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Ebersole JL, Hasturk H, Huber M, Gellibolian R, Markaryan A, Zhang XD, Miller CS. Realizing the clinical utility of saliva for monitoring oral diseases. Periodontol 2000 2024. [PMID: 39010260 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
In the era of personalized/precision health care, additional effort is being expended to understand the biology and molecular mechanisms of disease processes. How these mechanisms are affected by individual genetics, environmental exposures, and behavioral choices will encompass an expanding role in the future of optimally preventing and treating diseases. Considering saliva as an important biological fluid for analysis to inform oral disease detection/description continues to expand. This review provides an overview of saliva as a diagnostic fluid and the features of various biomarkers that have been reported. We emphasize the use of salivary biomarkers in periodontitis and transport the reader through extant literature, gaps in knowledge, and a structured approach toward validating and determine the utility of biomarkers in periodontitis. A summation of the findings support the likelihood that a panel of biomarkers including both host molecules and specific microorganisms will be required to most effectively identify risk for early transition to disease, ongoing disease activity, progression, and likelihood of response to standard periodontal therapy. The goals would be to develop predictive algorithms that serve as adjunctive diagnostic tools which provide the clinician and patient important information for making informed clinical decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Ebersole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Hatice Hasturk
- Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The ADA Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michaell Huber
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Xiaohua D Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Craig S Miller
- Department of Oral Health Practice, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Ahmad P, Hussain A, Siqueira WL. Mass spectrometry-based proteomic approaches for salivary protein biomarkers discovery and dental caries diagnosis: A critical review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:826-856. [PMID: 36444686 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dental caries is a multifactorial chronic disease resulting from the intricate interplay among acid-generating bacteria, fermentable carbohydrates, and several host factors such as saliva. Saliva comprises several proteins which could be utilized as biomarkers for caries prevention, diagnosis, and prognosis. Mass spectrometry-based salivary proteomics approaches, owing to their sensitivity, provide the opportunity to investigate and unveil crucial cariogenic pathogen activity and host indicators and may demonstrate clinically relevant biomarkers to improve caries diagnosis and management. The present review outlines the published literature of human clinical proteomics investigations on caries and extensively elucidates frequently reported salivary proteins as biomarkers. This review also discusses important aspects while designing an experimental proteomics workflow. The protein-protein interactions and the clinical relevance of salivary proteins as biomarkers for caries, together with uninvestigated domains of the discipline are also discussed critically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paras Ahmad
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ahmed Hussain
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Walter L Siqueira
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Araujo TT, Carvalho TS, Dionizio A, Rodrigues CMVBF, Henrique-Silva F, Chiaratti M, Santos A, Alves L, Ferro M, Buzalaf MAR. Acquired Pellicle and Biofilm Engineering by Rinsing with Hemoglobin Solution. Caries Res 2024; 58:162-172. [PMID: 38432208 DOI: 10.1159/000537976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The identification of acid-resistant proteins, including hemoglobin (Hb), within the acquired enamel pellicle (AEP) led to the proposition of the "acquired pellicle engineering" concept, which involves the modification of the AEP by incorporating specific proteins, presenting a novel strategy to prevent dental demineralization. OBJECTIVE Combining in vivo and in vitro proof-of-concept protocols, we sought to reveal the impact of AEP engineering with Hb protein on the biofilm microbiome and enamel demineralization. METHODS In the in vivo studies, 10 volunteers, in 2 independent experiments, rinsed (10 mL,1 min) with deionized water-negative control or 1.0 mg/mL Hb. The AEP and biofilm formed along 2 or 3 h, respectively, were collected. AEP was analyzed by quantitative shotgun-label-free proteomics and biofilm by 16S-rRNA next-generation sequencing (NGS). In in vitro study, a microcosm biofilm protocol was employed. Seventy-two bovine enamel specimens were treated with (1) phosphate-buffered solution (PBS), (2) 0.12% chlorhexidine, (3) 500 ppm NaF, (4) 1.0 mg/mL Hb, (5) 2.0 mg/mL Hb, and (6) 4.0 mg/mL Hb. The biofilm was cultivated for 5 days. Resazurin, colony forming units (CFU), and transversal microradiography were performed. RESULTS Proteomics and NGS analysis revealed that Hb increased proteins with antioxidant, antimicrobial, acid-resistance, hydroxyapatite-affinity, calcium-binding properties and showed a reduction in oral pathogenic bacteria. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the lowest Hb concentration was the most effective in reducing bacterial activity, CFU, and enamel demineralization compared to PBS. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that Hb could be incorporated into anticaries dental products to modify the oral microbiome and control caries, highlighting its potential for AEP and biofilm microbiome engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara T Araujo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Thamyris S Carvalho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Aline Dionizio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | | | - Flavio Henrique-Silva
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Marcos Chiaratti
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Angélica Santos
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Lindomar Alves
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Milene Ferro
- Department of General and Applied Biology, Paulista State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Marília A R Buzalaf
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
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Zhang Y, Chen Y, Liu Z, Peng X, Lu J, Wang K, Zhang L. Encapsulation of a novel peptide derived from histatin-1 in liposomes against initial enamel caries in vitro and in vivo. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 28:35. [PMID: 38147166 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05465-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Biomimetic mineralization mediated by proteins and peptides is a promising strategy for enamel repair, and its specific application model needs more research. In this work, we exploited a liposomal delivery system for a novel peptide (DK5) derived from histatin-1 (DK5-Lips) as a new biomimetic mineralization strategy against initial enamel caries. MATERIALS AND METHODS The DK5-Lips was prepared using calcium acetate gradient method and then the in vitro release, salivary stability, and cytotoxicity were studied. Initial enamel caries was created in bovine enamel blocks and subjected to pH-cycling model treated with DK5-Lips. Surface microhardness testing, polarized light microscopy (PLM), and transverse microradiography (TMR) were analyzed. Then the biocompatibility of DK5-Lips was evaluated in the caries model of Sprague-Dawley rats, and the anti-caries effect was assessed using Micro-CT analysis, Keyes scores, and PLM in vivo. RESULTS DK5-Lips provided a mean particle size of (97.63 ± 4.94)nm and encapsulation efficiency of (61.46 ± 1.44)%, exhibiting a sustained release profile, excellent stability in saliva, and no significant toxicity on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). The DK5-Lips group had higher surface microhardness recovery, shallower caries depth, and less mineral loss in bovine enamel. Animal experiments showed higher volume and density values of residual molar enamel, lower Keyes score, and shallower lesion depth of the DK5-Lips group with good biocompatibility. CONCLUSION As a safe and effective application model, DK5-Lips could significantly promote the remineralization of initial enamel caries both in vitro and in vivo. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The potential of liposome utilization as vehicle for oral delivery of functional peptides may provide a new way for enamel restoration.
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Grants
- 81970931 the National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 81970931 the National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 81970931 the National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 81970931 the National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 81970931 the National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 81970931 the National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 81970931 the National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 2022YFS0287 the Sichuan Provincial Department of Science and Technology Program
- 2022YFS0287 the Sichuan Provincial Department of Science and Technology Program
- 2022YFS0287 the Sichuan Provincial Department of Science and Technology Program
- 2022YFS0287 the Sichuan Provincial Department of Science and Technology Program
- 2022YFS0287 the Sichuan Provincial Department of Science and Technology Program
- 2022YFS0287 the Sichuan Provincial Department of Science and Technology Program
- 2022YFS0287 the Sichuan Provincial Department of Science and Technology Program
- grant RD-02-202010 the Research and Development Program, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University
- grant RD-02-202010 the Research and Development Program, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University
- grant RD-02-202010 the Research and Development Program, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University
- grant RD-02-202010 the Research and Development Program, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University
- grant RD-02-202010 the Research and Development Program, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University
- grant RD-02-202010 the Research and Development Program, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University
- grant RD-02-202010 the Research and Development Program, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinmo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Section 3 of Renmin Road South, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Section 3 of Renmin Road South, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Stomatology, Aviation General Hospital of China Medical University and Beijing Institute of Translational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Section 3 of Renmin Road South, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Section 3 of Renmin Road South, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Junzhuo Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Section 3 of Renmin Road South, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Section 3 of Renmin Road South, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Linglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Section 3 of Renmin Road South, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Dental plaque-inspired versatile nanosystem for caries prevention and tooth restoration. Bioact Mater 2023; 20:418-433. [PMID: 35784637 PMCID: PMC9233191 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is one of the most prevalent human diseases resulting from tooth demineralization caused by acid production of bacteria plaque. It remains challenges for current practice to specifically identify, intervene and interrupt the development of caries while restoring defects. In this study, inspired by natural dental plaque, a stimuli-responsive multidrug delivery system (PMs@NaF-SAP) has been developed to prevent tooth decay and promote enamel restoration. Classic spherical core-shell structures of micelles dual-loaded with antibacterial and restorative agents are self-assembled into bacteria-responsive multidrug delivery system based on the pH-cleavable boronate ester bond, followed by conjugation with salivary-acquired peptide (SAP) to endow the nanoparticle with strong adhesion to tooth enamel. The constructed PMs@NaF-SAP specifically adheres to tooth, identifies cariogenic conditions and intelligently releases drugs at acidic pH, thereby providing antibacterial adhesion and cariogenic biofilm resistance, and restoring the microarchitecture and mechanical properties of demineralized teeth. Topical treatment with PMs@NaF-SAP effectively diminishes the onset and severity of caries without impacting oral microbiota diversity or surrounding mucosal tissues. These findings demonstrate this novel nanotherapy has potential as a promising biomedical application for caries prevention and tooth defect restoration while resisting biofilm-associated diseases in a controlled manner activated by pathological bacteria. Nanomaterials can adhere to tooth and target acidic biofilms specifically. Application of caries prevention and tooth defect restoration. Guidance for the innovation of the existing post-defect restoration strategies. The multidrug delivery system exerts antibacterial and restorative abilities on demand. Bacteria-responsive system resists biofilm-associated diseases in a controlled manner.
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Xu J, Shi H, Luo J, Yao H, Wang P, Li Z, Wei J. Advanced materials for enamel remineralization. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:985881. [PMID: 36177189 PMCID: PMC9513249 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.985881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental caries, a chronic and irreversible disease caused by caries-causing bacteria, has been listed as one of the three major human diseases to be prevented and treated. Therefore, it is critical to effectively stop the development of enamel caries. Remineralization treatment can control the progression of caries by inhibiting and reversing enamel demineralization at an early stage. In this process, functional materials guide the deposition of minerals on the damaged enamel, and the structure and hardness of the enamel are then restored. These remineralization materials have great potential for clinical application. In this review, advanced materials for enamel remineralization were briefly summarized, furthermore, an outlook on the perspective of remineralization materials were addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Xu
- School of Stomatology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hui Shi
- School of Stomatology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Nanchang, China
| | - Jun Luo
- School of Stomatology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Nanchang, China
| | - Haiyan Yao
- School of Stomatology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Pei Wang
- School of Stomatology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- School of Stomatology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- *Correspondence: Zhihua Li, ; Junchao Wei,
| | - Junchao Wei
- School of Stomatology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- *Correspondence: Zhihua Li, ; Junchao Wei,
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7
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Ohshima K, Ohshima T, Meyer K, Takai E, Yoshizawa S, Shiraki K, Maeda N. Proteome analysis of high affinity mouse saliva proteins to hydroxyapatite. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10077. [PMID: 36033281 PMCID: PMC9399162 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Caries sensitivity varies between the two strains of inbred mice, BALB/cA has high sensitivity and C3H/HeN has low sensitivity. One potential reason seems to be a difference in pellicle-forming saliva protein composition. Here, we performed a proteomic analysis in order to identify differences of hydroxyapatite (HAP) adsorbed saliva proteins between these two mouse strains. HAP column chromatography revealed twice the quantity of high-affinity saliva proteins in C3H/HeN compared to BALB/cA. One- and two-dimensional electrophoresis showed 2 bands/spots with deviating migration. They were identified as murine carbonic anhydrase VI (CAVI) by peptide mass fingerprinting and confirmed with western blotting using a specific polyclonal antibody. Total RNA from the salivary glands of both mouse strains, PCR amplification of cDNA with a CAVI specific primer, and sequence analysis revealed one different base in codon 96, resulting in one different amino acid. Glyco-chains of CAVI deviate in one N-glycan, confirmed by mass analysis. CAVI activity was estimated from distinct circular dichroism spectra of the molecules and found higher in C3H/HeN mice. In summary, the CAVI composition of BALB/cA and C3H/HeN differs in one amino acid and a glyco-chain modification. Further, saliva from caries resistant C3H/HeN mice displayed higher CAVI activity and also overall hydroxyapatite adsorption, suggesting a relationship with caries susceptibility. CAVI was the salivary protein with high affinity for hydroxyapatite in two mice strains with different caries susceptibility. CAVI of the two strains showed differences in molecular weight, amino acids and genes, glyco-chain modification and enzyme activity. Differences in CAVI activity might contribute to caries susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keijiro Ohshima
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ohshima
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Japan
- Corresponding author.
| | - Karen Meyer
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Tsurumi Junior College, Japan
| | - Eisuke Takai
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Kentaro Shiraki
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Nobuko Maeda
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Japan
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Moussa DG, Ahmad P, Mansour TA, Siqueira WL. Current State and Challenges of the Global Outcomes of Dental Caries Research in the Meta-Omics Era. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:887907. [PMID: 35782115 PMCID: PMC9247192 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.887907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant healthcare advances in the 21st century, the exact etiology of dental caries remains unsolved. The past two decades have witnessed a tremendous growth in our understanding of dental caries amid the advent of revolutionary omics technologies. Accordingly, a consensus has been reached that dental caries is a community-scale metabolic disorder, and its etiology is beyond a single causative organism. This conclusion was based on a variety of microbiome studies following the flow of information along the central dogma of biology from genomic data to the end products of metabolism. These studies were facilitated by the unprecedented growth of the next- generation sequencing tools and omics techniques, such as metagenomics and metatranscriptomics, to estimate the community composition of oral microbiome and its functional potential. Furthermore, the rapidly evolving proteomics and metabolomics platforms, including nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and/or mass spectrometry coupled with chromatography, have enabled precise quantification of the translational outcomes. Although the majority supports 'conserved functional changes' as indicators of dysbiosis, it remains unclear how caries dynamics impact the microbiota functions and vice versa, over the course of disease onset and progression. What compounds the situation is the host-microbiota crosstalk. Genome-wide association studies have been undertaken to elucidate the interaction of host genetic variation with the microbiome. However, these studies are challenged by the complex interaction of host genetics and environmental factors. All these complementary approaches need to be orchestrated to capture the key players in this multifactorial disease. Herein, we critically review the milestones in caries research focusing on the state-of-art singular and integrative omics studies, supplemented with a bibliographic network analysis to address the oral microbiome, the host factors, and their interactions. Additionally, we highlight gaps in the dental literature and shed light on critical future research questions and study designs that could unravel the complexities of dental caries, the most globally widespread disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina G. Moussa
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Paras Ahmad
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Tamer A. Mansour
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Marin LM, Xiao Y, Cury JA, Siqueira WL. Modulation of Streptococcus mutans Adherence to Hydroxyapatite by Engineered Salivary Peptides. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020223. [PMID: 35208678 PMCID: PMC8875007 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the modification of the proteinaceous components of the Acquired Enamel Pellicle (AEP) could influence the adhesion of Streptococcus mutans, the most cariogenic bacteria, to dental surfaces, we assessed if engineered salivary peptides would affect the adherence and modulate the bacterial proteome upon adherence. Single-component AEPs were formed onto hydroxyapatite (HAp) discs by incubating them with statherin, histatin-3, DR9, DR9-DR9, DR9-RR14, RR14, and parotid saliva. Then, the discs were inoculated with S. mutans UA159 and the bacteria were allowed to adhere for 2 h, 4 h, and 8 h (n = 12/treatment/time point). The number of bacteria adhered to the HAp discs was determined at each time point and analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni tests. Cell-wall proteins were extracted from adhered, planktonic, and inoculum (baseline) bacteria and proteome profiles were obtained after a bottom-up proteomics approach. The number of adhered bacteria significantly increased over time, being the mean values obtained at 8 h, from highest to lowest, as follows: DR9-RR14 > statherin > RR14 = DR9-DR9 > DR9 = histatin3 > saliva (p < 0.05). Treatments modulated the bacterial proteome upon adherence. The findings suggested a potential use of our engineered peptide DR9-DR9 to control S. mutans biofilm development by reducing bacterial colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Maria Marin
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E4, Canada;
| | - Yizhi Xiao
- Schulich School of Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
| | - Jaime Aparecido Cury
- Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba CEP 13414-903, Brazil;
| | - Walter Luiz Siqueira
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E4, Canada;
- Correspondence:
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Sadashivappa Pateel D, Gunjal S, Dutta S. Association of salivary statherin, calcium, and proline-rich proteins: A potential predictive marker of dental caries. Contemp Clin Dent 2022; 13:84-89. [PMID: 35466299 PMCID: PMC9030311 DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_859_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Aim: Methods: Results: Conclusion:
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11
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Trial Proteomic Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of the Protein Matrix of Submandibular Sialoliths. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216725. [PMID: 34771131 PMCID: PMC8588320 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Our studies aimed to explore the protein components of the matrix of human submandibular gland sialoliths. A qualitative analysis was carried out based on the filter aided sample preparation (FASP) methodology. In the protein extraction process, we evaluated the applicability of the standard demineralization step and the use of a lysis buffer containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and dithiothreitol (DTT). The analysis of fragmentation spectra based on the human database allowed for the identification of 254 human proteins present in the deposits. In addition, the use of multi-round search in the PEAKS Studio program against the bacterial base allowed for the identification of 393 proteins of bacterial origin present in the extract obtained from sialolith, which so far has not been carried out for this biological material. Furthermore, we successfully applied the SWATH methodology, allowing for a relative quantitative analysis of human proteins present in deposits. The obtained results correlate with the classification of sialoliths proposed by Tretiakow. The performed functional analysis allowed for the first time the selection of proteins, the levels of which differ between the tested samples, which may suggest the role of these proteins in the calcification process in different types of sialoliths. These are preliminary studies, and drawing specific conclusions requires research on a larger group, but it provides us the basis for the continuation of the work that has already begun.
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Angarita-Díaz MP, Simon-Soro A, Forero D, Balcázar F, Sarmiento L, Romero E, Mira A. Evaluation of possible biomarkers for caries risk in children 6 to 12 years of age. J Oral Microbiol 2021; 13:1956219. [PMID: 34434531 PMCID: PMC8381948 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2021.1956219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Electrolytes, proteins, and other salivary molecules play an important role in tooth integrity and can serve as biomarkers associated with caries. Objective: To determine the concentration of potential biomarkers in children without caries (CF) and children with caries (CA). Methods: Unstimulated saliva was collected, and the biomarkers quantified in duplicate, using commercial Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kits to determine IgA, fibronectin, cathelicidin LL-37, and statherin levels, as well as colorimetric tests to detect formate and phosphate. Results: Significantly higher concentrations of statherin was detected in the CF group (Median: 94,734.6; IQR: 92,934.6-95,113.7) compared to the CA2 group (90,875.0; IQR: 83,580.2-94,633.4) (p = 0.03). Slightly higher median IgA (48,250.0; IQR: 31,461.9-67,418.8) and LL-37 levels (56.1; IQR 43.6-116.2) and a lower concentration of formate were detected in the CF group (0.02; IQR 0.0034-0.15) compared to the group with caries (IgA: 37,776.42; IQR: 33,383.9-44,128.5; LL-37: 46.3; IQR: 40.1011-67.7; formate: 0.10; IQR: 0.01-0.18), but these differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion: The fact that these compounds have been identified as good markers for caries among European adults highlights the difficulty of identifying universal biomarkers that are applicable to all ages or to different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- María P Angarita-Díaz
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, Universidad Cooperativa De Colombia, Villavicencio Campus, Colombia
| | - Aurea Simon-Soro
- Department of Health and Genomics, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research, Valencia, Spain
| | - Diana Forero
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, Universidad Cooperativa De Colombia, Villavicencio Campus, Colombia
| | - Felipe Balcázar
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, Universidad Cooperativa De Colombia, Villavicencio Campus, Colombia
| | - Luisa Sarmiento
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, Universidad Cooperativa De Colombia, Villavicencio Campus, Colombia
| | - Erika Romero
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, Universidad Cooperativa De Colombia, Villavicencio Campus, Colombia
| | - Alex Mira
- Department of Health and Genomics, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research, Valencia, Spain
- Centre for Oral Health, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Sweden
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13
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Chen X, Daliri EBM, Tyagi A, Oh DH. Cariogenic Biofilm: Pathology-Related Phenotypes and Targeted Therapy. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061311. [PMID: 34208588 PMCID: PMC8234214 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The initiation and development of cariogenic (that is, caries-related) biofilms are the result of the disruption of homeostasis in the oral microenvironment. There is a daily accumulation of dental biofilm on the surface of teeth and its matrix of extracellular polymers supports the host in its defense against invading microbes, thus helping to achieve oral microbial homeostasis. However, the homeostasis can be broken down under certain circumstances such as during long-term exposure to a low pH environment which results in the dominance of acidogenic and acid-tolerating species in the dental biofilm and, thus, triggers the shift of harmless biofilm to an acidic one. This work aims to explore microbial diversity and the quorum sensing of dental biofilm and their important contributions to oral health and disease. The complex and multispecies ecosystems of the cariogenic biofilm pose significant challenges for the modulation of the oral microenvironment. Promising treatment strategies are those that target cariogenic niches with high specificity without disrupting the balance of the surrounding oral microbiota. Here, we summarized the recent advances in modulating cariogenic biofilm and/or controlling its pathogenic traits.
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14
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Zhu Y, Marin LM, Xiao Y, Gillies ER, Siqueira WL. pH-Sensitive Chitosan Nanoparticles for Salivary Protein Delivery. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11041028. [PMID: 33920657 PMCID: PMC8073935 DOI: 10.3390/nano11041028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Salivary proteins such as histatins (HTNs) have demonstrated critical biological functions directly related to tooth homeostasis and prevention of dental caries. However, HTNs are susceptible to the high proteolytic activities in the oral environment. Therefore, pH-sensitive chitosan nanoparticles (CNs) have been proposed as potential carriers to protect proteins from enzymatic degradation at physiological salivary pH. Four different types of chitosan polymers were investigated and the optimal formulation had good batch to batch reproducibility, with an average hydrodynamic diameter of 144 ± 6 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.15 ± 0.04, and a zeta potential of 18 ± 4 mV at a final pH of 6.3. HTN3 encapsulation and release profiles were characterized by cationic polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The CNs successfully encapsulated HTN3 and selectively swelled at acidic pH to facilitate HTN3 release. Protection of HTN3 against enzymatic degradation was investigated in diluted whole saliva. HTN3 encapsulated in the CNs had a prolonged survival time compared to the free HTN3. CNs with and without HTN3 also successfully reduced biofilm weight and bacterial viability. The results of this study have demonstrated the suitability of CNs as potential protein carriers for oral applications, especially for complications occurring at acidic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (Y.Z.); (E.R.G.)
| | - Lina M. Marin
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E4, Canada;
| | - Yizhi Xiao
- Schulich Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
| | - Elizabeth R. Gillies
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (Y.Z.); (E.R.G.)
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Walter L. Siqueira
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E4, Canada;
- Correspondence:
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15
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Association of Salivary Statherin, Calcium, and Proline-Rich Proteins on Oral Hygiene: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Dent 2021; 2021:1982083. [PMID: 33688346 PMCID: PMC7925028 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1982083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Saliva, as a complex biofluid, plays a pivotal role in maintaining oral health and tooth integrity. There has been inconsistent data available on the relationship between salivary parameters and oral health. This study aims to investigate the association between salivary statherin, acidic proline-rich proteins (aPRP), and calcium with oral hygiene status. Methods One hundred and eighty-eight healthy subjects aged between 18 and 50 years with varying oral hygiene status who gave consent to participate were included in this cross-sectional study. The subjects were recruited from primary oral health care of MAHSA University. Oral hygiene of all the participants was measured using Oral Hygiene Index–Simplified (OHI-S). Stimulated saliva collected using paraffin wax was analyzed for salivary statherin, aPRP, and calcium. The relationship between salivary statherin, aPRP, and calcium levels with OHI-S was assessed using Spearman's Rank correlation coefficient; the strength of relationship was assessed by multiple linear regression analysis. Results The study found a weak positive correlation (r = 0.179, p = 0.014) between salivary statherin and OHI-S; weak negative correlation (r = −0.187, p = 0.010) between salivary aPRP and OHI-S; and moderate negative correlation between salivary statherin and salivary aPRP levels (r = −0.50, p < 0.001) which were statistically significant. Conclusion Poor oral hygiene is associated with increased statherin and reduced aPRP levels in saliva. Thus, these salivary components may have a role in predicting oral hygiene status.
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16
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17
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Steinbauer P, Rohatschek A, Andriotis O, Bouropoulos N, Liska R, Thurner PJ, Baudis S. Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy Reveals Adhesion-by-Demand in Statherin at the Protein-Hydroxyapatite Interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:13292-13300. [PMID: 33118809 PMCID: PMC7660943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Achieving strong adhesion in wet environments remains a technological challenge in biomedical applications demanding biocompatibility. Attention for adhesive motifs meeting such demands has largely been focused on marine organisms. However, bioadhesion to inorganic surfaces is also present in the human body, in the hard tissues of teeth and bones, and is mediated through serines (S). The specific amino acid sequence DpSpSEEKC has been previously suggested to be responsible for the strong binding abilities of the protein statherin to hydroxyapatite, where pS denotes phosphorylated serine. Notably, similar sequences are present in the non-collagenous bone protein osteopontin (OPN) and the mussel foot protein 5 (Mefp5). OPN has previously been shown to promote fracture toughness and physiological damage formation. Here, we investigated the adhesion strength of the motif D(pS)(pS)EEKC on substrates of hydroxyapatite, TiO2, and mica using atomic force microscopy (AFM) single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS). Specifically, we investigated the dependence of adhesion force on phosphorylation of serines by comparing findings with the unphosphorylated variant DSSEEKC. Our results show that high adhesion forces of over 1 nN on hydroxyapatite and on TiO2 are only present for the phosphorylated variant D(pS)(pS)EEKC. This warrants further exploitation of this motif or similar residues in technological applications. Further, the dependence of adhesion force on phosphorylation suggests that biological systems potentially employ an adhesion-by-demand mechanism via expression of enzymes that up- or down-regulate phosphorylation, to increase or decrease adhesion forces, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Steinbauer
- Christian
Doppler Laboratory for Advanced Polymers for Biomaterials and 3D Printing, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Division of Macromolecular Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
- Austrian
Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna 1200, Austria
| | - Andreas Rohatschek
- Institute
of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
- Austrian
Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna 1200, Austria
- Biointerface
Doctorate School, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Orestis Andriotis
- Institute
of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
- Austrian
Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna 1200, Austria
| | - Nikolaos Bouropoulos
- Department
of Materials Science, University of Patras, Rio Patras GR-26504, Greece
- Foundation
for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering
and High Temperature Chemical Processes, FORTH/ICE-HT, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Division of Macromolecular Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
- Austrian
Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna 1200, Austria
- Biointerface
Doctorate School, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Philipp J. Thurner
- Institute
of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
- Austrian
Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna 1200, Austria
- Biointerface
Doctorate School, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Stefan Baudis
- Christian
Doppler Laboratory for Advanced Polymers for Biomaterials and 3D Printing, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Division of Macromolecular Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
- Austrian
Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna 1200, Austria
- Biointerface
Doctorate School, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
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18
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Gungormus M, Ozdogan MS, Ertem SY, Tulumbaci F, Kara H, Orhan M. Accelerated Calcium Phosphate Mineralization by Peptides with Adjacent Oppositely Charged Residues. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:3791-3798. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Gungormus
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara 06760, Turkey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Natural Sciences Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara 06760, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Sertac Ozdogan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara 06760, Turkey
| | - Sinan Yasin Ertem
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara 06760, Turkey
| | - Fatih Tulumbaci
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara 06760, Turkey
| | - Halil Kara
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara 06760, Turkey
| | - Metin Orhan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara 06760, Turkey
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19
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Manosroi A, Pattamapun K, Chankhampan C, Kietthanakorn BO, Kitdamrongtham W, Zhang J, Manosroi J. A biological active artificial saliva formulation containing flower mucilage from Ceylon Spinach ( Basella alba Linn.). Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:769-776. [PMID: 32127751 PMCID: PMC7042670 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceylon Spinach (Basella albe) is an edible perennial vine found in tropical Asia and Africa, known as vegetables containing mucilage. Its mucilage from flowers was extracted by microwaving and precipitated with 95% ethanol. Five artificial saliva formulations composing of mucilage from Ceylon Spinach, calcium chloride (CaCl2), potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium fluoride (NF) were developed. The best formulation No.5 containing 0.61% of the mucilage with the non-Newtonian pseudoplastic flow (8.9 ± 0.2 cP) and the wetting time (12.50 ± 2.24 min) similar to the normal human saliva was selected. This artificial saliva formulation exhibited biological activities including an antioxidative activity by DPPH free radical scavenging with the SC50 of 14.26 ± 2.00 mg/ml (0.05 folds of ascorbic acid), and the adhesion inhibition of S. mutans on hydroxyapatite beads at 17.01 ± 7.75%, while the natural human saliva exhibited an increase bacterial adhesion of 33.10 ± 9.70%. The safety of this formulation which gave no cytotoxicity on normal human gingival fibroblasts at 99.20 ± 21.09% cell viability was also demonstrated. The results from this study have indicated high biological activity and safety of the developed formulation containing mucilage from Ceylon Spinach which is potential to be used as artificial saliva for xerostomia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranya Manosroi
- Manose Health and Beauty Research Center, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.,Faculty of Engineering and Technology, North-Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50230, Thailand
| | | | - Charinya Chankhampan
- Manose Health and Beauty Research Center, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.,Faculty of Engineering and Technology, North-Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50230, Thailand
| | - Bang-On Kietthanakorn
- Thai - China Flavours and Fragrances Industry Co., Ltd (TCFF), Lad Bua Luang, Ayutthaya 13230, Thailand
| | - Worapong Kitdamrongtham
- Manose Health and Beauty Research Center, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.,Faculty of Engineering and Technology, North-Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50230, Thailand
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 21198, PR China
| | - Jiradej Manosroi
- Manose Health and Beauty Research Center, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.,Faculty of Engineering and Technology, North-Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50230, Thailand
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20
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Gao Y, Liang K, Weir MD, Gao J, Imazato S, Tay FR, Lynch CD, Oates TW, Li J, Xu HH. Enamel remineralization via poly(amido amine) and adhesive resin containing calcium phosphate nanoparticles. J Dent 2020; 92:103262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2019.103262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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21
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Pacha-Olivenza MÁ, Tejero R, Fernández-Calderón MC, Anitua E, Troya M, González-Martín ML. Relevance of Topographic Parameters on the Adhesion and Proliferation of Human Gingival Fibroblasts and Oral Bacterial Strains. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:8456342. [PMID: 30956987 PMCID: PMC6431371 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8456342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dental implantology allows replacement of failing teeth providing the patient with a general improvement of health. Unfortunately not all reconstructions succeed, as a consequence of the development of infections of bacterial origin on the implant surface. Surface topography is known to modulate a differential response to bacterial and mammalian cells but topographical measurements are often limited to vertical parameters. In this work we have extended the topographical measurements also to lateral and hybrid parameters of the five most representative implant and prosthetic component surfaces and correlated the results with bacterial and mammalian cell adhesion and proliferation outcomes. Primary human oral gingival fibroblast (gum cells) and the bacterial strains: Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, implicated in infectious processes in the oral/implant environment were employed in the presence or absence of human saliva. The results confirm that even though not all the measured surface is available for bacteria to adhere, the overall race for the surface between cells and bacteria is more favourable to the smoother surfaces (nitrided, as machined or lightly acid etched) than to the rougher ones (strong acid etched or sandblasted/acid etched).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Pacha-Olivenza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Extremadura, Avda de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Avda de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | | | - María Coronada Fernández-Calderón
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Extremadura, Avda de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Avda de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Eduardo Anitua
- Private Practice in Implantology and Oral Rehabilitation, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - María Troya
- BTI Biotechnology Institute IMASD, 01510 Miñano, Spain
| | - M. Luisa González-Martín
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Avda de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Avda de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
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22
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The role of natural salivary defences in maintaining a healthy oral microbiota. J Dent 2019; 80 Suppl 1:S3-S12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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23
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Wang K, Zhou X, Li W, Zhang L. Human salivary proteins and their peptidomimetics: Values of function, early diagnosis, and therapeutic potential in combating dental caries. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 99:31-42. [PMID: 30599395 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Saliva contains a large number of proteins that play various crucial roles to maintain the oral health and tooth integrity. This oral fluid is proposed to be one of the most important host factors, serving as a special medium for monitoring aspects of microorganisms, diet and host susceptibility involved in the caries process. Extensive salivary proteomic and peptidomic studies have resulted in considerable advances in the field of biomarkers discovery for dental caries. These salivary biomarkers may be exploited for the prediction, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of dental caries, many of which could also provide the potential templates for bioactive peptides used for the biomimetic management of dental caries, rather than repairing caries lesions with artificial materials. A comprehensive understanding of the biological function of salivary proteins as well as their derived biomimetic peptides with promising potential against dental caries has been long awaited. This review overviewed a collection of current literature and addressed the majority of different functions of salivary proteins and peptides with their potential as functional biomarkers for caries risk assessment and clinical prospects for the anti-caries application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Linglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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24
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Wang K, Wang X, Zheng S, Niu Y, Zheng W, Qin X, Li Z, Luo J, Jiang W, Zhou X, Li W, Zhang L. iTRAQ-based quantitative analysis of age-specific variations in salivary proteome of caries-susceptible individuals. J Transl Med 2018; 16:293. [PMID: 30359274 PMCID: PMC6202833 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1669-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human saliva is a protein-rich, easily accessible source of potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of oral and systemic diseases. However, little is known about the changes in salivary proteome associated with aging of patients with dental caries. Here, we applied isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) in combination with multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (MRM-MS) to characterize the salivary proteome profiles of subjects of different ages, presenting with and without caries, with the aim of identifying age-related biomarkers for dental caries. Methods Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected from 40 caries-free and caries-susceptible young adults and elderly individuals. Salivary proteins were extracted, reduced, alkylated, digested with trypsin and then analyzed using iTRAQ-coupled LC–MS/MS, followed by GO annotation, biological pathway analysis, hierarchical clustering analysis, and protein–protein interaction analysis. Candidate verification was then conducted using MRM-MS. Results Among 658 salivary proteins identified using tandem mass spectrometry, 435 proteins exhibited altered expression patterns in different age groups with and without caries. Of these proteins, 96 displayed age-specific changes among caries-susceptible adults and elderly individuals, and were mainly associated with salivary secretion pathway, while 110 age-specific proteins were identified among healthy individuals. It was found that the age factor caused significant variations and played an important role in both healthy and cariogenic salivary proteomes. Subsequently, a total of 136 target proteins with complex protein–protein interactions, including 14 age-specific proteins associated with caries, were further successfully validated using MRM analysis. Moreover, non-age-specific proteins (histatin-1 and BPI fold-containing family B member 1) were verified to be important candidate biomarkers for common dental caries. Conclusions Our proteomic analysis performed using the discovery-through-verification pipeline revealed distinct variations caused by age factor in both healthy and cariogenic salivary proteomes, highlighting the significance of age in the great potential of saliva for caries diagnosis and biomarker discovery. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-018-1669-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiuqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Sainan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yumei Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenyue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xi Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhongcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Junyuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wentao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Linglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Wang K, Wang X, Li H, Zheng S, Ren Q, Wang Y, Niu Y, Li W, Zhou X, Zhang L. A statherin-derived peptide promotes hydroxyapatite crystallization and in situ remineralization of artificial enamel caries. RSC Adv 2018; 8:1647-1655. [PMID: 35540892 PMCID: PMC9077281 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra12032j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In situ remineralization of hydroxyapatite on a human tooth enamel surface induced by anti-caries bioactive components is an alternative restorative strategy against dental caries. In this study, a novel biomimetic peptide DE-11, inspired by the salivary phosphoprotein statherin, was developed, and it showed beneficial potentials for the restoration of demineralized tooth enamel in vitro. The peptide DE-11 contained the initial six-peptide sequence of N-terminus of statherin extended by a mineralization hydrophilic tail composed of consecutive acidic amino acids capable of adsorbing calcium and phosphate ions. A strong adsorption capacity of DE-11 to hydroxyapatite was confirmed through Langmuir adsorption isotherm experiment and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Then, the nucleation and crystallization of hydroxyapatite due to DE-11 was characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and selected-area electron diffraction. Moreover, the ability of DE-11 to promote the remineralization of initial enamel caries lesions was further evaluated. Initial lesions were created in bovine enamel blocks, which were then exposed to the peptide solution and finally immersed in artificial saliva. After 7 days, a higher percentage of surface microhardness recovery, a lower mineral loss, a shallower lesion depth, and a higher mineral content were found on the surface of the lesion body in the DE-11 group as compared to that in the negative group using surface microhardness testing, polarized light microscopy, and transverse microradiography; this indicated that DE-11 could induce in situ remineralization of hydroxyapatite on the demineralized enamel surface. Overall, these findings suggest that DE-11 is highly promising as a restorative biomaterial for enamel remineralization in the anti-caries applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China +86-028-85503470
| | - Xiuqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China +86-028-85503470
| | - Haoran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China +86-028-85503470
| | - Sainan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China +86-028-85503470
| | - Qian Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China +86-028-85503470
| | - Yufei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China +86-028-85503470
| | - Yumei Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China +86-028-85503470
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China +86-028-85503470
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China +86-028-85503470
| | - Linglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China +86-028-85503470
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26
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Hemadi AS, Huang R, Zhou Y, Zou J. Salivary proteins and microbiota as biomarkers for early childhood caries risk assessment. Int J Oral Sci 2017; 9:e1. [PMID: 29125139 PMCID: PMC5775330 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2017.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Early childhood caries (ECC) is a term used to describe dental caries in children aged 6 years or younger. Oral streptococci, such as Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sorbrinus, are considered to be the main etiological agents of tooth decay in children. Other bacteria, such as Prevotella spp. and Lactobacillus spp., and fungus, that is, Candida albicans, are related to the development and progression of ECC. Biomolecules in saliva, mainly proteins, affect the survival of oral microorganisms by multiple innate defensive mechanisms, thus modulating the oral microflora. Therefore, the protein composition of saliva can be a sensitive indicator for dental health. Resistance or susceptibility to caries may be significantly correlated with alterations in salivary protein components. Some oral microorganisms and saliva proteins may serve as useful biomarkers in predicting the risk and prognosis of caries. Current research has generated abundant information that contributes to a better understanding of the roles of microorganisms and salivary proteins in ECC occurrence and prevention. This review summarizes the microorganisms that cause caries and tooth-protective salivary proteins with their potential as functional biomarkers for ECC risk assessment. The identification of biomarkers for children at high risk of ECC is not only critical for early diagnosis but also important for preventing and treating the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah S Hemadi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruijie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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27
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Yang X, Yang B, He L, Li R, Liao Y, Zhang S, Yang Y, Xu X, Zhang D, Tan H, Li J, Li J. Bioinspired Peptide-Decorated Tannic Acid for in Situ Remineralization of Tooth Enamel: In Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:3553-3562. [PMID: 33445390 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yang
- Department
of Biomedical Polymers and Artificial Organs, College of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, First Section of South Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department
of Biomedical Polymers and Artificial Organs, College of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, First Section of South Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Libang He
- State
Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Third Section of Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Ruiqi Li
- Department
of Biomedical Polymers and Artificial Organs, College of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, First Section of South Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yixue Liao
- Department
of Biomedical Polymers and Artificial Organs, College of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, First Section of South Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Shuhui Zhang
- Department
of Biomedical Polymers and Artificial Organs, College of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, First Section of South Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yinxin Yang
- Department
of Biomedical Polymers and Artificial Organs, College of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, First Section of South Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xinyuan Xu
- Department
of Biomedical Polymers and Artificial Organs, College of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, First Section of South Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Dongyue Zhang
- Department
of Biomedical Polymers and Artificial Organs, College of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, First Section of South Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Hong Tan
- Department
of Biomedical Polymers and Artificial Organs, College of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, First Section of South Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Jiyao Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Third Section of Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Jianshu Li
- Department
of Biomedical Polymers and Artificial Organs, College of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, First Section of South Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
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Marsh PD, Do T, Beighton D, Devine DA. Influence of saliva on the oral microbiota. Periodontol 2000 2017; 70:80-92. [PMID: 26662484 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Saliva plays a major role in determining the composition and activity of the oral microbiota, via a variety of mechanisms. Molecules, mainly from saliva, form a conditioning film on oral surfaces, thus providing receptors for bacterial attachment. The attached cells use saliva components, such as glycoproteins, as their main source of nutrients for growth. Oral bacteria work sequentially and in a concerted manner to catabolize these structurally complex molecules. Saliva also buffers the pH in the biofilm to around neutrality, creating an environment which is conducive to the growth of many oral bacteria that provide important benefits to the host. Components of the adaptive and innate host defences are delivered by saliva, and these often function synergistically, and at sublethal concentrations, so a complex relationship develops between the host and the resident microbiota. Dysbiosis can occur rapidly if the flow of saliva is perturbed.
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Anitua E, Tejero R, Pacha-Olivenza MÁ, Fernández-Calderón MC, Delgado-Rastrollo M, Zalduendo MM, Troya M, Pérez-Giraldo C, González-Martín ML. Balancing microbial and mammalian cell functions on calcium ion-modified implant surfaces. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2017; 106:421-432. [PMID: 28186691 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Implant integration is a complex process mediated by the interaction of the implant surface with the surrounding ions, proteins, bacteria, and tissue cells. Although most implants achieve long-term bone-tissue integration, preventing pervasive implant-centered infections demands further advances, particularly in surfaces design. In this work, we analyzed classical microrough implant surfaces (only acid etched, AE; sandblasted then acid etching, SB + AE) and a new calcium-ion-modified implant surface (AE + Ca) in terms of soft- and hard-tissue integration, bacterial adhesion, and biofilm formation. We cultured on the surfaces primary oral cells from gingiva and alveolar bone, and three representative bacterial strains of the oral cavity, emulating oral conditions of natural saliva and blood plasma. With respect to gingiva and bone cells and in the presence of platelets and plasma proteins, AE + Ca surfaces yielded in average 86% higher adhesion, 44% more proliferation, and triggered 246% more synthesis of extracellular matrix biomolecules than AE-unmodified controls. Concomitantly, AE + Ca surfaces regardless of conditioning with saliva and/or blood plasma showed significantly less bacterial adhesion (67% reduction in average) and biofilm formation (40% reduction in average) than unmodified surfaces. These results highlight the importance of a calcium-rich hydrated interface to favor mammalian cell functions over microbial colonization at implant surfaces. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 421-432, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Anitua
- Private Practice in Implantology and Oral Rehabilitation, 01007, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,BTI Biotechnology Institute IMASD, 01510, Miñano, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Ángel Pacha-Olivenza
- Networking Research Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterial and Biomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Badajoz, Spain.,Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science-UEx, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - María Coronada Fernández-Calderón
- Networking Research Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterial and Biomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Badajoz, Spain.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine-UEx, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - María Delgado-Rastrollo
- Networking Research Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterial and Biomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Badajoz, Spain.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine-UEx, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | | | - María Troya
- BTI Biotechnology Institute IMASD, 01510, Miñano, Spain
| | - Ciro Pérez-Giraldo
- Networking Research Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterial and Biomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Badajoz, Spain.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine-UEx, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - María Luisa González-Martín
- Networking Research Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterial and Biomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Badajoz, Spain.,Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science-UEx, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
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Mai S, Mauger MT, Niu LN, Barnes JB, Kao S, Bergeron BE, Ling JQ, Tay FR. Potential applications of antimicrobial peptides and their mimics in combating caries and pulpal infections. Acta Biomater 2017; 49:16-35. [PMID: 27845274 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are short cationic host-defense molecules that provide the early stage of protection against invading microbes. They also have important modulatory roles and act as a bridge between innate and acquired immunity. The types and functions of oral AMPs were reviewed and experimental reports on the use of natural AMPs and their synthetic mimics in caries and pulpal infections were discussed. Natural AMPs in the oral cavity, predominantly defensins, cathelicidins and histatins, possess antimicrobial activities against oral pathogens and biofilms. Incomplete debridement of microorganisms in root canal space may precipitate an exacerbated immune response that results in periradicular bone resorption. Because of their immunomodulatory and wound healing potentials, AMPs stimulate pro-inflammatory cytokine production, recruit host defense cells and regulate immuno-inflammatory responses in the vicinity of the pulp and periapex. Recent rapid advances in the development of synthetic AMP mimics offer exciting opportunities for new therapeutic initiatives in root canal treatment and regenerative endodontics. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Identification of new therapeutic strategies to combat antibiotic-resistant pathogens and biofilm-associated infections continues to be one of the major challenges in modern medicine. Despite the presence of commercialization hurdles and scientific challenges, interests in using antimicrobial peptides as therapeutic alternatives and adjuvants to combat pathogenic biofilms have never been foreshortened. Not only do these cationic peptides possess rapid killing ability, their multi-modal mechanisms of action render them advantageous in targeting different biofilm sub-populations. These factors, together with adjunctive bioactive functions such as immunomodulation and wound healing enhancement, render AMPs or their synthetic mimics exciting candidates to be considered as adjuncts in the treatment of caries, infected pulps and root canals.
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Sun X, Huang X, Tan X, Si Y, Wang X, Chen F, Zheng S. Salivary peptidome profiling for diagnosis of severe early childhood caries. J Transl Med 2016; 14:240. [PMID: 27527350 PMCID: PMC4986381 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0996-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe early childhood caries (s-ECC), which has quite high prevalence among children, is a widespread problem with significant impacts among both developing and developed countries. At present, it is widely known that no early detective techniques and diagnostic tests could have high sensitivity and specificity when using for clinical screening of s-ECC. In this study, we had applied magnetic bead (MB)-based matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to screen distinctive candidate biomarkers of this disease, so as to establish protein profiles and diagnostic models of s-ECC. METHODS Firstly, we used the technique mentioned above to detect specifically expressed peptides in saliva samples from ten children with s-ECC, separately at the time point of before, 1 and 4 weeks after dental treatment. Then a diagnostic model for s-ECC was established with the K nearest-neighbour method, which was validated in another six children in the next stage of study. After that, linear ion trap-orbitrap-mass spectrometry (LTQ-Orbitrap-MS) was performed to identify which of the proteins in saliva might be the origination of these peptides. RESULTS We found that seven peptide peaks were significantly different when comparing the three time points, among them two were higher, while other five were lower in the pre-treatment s-ECC group compared with post-treatment. The sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic model we built were both 83.3 %. Two of these peptides were identified to be segments of histatin-1, which was one important secretory protein in saliva. CONCLUSIONS Hereby we confirmed that MB-based MALDI-TOF MS is an effective method for screening distinctive peptides from the saliva of junior patients with s-ECC, and histatin-1 may probably be one important candidate biomarker of this common dental disease. These findings might have bright prospect in future in establishing new diagnostic methods for s-ECC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Sun
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Tan
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.,Stomatological Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Si
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaozhe Wang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Chen
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuguo Zheng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
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Antibacterial Peptides: Opportunities for the Prevention and Treatment of Dental Caries. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2016; 3:68. [PMID: 26781572 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-011-9076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dental caries is a multifactorial disease that is a growing and costly global health concern. The onset of disease is a consequence of an ecological imbalance within the dental plaque biofilm that favors specific acidogenic and aciduric caries pathogens, namely Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus. It is now recognized by the scientific and medical community that it is neither possible nor desirable to totally eliminate dental plaque. Conversely, the chemical biocides most commonly used for caries prevention and treatment indiscriminately attack all plaque microorganisms. These treatments also suffer from other drawbacks such as bad taste, irritability, and staining. Furthermore, the public demand for safe and natural personal hygiene products continues to rise. Therefore, there are opportunities that exist to develop new strategies for the treatment of this disease. As an alternative to conventional antibiotics, antibacterial peptides have been explored greatly over the last three decades for many different therapeutic uses. There are currently tens of hundreds of antibacterial peptides characterized across the evolutionary spectrum, and among these, many demonstrate physical and/or biological properties that may be suitable for a more targeted approach to the selective control or elimination of putative caries pathogens. Additionally, many peptides, such as nisin, are odorless, colorless, and tasteless and do not cause irritation or staining. This review focuses on antibacterial peptides for their potential role in the treatment and prevention of dental caries and suggests candidates that need to be explored further. Practical considerations for the development of antibacterial peptides as oral treatments are also discussed.
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Spencer P, Ye Q, Misra A, Goncalves SEP, Laurence JS. Proteins, pathogens, and failure at the composite-tooth interface. J Dent Res 2014; 93:1243-9. [PMID: 25190266 DOI: 10.1177/0022034514550039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the United States, composites accounted for nearly 70% of the 173.2 million composite and amalgam restorations placed in 2006 (Kingman et al., 2012), and it is likely that the use of composite will continue to increase as dentists phase out dental amalgam. This trend is not, however, without consequences. The failure rate of composite restorations is double that of amalgam (Ferracane, 2013). Composite restorations accumulate more biofilm, experience more secondary decay, and require more frequent replacement. In vivo biodegradation of the adhesive bond at the composite-tooth interface is a major contributor to the cascade of events leading to restoration failure. Binding by proteins, particularly gp340, from the salivary pellicle leads to biofilm attachment, which accelerates degradation of the interfacial bond and demineralization of the tooth by recruiting the pioneer bacterium Streptococcus mutans to the surface. Bacterial production of lactic acid lowers the pH of the oral microenvironment, erodes hydroxyapatite in enamel and dentin, and promotes hydrolysis of the adhesive. Secreted esterases further hydrolyze the adhesive polymer, exposing the soft underlying collagenous dentinal matrix and allowing further infiltration by the pathogenic biofilm. Manifold approaches are being pursued to increase the longevity of composite dental restorations based on the major contributing factors responsible for degradation. The key material and biological components and the interactions involved in the destructive processes, including recent advances in understanding the structural and molecular basis of biofilm recruitment, are described in this review. Innovative strategies to mitigate these pathogenic effects and slow deterioration are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Spencer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Bioengineering Research Center
| | - Q Ye
- Bioengineering Research Center
| | - A Misra
- Bioengineering Research Center Department of Civil Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - S E P Goncalves
- School of Dentistry of São José dos Campos, UNESP, Univ Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - J S Laurence
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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The development of drug-free therapy for prevention of dental caries. Pharm Res 2014; 31:3031-7. [PMID: 24831311 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1396-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to develop a novel, drug-free therapy that can reduce the over-accumulation of cariogenic bacteria on dental surfaces. METHODS We designed and synthesized a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based hydrophilic copolymer functionalized with a pyrophosphate (PPi) tooth-binding anchor using "click" chemistry. The polymer was then evaluated for hydroxyapatite (HA) binding kinetics and capability of reducing bacteria adhesion to artificial tooth surface. RESULTS The PPi-PEG copolymer can effectively inhibit salivary protein adsorption after rapid binding to an artificial tooth surface. As a result, the in vitro S. mutans adhesion study showed that the PPi-PEG copolymer can inhibit saliva protein-promoted S. mutans adhesion through the creation of a neutral, hydrophilic layer on the artificial tooth surface. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested the potential application of a PPi-PEG copolymer as a drug-free alternative to current antimicrobial therapy for caries prevention.
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35
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Amado F, Lobo MJC, Domingues P, Duarte JA, Vitorino R. Salivary peptidomics. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 7:709-21. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.10.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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36
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Melino S, Santone C, Di Nardo P, Sarkar B. Histatins: salivary peptides with copper(II)- and zinc(II)-binding motifs. FEBS J 2013; 281:657-72. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Melino
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies; University of Rome Tor Vergata; Italy
| | - Celeste Santone
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies; University of Rome Tor Vergata; Italy
| | - Paolo Di Nardo
- Department of Medical Sciences and Translational Medicine; University of Rome Tor Vergata; Italy
| | - Bibudhendra Sarkar
- Department of Molecular Structure and Function; The Hospital for Sick Children; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
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37
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Levine M. Salivary Proteins May Be Useful for Determining Caries Susceptibility. J Evid Based Dent Pract 2013; 13:91-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jebdp.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Fábián TK, Hermann P, Beck A, Fejérdy P, Fábián G. Salivary defense proteins: their network and role in innate and acquired oral immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:4295-4320. [PMID: 22605979 PMCID: PMC3344215 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13044295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There are numerous defense proteins present in the saliva. Although some of these molecules are present in rather low concentrations, their effects are additive and/or synergistic, resulting in an efficient molecular defense network of the oral cavity. Moreover, local concentrations of these proteins near the mucosal surfaces (mucosal transudate), periodontal sulcus (gingival crevicular fluid) and oral wounds and ulcers (transudate) may be much greater, and in many cases reinforced by immune and/or inflammatory reactions of the oral mucosa. Some defense proteins, like salivary immunoglobulins and salivary chaperokine HSP70/HSPAs (70 kDa heat shock proteins), are involved in both innate and acquired immunity. Cationic peptides and other defense proteins like lysozyme, bactericidal/permeability increasing protein (BPI), BPI-like proteins, PLUNC (palate lung and nasal epithelial clone) proteins, salivary amylase, cystatins, prolin-rich proteins, mucins, peroxidases, statherin and others are primarily responsible for innate immunity. In this paper, this complex system and function of the salivary defense proteins will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Károly Fábián
- Clinic of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Szentkirályi utca 47, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary; E-Mails: (P.H.); (P.F.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +36-1-338-4380; Fax: +36-1-317-5270
| | - Péter Hermann
- Clinic of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Szentkirályi utca 47, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary; E-Mails: (P.H.); (P.F.)
| | - Anita Beck
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, H-1089, Hungary; E-Mail:
| | - Pál Fejérdy
- Clinic of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Szentkirályi utca 47, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary; E-Mails: (P.H.); (P.F.)
| | - Gábor Fábián
- Clinic of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Szentkirályi utca 47, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary; E-Mail:
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Potential biomarkers of human salivary function: a modified proteomic approach. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 54:91-100. [PMID: 18804197 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Revised: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In previous studies, we defined groups of subjects with opposite salivary function. Group membership was associated with clinically relevant outcomes. High aggregation-adherence (HAA) groups showed lower levels of caries, supragingival plaque, total streptococci, and Tannerella forsythensis than low high aggregation-adherence (LAA) groups. In this study, we used a proteomic approach to search for biomarkers which could be useful as risk indicators for those outcomes. DESIGN Clarified resting whole saliva from each of 41 HAA and LAA subjects was separated by preparative isoelectric focusing. Fractions showing the most distinctive protein profiles were pooled into four sets (pI 3-3.5, pI 4-4.7, pI 5.7-7.7, pI 10-11.5). Each pool then was compared by SDS-PAGE. Image analysis software was used to quantify matched bands. Partial least squares analysis (PLS) was used to determine which of the 65 bands from all four pools were the best predictors of group membership, caries, total plaque, total streptococci, and T. forsythensis counts. Those bands were identified by mass spectroscopy (MS-MS). RESULTS Two bands consistently were strong predictors in separate PLS analyses of each outcome variable. In follow-up univariate analyses, those bands showed the strongest significant differences between the HAA and LAA groups. They also showed significant inverse correlations with caries and all the microbiological variables. MSMS identified those bands as statherin, and a truncated cystatin S missing the first eight N-terminal amino acids. CONCLUSIONS Levels of statherin and truncated cystatin S may be potential risk indicators for the development of caries and other oral diseases.
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Santos O, Kosoric J, Hector MP, Anderson P, Lindh L. Adsorption behavior of statherin and a statherin peptide onto hydroxyapatite and silica surfaces by in situ ellipsometry. J Colloid Interface Sci 2008; 318:175-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2007.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2007] [Revised: 11/13/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Shimotoyodome A, Koudate T, Kobayashi H, Nakamura J, Tokimitsu I, Hase T, Inoue T, Matsukubo T, Takaesu Y. Reduction of Streptococcus mutans adherence and dental biofilm formation by surface treatment with phosphorylated polyethylene glycol. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:3634-41. [PMID: 17646419 PMCID: PMC2043269 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00380-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Initial attachment of the cariogenic Streptococcus mutans onto dental enamel is largely promoted by the adsorption of specific salivary proteins on enamel surface. Some phosphorylated salivary proteins were found to reduce S. mutans adhesion by competitively inhibiting the adsorption of S. mutans-binding salivary glycoproteins to hydroxyapatite (HA). The aim of this study was to develop antiadherence compounds for preventing dental biofilm development. We synthesized phosphorylated polyethylene glycol (PEG) derivatives and examined the possibility of surface pretreatment with them for preventing S. mutans adhesion in vitro and dental biofilm formation in vivo. Pretreatment of the HA surface with methacryloyloxydecyl phosphate (MDP)-PEG prior to saliva incubation hydrophilized the surface and thereby reduced salivary protein adsorption and saliva-promoted bacterial attachment to HA. However, when MDP-PEG was added to the saliva-pretreated HA (S-HA) surface, its inhibitory effect on bacterial binding was completely diminished. S. mutans adhesion onto S-HA was successfully reduced by treatment of the surface with pyrophosphate (PP), which desorbs salivary components from S-HA. Treatment of S-HA surfaces with MDP-PEG plus PP completely inhibited saliva-promoted S. mutans adhesion even when followed by additional saliva treatment. Finally, mouthwash with MDP-PEG plus PP prevented de novo biofilm development after thorough teeth cleaning in humans compared to either water or PP alone. We conclude that MDP-PEG plus PP has the potential for use as an antiadherence agent that prevents dental biofilm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Shimotoyodome
- Biological Science Laboratories, Kao Corp, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi, Japan.
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Shimotoyodome A, Kobayashi H, Tokimitsu I, Hase T, Inoue T, Matsukubo T, Takaesu Y. Saliva-Promoted Adhesion of Streptococcus mutans MT8148 Associates with Dental Plaque and Caries Experience. Caries Res 2007; 41:212-8. [PMID: 17426402 DOI: 10.1159/000099321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Colonization of enamel surfaces by Streptococcus mutans is thought to be initiated by the attachment of bacteria to a saliva-derived conditioning film (acquired pellicle). However, the clinical relevance of the contribution of saliva-promoted S. mutans adhesion in biofilm formation has not yet been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to correlate saliva-promoted S. mutans adhesion with biofilm formation in humans. We correlated all measurements of salivary factors and dental plaque formation in 70 healthy subjects. Dental plaque development after thorough professional teeth cleaning correlated positively with S. mutans adhesion onto saliva-coated hydroxyapatite pellets and the glycoprotein content of either parotid or whole saliva. Saliva-promoted S. mutans adhesion and glycoprotein content were also positively correlated with each other in parotid and whole saliva. By contrast, neither salivary mutans streptococci, Lactobacillus nor Candida correlated with biofilm formation. Parotid saliva-mediated S. mutans adhesion was significantly higher in 12 caries-experienced (CE) subjects than in 9 caries-inexperienced (CI) subjects. Salivary S. mutans adhesion was significantly less (p < 0.01) in the CI group than in the CE group. In conclusion, the present findings suggest the initial S. mutans adhesion, modulated by salivary protein adsorption onto the enamel surface, as a possible correlate of susceptibility to dental plaque and caries.
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