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Baker C, Hunt J, Piasecki J, Hough J. Lymphocyte and dendritic cell response to a period of intensified training in young healthy humans and rodents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:998925. [PMID: 36439269 PMCID: PMC9691956 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.998925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Intensified training coupled with sufficient recovery is required to improve athletic performance. A stress-recovery imbalance can lead to negative states of overtraining. Hormonal alterations associated with intensified training, such as blunted cortisol, may impair the immune response. Cortisol promotes the maturation and migration of dendritic cells which subsequently stimulate the T cell response. However, there are currently no clear reliable biomarkers to highlight the overtraining syndrome. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effect of intensified training on immune cells. Outcomes from this could provide insight into whether these markers may be used as an indicator of negative states of overtraining. Methods: SPORTDiscus, PUBMED, Academic Search Complete, Scopus and Web of Science were searched until June 2022. Included articles reported on immune biomarkers relating to lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and cytokines before and after a period of intensified training, in humans and rodents, at rest and in response to exercise. Results: 164 full texts were screened for eligibility. Across 57 eligible studies, 16 immune biomarkers were assessed. 7 were assessed at rest and in response to a bout of exercise, and 9 assessed at rest only. Included lymphocyte markers were CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell count, NK cell count, NK Cytolytic activity, lymphocyte proliferation and CD4/CD8 ratio. Dendritic cell markers examined were CD80, CD86, and MHC II expression. Cytokines included IL-1β, IL-2, IL-10, TNF-α and IFN-γ. A period of intensified training significantly decreased resting total lymphocyte (d= -0.57, 95% CI -0.30) and CD8+ T cell counts (d= -0.37, 95% CI -0.04), and unstimulated plasma IL-1β levels (d= -0.63, 95% CI -0.17). Resting dendritic cell CD86 expression significantly increased (d = 2.18, 95% CI 4.07). All other biomarkers remained unchanged. Conclusion: Although some biomarkers alter after a period of intensified training, definitive immune biomarkers are limited. Specifically, due to low study numbers, further investigation into the dendritic cell response in human models is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Baker
- SHAPE Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Carla Baker,
| | - John Hunt
- Medical Technologies Innovation Facility, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Piasecki
- SHAPE Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - John Hough
- SHAPE Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Exercise Preferences and Benefits in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12040645. [PMID: 35455761 PMCID: PMC9032495 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12040645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Obese people are at risk of becoming severely ill due to SARS-CoV-2. The exercise benefits on health have been emphasized. Aim: To investigate the correlation of obesity with the length of hospitalization, the pre- and post-hospitalization exercise preferences of COVID-19 patients, and the impact of pre-admission or post-hospitalization physical activity on dyspnea one month after hospitalization and recovery time. Methods: A telephone survey was conducted in patients hospitalized at the Respiratory Medicine Department, University of Thessaly, Greece, from November to December 2020. Results: Two-thirds of the patients were obese. Obesity was not associated with the hospitalization time. Two-thirds of the patients used to engage in physical activity before hospitalization. Males exercised in a higher percentage and more frequently than women before and after hospitalization. The methodical pre-hospitalization exercise was associated with lower levels of dyspnea one month after hospitalization. In-hospital weight loss, comorbidities, and dyspnea on admission independently predicted longer recovery time. Lockdown had boosted men’s desire to exercise than females who were negatively affected. Conclusions: Obesity is common in COVID-19 hospitalized patients. In-hospital weight loss, comorbidities, and dyspnea on admission predicted a longer post-hospitalization recovery time. The pre-hospitalization exercise was associated with less post-hospitalization dyspnea and recovery time.
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Feriani DJ, Sousa AS, Delbin MA, Ruberti OM, Crestani CC, Rodrigues B. Spleen tissue changes after restraint stress: effects of aerobic exercise training. Stress 2021; 24:572-583. [PMID: 33792481 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2021.1895112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation has been described as a prominent mechanism involved in dysfunctions and diseases evoked by chronic stress. Notably, the spleen is an immune organ controlled by sympathetic and glucocorticoid mechanisms, but the impact of chronic stress in the spleen is not entirely understood. Besides, the impact of aerobic exercise training on the effects of chronic stress in the spleen has never been reported. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the changes caused in the spleen by repeated restraint stress and the effect of aerobic exercise training performed after a period of chronic restraint stress in rats. We identified that daily exposure to restraint stress (120 min per session, for 14 consecutive days) increased corticosterone and noradrenaline content, gene expression of glucocorticoid and β2-adrenergic receptors, TNF-α and IL-6 levels, and increased pro-oxidant substances in the spleen. Circulating levels of corticosterone were also increased in chronically stressed animals. Exercise training (1 h a day/5 days per week, for 60 days) increased glucocorticoid receptor gene expression, interleukin (IL)-10 and antioxidant mechanisms in the spleen. Exercise also decreased splenic noradrenaline, tumoral necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-6 contents. Lastly, the effects of repeated restraint stress in the spleen were mitigated in animals subjected to aerobic training. Taken together, the results reported in the present study indicate that aerobic exercise training is a relevant non-pharmacological therapeutic approach to dysfunctions in the spleen caused by a period of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele J Feriani
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Investigation and Exercise (LICE), School of Physical Education, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Andressa S Sousa
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maria Andreia Delbin
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Olívia M Ruberti
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carlos C Crestani
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Bruno Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Investigation and Exercise (LICE), School of Physical Education, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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4
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Leandro CG, Ferreira E Silva WT, Lima-Silva AE. Covid-19 and Exercise-Induced Immunomodulation. Neuroimmunomodulation 2020; 27:75-78. [PMID: 32506067 PMCID: PMC7316658 DOI: 10.1159/000508951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carol Gois Leandro
- Laboratory of Physiology of Exercise - CAV - Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil,
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5
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Effect of stress induced by expsoure to short and long term foot shock on liver, spleen and kidney in aged mice. J ANAT SOC INDIA 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jasi.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Gholamnezhad Z, Boskabady MH, Hosseini M. Effect of different loads of treadmill exercise on Th1/Th2 cytokine balance in rat splenocytes. J Appl Biomed 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Chen CW, Chen CC, Jian CY, Lin PH, Chou JC, Teng HS, Hu S, Lieu FK, Wang PS, Wang SW. Attenuation of exercise effect on inflammatory responses via novel role of TLR4/PI3K/Akt signaling in rat splenocytes. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 121:870-877. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00393.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Moderate exercise diminishes proinflammation cytokine production in various types of immune cells, but the intracellular signaling pathways involved are not completely understood. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, a crucial downstream protein of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), may modulate inflammation. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of exercises on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammatory response in splenocytes and to explore potential mechanisms of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Male rats were divided into sedentary and exercise groups. Animals in the exercise group underwent endurance training 30 min/day, 7 days/wk, at the speed of 20 m/min on a treadmill for 1 wk. Here, we showed that exercise 1) attenuated TLR4, 2) increased PI3K/phospho-Akt (p-Akt), and 3) diminished phospho-nuclear factor-κB (p-NF-κB) expression. In addition, administration of splenocytes isolated from trained rats with LPS in vitro showed 1) reduced tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and nitric oxide secretion and 2) decreased splenocyte proliferation. The plasma corticosterone (CCS) level in the exercise group was higher than that in the sedentary group. We confirmed that CCS down-regulated TNF-α and IL-6 secretion in response to LPS in rat splenocytes. Dexamethasone also significantly attenuated LPS-evoked release of TNF-α and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner. These findings suggested that exercise dampened the secretion of inflammation mediators probably through partial inhibition of TLR4 and p-NF-κB and activation of PI3K/p-Akt expression in the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Wei Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chieh Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cai-Yun Jian
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Han Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jou-Chun Chou
- Medical Center of Aging Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Su Teng
- Department of Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sindy Hu
- Aesthetic Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Kong Lieu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Paulus S. Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Medical Center of Aging Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; and
| | - Shyi-Wu Wang
- Aesthetic Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Sasaguri K, Yamada K, Narimatsu Y, Oonuki M, Oishi A, Koda K, Kubo KY, Yamamoto T, Kadoya T. Stress-induced galectin-1 influences immune tolerance in the spleen and thymus by modulating CD45 immunoreactive lymphocytes. J Physiol Sci 2016; 67:489-496. [PMID: 27573167 PMCID: PMC5487876 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-016-0478-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-1 (Gal-1) is differentially expressed in normal and pathological tissues and regulates immune cell homeostasis. Restraint stress increases serum Gal-1 in rats. However, the function of stress-induced Gal-1 in serum is unknown. We determined if stress-induced Gal-1 in serum accumulates in immunocompetent organs as protection from physiological and/or psychological stress. Western blotting showed that the intensity of Gal-1 bands in stressed groups was significantly higher than that in controls. RT-PCR analysis indicated that the Gal-1 mRNA level did not increase after restraint stress. The numbers of Gal-1 immunoreactive cells in the splenic periarterial lymphatic sheath (PLS) and the thymus medulla of the stressed group were increased compared with those in controls. Furthermore, stress-induced Gal-1 immunoreactive cells corresponded to CD45 immunoreactive lymphocytes (CD45+) in the PLS of the spleen and the medulla of the thymus. Thus, stress-induced Gal-1 immediately accumulates in the spleen and thymus, and may modulate the immune response through apoptosis by binding to CD45+ lymphocytes in immune organs following physiological and/or psychological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Sasaguri
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Yamada
- Brain Functions and Neuroscience Division, Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University Graduate School, Inaoka-cho 82, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 238-0003, Japan
| | - Yuri Narimatsu
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University Graduate School, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 238-8580, Japan
| | - Masami Oonuki
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University Graduate School, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 238-8580, Japan
| | - Azusa Oishi
- Department of Biotechnology, Maebashi Institute of Technology, 460-1 Kamisadori-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-0816, Japan
| | - Koyo Koda
- Department of Biotechnology, Maebashi Institute of Technology, 460-1 Kamisadori-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-0816, Japan
| | - Kin-Ya Kubo
- Seijoh University Graduate School of Health Care Studies, 2-172 Fukinodai, Tokai, Aichi, 476-8588, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Yamamoto
- Brain Functions and Neuroscience Division, Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University Graduate School, Inaoka-cho 82, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 238-0003, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Kadoya
- Department of Biotechnology, Maebashi Institute of Technology, 460-1 Kamisadori-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-0816, Japan
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Moderate physical training attenuates perinatal low-protein-induced spleen lymphocyte apoptosis in endotoxemic adult offspring rats. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:1113-22. [PMID: 25986158 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0925-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of a moderate physical training (T) on the blood and splenic lymphocytes subsets and the rate of apoptosis in adult offspring submitted to perinatal low-protein (LP) diet. METHODS Male Wistar rats were divided according to their mother's diet: control (C, 17 % casein) and undernourished (LP, 8 % casein). At the 60th day, pups were submitted to moderate physical training (8 weeks, 5 days week(-1), 60 min day(-1), at 70 % of VO2max). After T period, pups received an injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). B, NK, and TCD3+ lymphocytes subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry. Spleen lymphocytes apoptosis was evaluated by DNA fragmentation, phosphatidylserine externalization (PSE), and mitochondrial transmembrane depolarization (MTD) using a flow cytometer. Plasma TNF-α concentrations were analyzed by ELISA. RESULTS LP + LPS pups showed a higher percentage of blood B, CD4+, and NK and a reduction in TCD3+, CD8+ than C pups. The percentage of NK and CD3+ was restored in LP + T + LPS pups. In the spleen, T normalized the percentage of NK in LP + LPS pups. LP + LPS pups showed a higher percentage of cells with PSE and MTD than C + LPS pups that was attenuated by T. The concentration of TNF-α was higher in LP + LPS than C + LPS, but it was attenuated in LP + T + LPS pups. CONCLUSION Moderate physical training was able to revert the effects of perinatal LP diet on circulation lymphocytes subsets and attenuated splenic lymphocytes apoptosis and plasma TNF-α concentrations.
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10
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Active maternal phenotype is established before breeding and leads offspring to align growth trajectory outcomes and reflex ontogeny. Physiol Behav 2014; 129:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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11
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Grün V, Schmucker S, Schalk C, Flauger B, Weiler U, Stefanski V. Influence of Different Housing Systems on Distribution, Function and Mitogen-Response of Leukocytes in Pregnant Sows. Animals (Basel) 2013; 3:1123-41. [PMID: 26479755 PMCID: PMC4494368 DOI: 10.3390/ani3041123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The European Union imposes housing of pregnant sows in social groups since 2013 for animal welfare reasons. Nevertheless, the consequences of different housing conditions for the immune system of pregnant sows remain poorly investigated. We therefore analyzed important aspects of blood cellular immunity and cortisol concentrations of sows either housed in individual crates or in a group during gestation. The results show that individually housed sows had lower T cell numbers, but higher cortisol concentrations. Obviously, common housing conditions can differentially affect key elements of the adaptive immune system and hormonal indicators of stress in pregnant sows. Abstract In pig production, pregnant sows are either housed in individual crates or in groups, the latter being mandatory in the EU since 2013. The consequences of different housing conditions on the immune system are however poorly investigated, although immunological alterations may have severe consequences for the animal’s health, performance, and welfare. This study assessed measures of blood celluar immunity with special emphasis on T cells in pregnant German Landrace sows either housed in individual crates or in a social group. Blood samples were taken at four samplings pre partum to evaluate numbers of lymphocyte subpopulations, mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine-producing T cells. Plasma cortisol concentrations were evaluated as an indicator of stress. We found lower blood lymphocyte numbers (p < 0.01) in individually housed as opposed to group-housed sows, an effect due to lower numbers of cytotoxic T cells, naive TH cells, and CD8+ γδ-T cells. Individually housed sows showed higher cortisol concentrations (p < 0.01), whereas lymphocyte functionality did not differ between sows of both housing systems. Possible implications and underlying mechanisms for the endocrine and immunological differences are discussed. We favor the hypothesis that differences in the stressfulness of the environment contributed to the effects, with crate-housing being a more stressful environment—at least under conditions of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Grün
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Farm Animals, Institute for Animal Husbandry and Animal Breeding, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Sonja Schmucker
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Farm Animals, Institute for Animal Husbandry and Animal Breeding, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Christiane Schalk
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Farm Animals, Institute for Animal Husbandry and Animal Breeding, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Birgit Flauger
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Farm Animals, Institute for Animal Husbandry and Animal Breeding, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Weiler
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Farm Animals, Institute for Animal Husbandry and Animal Breeding, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Volker Stefanski
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Farm Animals, Institute for Animal Husbandry and Animal Breeding, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Chronic stress induces structural alterations in splenic lymphoid tissue that are associated with changes in corticosterone levels in wistar-kyoto rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:868742. [PMID: 23533999 PMCID: PMC3582072 DOI: 10.1155/2013/868742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder patients present chronic stress and decreased immunity. The Wistar-Kyoto rat (WKY) is a strain in which the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is overactivated. To determine whether chronic stress induces changes in corticosterone levels and splenic lymphoid tissue, 9-week-old male rats were subject to restraint stress (3 h daily), chemical stress (hydrocortisone treatment, 50 mg/Kg weight), mixed stress (restraint plus hydrocortisone), or control treatment (without stress) for 1, 4, and 7 weeks. The serum corticosterone levels by RIA and spleens morphology were analyzed. Corticosterone levels as did the structure, size of the follicles and morphology of the parenchyma (increase in red pulp) in the spleen, varied depending on time and type of stressor. These changes indicate that chronic stress alters the immune response in the spleen in WKY rats by inducing morphological changes, explaining in part the impaired immunity that develops in organisms that are exposed to chronic stress.
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Leandro CG, Castro RMD, Nascimento E, Pithon-Curi TC, Curi R. Mecanismos adaptativos do sistema imunológico em resposta ao treinamento físico. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922007000500012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O treinamento físico, de intensidade moderada, melhora os sistemas de defesa, enquanto que o treinamento intenso causa imunossupressão. Os mecanismos subjacentes estão associados à comunicação entre os sistemas nervoso, endócrino e imunológico, sugerindo vias autonômicas e modulação da resposta imune. Células do sistema imune, quando expostas a pequenas cargas de estresse, desenvolvem mecanismo de tolerância. Em muitos tecidos tem-se demonstrado que a resposta a situações agressivas parece ser atenuada pelo treinamento físico aplicado previamente, isto é, o treinamento induz tolerância para situações agressivas/estressantes. Nesta revisão são relatados estudos sugerindo os mecanismos adaptativos do sistema imunológico em resposta ao treinamento físico.
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Levada-Pires AC, Lambertucci RH, Mohamad M, Hirabara SM, Curi R, Pithon-Curi TC. Exercise training raises expression of the cytosolic components of NADPH oxidase in rat neutrophils. Eur J Appl Physiol 2007; 100:153-60. [PMID: 17310390 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-007-0414-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Exercise activates neutrophil burst and this effect is dependent on training status and exercise intensity. In this study, the chronic effect of treadmill exercise on phagocytosis, production of reactive oxygen metabolites and expression of NADPH oxidase components in rat neutrophils was investigated. Neutrophils were obtained by intraperitoneal lavage with PBS. After 11 weeks of training the exercised group showed increased phagocytosis capacity (49%) and production of reactive oxygen metabolites (6.6-fold) when compared with neutrophils from the sedentary group. Exercised had no effect on expression of the membrane components of NADPH oxidase (p22( phox ), gp91( phox )). In contrast, there was an increase of the p47( phox ) mRNA levels (by 126%), the cytosolic component of the enzyme. In addition, exercise increased the protein content of p47( phox ) (by 22%) and of p67( phox ) (by 2.8-fold) in neutrophils. Evidence is then presented that training to moderate exercise increases phagocytosis and production of reactive oxygen metabolites and the expression of p47( phox ) and p67( phox ) in neutrophils. Therefore, moderate exercise might enable neutrophils to respond more efficiently when exposed to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana C Levada-Pires
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Leandro CG, de Lima TM, Alba-Loureiro TC, do Nascimento E, Manhães de Castro R, de Castro CMMB, Pithon-Curi TC, Curi R. Stress-induced downregulation of macrophage phagocytic function is attenuated by exercise training in rats. Neuroimmunomodulation 2007; 14:4-7. [PMID: 17700034 DOI: 10.1159/000107282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Acute restraint stress may induce impaired macrophage phagocytic function. Moderate physical training is associated with beneficial effects on immunological functions. We investigated the effects of moderate physical training on phagocytic function of alveolar macrophages in rats submitted to acute restraint stress. METHODS Thirty male Wistar rats weighing 210-226 g were randomly divided into 4 groups: nontrained rats (n = 7), nontrained rats submitted to stress (n = 8), trained rats (n = 7) and trained rats submitted to stress (n = 8). Trained rats were submitted to a program of moderate running training over a period of 8 weeks. Rats subjected to restraint stress were kept immobilized in glass cylinders (8 cm in diameter and 24 cm long) during 60 min. Phagocytosis capacity of macrophages was evaluated by either Escherichia coli orzymosan stimuli. RESULTS Restraint stress induced a decrease in phagocytosis of E. coli and zymosan particle stimulation by macrophages. Neither of these alterations was observed in trained animals submitted to acute restraint stress. CONCLUSIONS Our data confirm that acute restraint stress is associated with impaired function of macrophages. Moreover, moderate physical training attenuates the effects of acute stress by a mechanism that involves an increase in tolerance of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Góis Leandro
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.
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Barreto-Medeiros J, Queiros-Santos A, Cabral-Filho JE, Ferreira E Silva WT, Leandro CG, Deiró TC, Manhaes-de-Castro R, Machado Barbosa de-Castro CM. Stress/aggressiveness-induced immune changes are altered in adult rats submitted to neonatal malnutrition. Neuroimmunomodulation 2007; 14:229-334. [PMID: 18073497 DOI: 10.1159/000112047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Neonatal malnutrition induces metabolic and endocrine changes that have beneficial effects on the neonatal in the short term but, in the longer term, these alterations lead to maladaptations. We investigated the effect of neonatal malnutrition on immune responses in adult rats submitted or not to an aggressiveness test. METHODS Male Wistar rats were distributed to one of two groups according to their mothers' diet during lactation: the well-nourished group (group C, n = 42, receiving 23% of protein) and the malnourished group (group MN, n = 42, receiving 8% of protein). After weaning, all rats received normoproteic diet. Ninety days after birth, each group was subdivided into three subgroups: control rats (n = 14, respectively), aggressive rats (n = 14, respectively) and rats receiving foot shock (FS; n = 14, respectively). Plasma corticosterone concentration was measured after FS sessions. Leukocyte counts and humoral immunity were evaluated. RESULTS In neonatal malnourished animals, FS-induced stress reduced plasma corticosterone concentration. Intraspecific aggressiveness induced alterations in leukocyte counts and antibody titers 7 and 15 days after immunization. Neonatal malnourished animals showed no changes in the immune parameters evaluated. CONCLUSIONS Expression of intraspecific aggressiveness activates the immune system. Neonatal malnutrition seems to have a long-lasting effect on components of both neuroendocrine and immune functions.
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