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Ruan H, Dai Z, Yan J, Long X, Chen Y, Yang Y, Yang Q, Zhu J, Zheng M, Zhang X. ZBTB24 (Zinc Finger and BTB Domain Containing 24) prevents recurrent spontaneous abortion by promoting trophoblast proliferation, differentiation and migration. Bioengineered 2022; 13:2777-2790. [PMID: 35038951 PMCID: PMC8973579 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2019655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is a common complication during early gestation, which is associated with aberrant DNA methylation. Zinc Finger and BTB Domain Containing 24 (ZBTB24) plays a critical role in facilitating DNA methylation and cell proliferation. However, the regulatory role of ZBTB24 on trophoblast development in RSA remains unclear. In this study, ZBTB24 expression was compared between decidua tissues of RSA patients and induced abortion controls from a published dataset, which was further validated in placental villi tissues by RT-qPCR and Western blot. The roles of ZBTB24 in trophoblast proliferation, differentiation, and migration were investigated by functional assays after ZBTB24 knockdown or overexpression in HTR-8/SVneo cells. Our results showed that ZBTB24 expression was significantly decreased in RSA patients, and ZBTB24 expression level positively regulated cell viability, differentiation, and migration in HTR-8/SVneo cells. We further demonstrated that ZBTB24 modulated the expression of E-cadherin by altering the DNA methylation at the promoter region. Overall, the downregulation of ZBTB24 is implicated in RSA by inhibiting trophoblast proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Therefore, ZBTB24 may serve as a promising therapeutic target and diagnostic marker for RSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Ruan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenzhen Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinyu Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoxi Long
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Youlin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meiyun Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiahui Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
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Jones MA, Catov JM, Jeyabalan A, Whitaker KM, Gibbs BB. Sedentary behaviour and physical activity across pregnancy and birth outcomes. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2021; 35:341-349. [PMID: 33124060 PMCID: PMC8186559 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shorter gestation or smaller birth size are indicators of a suboptimal fetal environment and negatively impact short- and long-term offspring health. Understanding how modifiable maternal behaviours, such as moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) or sedentary behaviour (SED), improve fetal outcomes could inform strategies to improve health across the lifespan. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to examine the association of MVPA and SED across pregnancy trimesters on gestational age at delivery and newborn anthropometrics. METHODS The MoM Health Study measured SED (thigh-mounted activPAL3 micro) and MVPA (waist-worn Actigraph GTX3) in each trimester of pregnancy. Birth outcomes (gestational age at delivery, birthweight, birth length, and head circumference) were abstracted from medical records and used to calculate ponderal index (grams*100/cm3 ) and size-for-gestational age percentiles. Associations of group-based trajectories and trimester-specific SED and MVPA with birth outcomes were analysed using regression models. RESULTS Low, medium, and high trajectory groups were generated SED and MVPA in 103 and 99 pregnant women, respectively. High vs low SED trajectory was associated with earlier gestational age at delivery (β -1.03 weeks, 95% CI -2.01, -0.06), larger head circumference (β 0.83 cm, 95% CI 0.24, 1.63), longer birth length (β 1.37 cm, 95% CI 0.09, 2.64), and lower ponderal index (β -0.24 g*100/cm3 , 95% CI -0.42, -0.06), after adjustment for demographics, pre-pregnancy BMI, and (for newborn anthropometric outcomes) gestational age. The association of high SED with lower ponderal index was the most robust across progressively adjusted models (β -0.25 g*100/cm3 , 95% CI -0.44, -0.07). SED trajectory was not associated with birthweight or size-for-gestational age. High vs low MVPA trajectory was only associated with smaller head circumference (β -0.86 cm, 95% CI -1.70, -0.02). CONCLUSIONS Higher SED during pregnancy may result in shorter gestation and inhibited fetal growth. Further research evaluating the effect of reducing SED during pregnancy on birth outcomes is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Jones
- Department of Health and Human Development, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Janet M. Catov
- Department of Ob/Gyn and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute and Clinical and Translational Sciences Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Arun Jeyabalan
- Department of Ob/Gyn and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute and Clinical and Translational Sciences Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kara M. Whitaker
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Bethany Barone Gibbs
- Department of Health and Human Development, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Peng YF, Wei Q, Sun JF, Li L. First-Trimester Platelet Count as a Predictive Biomarker for Neonatal Birth Weight Among Pregnant Women at Advanced Maternal Age. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2021; 26:1076029619886907. [PMID: 32573257 PMCID: PMC7427008 DOI: 10.1177/1076029619886907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the association between first-trimester platelet count and neonatal birth weight in pregnant woman at advanced maternal age. Our study included 148 pregnancy women of advanced maternal age, the clinical and laboratory materials were retrospective obtained from medical record system. The neonatal birth weight was positively correlated with maternal body mass index and fetus gestational age (r = 0.332, P < .001; r = 0.469, P < .001), even more interestingly, the neonatal birth weight was positively correlated with first-trimester platelet count in pregnant women of advanced maternal age (r = 0.203, P = .013). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that neonatal birth weight had an independently association with first-trimester platelet count in pregnant women of advanced maternal age (multiple-adjusted r values 0.167, P = .013). First-trimester platelet count is positively associated with neonatal birth weight, suggesting that first-trimester platelet count may be a predictive biomarker for neonatal birth weight in pregnant women of advanced maternal age.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Fan Peng
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Pancreatic Research Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiong Wei
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Pancreatic Research Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Fang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Pancreatic Research Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Renes JS, van Doorn J, Hokken-Koelega ACS. Current Insights into the Role of the Growth Hormone-Insulin-Like Growth Factor System in Short Children Born Small for Gestational Age. Horm Res Paediatr 2019; 92:15-27. [PMID: 31509834 PMCID: PMC6979433 DOI: 10.1159/000502739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reason for the insufficient catch-up growth seen in 10% of children born small for gestational age (SGA) is poorly understood. Disturbances in the growth hormone (GH) - insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis might underlie this failure to show sufficient catch-up growth. CONCLUSION This review summarizes insights gained in the molecular and (epi) genetic mechanisms of the GH-IGF axis in short children born SGA. The most notable anomalies of the IGF system are the lowered IGF-I levels in both cord blood and the placenta, and the increased expression of IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP)-1 and IGFBP-2, which inhibit IGF-I, in the placenta of SGA neonates. These observations suggest a decreased bioactivity of IGF-I in utero. IGF-I levels remain reduced in SGA children with short stature, as well as IGFBP-3 and acid-labile subunit levels. Proteolysis of IGFBP-3 appears to be increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith S Renes
- Department of Paediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,
| | - Jaap van Doorn
- Department of Genetics, Section of Metabolic Diagnostics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anita C S Hokken-Koelega
- Department of Paediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Dutch Growth Research Foundation, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Khader YS, Batieha A, Al-Njadat RA, Hijazi SS. Preeclampsia in Jordan: incidence, risk factors, and its associated maternal and neonatal outcomes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2017; 31:770-776. [PMID: 28274172 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1297411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the incidence of preeclampsia among Jordanian pregnant women, determine its risk factors and its associated neonatal morbidity and mortality. METHODS The study is a part of a comprehensive national study of perinatal mortality that was conducted in Jordan. This study included all women who gave birth in the selected hospitals during the study period. Maternal and medical conditions during pregnancy and neonatal outcomes were compared between women who developed preeclampsia and who did not. RESULTS This study included a total of 21,928 women. The overall incidence rate of preeclampsia was 1.3%. Obesity (OR = 2.6) and high blood pressure (OR = 11.9) were significantly associated with increasing odds of preeclampsia. The risk of preeclampsia was 2.3 times higher in first pregnancies than that in second or more pregnancies. The rates of low birth weight (LBW) delivery (32.5% vs. 8.3%), and prematurity (30.8% vs. 7%), and the neonatal mortality rate (81 vs. 12 per 1000 live births) were significantly higher among women with preeclampsia. CONCLUSIONS The overall incidence rate of preeclampsia was 1.3%. Preeclampsia was significantly associated with maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality as well as increasing vaginal operative delivery, cesarean section, LBW, and birth asphyxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef S Khader
- a Department of Public Health/Faculty of Medicine , Jordan University of Science & Technology , Irbid , Jordan
| | - Anwar Batieha
- a Department of Public Health/Faculty of Medicine , Jordan University of Science & Technology , Irbid , Jordan
| | - Rania Ali Al-Njadat
- a Department of Public Health/Faculty of Medicine , Jordan University of Science & Technology , Irbid , Jordan
| | - Sa'ad S Hijazi
- a Department of Public Health/Faculty of Medicine , Jordan University of Science & Technology , Irbid , Jordan
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Aravidou E, Eleftheriades M, Malamitsi-Puchner A, Anagnostopoulos AK, Aravantinos L, Dontas I, Aravidis C, Creatsas G, Tsangaris G, Chrousos GP. Protein expression in the brain of rat offspring in relation to prenatal caloric restriction. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015; 29:2707-14. [PMID: 26515516 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2015.1102222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) has been associated with decreased supply of crucial substrates to the fetus and affects its growth and development by temporarily or permanently modifying gene expression and function. However, not all neonates born by calorie restricted mothers are IUGR and there are no reports regarding their brain protein expression vis-à-vis that of their IUGR siblings. Here, we investigated the expression of key proteins that regulate growth and development of the brain in non-IUGR newborn pups versus IUGR siblings and control pups. METHODS Rat brain proteins were isolated from each group upon delivery and separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). RESULTS 14-3-3 Protein, calreticulin, elongation factor, alpha-enolase, fascin, heat-shock protein HSP90 and pyruvate kinase isozymes were significantly increased (p < 0.05) in samples obtained from IUGR newborn pups compared to non-IUGR. Conversely, collapsin response mediator proteins, heat-shock70 and peroxiredoxin2 were decreased in IUGR group compared to non-IUGR. CONCLUSIONS In our experimental study, IUGR pups showed an altered proteomic profile compared to their non-IUGR siblings and non-IUGR controls. Thus, not all offspring of calorie-restricted mothers become IUGR with the accompanying alterations in the expression of proteins. The differentially expressed proteins could modulate alterations in the energy balance, plasticity and maturation of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eftychia Aravidou
- a First Department of Pediatrics and.,b Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School , University of Athens , Greece
| | - Makarios Eleftheriades
- a First Department of Pediatrics and.,c Embryocare, Fetal Medicine Unit , Athens , Greece
| | - Ariadne Malamitsi-Puchner
- d Division of Neonatology , Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, University of Athens, Aretaieion Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Athanassios K Anagnostopoulos
- e Proteomics Research Unit, Center of Basic Research II, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens , Greece
| | - Leon Aravantinos
- b Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School , University of Athens , Greece
| | - Ismene Dontas
- f Laboratory For Research of the Musculoskeletal System , School of Medicine, University of Athens , Greece
| | - Christos Aravidis
- g Cytogenetics Unit of Critical Care Department, Medical School, University of Athens , Greece
| | - Georgios Creatsas
- b Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School , University of Athens , Greece
| | - Georgios Tsangaris
- e Proteomics Research Unit, Center of Basic Research II, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens , Greece
| | - Georgios P Chrousos
- a First Department of Pediatrics and.,h Clinical Research Centre, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens , Greece
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Reynolds SA, Roberts JM, Bodnar LM, Haggerty CL, Youk AO, Catov JM. Fetal sex and race modify the predictors of fetal growth. Matern Child Health J 2014; 19:798-810. [PMID: 25030701 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-014-1571-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is unknown if fetal sex and race modify the impact of maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), and smoking on fetal growth. The authors studied markers of fetal growth in singleton offspring of 8,801 primiparous, normotensive women, enrolled in the Collaborative Perinatal Project. The authors tested for departures from additivity between sex/race and each predictor. The head-to-chest circumference ratio (HCC) decreased more, while birthweight and ponderal index (PI) increased more for each 1 kg/m(2) increase in pre-pregnancy BMI among term females versus males (P = 0.07, P < 0.01 and P = 0.08, interaction respectively). For term offspring of White compared with Black women, smoking independent of "dose" was associated with larger reductions in growth (165 g vs. 68 g reduction in birthweight, P < 0.01, interaction), greater reduction in fetal placental ratio (P < 0.01, interaction), PI (P < 0.01, interaction), and greater increase in HCC (P = 0.02), respectively. The association of BMI and smoking with fetal size appeared to be reversed in term versus preterm infants. Our study provides evidence that the associations of pre-pregnancy BMI and smoking are not constant across sex and race. This finding may be relevant to sex and race differences in neonatal and long term health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone A Reynolds
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA,
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Salomon L, Malan V. Bilan étiologique du retard de croissance intra-utérin (RCIU). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 42:929-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgyn.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Britto RPDA, Florêncio TMT, Benedito Silva AA, Sesso R, Cavalcante JC, Sawaya AL. Influence of maternal height and weight on low birth weight: a cross-sectional study in poor communities of northeastern Brazil. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80159. [PMID: 24244636 PMCID: PMC3823865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Low birth weight (LBW) is associated with an increased risk of mortality, adverse metabolic conditions, and long-term chronic morbidities. The relationship between LWB and short maternal stature coupled with nutritional status was investigated in poor communities. Methods/Principal Findings A cross-sectional population-based study involving 2226 mother-child pairs was conducted during the period 2009-2010 in shantytowns of Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil. Associations between LBW and maternal sociodemographics, stature and nutritional status were investigated. The outcome variable was birth weight (< 2500g and ≥ 2500g). The independent variables were the age, income, educational background, stature and nutritional status (eutrophic, underweight, overweight and obese) of the mother. The frequency of LBW was 10%. Short-statured mothers (1st quartile of stature ≤ 152cm) showed a tendency of increased risk of LBW children compared to mothers in the 4th quartile of stature (>160.4cm) (OR: 1.42, 95% CI: 0.96 - 1.09, p = 0.078). Children from short-statured mothers weighed an average of 125g less than those from taller mothers (3.18±0.56kg vs. 3.30±0.58kg, respectively p = 0.002). Multivariate analyses showed that short stature, age < 20y (OR: 3.05, 95% CI:1.44 - 6.47) or were underweight (OR: 2.26, 95% CI:0.92 - 5.95) increased the risk of LBW, while overweight (OR: 0.38, 95% CI:0.16 - 0.95) and obesity (OR: 0.39, 95% CI:0.11 - 1.31) had lower risk for LBW. In taller mothers, lower income and underweight were associated with LBW (OR: 1.88, 95% CI: 1.07 - 3.29 and 2.85, 95% CI:1.09 - 7.47, respectively), and obese mothers showed a trend of increased risk of LBW (OR: 1.66, 95% CI:0.84 - 3.25). Conclusions/Significance Overweight was found to have a protective effect in short-statured mothers, indicating that a surplus of energy may diminish the risk of LBW. Short-statured younger mothers, but not taller ones, showed higher risk of LBW. The mother being underweight, regardless of stature, was associated with LBW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revilane Parente de Alencar Britto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Endocrinológicas, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Ana Amelia Benedito Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Sesso
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jairo Calado Cavalcante
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Campus A. C. Simões, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Ana Lydia Sawaya
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Endocrinológicas, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Venhoranta H, Bauersachs S, Taponen J, Lohi H, Taira T, Andersson M, Kind A, Schnieke A, Flisikowski K. Fetal growth restriction caused by MIMT1 deletion alters brain transcriptome in cattle. Int J Dev Neurosci 2013; 31:463-7. [PMID: 23726833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined levels of gene expression in the brains of bovine fetuses carrying a truncated MIMT1 allele, MIMT1(Del), shown to cause late abortion and stillbirth as a result of fetal growth restriction. MIMT1 is a non-protein coding gene that forms part of the imprinted PEG3 (paternally expressed gene 3) domain. Microarray analysis of brain cortex samples from mid-gestation MIMT1(Del/WT) bovine fetuses and wild-type siblings was performed to study the effect of fetal growth restriction on brain gene expression. Statistical analysis revealed 134 genes with increased mRNA levels and 22 with reduced levels in MIMT1(Del/WT) fetuses. Gene set enrichment analysis identified a relatively small number of significant functional clusters representing three major biological processes: response to oxidative stress, angiogenesis, and epithelial cell proliferation. Gene expression microarray analyses identified increased expression of VIPR2, HTRA1, S100A4 and MYH8 in fetuses carrying the deletion and decreased expression of DRD2, ADAM18, miR345, ZNF585A. ADAM18, DRD2 and S100A4 are known to be involved in prenatal brain development. ZNF585A, miR-345, VIPR2, HTRA1, and MYH8 are known to be involved in cell growth and differentiation, but any role in neural developmental has yet to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Venhoranta
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland
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Barone G, Maggio L, Saracino A, Perri A, Romagnoli C, Zecca E. How to feed small for gestational age newborns. Ital J Pediatr 2013; 39:28. [PMID: 23663313 PMCID: PMC3660241 DOI: 10.1186/1824-7288-39-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Feeding small for gestational age (SGA) newborns is extremely challenging and the neonatologist should be brave and cautious at the same time. Although these babies have a high risk of milk intolerance and necrotising enterocolitis, enteral feeding guidelines are not well established and practice varies widely among different neonatal units. Currently available studies on this topic include extremely and very low birth weight neonates, but are not focused specifically on small for gestational age infants. This review analyzes papers focused on feeding interventions in order to provide the best available evidences about the optimum timing for introduction of enteral feeding, how fast feed volume can be advanced, which milk and which feeding method is more appropriate in SGA infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Barone
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Catholic University Sacred Heart, Largo A, Gemelli 8, Rome 00168, Italy.
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12
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Negrato CA, Gomes MB. Low birth weight: causes and consequences. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2013; 5:49. [PMID: 24128325 PMCID: PMC3765917 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-5-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During our phylogenetic evolution we have selected genes, the so called thrifty genes, that can help to maximize the amount of energy stored from every consumed calorie. An imbalance in the amount of stored calories can lead to many diseases. In the early 80's the distinguished English epidemiologist David Barker, formulated a hypothesis suggesting that many events that occur during the intrauterine life and early in infancy can influence the occurrence of many diseases that will develop in adulthood. This theory proposes that under-nutrition and other insult or adverse stimulus in utero and during infancy can permanently change the body's structure, physiology and metabolism. The lasting or lifelong effects of under-nutrition will depend on the period in the development at which it occurs. The clues that led Barker to his conclusions started to be discovered when he was studying the temporal trends in the incidence of ischemic heart disease in England and Wales. Examining data found in The Hertfordshire records, collected in the beginning of the last century, he found that the rates of mortality by ischemic heart disease was much higher in children born in less affluent counties and mostly in those with low birth weight. After his initial findings a myriad of diseases have been found to be linked to low birth weight and under-nutrition in utero and in the neonatal period. These diseases were then nominated adult diseases with fetal origin. Epidemiological studies that led to these findings suggest that in utero and early postnatal life have critical importance for long-term programming of health and disease, opening unique chances for primary prevention of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Antonio Negrato
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bauru’s Diabetics Association, 17012-433 Bauru São Paulo,Brazil
| | - Marilia Brito Gomes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Unit, State University Hospital of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Aberrant expression of collapsin response mediator proteins‐1, ‐2 and ‐5 in the brain of intrauterine growth restricted rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2012; 31:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Rao KR, Padmavathi IJN, Raghunath M. Maternal micronutrient restriction programs the body adiposity, adipocyte function and lipid metabolism in offspring: a review. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2012; 13:103-8. [PMID: 22430228 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-012-9211-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Fetal growth is a complex process which depends both on the genetic makeup and intrauterine environment. Maternal nutrition during pregnancy is an important determinant of fetal growth. Adequate nutrient supply is required during pregnancy and lactation for the support of fetal/infant growth and development. Macro- and micronutrients are both important to sustain pregnancy and for appropriate growth of the fetus. While macronutrients provide energy and proteins for fetal growth, micronutrients play a major role in the metabolism of macronutrients, structural and cellular metabolism of the fetus. Discrepancies in maternal diet at different stages of foetal growth / offspring development can have pronounced influences on the health and well-being of the offspring. Indeed intrauterine growth restriction induced by nutrient insult can irreversibly modulate the endocrine/metabolic status of the fetus that leads to the development of adiposity and insulin resistance in its later life. Understanding the role of micronutrients during the development of fetus will provide insights into the probable underlying / associated mechanisms in the metabolic pathways of endocrine related complications. Keeping in view the modernized lifestyle and food habits that lead to the development of adiposity and world burden of obesity, this review focuses mainly on the role of maternal micronutrients in the foetal origins of adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rajender Rao
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai Osmania P O, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
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Perinatal programming of childhood asthma: early fetal size, growth trajectory during infancy, and childhood asthma outcomes. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:962923. [PMID: 22400043 PMCID: PMC3287283 DOI: 10.1155/2012/962923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The “fetal origins hypothesis” or concept of “developmental programming” suggests that faltering fetal growth and subsequent catch-up growth are implicated in the aetiology of cardiovascular disease. Associations between reduced birth weight, rapid postnatal weight gain, and asthma suggest that there are fetal origins to respiratory disease. The present paper first summarises the literature relating birth weight and post natal growth trajectories to asthma outcomes. Second, issues regarding the interpretation of antenatal fetal ultrasound measurements are discussed. Finally, recent reports linking antenatal measurement and growth trajectory to early childhood asthma outcomes are discussed. Understanding the nature and timing of factors which influence antenatal growth may give important insight into the antecedents of early-onset asthma with implications for interventions.
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Can placental growth factor in maternal circulation identify fetuses with placental intrauterine growth restriction? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 206:163.e1-7. [PMID: 22055338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2011.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated whether decreased concentrations of placental growth factor (PlGF) in maternal circulation differentiated placental intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) from constitutionally small fetuses. Excluding congenital syndromes, infection, and aneuploidy, we assumed IUGR with an abnormal placental pathology to be of placental origin. STUDY DESIGN The study design included a single site, case-control study of 16 cases (9 placental IUGR, 7 constitutionally small) and 79 normal controls with singleton pregnancies. Plasma PlGF was measured by Triage PlGF immunoassay according to the product insert. A positive PlGF test was defined as a concentration less than the fifth percentile for gestational age for normal pregnancy. RESULTS A positive PlGF test was found in 9 of 9 placental IUGR cases, 1 of 7 constitutionally small fetuses, and 4 of 79 controls (P < .0001). PlGF identified placental IUGR from constitutionally small fetuses with 100% sensitivity and 86% specificity (P = .0009). CONCLUSION These preliminary data suggest PlGF may identify placental IUGR antenatally.
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Palliser HK, Yates DM, Hirst JJ. Progesterone receptor isoform expression in response to in utero growth restriction in the fetal guinea pig brain. Neuroendocrinology 2012; 96:60-7. [PMID: 22508316 DOI: 10.1159/000335138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a significant in utero complication that can have profound effects on brain development including reduced myelination and deficits that can continue into adulthood. Progesterone increases oligodendrocyte proliferation and myelin expression, an action that may depend on the expression of progesterone receptor (PR) isoforms A (PRA) and B (PRB). The objective of this study was to determine the effect of IUGR on PR isoform expression in the brain of male and female fetuses and whether effects were associated with a reduction in myelination. We used a guinea pig model that involves selective reduction in maternal perfusion to the placenta at midgestation (35 days, term 70 days). This resulted in a significant reduction in body weight with marked sparing of brain weight. PRA, PRB and myelin basic protein (MBP) expression were measured in the brains of male and female growth-restricted and control fetuses at late gestation. MBP, as a measure of myelination, was found to decrease in association with IUGR in the CA1 hippocampal region with no change observed in the cortical white matter. There was a marked increase in PRA, PRB and total PR expression in the IUGR fetal brain. Control female fetuses demonstrated significantly higher PRA:PRB ratios than males; however, this sex difference was abolished with IUGR. These data suggest the central nervous system effects of clinical use of progesterone augmentation therapy in late pregnancy should be carefully evaluated. The overall upregulation of PR isoforms in association with IUGR suggests increased progesterone action and a possible neuroprotective mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Palliser
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, N.S.W., Australia. hannah.palliser @ newcastle.edu.au
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Ranke MB, Lindberg A. Prediction models for short children born small for gestational age (SGA) covering the total growth phase. Analyses based on data from KIGS (Pfizer International Growth Database). BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2011; 11:38. [PMID: 21627853 PMCID: PMC3125313 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6947-11-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mathematical models can be developed to predict growth in short children treated with growth hormone (GH). These models can serve to optimize and individualize treatment in terms of height outcomes and costs. The aims of this study were to compile existing prediction models for short children born SGA (SGA), to develop new models and to validate the algorithms. METHODS Existing models to predict height velocity (HV) for the first two and the fourth prepubertal years and during total pubertal growth (TPG) on GH were applied to SGA children from the KIGS (Pfizer International Growth Database)--1st year: N = 2340; 2nd year: N = 1358; 4th year: N = 182; TPG: N = 59. A new prediction model was developed for the 3rd prepubertal year based upon 317 children by means of the all-possible regression approach, using Mallow's C(p) criterion. RESULTS The comparison between the observed and predicted height velocity showed no significant difference when the existing prediction models were applied to new cohorts. A model for predicting HV during the 3rd year explained 33% of the variability with an error SD of 1.0 cm/year. The predictors were (in order of importance): HV previous year; chronological age; weight SDS; mid-parent height SDS and GH dose. CONCLUSIONS Models to predict growth to GH from prepubertal years to adult height are available for short children born SGA. The models utilize easily accessible predictors and are accurate. The overall explained variability in SGA is relatively low, due to the heterogeneity of the disorder. The models can be used to provide patients with a realistic expectation of treatment, and may help to identify compliance problems or other underlying causes of treatment failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Ranke
- Paediatric Endocrinology Section, Children's Hospital, University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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Vaktskjold A, Văn Trí D, Phi DNT, Sandanger T. Infant growth disparity in the Khanh Hoa province in Vietnam: a follow-up study. BMC Pediatr 2010; 10:62. [PMID: 20731856 PMCID: PMC2941482 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-10-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surveys in Vietnam have indicated that wasting and stunting have been prevalent among children, but the country is undergoing rapid socio-economic changes and little has been known about the relative situation in the different areas of the country. In 2006, the WHO introduced new growth standards applicable to all infant and child populations, which facilitates for improved assessments of the prevalence of growth impairment, independent of time, place and ethnicity. The aim of our study was to assess the growth of singleton infants delivered at term in three main birth clinics in the Khanh Hoa province in Vietnam by using the new WHO standards as reference, and the association between growth and some maternal, birth and health factors. METHODS A cohort of 237 singleton infants born in the period May-July 2005 in three main delivery clinics in the Khanh Hoa province were observed prospectively. Their anthropometrical measures a year later were compared to the WHO sex-specific growth standards for weight-for-age, length-for-age, weight-for-length, and BMI-for-age. These measures were analysed as dependent outcomes using multiple linear regression models including the following independent factors: urban vs. rural birth, 1-minute Apgar score, weight and length at birth, duration of lactation, ever had diarrhoea, dengue fever, pneumonia or dysentery, and maternal age, height, gestational duration and parity. RESULTS Compared to the standard distributions, 79% were below the median for weight-for-length; 18.0% were within the 5th percentile for length-for-age, 9.6% for weight-for-age, 20.3% for weight-for-length, and 19.8% for BMI. A lower length- and weight-for-age were statistically associated with being born rurally. CONCLUSIONS In this delivery-clinic based sample of children in the Khanh Hoa province in Vietnam, the proportions within the WHO-standard 5th percentiles for length-for-age, weight-for-length and BMI in late infancy were 3-4 times higher than expected, which indicate that deficient growth is prevalent. The infants born in a rural area had a lower weight- and length-for-age than their urban counterparts, independent of diarrhoea.
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Lassala A, Bazer FW, Cudd TA, Datta S, Keisler DH, Satterfield MC, Spencer TE, Wu G. Parenteral administration of L-arginine prevents fetal growth restriction in undernourished ewes. J Nutr 2010; 140:1242-8. [PMID: 20505020 PMCID: PMC2884328 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.125658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a major health problem worldwide that currently lacks an effective therapeutic solution. This study was conducted with an ovine IUGR model to test the hypothesis that parenteral administration of l-arginine (Arg) is effective in enhancing fetal growth. Beginning on d 28 of gestation, ewes were fed a diet providing 100% (control-fed) or 50% (underfed) of NRC-recommended nutrient requirements. Between d 60 of gestation and parturition, underfed ewes received i.v. infusions of saline or 155 micromol Arg-HCl/kg body weight 3 times daily, whereas control-fed ewes received only saline. The birth weights of lambs from saline-infused underfed ewes were 23% lower (P < 0.01) than those of lambs from control-fed dams. Administration of Arg to underfed ewes increased (P < 0.01) concentrations of Arg (69%), ornithine (55%), proline (29%), methionine (37%), leucine (36%), isoleucine (35%), cysteine (19%), and FFA (43%) in maternal serum, decreased maternal circulating levels of ammonia (18%) and triglycerides (32%), and enhanced birth weights of lambs by 21% compared with saline-infused underfed ewes. There was no difference in birth weights of lambs between the control-fed and the Arg-infused underfed ewes. These novel results indicate that parenteral administration of Arg to underfed ewes prevented fetal growth restriction and provide support for its clinical use to ameliorate IUGR in humans. The findings also lay a new framework for studying cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effects of Arg in regulating conceptus growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arantzatzu Lassala
- Department of Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, and Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; and Department of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Fuller W. Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, and Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; and Department of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Timothy A. Cudd
- Department of Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, and Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; and Department of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Sujay Datta
- Department of Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, and Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; and Department of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Duane H. Keisler
- Department of Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, and Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; and Department of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - M. Carey Satterfield
- Department of Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, and Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; and Department of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Thomas E. Spencer
- Department of Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, and Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; and Department of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, and Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; and Department of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Liang G, Chen M, Pan XL, Zheng J, Wang H. Ethanol-induced inhibition of fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis due to prenatal overexposure to maternal glucocorticoid in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 63:607-11. [PMID: 20627497 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2010.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal ethanol exposure has been well documented to be one of the etiological factors responsible for intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Previous studies have shown that chronic ethanol exposure during pregnancy elevated the basic level of corticosterone in fetus. However, the potential mechanisms behind them are still unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of prenatal ethanol exposure on maternal and fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis as well as placental 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD-2), and to clarify the mechanism of ethanol-induced IUGR. Pregnant mice were intragastricly administrated with ethanol at a dose of 6.4 g kg(-1) d(-1) from day 11 to 17 of gestation and parameters representing fetal growth and development were recorded either. The level of corticosterone in maternal serum was determined by ELISA kit. The mRNA expressions of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and cytochrome P450 cholesterol side chain cleavage (P450scc) both in maternal and fetal adrenal, and placental 11β-HSD-2 were detected by real-time quantitative PCR, respectively. The results showed that fetal body weight significantly decreased, and the incidence of IUGR was obviously increased after prenatal ethanol exposure. Maternal serum corticosterone level was elevated, and the expressions of StAR and P450scc were increased in maternal adrenal while decreased in fetal adrenal. The expression of placental 11β-HSD-2 was significantly reduced. These results suggest that prenatal ethanol exposure induces an inhibition of fetal HPA axis activity and IUGR occurs. The mechanism may be associated with ethanol-induced maternal HPA axis activation and high glucocorticoid condition, which impair the placental barrier, and lead to an overexposure of elevated maternal glucocorticoid to fetus, and eventually result in the inhibition of the fetal HPA axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gai Liang
- Pharmacology Department of Basic Medical College, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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Sankaran S, Kyle PM. Aetiology and pathogenesis of IUGR. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2009; 23:765-77. [PMID: 19666240 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a major cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity. A complex and dynamic interaction of maternal, placental and fetal environment is involved in ensuring normal fetal growth. An imbalance or lack of coordination in this complex system may lead to IUGR. Animal studies have given us an insight into some aspects of the basic pathophysiology of IUGR, and recent technologies such as Doppler studies of maternal and fetal vessels have added further information. The aetiologies of IUGR are diverse, involving multiple complex mechanisms, which make understanding of the pathophysiology difficult. However, particular focus is placed on the mechanisms involved in uteroplacental insufficiency as a cause of IUGR, as (1) it is common, (2) outcome can be good if timing of delivery is optimal and (3) it may be amenable to therapy in the future. While the research into the pathophysiology of IUGR continues, there have been interesting discoveries related to the genetic contribution to IUGR and the intrauterine programming of adult-onset diseases attributed to IUGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srividhya Sankaran
- Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK
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Roza SJ, Steegers EAP, Verburg BO, Jaddoe VWV, Moll HA, Hofman A, Verhulst FC, Tiemeier H. What is spared by fetal brain-sparing? Fetal circulatory redistribution and behavioral problems in the general population. Am J Epidemiol 2008; 168:1145-52. [PMID: 18826969 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwn233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction has been linked to infant behavioral problems. While typically only birth weight is examined, here the authors assessed fetal circulatory redistribution, also called the "brain-sparing effect," which is a fetal adaptive reaction to placental insufficiency. They aimed to investigate whether fetal circulatory redistribution protects against behavioral problems. Within the Generation R Study (Rotterdam, the Netherlands, 2003-2007), fetal circulation variables for the umbilical artery and the middle and anterior cerebral arteries were assessed with Doppler ultrasound in late pregnancy. Ratios between placental resistance and cerebral resistance were related to behavioral problems, as measured by the Child Behavior Checklist, in 935 toddlers aged 18 months. The umbilical/anterior cerebral ratio was associated with the Total Problems summary score from the Child Behavior Checklist (per standard-deviation increase, odds ratio = 1.2, 95% confidence interval: 1.0, 1.5). Children with higher umbilical/anterior cerebral ratios had higher risks of internalizing problems, emotional reactivity, somatic complaints, and attention problems. A high umbilical/middle cerebral ratio was related to higher scores on the Internalizing and Somatic Complaints scales. The authors conclude that infants with circulatory redistribution in gestation are more likely to have behavioral problems. This suggests that "brain-sparing" does not completely spare the brain and indicates underlying pathology with consequences for later behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine J Roza
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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24
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Myers SR, Yeakub Ali M. Haemoglobin adducts as biomarkers of exposure to tobacco-related nitrosamines. Biomarkers 2008; 13:145-59. [DOI: 10.1080/13547500701470561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Mullis PE, Tonella P. Regulation of fetal growth: consequences and impact of being born small. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 22:173-90. [PMID: 18279787 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2007.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The first trimester of pregnancy is the time during which organogenesis takes place and tissue patterns and organ systems are established. In the second trimester the fetus undergoes major cellular adaptation and an increase in body size, and in the third trimester organ systems mature ready for extrauterine life. In addition, during that very last period of intrauterine life there is a significant increase in body weight. In contrast to the postnatal endocrine control of growth, where the principal hormones directly influencing growth are growth hormone (GH) and the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) via the GH-IGF axis, fetal growth throughout gestation is constrained by maternal factors and placental function and is coordinated by growth factors. In general, growth disorders only become apparent postnatally, but they may well be related to fetal life. Thus, fetal growth always needs to be considered in the overall picture of human growth as well as in its metabolic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Primus-E Mullis
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, University Children's Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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Ceelen M, van Weissenbruch MM, Vermeiden JPW, van Leeuwen FE, Delemarre-van de Waal HA. Growth and development of children born after in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 2007; 90:1662-73. [PMID: 18163998 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Revised: 09/03/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate growth and development of children born after IVF treatment. DESIGN Literature review. CONCLUSION(S) At present there is substantial evidence that children born after IVF are at increased risk for adverse perinatal outcome, congenital malformations, and rare epigenetic defects. It is still unclear whether observed health problems originate from the IVF procedure itself or the underlying subfertility problems of the parents. Current follow-up studies regarding postnatal growth and morbidity rates are scarce with conflicting results and other areas of long-term research in children born after IVF are still in its infancy. The importance of the worldwide continuing monitoring of children born after IVF to investigate potential long-term consequences including the development of cardiovascular diseases is therefore highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Ceelen
- Department of Paediatrics, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to summarize some of the newly recognized in utero factors that interact with gene expression to establish the structural and physiologic processes that will serve the individual long term. These may be common to all mammals and probably reflect evolutionary plasticity, which improves species survival. The concepts of programming, fetal-maternal microchimerism, growth factors, and transgenerational nutritional affects are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Hall
- Department of Pediatrics, UBC & Childrens and Womens Health, Centre of BC, BC Childrens Hospital, Vancouver, Canada.
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Valsamakis G, Kanaka-Gantenbein C, Malamitsi-Puchner A, Mastorakos G. Causes of Intrauterine Growth Restriction and the Postnatal Development of the Metabolic Syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1092:138-47. [PMID: 17308140 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1365.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The term intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is assigned to newborns with a birth weight and/or birth length below the 10th percentile for their gestational age and whose abdominal circumference is below the 2.5th percentile with pathologic restriction of fetal growth. IUGR is usually due to maternal, fetal, or placental factors. However, many IUGR cases have unknown underlying cause. Recent studies focus on new factors that can influence fetal development and birth outcome like the timing and the type of fetal nutrition, maternal psychosocial stress and personality variables, 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 placental activity, the activity of the neuroendocrine system that mediates the effects of psychosocial stress, and the role of proinflammatory cytokines and of oxidative stress. Data have shown that IUGR is associated with a late life increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome, a condition associating obesity with hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), and cardiovascular disease. Recent data demonstrated that the diabetes-associated mortality appears to be disproportionately concentrated among individuals of abnormal birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Valsamakis
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aretaieion Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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