY : 1983) 2009; 104:555-61. [PMID: 19618141 DOI: 10.1007/s00063-009-1115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE REPORT A 43-year-old woman with clinical signs of a febrile respiratory infection with cough and dyspnea despite several antecedent antibiotic treatments was admitted to hospital because of persistent bilateral pulmonary infiltrates. DIAGNOSIS, THERAPY, AND COURSE In the diagnostic work-up, the most striking laboratory abnormality was an eosinophilia of 31% within the differential blood count. Specimen obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage showed an abnormally high level of eosinophils as well. In the absence of other known causes of an eosinophilic pulmonary disease the diagnosis of idiopathic chronic eosinophilic pneumonia was made. After initiation of corticosteroid medication the abnormal laboratory results, the clinical signs, and the radiologic findings almost completely normalized within 1 week. CONCLUSION If an apparent pneumonia fails to respond to conventional antibiotic treatment, a blood eosinophil count should be obtained. If blood eosinophils are abnormally high, diagnosis of idiopathic acute or chronic eosinophilic pneumonia should be considered and confirmed by demonstrating an excess of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Due to prognostic and therapeutic consequences idiopathic acute and chronic eosinophilic pneumonia should be distinguished from one another. A rapid response to glucocorticoid therapy supports the diagnosis. In order to avoid relapses, patients with chronic eosinophilic pneumonia have to complete a 6-month treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ertunc Altiok
- Klinik für Innere Medizin, Medizinisches Zentrum Kreis Aachen gGmbH, Betriebsteil Marienhöhe, Würselen, Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Würselen.
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Diamond G, Beckloff N, Ryan LK. Host defense peptides in the oral cavity and the lung: similarities and differences. J Dent Res 2008; 87:915-27. [PMID: 18809744 DOI: 10.1177/154405910808701011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptides with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity are found in the mucosal surfaces at many sites in the body, including the airway, the oral cavity, and the digestive tract. Based on their in vitro antimicrobial and other immunomodulatory activities, these host defense peptides have been proposed to play an important role in the innate defense against pathogenic microbial colonization. The genes that encode these peptides are up-regulated by pathogens, further supporting their role in innate immune defense. However, the differences in the local microbial environments between the generally sterile airway and the highly colonized oral cavity suggest a more complex role for these peptides in innate immunity. For example, beta-defensin genes are induced in the airway by all bacteria and Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists primarily through an NF-kappaB-mediated pathway. In contrast, the same genes are induced in the gingival epithelium by only a subset of bacteria and TLR ligands, via different pathways. Furthermore, the environments into which the peptides are secreted--specifically saliva, gingival crevicular fluid, and airway surface fluid--differ greatly and can effect their respective activities in host defense. In this review, we examine the differences and similarities between host defense peptides in the oral cavity and the airway, to gain a better understanding of their contributions to immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Diamond
- Department of Oral Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Dental School, 185 South Orange Ave., Newark 07103, NJ 07101, USA.
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Syeda F, Tullis E, Slutsky AS, Zhang H. Human neutrophil peptides upregulate expression of COX-2 and endothelin-1 by inducing oxidative stress. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 294:H2769-74. [PMID: 18441204 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00211.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) play an important role during inflammation in cardiovascular diseases. Human neutrophil peptides (HNPs) are released from PMN granules upon activation and are conventionally involved in microbial killing. Recent studies suggested that HNPs may be involved in the pathogenesis of vascular abnormality by modulating inflammatory responses and vascular tone. Since HNPs directly interact with endothelium upon release from PMNs in the circulation, we tested the hypothesis that the stimulation with HNPs of endothelial cells modulates the expression of vasoactive by-products through altering cyclooxygenase (COX) activity. When human umbilical vein endothelial cells were stimulated with purified HNPs, we observed a time- and dose-dependent increase in the expression of COX-2, whereas COX-1 levels remained unchanged. Despite an increased expression of COX-2 at the protein level, HNPs did not significantly enhance the COX-2 activity, thus the production of the prostaglandin PGI2. HNPs significantly induced the release of endothelin-1 (ET-1) as well as the formation of nitrotyrosine. The HNP-induced COX-2 and ET-1 production was attenuated by the treatment with the oxygen free radical scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine and the inhibitors of p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB, respectively. The angiontensin II pathway did not seem to be involved in the HNP-induced upregulation of COX-2 and ET-1 since the use of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril had no effect in this context. In conclusion, HNP may play an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory cardiovascular diseases by activating endothelial cells to produce vasoactive by-products as a result of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farisa Syeda
- The Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Canada
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Syeda F, Liu HY, Tullis E, Liu M, Slutsky AS, Zhang H. Differential signaling mechanisms of HNP-induced IL-8 production in human lung epithelial cells and monocytes. J Cell Physiol 2008; 214:820-7. [PMID: 17786963 PMCID: PMC4896810 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human neutrophil peptides (HNP) kill microorganisms but also modulate immune responses through upregulation of the chemokine IL-8 by activation of the nucleotide P2Y(6) receptor. However, the intracellular signaling mechanisms remain yet to be determined. Human lung epithelial cells (A549) and monocytes (U937) were stimulated with HNP in the absence and presence of the specific kinase inhibitors for Src, extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 and -2 (ERK1/2), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), c-Jun-N-terminal kinases (JNK), and Akt. HNP induced a rapid phosphorylation of the kinases in both cell types associated with a dose-dependent, selective production of IL-8 among 10 cytokines assayed. The HNP-induced IL-8 production was blocked by the Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor PP2, MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126, and the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002, but not by the JNK inhibitor SP600125 in both cell types. Treatment with the p38 inhibitor SB203580 attenuated the HNP-induced IL-8 production only in monocytes. Blockade of Src kinase blunted HNP-induced phosphorylation of the ERK1/2 and Akt but not p38 in monocytes. In contrast, Src inhibition had no effect on phosphorylation of the other kinases in the lung epithelial cells. We conclude that the activation of ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt pathways is required for HNP-induced IL-8 release which occurs in a Src-independent manner in lung epithelial cells, while is Src-dependent in monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farisa Syeda
- The Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Anaesthesia, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Respirology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hui-Yu Liu
- The Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Anaesthesia, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Respirology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Tullis
- The Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Respirology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Respirology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arthur S. Slutsky
- The Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Respirology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Haibo Zhang
- The Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Anaesthesia, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Respirology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Herr C, Shaykhiev R, Bals R. The role of cathelicidin and defensins in pulmonary inflammatory diseases. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007; 7:1449-61. [PMID: 17727333 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.7.9.1449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) protect the epithelia of mucosal organs like the respiratory or the gastrointestinal tract from invading microorganisms. As an integral part of the innate immune system they display antimicrobial activity against gram- and gram-negative bacteria as well as against fungi and enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. Besides their microbicidal effects they have important functions in the regulation of repair and inflammation. AMPs are sometimes referred to as 'alarmins' due to their ability to recruit, modulate and activate components of the immune system. In contrast, some AMPs suppress activation of the immune system. AMPs are also involved in tissue repair, cancer biology and angiogenesis. Based on their antimicrobial and immunomodulatoy functions, AMPs are probably involved in the pathogenesis of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the lung. Inborn or acquired deficiencies contribute to susceptibility to infection and colonisation. The potential pro-inflammatory role of AMPs contributes to the disease processes in inflammatory disorders such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sepsis or pulmonary fibrosis. This review summarises the knowledge about the functions of AMPs in the pulmonary innate host defence system and their role in respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Herr
- Philipps-University, Department of Internal Medicine, Division for Pulmonary Diseases, Marburg, Germany
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